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Irina P, Alena V, Arsene MMJ, Milana D, Alla P, Lyudmila K, Boris E. Comparison of Vaginal microbiota in HPV-negative and HPV-positive pregnant women using a culture-based approach. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116419. [PMID: 39116654 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the composition of the dominant groups of vaginal microorganisms in healthy pregnant women and pregnant women infected with HPV using a microbiological culture-based method. The MALDI TOF MS method and 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing were used to identify microorganisms isolated from healthy pregnant women (n=32) and pregnant women infected with HPV (n=24). It was found that vaginal secretion samples from both groups contained bacteria of 4 phyla: Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Ascomycota fungi. The most common microbial community in healthy pregnant women being CST I (p=0.0007), and CST V in pregnant women infected with HPV (p=0.0001). At the genus level, a total of 25 taxa were found in all samples, with Lactobacillus being the dominant genus overall. Escherichia (p<0.0001) and Prevotella (p=0.0001) concentrations were higher in HPV infected patients. When calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient for the phyla, it was found that Bacillota correlated negatively with HPV genotypes 16 and 51 (p≤0.05), but positively with HPV genotype 59 (p≤0.05), just like Actinomycetota (p≤0.05). Bacteroidota correlated positively with HPV genotype 56 (0.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Podoprigora Irina
- Department of Microbiology named after V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vasina Alena
- Mytishchi Regional Clinical Hospital, Mytishchi, Russia
| | - Mbarga Manga Joseph Arsene
- Department of Microbiology named after V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Das Milana
- Department of Microbiology named after V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Medical Institute, RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pikina Alla
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russia
| | - Kafarskaya Lyudmila
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russia
| | - Efimov Boris
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russia
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Qi J, Dai C, Song L, Zhang J. Association between bacterial vaginosis with human papillomavirus in the United States (NHANES 2003-2004). BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:138. [PMID: 38388384 PMCID: PMC10882805 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance of vaginal microecology is closely related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical lesions. This study aims to investigate the relationship between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and HPV infection. METHODS In total, 1,310 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2003-2004) were included in this study. Logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to examine the association between BV and HPV infection. RESULTS A significant positive association was observed between BV and HPV infection in women after adjustment for other confounders (OR = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.88). In subgroup analyses, we have found this positive correlation was most prominent among Mexican Americans (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.08-3.08) and non-Hispanic blacks (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.08-3.04). CONCLUSIONS This cross-sectional study demonstrated a positive association between BV and HPV infection in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Congwei Dai
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Liyun Song
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Junqin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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Li KT, Li F, Jaspan H, Nyemba D, Myer L, Aldrovandi G, Joseph-Davey D. Changes in the Vaginal Microbiome During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in South African Women: a Longitudinal Study. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:275-287. [PMID: 37721699 PMCID: PMC10784382 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa have high rates of maternal morbidity. There is interest in the impact of the vaginal microbiome on maternal health, including HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition. We characterized the vaginal microbiota of South African women ≥ 18 years with and without HIV in a longitudinal cohort over two visits during pregnancy and one visit postpartum. At each visit, we obtained HIV testing and self-collected vaginal swabs for point-of-care testing for STIs and microbiota sequencing. We categorized microbial communities and evaluated changes over pregnancy and associations with HIV status and STI diagnosis. Across 242 women (mean age 29, 44% living with HIV, 33% diagnosed with STIs), we identified four main community state types (CSTs): two lactobacillus-dominant CSTs (dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners respectively) and two diverse, non-lactobacillus-dominant CSTs (one dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis and one by diverse facultative anaerobes). From the first antenatal visit to the third trimester (24-36 weeks gestation), 60% of women in the Gardnerella-dominant CST shifted to lactobacillus-dominant CSTs. From the third trimester to postpartum (mean 17 days post-delivery), 80% of women in lactobacillus-dominant CSTs shifted to non-lactobacillus-dominant CSTs with a large proportion in the facultative anaerobe-dominant CST. Microbial composition differed by STI diagnosis (PERMANOVA R2 = 0.002, p = 0.004), and women diagnosed with an STI were more likely to be categorized as L. iners-dominant or Gardnerella-dominant CSTs. Overall, we found a shift toward lactobacillus dominance during pregnancy and the emergence of a distinct, highly diverse anaerobe-dominant microbiota profile in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorothy Nyemba
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grace Aldrovandi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dvora Joseph-Davey
- Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Tuddenham S, Shafiq M, Mathad JS, Alexander M, Naik S, Kulkarni V, Deshpande P, Humphrys MS, Holm JB, Khan N, Yadana S, Cheedalla A, Bhosale R, Ghanem KG, Wang T, Wang S, Ma B, Ravel J, Gupta A, Shivakoti R. Association of Pregnancy and HIV Status With Molecular-Bacterial Vaginosis in Indian Women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2023; 93:422-430. [PMID: 37155962 PMCID: PMC10524256 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a highly prevalent disorder of the cervicovaginal microbiota. Molecular-BV may put women at increased risk for adverse reproductive and obstetric outcomes. We investigated the association of HIV and pregnancy on the vaginal microbiota and associations with molecular-BV in women of reproductive age from Pune, India. SETTING We studied vaginal samples from N = 170 women, including N = 44 nonpregnant HIV seronegative, N = 56 pregnant seronegative, N = 47 nonpregnant women with HIV (WWH), and N = 23 pregnant WWH, and collected data on clinical, behavioral, and demographic factors. METHODS We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the composition of the vaginal microbiota. We classified the vaginal microbiota of these women into community state types based on bacterial composition and relative abundance and further categorized them into molecular-BV versus Lactobacillus -dominated states. To determine associations between pregnancy and HIV status with outcome of molecular-BV, logistic regression models were used. RESULTS There was a high prevalence of molecular-BV (30%) in this cohort. We found that pregnancy was associated with decreased odds of molecular-BV (adjusted OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.87), while HIV was associated with increased odds of molecular-BV (adjusted OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.33 to 5.73), even when controlling for multiple relevant factors such as age, number of sexual partners, condom use, and douching. CONCLUSION Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize molecular-BV and the vaginal microbiota in pregnant women and WWH and relate these factors to infectious, reproductive, and obstetric outcomes. In the long term, these studies may lead to novel microbiota-based therapeutics to improve women's reproductive and obstetric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tuddenham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mehr Shafiq
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Jyoti S. Mathad
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Mallika Alexander
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Naik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Deshpande
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Mike S. Humphrys
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nawshaba Khan
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Su Yadana
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Bhosale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Khalil G. Ghanem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rupak Shivakoti
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
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Li K, Li F, Jaspan H, Nyemba D, Myer L, Aldrovandi G, Joseph-Davey D. Changes in the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy and the postpartum period in South African women: a longitudinal study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2617869. [PMID: 37131718 PMCID: PMC10153297 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2617869/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
African women have more diverse vaginal microbiota than women of European descent, and there is interest in the impact of this diversity on maternal health, including HIV and STI acquisition. We characterized the vaginal microbiota in a cohort of women ≥ 18 years with and without HIV in a longitudinal cohort over two visits during pregnancy and one visit postpartum. At each visit we obtained HIV testing and self-collected vaginal swabs for point of care testing for STIs and microbiome sequencing. We categorized microbial communities and evaluated changes over pregnancy and associations with HIV status and STI diagnosis. Across 242 women (mean age 29, 44% living with HIV, 33% diagnosed with STIs), we identified four main community state types (CSTs): two lactobacillus-dominant CSTs (dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners respectively) and two diverse, non-lactobacillus-dominant CSTs (one dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis and one by other facultative anaerobes). From first antenatal visit to third trimester (24-36 weeks gestation), 60% of women in the Gardnerella -dominant CST shifted to L actobacillus -dominant CSTs. From third trimester to postpartum (mean 17 days post-delivery), 80% of women in Lactobacillus -dominant CSTs shifted to non-lactobacillus-dominant CSTs with a large proportion in the facultative anaerobe-dominant CST. Microbial composition differed by STI diagnosis (PERMANOVA R 2 = 0.002, p = 0.004), and women diagnosed with an STI were more likely to be categorized with L. iners -dominant or Gardnerella -dominant CSTs. Overall we found a shift toward lactobacillus dominance during pregnancy, and the emergence of a distinct, highly diverse anaerobe-dominant microbiome population in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Li
- UCLA Health System: University of California Los Angeles Health System
| | - Fan Li
- UCLA Medical School: University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Landon Myer
- University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Grace Aldrovandi
- UCLA Medical School: University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine
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Muzny CA, Van Gerwen OT, Schroeder JA, Kay-Duncan ES, Siwakoti K, Aaron KJ, Eastlund IC, Graves KJ, Elnaggar JH, Tamhane A, Long D, Van Wagoner N, Toh E, Taylor CM. Impact of testosterone use on the vaginal microbiota of transgender men, including susceptibility to bacterial vaginosis: study protocol for a prospective, observational study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073068. [PMID: 36972958 PMCID: PMC10069580 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of testosterone (T) therapy on the vaginal microbiota of transgender men (TGM) is not well characterised, although one cross-sectional study comparing the vaginal microbiota of cisgender women to TGM on T≥1 year found that, in 71% of the TGM, the vaginal microbiota was less likely to be Lactobacillus-dominated and more likely to be enriched with >30 other bacterial species, many associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). This prospective study aims to investigate changes in the composition of the vaginal microbiota over time in TGM who retain their natal genitalia (ie, vagina) and initiate T. In addition, we will identify changes in the vaginal microbiota preceding incident BV (iBV) in this cohort while investigating behavioural factors, along with hormonal shifts, which may be associated with iBV. METHODS AND ANALYSIS T-naïve TGM who have not undergone gender-affirming genital surgery with normal baseline vaginal microbiota (ie, no Amsel criteria, normal Nugent Score with no Gardnerella vaginalis morphotypes) will self-collect daily vaginal specimens for 7 days prior to initiating T and for 90 days thereafter. These specimens will be used for vaginal Gram stain, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise shifts in the vaginal microbiota over time, including development of iBV. Participants will complete daily diaries on douching, menses and behavioural factors including sexual activity during the study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol is approved through the single Institutional Review Board mechanism by the University of Alabama at Birmingham. External relying sites are the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans Human Research Protection Program and the Indiana University Human Research Protection Program. Study findings will be presented at scientific conferences and peer-reviewed journals as well as shared with community advisory boards at participating gender health clinics and community-based organisations servicing transgender people. REGISTRATION DETAILS Protocol # IRB-300008073.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olivia T Van Gerwen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Julia A Schroeder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Krishmita Siwakoti
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kristal J Aaron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Isaac C Eastlund
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Keonte J Graves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jacob H Elnaggar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tamhane
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dustin Long
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Wagoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Evelyn Toh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Santella B, Schettino MT, Franci G, De Franciscis P, Colacurci N, Schiattarella A, Galdiero M. Microbiota and HPV: the role of viral infection on vaginal microbiota. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4478-4484. [PMID: 35527233 PMCID: PMC9544303 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the prevalence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection is between 9% and 13% of the world population and only in the United States, more than 6.2 million are positive every year. There are more than 100 types of HPV, among them, two serotypes (16 and 18) are related to 70% of cervical cancers and precancerous cervical lesions. The vaginal microbiota could play a considerable role in HPV infection and the genesis of cervical tumors caused by HPV. Moreover, bacteria are strongly associated with vaginal inflammation and oncogenic mutations in human cells. We aim to investigate whether HPV infection could influence the bacterial microbiota composition in the uterine cervix. A total of 31 women were enrolled in this study. The vaginal swabs were collected; the HPV‐DNA was extracted with QIAamp DNA Microbiome. The V3–V4–V6 region of the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing with MiSeq Illumina. The main phylum identified in the vaginal microbiota were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The phylum of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides was more represented in HPV‐positive patients. Lactobacilli represented the dominant genus, with a high percentage of Lactobacilli iners, Lactobacilli jensenii, and Lactobacilli crispatus as species. Gardnerella vaginalis, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., and Atopobium were the most represented in HPV‐positive patients. An altered vaginal microbiota might play a functional role in HPV cervical infection, progression, and clearance. The relationship between infection and microbiota could spur the development of new probiotics. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of the vaginal microbiota in HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”80138NaplesItaly
| | - Maria Teresa Schettino
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized SurgeryUniversity of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"80138NaplesItaly
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Dai Dipartimento Di Igiene Sanitaria e Medicina Valutativa U.O.C. Patologia Clinica E Microbiologica,Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Scuola Medica Salernitana,Largo Città di Ippocrate84131SalernoItaly
- Department of MedicineSurgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno84081BaronissiItaly
| | - Pasquale De Franciscis
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized SurgeryUniversity of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"80138NaplesItaly
| | - Nicola Colacurci
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized SurgeryUniversity of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"80138NaplesItaly
| | - Antonio Schiattarella
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized SurgeryUniversity of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"80138NaplesItaly
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”80138NaplesItaly
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”80138NaplesItaly
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Jarolimova J, Platt LR, Curtis MR, Philpotts LL, Bekker LG, Morroni C, Shahmanesh M, Mussa A, Barracks K, Ciaranello AL, Parker RA, Bassett IV, Dugdale CM. Curable sexually transmitted infections among women with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2022; 36:697-709. [PMID: 34999605 PMCID: PMC8957553 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause significant morbidity among women with HIV and increase HIV transmission. We estimated the prevalence of four STIs among women with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and compared prevalence among women with and without HIV. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched for studies published 1 January 1999 to 19 December 2019 reporting prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, or Mycoplasma genitalium among women with HIV in SSA. We excluded studies conducted in high-risk groups (e.g. female sex workers). We extracted data on laboratory-confirmed STIs among women with HIV, and when included, among women without HIV. We estimated pooled prevalence for each STI among women with HIV using inverse variance heterogeneity meta-analysis, compared prevalence to women without HIV, and examined the influences of region, clinical setting, and pregnancy status in subgroup analyses. RESULTS We identified 3756 unique records; 67 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and M. genitalium was 3.5, 4, 15.6, and 10.2%, respectively. Chlamydia prevalence was lower in Eastern (2.8%) than in Southern (12.5%) and West/Central (19.1%) Africa combined. Prevalence of chlamydia and trichomoniasis was higher among pregnant (8.1%, 17.6%) than nonpregnant (1.7%, 12.3%) women. All STIs were more prevalent among women with than without HIV (relative risks ranging 1.54-1.89). CONCLUSION STIs are common among women with HIV in SSA, and more common among women with than without HIV. Integrated STI and HIV care could substantially impact STI burden among women with HIV, with potential downstream impacts on HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jarolimova
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Laura R Platt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Megan R Curtis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Lisa L Philpotts
- Treadwell Library, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Morroni
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Center for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Botswana Sexual and Reproductive Health Initiative, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Robert A Parker
- Harvard Medical School
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ingrid V Bassett
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin M Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
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9
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Armstrong E, Kaul R. Beyond bacterial vaginosis: vaginal lactobacilli and HIV risk. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:239. [PMID: 34893070 PMCID: PMC8665571 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
HIV incidence continues to be unacceptably high in Eastern and Southern Africa, with women disproportionately affected. An increased per-contact risk of HIV acquisition among African, Caribbean, and other Black (ACB) women has been associated with the higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in these communities, wherein the vaginal microbiota is predominated by diverse pro-inflammatory anaerobic bacteria. However, while the vaginal microbiota in BV-free women is typically predominated by one of several different Lactobacillus spp., the degree of HIV protection afforded by a Lactobacillus-predominant vaginal microbiota also varies considerably. Specifically, L. crispatus is associated with an immunoregulatory genital immune environment, exclusion of BV-associated bacteria, and reduced HIV risk. In contrast, less HIV protection or exclusion of BV-associated bacteria and fewer immune benefits have been associated with L. iners-which is unfortunately the most common Lactobacillus species among ACB women. These species-specific clinical differences are underpinned by substantial genomic differences between Lactobacillus species: for instance, the much smaller genome of L. iners lacks the coding sequence for D-lactic acid dehydrogenase and cannot produce the D-lactate isomer that enhances HIV trapping in mucus but encodes for epithelial cell toxins and stress resistance proteins that may enhance bacterial survival in the context of microbiota and environmental fluctuations. While more studies are needed to elucidate whether differences in HIV protection between Lactobacillus species are due to direct genital immune effects or the exclusion of proinflammatory BV-associated bacteria, the current body of work suggests that for BV treatment to succeed as an HIV prevention strategy, it may be necessary to induce a vaginal microbiota that is predominated by specific (non-iners) Lactobacillus species. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Immunodeficiency Clinic, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Tsementzi D, Meador R, Eng T, Patel P, Shelton J, Arluck J, Scott I, Dolan M, Khanna N, Konstantinidis KT, Bruner DW. Changes in the Vaginal Microbiome and Associated Toxicities Following Radiation Therapy for Gynecologic Cancers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680038. [PMID: 34778097 PMCID: PMC8580013 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women often suffer from vaginal symptoms associated with atrophic vaginitis. Additionally, gynecologic cancer survivors may live for decades with additional, clinically significant, persistent vaginal toxicities caused by cancer therapies, including pain, dyspareunia, and sexual dysfunction. The vaginal microbiome (VM) has been previously linked with vaginal symptoms related to menopause (i.e. dryness). Our previous work showed that gynecologic cancer patients exhibit distinct VM profiles from healthy women, with low abundance of lactobacilli and prevalence of multiple opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Here we explore the association between the dynamics and structure of the vaginal microbiome with the manifestation and persistence of vaginal symptoms, during one year after completion of cancer therapies, while controlling for clinical and sociodemographic factors. We compared cross-sectionally the vaginal microbiome in 134 women, 64 gynecologic patients treated with radiotherapy and 68 healthy controls, and we longitudinally followed a subset of 52 women quarterly (4 times in a year: pre-radiation therapy, 2, 6 and 12 months post-therapy). Differences among the VM profiles of cancer and healthy women were more pronounced with the progression of time. Cancer patients had higher diversity VMs and a variety of vaginal community types (CTs) that are not dominated by Lactobacilli, with extensive VM variation between individuals. Additionally, cancer patients exhibit highly unstable VMs (based on Bray-Curtis distances) compared to healthy controls. Vaginal symptoms prevalent in cancer patients included vaginal pain (40%), hemorrhage (35%), vaginismus (28%) and inflammation (20%), while symptoms such as dryness (45%), lack of lubrication (33%) and dyspareunia (32%) were equally or more prominent in healthy women at baseline. However, 24% of cancer patients experienced persistent symptoms at all time points, as opposed to 12% of healthy women. Symptom persistence was strongly inversely correlated with VM stability; for example, patients with persistent dryness or abnormally high pH have the most unstable microbiomes. Associations were identified between vaginal symptoms and individual bacterial taxa, including: Prevotella with vaginal dryness, Delftia with pain following vaginal intercourse, and Gemillaceaea with low levels of lubrication during intercourse. Taken together our results indicate that gynecologic cancer therapy is associated with reduced vaginal microbiome stability and vaginal symptom persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Tsementzi
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca Meador
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tony Eng
- Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pretesh Patel
- Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph Shelton
- Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica Arluck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Mary Dolan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Namita Khanna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.,School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Deborah Watkins Bruner
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Liu Q, Xu ZY, Wang XL, Huang XM, Zheng WL, Li MJ, Xiao F, Ouyang PW, Yang XH, Cui YH, Pan HW. Changes in Conjunctival Microbiota Associated With HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:1. [PMID: 34473190 PMCID: PMC8419876 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose HIV infection is associated with a variety of ocular surface diseases. Understanding the difference of the ocular microbiota between HIV-infected and healthy individuals as well as the influence of antiretroviral therapy will help to investigate the pathogenesis of these conditions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects including HIV-negative individuals, untreated HIV-infected individuals, and HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy. Conjunctival microbiota was assessed by bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing of the samples obtained from the conjunctival swab. Results The microbial richness in ocular surface was similar in HIV-negative, untreated HIV-positive, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) subjects. The bacterial compositions were similar in the two HIV infection groups but were significantly different from the HIV-negative group. HAART changed the beta diversity of bacterial community as determined by Shannon index. CD4+ T cell count had no significant influence on the diversity of ocular microbiota in HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions The data revealed the compositional and structural difference in conjunctival microbial community in subjects with and without HIV infection, indicating that HIV infection or its treatment, may contribute to ocular surface dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Xu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Huang
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Lin Zheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Jun Li
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Wen Ouyang
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Gudza-Mugabe M, Havyarimana E, Jaumdally S, Garson KL, Lennard K, Tarupiwa A, Mugabe F, Marere T, Mavenyengwa RT, Masson L, Jaspan HB. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated With Preterm Delivery Independent of Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant African Women. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1194-1203. [PMID: 31722395 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the vaginal microbiota is relatively stable. However, African women have more diverse vaginal microbiota than their European counterparts, in addition to high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Although HIV is associated with alterations in vaginal microbiota and inflammation in nonpregnant women, these relationships are underexplored in pregnant women. METHODS In this study, we characterize the vaginal microbiota and immune factors in pregnant African women who were HIV-uninfected (n = 314) versus HIV-infected (n = 42). Mucosal samples were collected once at the enrollment visit (between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation) and women were followed until delivery. RESULTS Vaginal microbial communities of pregnant women with HIV were significantly more diverse than women without HIV (P = .004), with community structure also differing by HIV status (P = .002, R2 = 0.02). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was also associated with increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) (31% versus 15.3%; P = .066). In a multivariate analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with diverse vaginal community state type (CST)-IVA (P = .005) and CST-IVB (P = .018) as well as PTB (P = .049). No association between HIV status and cytokine concentrations was found. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal studies with accurate gestational age assessment would be important to confirm these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchaneta Gudza-Mugabe
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Enock Havyarimana
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameem Jaumdally
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsty Lee Garson
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katie Lennard
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Tarupiwa
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Tarisai Marere
- College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Lindi Masson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:203. [PMID: 33160356 PMCID: PMC7648308 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jeng Yang Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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14
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Javed A, Manzoor S. Comparative analysis of Bacterial Vaginosis microbiota among pregnant and non-pregnant females and isolation of phages against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Shigella flexneri strains. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104588. [PMID: 33098930 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. It shifts the paradigms of the vagina from healthy, beneficial microbiota to facultative and strict anaerobes. BV remains one of the most arduous and controversial challenges in modern-day clinical microbiology because of its high prevalence and relapse rates. A lot of research has been carried out on it. Still, its etiology is unknown, which gave this infection global importance. The current study was designed to investigate and compare the microbiota of pregnant and non-pregnant females suffering from BV, and phages were isolated against BV microbiota. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were collected from the vagina by using a speculum, and swabs were streaked on different media to isolate bacteria. The microbiological analysis was performed by microscopy, biochemical testing, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by using Metronidazole and Clindamycin. Furthermore, the phages were isolated and characterized against BV strains. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The Gram staining showed high prevalence of Staphylococcus (36% vs. 33%), followed by Streptococcus (31% vs. 14%) and Enterococcus (7% vs. 14%) in non-pregnant and pregnant females' respectively. However, the exception was observed in non-pregnant BV positive females, who had Shigella flexneri in their samples. The antibiotic sensitivity showed Metronidazole was resistant against all BV microbiota, and Clindamycin showed susceptibility against 3 strains. Phages were isolated against three bacterial strains, i.e. E. faecalis, E. faecium, and S. flexneri. Bacterial reduction assay showed bacterial growth decreases in the presence of phage suspension, pH stability showed phages' maximum lytic activity at pH 7 for E. faecalis and E. faecium and pH 9 for S. flexneri. However, the thermal stability showed phages' highest lytic activity at 55 °C for E. faecalis, 70 °C for E. faecium, and 40 °C for S. flexneri. Phage genome isolation showed that all phages nucleic acid was DNA in nature and between 15 and 20kbp. SEM analysis showed they were circular in shape and might belong to the Podoviridae family. This study provides an understanding of pathogens involved in BV and helps the doctors to treat the patients accordingly. Furthermore, this study showed that Bacterial Vaginosis and BV secondary bacteria have associations. BV secondary microbiota is also involved in the pathogenesis of this infection, whereas bacteriophage therapy has the potential to be used as an alternative treatment to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Javed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta- Ur- Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta- Ur- Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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15
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Chen Y, Qiu X, Wang W, Li D, Wu A, Hong Z, Di W, Qiu L. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progression are associated with increased vaginal microbiome diversity in a Chinese cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:629. [PMID: 32842982 PMCID: PMC7449047 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer and vaginal microbiome was evaluated in Chinese cohorts. METHODS The vaginal bacterial composition of five groups, HPV-infected women without CINs (HPV, n = 78), women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL, n = 51), women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL, n = 23), women with invasive cervical cancer (Cancer, n = 9) and healthy women without HPV infection (Normal, n = 68), was characterized by deep sequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA gene fragments (V3-4) using Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS HPV infection increased vaginal bacterial richness and diversity regardless of the status of CINs. The vaginal bacterial richness and diversity were further augmented in women with cervical cancer. Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus in all groups. HPV infection had a negative influence on the abundances of Lactobacillus, Gardnerella and Atopobium. Accordingly, HPV infection increased the relative abundance of Prevotella, Bacillus, Anaerococcus, Sneathia, Megasphaera, Streptococcus and Anaerococcus. The increased proportions of Bacillus, Anaerococcus and the reduced abundance of Gradnerella vaginalis were probably related with the progression of CINs severity. HPV infection without CINs or cancerous lesions was strongly associated with Megasphaera. The most abundant bacterium in the LSIL group was Prevotella amnii. However, Prevotella timonensis, Shuttleworthia and Streptococcaceae at the family level were three taxa related to HSIL. Furthermore, more taxa were associated with the Cancer group including Bacillus, Sneathia, Acidovorax, Oceanobacillus profundus, Fusobacterium, Veillonellaceae at the family level, Anaerococcus and Porphyromonas uenonis. Samples in the Normal group were mostly assigned to CST III. HPV infection converted the vaginal bacterial community structure from CST III to CST IV. Furthermore, the proportions of CST IV were gradually augmented with the progression of the severity of CINs. CONCLUSIONS This work interpreted the differential vaginal bacteria under HPV infection and various precancerous or cancerous lesions in a Chinese cohort. We distinguished the specific microbes and the vaginal bacterial structure that were related with the progression of CINs severity in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingdi Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anyue Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zubei Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Onywera H, Williamson AL, Ponomarenko J, Meiring TL. The Penile Microbiota in Uncircumcised and Circumcised Men: Relationships With HIV and Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervicovaginal Microbiota. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:383. [PMID: 32850898 PMCID: PMC7406686 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the human microbiota especially that of the gut, cervix, and vagina continue to receive great attention, very little is currently known about the penile (glans, coronal sulcus, foreskin, and shaft) microbiota. The best evidences to date for the potential role of the penile microbiota in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) acquisition have come from studies examining medical male circumcision. We are still at the foothills of identifying specific penile bacteria that could be associated with increased risk of STI/HIV acquisition. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the human penile microbiota and how it is impacted by circumcision. We also discuss the potential role of penile microbiota in STIs and its impact on cervicovaginal microbiota. Taken together, the findings from the penile microbiota studies coupled with observational studies on the effect of male circumcision for reduction of STI/HIV infection risk suggest that specific penile anaerobic bacteria such as Prevotella spp. potentially have a mechanistic role that increases the risk of genital infections and syndromes, including bacterial vaginosis in sexual partners. Although penile Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus have been associated with healthy cervicovaginal microbiota and have been found to increase following male circumcision, further investigations are warranted to ascertain the exact roles of these bacteria in the reproductive health of men and women. This review aims to address existing gaps and challenges and future prospects in the penile microbiota research. The information described here may have translational significance, thereby improving reproductive health and management of STI/HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tracy L Meiring
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Ashuro AA, Lobie TA, Ye DQ, Leng RX, Li BZ, Pan HF, Fan YG. Review on the Alteration of Gut Microbiota: The Role of HIV Infection and Old Age. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:556-565. [PMID: 32323556 PMCID: PMC7398441 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in gut microbiota alteration and this is associated with immune activation and chronic inflammation. The gastrointestinal tract is a primary site of viral replication and thus HIV-induced loss of T-helper (Th) cells in the gut causes impairments in intestinal barriers, resulting in disruptions in intestinal immunity and precipitating into gut dysbiosis. Here, we show that late HIV diagnosis can negatively affect the immunological, virological, and clinical prognosis of the patients with its higher implication at an older age. Further, the review indicates that antiretroviral therapy affects the gut microbiota. We discussed the use of probiotics and prebiotics that have been indicated to play a promising role in reversing gut microbiota alteration in HIV patients. Though there are several studies reported with regard to such alterations in gut microbiota regarding HIV infection, there is a need to provide comprehensive updates. It is, therefore, the objective of this review to present most recently available evidence on the alteration of gut microbiota among HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akililu Alemu Ashuro
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tekle Airgecho Lobie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yin-Guang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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18
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Li T, Zhang Z, Wang F, He Y, Zong X, Bai H, Liu Z. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Metronidazole and Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis in Planktonic and Biofilm Formation. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2020; 2020:1361825. [PMID: 32612729 PMCID: PMC7315270 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1361825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV), one of the most common vaginal ecosystem-related microbiologic syndromes, is the most common disorder in women of reproductive age. Gardnerella (G.) vaginalis is the predominant species causing this infection. Our aim was to compare the antimicrobial susceptibilities of metronidazole and clindamycin against G. vaginalis at planktonic and biofilm levels. METHODS From September 2019 to October 2019, we recruited a total of 10 patients with BV who underwent gynecological examinations at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. G. vaginalis isolates were obtained from the vagina and identified using their characteristic colony morphology. Sequence data of clinical G. vaginalis isolates were confirmed by comparing 16S rDNA sequences. Subsequently, clinical isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibilities in vitro to metronidazole and clindamycin at planktonic and biofilm levels. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for metronidazole and clindamycin was evaluated by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was evaluated by the biofilm inhibition assay. RESULTS Planktonic clinical isolates showed a significantly higher susceptibility rate (76.67%) and lower resistance rate (23.33%) to clindamycin than to metronidazole (susceptibility rate: 38.24%; resistance rate: 58.82%; P < 0.05 for both). Furthermore, in comparison to planktonic isolates, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of metronidazole was significantly higher for biofilm-forming isolates (7.3 ± 2.6 μg/mL vs. 72.4 ± 18.3 μg/mL; P=0.005); the resistance rate was 27.3%, and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was >128 μg/mL. Moreover, the MIC of clindamycin was higher too for biofilm-forming isolates (0.099 ± 0.041 μg/mL vs. 23.7 ± 9.49 μg/mL; P=0.034); the resistance rate was 27.3%, and the MBEC of clindamycin was 28.4 ± 6.50 μg/mL. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in comparison to metronidazole, clindamycin seems to be a better choice to tackle G. vaginalis as it exhibits a relatively higher susceptibility rate and lower resistance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Yuanhui He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaonan Zong
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Huihui Bai
- Department of Microecological Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
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19
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Kaur H, Merchant M, Haque MM, Mande SS. Crosstalk Between Female Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases of Women's Gynecological Lifecycle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 32296412 PMCID: PMC7136476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional equilibrium between vaginal microbiota and the host is important for maintaining gynecological and reproductive health. Apart from host genetics, infections, changes in diet, life-style and hygiene status are known to affect this delicate state of equilibrium. More importantly, the gonadal hormones strongly influence the overall structure and function of vaginal microbiota. Several studies have attempted to understand (a) the composition of vaginal microbiota in specific stages of women's reproductive cycle as well as in menopause (b) their association with gonadal hormones, and their potential role in manifestation of specific health conditions (from the perspective of cause/consequence). However, a single study that places, in context, the structural variations of the vaginal microbiome across the entire life-span of women's reproductive cycle and during various stages of menopause is currently lacking. With the objective to obtain a holistic overview of the community dynamics of vaginal micro-environment 'across' various stages of women's reproductive and post-reproductive life-cycle, we have performed a meta-analysis of approximately 1,000 vaginal microbiome samples representing various stages of the reproductive cycle and menopausal states. Objectives of this analysis included (a) understanding temporal changes in vaginal community taxonomic structure and composition as women pass through various reproductive and menopausal stages (b) exploring correlations between the levels of female sex hormones with vaginal microbiome diversity (c) analyzing changes in the pattern of community diversity in cases of dysbiotic conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, and viewing the analyzed changes in the context of a healthy state. Results reveal interesting temporal trends with respect to vaginal microbial community diversity and its pattern of correlation with host physiology. Results indicate significant differences in alpha-diversity and overall vaginal microbial community members in various reproductive and post-reproductive phases. In addition to reinforcing the known influence/role of gonadal hormones in maintaining gynecological health, results indicate how hormonal level perturbations cause/contribute to imbalances in vaginal microbiota. The nature of resulting dysbiotic state and its influence on vaginal health is also analyzed and discussed. Results also suggest that elevated vaginal microbial diversity in pregnancy does not necessarily indicate a state of bacterial infection. The study puts forward a hormone-level driven microbiome diversity hypothesis for explaining temporal patterns in vaginal microbial diversity during various stages of women's reproductive cycle and at menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sharmila S. Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services, Pune, India
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20
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Wells JS, Chandler R, Dunn A, Brewster G. The Vaginal Microbiome in U.S. Black Women: A Systematic Review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:362-375. [PMID: 32109181 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Advancements in next-generation sequencing have allowed for a more complete understanding of the vaginal microbiome and its role in health and disease. The role of race/ethnicity in the composition of the vaginal microbiome and what is deemed normal/healthy microbiome is conflicting. Thus, the purpose of this review is to synthesize research that investigated the vaginal microbiome in Black women in the United States by using advanced 16S analysis. Methods: Searches of Pubmed, Google Scholar, and relevant journals for publications between January 2008 and July 2018 were conducted. Eligibility criteria were that the study: (1) used a molecular technique for sequencing of the vaginal microbiome, (2) reported the microbiome by race/ethnicity that included Black women, and (3) was conducted in the United States. Results: Our review selected 18 manuscripts that met the inclusion criteria for full review. Three themes emerged: the vaginal microbiome in healthy women versus women with bacterial vaginosis (BV); vaginal microbiome considerations in HIV; and vaginal microbiome considerations in preterm labor/birth. Overall, our review found that a majority of Black women (including HIV-positive women) have a Lactobacillus dominant group. Specifically, Lactobacillus iners was the most frequently reported Lactobacillus species. Non-Lactobacillus dominant groups were also reported to be found in healthy asymptomatic Black women. The vaginal microbiome's influence on preterm labor and/or birth among Black women was inconclusive and warrants further investigation. Conclusions: The role that the microbiome plays in health and disease among Black women warrants further research to better elucidate the definition of a healthy versus pathogenic microbiome. The wide variability in methods for BV diagnostics and defining preterm labor/birth are significant limitations that should be considered when conducting comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Wells
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rasheeta Chandler
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexis Dunn
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glenna Brewster
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Liang Y, Chen M, Qin L, Wan B, Wang H. A meta-analysis of the relationship between vaginal microecology, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:29. [PMID: 31673281 PMCID: PMC6815368 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microecology is an emerging discipline in recent years. The female reproductive tract is an important microecological region, and its microecological environment can directly affect women's cervical health. This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effects of vaginal microecology on Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for eligible publications from January 2000 to December 2017. Articles were selected on the basis of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The design and quality of all studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Thirteen eligible studies were selected to evaluate the association of vaginal microecology with HPV infection and CIN. The factors related to HPV infection were bacterial vaginosis (BV) (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.78-3.71, P<0.05), Candida albicans (VVC) (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49-0.82, P < 0.05), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) (OR 3.16, 95% CI 2.55-3.90, P < 0.05), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.20-1.51, P < 0.05). BV was also related to CIN (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.21-2.00, P < 0.05). This meta-analysis of available literature suggested an intimate association of vaginal microecology and HPV infection with CIN. BV, CT and UU were associated to increased HPV infection, VVC was associated to decreased HPV infection, Lactobacillus is not associated to increased HPV infection, BV was associated to increased CIN development risk. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejuan Liang
- The Department of Gynecological of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning City, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- The Department of Gynecological of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning City, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Lu Qin
- The Department of Gynecological of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning City, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Bing Wan
- The Department of Gynecological of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning City, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - He Wang
- The Department of Gynecological of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning City, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
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22
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Chen Y, Hong Z, Wang W, Gu L, Gao H, Qiu L, Di W. Association between the vaginal microbiome and high-risk human papillomavirus infection in pregnant Chinese women. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:677. [PMID: 31370796 PMCID: PMC6669982 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and the vaginal microbiome in pregnant women was evaluated in Chinese cohorts. METHODS The vaginal bacterial composition of four groups, 38 hrHPV-infected pregnant women (PHR, n = 38), pregnant women without HPV infection (PN, n = 48), nonpregnant women with hrHPV infection (NPHR, n = 19) and nonpregnant women without HPV infection (NPN, n = 30), was characterized by deep sequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA gene fragments (V3-4) using Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS The results revealed that both pregnancy and HPV infection can increase vaginal bacterial microbial richness and diversity, with the bacterial composition being most influenced by pregnancy. Lactobacillus was the most dominant genus among all samples. NPN samples were dominated by CST (community state type) III, mainly composed of Lactobacillus iners. Both pregnancy and hrHPV infection were accompanied by an increased proportion of CST I (dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus), as opposed to CST III. Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Megasphaera, Sneathia, Prevotella, Gardnerella, Fastidiosipila and Dialister were found to be biomarkers for hrHPV-infected women, though different genera (Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Bacillus, Acidovorax, Oceanobacillus and Lactococcus) were associated with hrHPV-infected pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS This work uncovered a probable synergistic effect of hrHPV infection and pregnancy on the vaginal microbial composition. HPV infection in pregnant women was associated with a more complex and diverse microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zubei Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Gu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Liu CM, Packman ZR, Abraham AG, Serwadda DM, Nalugoda F, Aziz M, Prodger JL, Kaul R, Kalibbala S, Gray RH, Price LB, Quinn TC, Tobian AA, Reynolds SJ. The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation on the Vaginal Microbiome in HIV-Infected Women. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz328. [PMID: 31660406 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the vaginal microbiome is unknown. This is of particular importance among women living in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding this relationship could help elucidate if and how the host immune system interacts with the vaginal microbiome. Methods The vaginal microbiome of HIV-1/HSV-2-coinfected women (n = 92) in Uganda was evaluated from self-collected vaginal swabs 1 month pre-ART and at 4 and 6 months post-ART initiation. The vaginal microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Vaginal community state types (CSTs) were identified using proportional abundance data. Changes in microbiome composition were assessed with permutational analyses of variance (PerMANOVA). Results Five vaginal CSTs were identified, which varied significantly by bacterial load (P < .01): CST-1 was characterized by Lactobacillus iners, CST-2 by Gardnerella, CST-3 by Gardnerella and Prevotella, CST-4 by Lactobacillus crispatus, and CST-5 was highly diverse. Vaginal microbiome composition also did not change significantly after ART initiation (P = .985). Immune reconstitution after ART initiation did not affect vaginal microbiome CST assignment (P = .722) or individual-level changes in bacterial load (log response ratio [interquartile range], -0.50 [-2.75 to 0.38] vs -0.29 [-2.03 to 1.42]; P = .40). Conclusions The vaginal microbiome of HIV-infected women was not affected by the initiation of ART or immune reconstitution in this observational study. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of ART treatment on the vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Zoe R Packman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Maliha Aziz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronald H Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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24
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Deleage C, Immonen TT, Fennessey CM, Reynaldi A, Reid C, Newman L, Lipkey L, Schlub TE, Camus C, O’Brien S, Smedley J, Conway JM, Del Prete GQ, Davenport MP, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Keele BF. Defining early SIV replication and dissemination dynamics following vaginal transmission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7116. [PMID: 31149634 PMCID: PMC6541462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding HIV transmission is critical to guide the development of prophylactic interventions to prevent infection. We used a nonhuman primate (NHP) model with a synthetic swarm of sequence-tagged variants of SIVmac239 ("SIVmac239X") and scheduled necropsy during primary infection (days 3 to 14 after challenge) to study viral dynamics and host responses to the establishment and dissemination of infection following vaginal challenge. We demonstrate that local replication was initiated at multiple sites within the female genital tract (FGT), with each site having multiple viral variants. Local replication and spread in the FGT preceded lymphatic dissemination. Innate viral restriction factors were observed but appeared to follow viral replication and were ineffective at blocking initial viral establishment and dissemination. However, major delays were observed in time to dissemination in animals and among different viral variants within the same animal. It will be important to assess how phenotypic differences affect early viral dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Lipkey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Timothy E. Schlub
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Camus
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sean O’Brien
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M. Conway
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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25
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Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C, Passmore JS, McKinnon LR, Williams BL. The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25300. [PMID: 31144462 PMCID: PMC6541743 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young women in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 25% of all new infections in 2017. Several behavioural and biological factors are known to impact a young woman's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. One key, but lesser understood, biological factor impacting vulnerability is the vaginal microbiome. This review describes the vaginal microbiome and examines its alterations, its influence on HIV acquisition as well as the efficacy of HIV prevention technologies, the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV acquisition, advances in technologies to study the microbiome and some future research directions. DISCUSSION Although the composition of each woman's vaginal microbiome is unique, a microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus species is generally associated with a "healthy" vagina. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota, characterized by a shift from a low-diversity, Lactobacillus-dominant state to a high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominant state, have been shown to be associated with a range of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including increasing the risk of genital inflammation and HIV acquisition. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia have been shown to contribute to both HIV risk and genital inflammation. In addition to impacting HIV risk, the composition of the vaginal microbiome affects the vaginal concentrations of some antiretroviral drugs, particularly those administered intravaginally, and thereby their efficacy as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Although the role of rectal microbiota in HIV acquisition in women is less well understood, the composition of this compartment's microbiome, particularly the presence of species of bacteria from the Prevotellaceae family likely contribute to HIV acquisition. Advances in technologies have facilitated the study of the genital microbiome's structure and function. While next-generation sequencing advanced knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the vaginal microbiome, the emerging field of metaproteomics, which provides important information on vaginal bacterial community structure, diversity and function, is further shedding light on functionality of the vaginal microbiome and its relationship with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as antiretroviral PrEP efficacy. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the composition, structure and function of the microbiome is needed to identify opportunities to alter the vaginal microbiome and prevent BV and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Jo‐Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- National Health Laboratory ServiceCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM)University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Brent L Williams
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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26
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Gonzalez SM, Aguilar-Jimenez W, Su RC, Rugeles MT. Mucosa: Key Interactions Determining Sexual Transmission of the HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30787929 PMCID: PMC6373783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of HIV sexual transmission at the genital mucosa, initial interactions between the virus and the mucosal immunity determine the outcome of the exposure. Hence, these interactions have been deeply explored in attempts to undercover potential targets for developing preventative strategies. The knowledge gained has led to propose a hypothetical model for mucosal HIV transmission. Subsequent research studies on this topic further revealed new mechanisms and identified new host-HIV interactions. This review aims at integrating these findings to inform better and update the current model of HIV transmission. At the earliest stage of virus exposure, the epithelial integrity and the presence of antiviral factors are critical in preventing viral entry to the submucosa. However, the virus has been shown to enter to the submucosa in the presence of physical abrasion or via epithelial transmigration using paracellular passage or transcytosis mechanisms. The efficiency of these processes is greater with cell-associated viral inoculums and can be influenced by the presence of viral and immune factors, and by the structure of the exposed epithelium. Once the virus reaches the submucosa, dendritic cells and fibroblasts, as recently described, have been shown in vitro of being capable of facilitating the transfer of viral particles to susceptible cells, leading to viral dissemination, most likely in a trans-infection manner. The presence of activated CD4+ T cells in submucosa increases the probability of infection, where the predominant microbiota could be implicated through the modulation of an inflammatory microenvironment. Other factors such as genital fluids and hormones could also play an essential role in HIV transmission. Here, we review the most recent evidence described for mucosal HIV-transmission contributing with the understanding of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Gonzalez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Abstract
Objective: To examine bacterial vaginosis as an effect modifier for the association between hormonal contraception and incident HIV infection. Design: Serodiscordant couples enrolled in an open longitudinal cohort in Lusaka, Zambia from 1994 to 2012. This analysis was restricted to couples with an HIV-positive man enrolled between1994 and 2002 when a quarterly genital tract examination and HIV testing was performed. Methods: Multivariate Cox models evaluated the association between contraceptive method and HIV-acquisition, stratified by time-varying bacterial vaginosis status. Results: Among 564 couples contributing 1137.2 couple-years of observation, bacterial vaginosis was detected at 15.5% of study visits. Twenty-two of 106 seroconversions occurred during intervals after bacterial vaginosis was detected [12 on no method/nonhormonal method (nonhormonal contraception), two on injectables, eight on oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)]. Unadjusted seroincidence rates per 100 couple-years for nonhormonal contraception, injectable, and OCP users, respectively, during intervals with bacterial vaginosis were 8.3, 20.8, and 31.0 and during intervals without bacterial vaginosis were 8.2, 9.7, and 12.3. In the bacterial vaginosis-positive model, there was a significant increase in incident HIV among those using injectables (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 6.55, 95% CI 1.14–37.77) and OCPs (aHR 5.20, 95% CI 1.68–16.06) compared with nonhormonal contraception. Hormonal contraception did not increase the hazard of HIV acquisition in bacterial vaginosis-negative models. These findings persisted in sensitivity analyses whenever all covariates from the nonstratified model previously published were included, whenever other genital tract findings were excluded from the model and with the addition of condom-less sex and sperm on wet-prep. Conclusion: Future research should consider a potential interaction with bacterial vaginosis whenever evaluating the impact of hormonal contraception on HIV acquisition.
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28
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Kim D, Hofstaedter CE, Zhao C, Mattei L, Tanes C, Clarke E, Lauder A, Sherrill-Mix S, Chehoud C, Kelsen J, Conrad M, Collman RG, Baldassano R, Bushman FD, Bittinger K. Optimizing methods and dodging pitfalls in microbiome research. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:52. [PMID: 28476139 PMCID: PMC5420141 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on the human microbiome has yielded numerous insights into health and disease, but also has resulted in a wealth of experimental artifacts. Here, we present suggestions for optimizing experimental design and avoiding known pitfalls, organized in the typical order in which studies are carried out. We first review best practices in experimental design and introduce common confounders such as age, diet, antibiotic use, pet ownership, longitudinal instability, and microbial sharing during cohousing in animal studies. Typically, samples will need to be stored, so we provide data on best practices for several sample types. We then discuss design and analysis of positive and negative controls, which should always be run with experimental samples. We introduce a convenient set of non-biological DNA sequences that can be useful as positive controls for high-volume analysis. Careful analysis of negative and positive controls is particularly important in studies of samples with low microbial biomass, where contamination can comprise most or all of a sample. Lastly, we summarize approaches to enhancing experimental robustness by careful control of multiple comparisons and to comparing discovery and validation cohorts. We hope the experimental tactics summarized here will help researchers in this exciting field advance their studies efficiently while avoiding errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Casey E. Hofstaedter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Lisa Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Erik Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Abigail Lauder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Christel Chehoud
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Judith Kelsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Máire Conrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Robert Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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