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Dong X, Tu H, Bai X, Qin S, Li Z. INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC APOPTOSIS AND PYROPTOSIS CONTRIBUTE TO THE SELECTIVE DEPLETION OF B CELL SUBSETS IN SEPTIC SHOCK PATIENTS. Shock 2023; 60:345-353. [PMID: 37477437 PMCID: PMC10510799 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The depletion of peripheral blood B cells is associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis during sepsis, and selective depletion occurs when B cell subsets are specifically targeted. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the selective depletion of B cell subsets in the immunosuppressive phase of septic shock patients. Thirty-two septic shock patients were recruited as a septic shock group and 10 healthy volunteers as a control group. The expression of Bcl-2, CD95, cleaved caspase-9/8, and activated caspase-3/1 in the B cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry. Another 23 septic shock patients were recruited to test the remission of caspase-3 (Z-DEVD-FMK) and caspase-1 (VX-765) inhibitors on B cell subset depletion in vitro . In septic shock patients, the Bcl-2 levels in immature/transitional (IM) B cells decreased and the levels of cleaved caspase-9 in IM B cells increased; the levels of CD95 in IM, naive, resting memory (RM), and activated memory (AM) B cells and the levels of cleaved caspase-8 in IM, RM, and AM B cells increased; the levels of activated caspase-3 and caspase-1 in IM, RM, and AM B cells increased. Activated caspase-1 levels in IM B cells were higher compared with activated caspase-3 in septic shock patients, whereas the levels of activated caspase-1 in AM B cells were lower compared with activated caspase-3. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that Z-DEVD-FMK and VX-765 could alleviate the depletion of IM, AM, and RM B cells. The selective reduction of circulating B cell subsets in septic shock patients could be attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis as well as pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijie Dong
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Tu
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangjun Bai
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Diakite M, Shaw-Saliba K, Lau CY. Malignancy and viral infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1103737. [PMID: 37476029 PMCID: PMC10358275 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The burden of malignancy related to viral infection is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In 2018, approximately 2 million new cancer cases worldwide were attributable to infection. Prevention or treatment of these infections could reduce cancer cases by 23% in less developed regions and about 7% in developed regions. Contemporaneous increases in longevity and changes in lifestyle have contributed to the cancer burden in SSA. African hospitals are reporting more cases of cancer related to infection (e.g., cervical cancer in women and stomach and liver cancer in men). SSA populations also have elevated underlying prevalence of viral infections compared to other regions. Of 10 infectious agents identified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, six are viruses: hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8, HHV-8). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) also facilitates oncogenesis. EBV is associated with lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; HBV and HCV are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; KSHV causes Kaposi's sarcoma; HTLV-1 causes T-cell leukemia and lymphoma; HPV causes carcinoma of the oropharynx and anogenital squamous cell cancer. HIV-1, for which SSA has the greatest global burden, has been linked to increasing risk of malignancy through immunologic dysregulation and clonal hematopoiesis. Public health approaches to prevent infection, such as vaccination, safer injection techniques, screening of blood products, antimicrobial treatments and safer sexual practices could reduce the burden of cancer in Africa. In SSA, inequalities in access to cancer screening and treatment are exacerbated by the perception of cancer as taboo. National level cancer registries, new screening strategies for detection of viral infection and public health messaging should be prioritized in SSA's battle against malignancy. In this review, we discuss the impact of carcinogenic viruses in SSA with a focus on regional epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadou Diakite
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Liu Z, Wan H, Tan Y, Li D, Huang J, Zhang C, Liu F, Qin B. Bibliometric and visual analyses of trends in the field of T cell exhaustion research: Findings from 2000 to 2022. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2023; 37:3946320231215219. [PMID: 37975658 PMCID: PMC10656813 DOI: 10.1177/03946320231215219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell exhaustion refers to a state wherein T cells become less functional as a result of their prolonged exposure to cognate antigens. A wealth of T cell exhaustion-focused research has been conducted in recent decades, transforming the current understanding of this biologically relevant process. However, there have not been any comprehensive bibliometric analyses to date focused on clarifying the T cell exhaustion-related research landscape. Here, a bibliometric analysis was thus conducted with the goal of better elucidating the current state of knowledge and emerging research hotspots in this field. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for articles and reviews related to T cell exhaustion, with the CiteSpace and VOSviewer programs then being employed to analyze the countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords associated with studies in this research space. RESULTS In total, 2676 studies were incorporated in this analysis, highlighting progressive annual increases in the number of T cell exhaustion-focused publications over the study period. These publications were affiliated with 3117 institutions in 85 countries, with the USA and China being the largest contributors to the field. Of the 18,032 authors associated with these publications, E. John Wherry exhibited the highest publication count and the greatest citation frequency. Keyword analyses indicated that immunotherapy, T cell exhaustion, and PD-1 are the dominant foci for T cell exhaustion-related research. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of collaborations among institutions and nations in order to further propel novel studies of T cell exhaustion. Efforts to unravel the signal transduction and transcriptional mechanisms underlying the onset of T cell exhaustion were also identified as an emerging hotspot in this field. Ultimately, these results support the pivotal status of T cell exhaustion research as a key direction for immunotherapeutic research and development efforts in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Liu
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Aier Ophthalmic Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Wan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deshuang Li
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanhe Zhang
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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Krause R, Snyman J, Shi-Hsia H, Muema D, Karim F, Ganga Y, Ngoepe A, Zungu Y, Gazy I, Bernstein M, Khan K, Mazibuko M, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Limbo O, Jardine J, Sok D, Wilson IA, Hanekom W, Sigal A, Kløverpris H, Ndung'u T, Leslie A. HIV skews the SARS-CoV-2 B cell response towards an extrafollicular maturation pathway. eLife 2022; 11:e79924. [PMID: 36300787 PMCID: PMC9643005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection dysregulates the B cell compartment, affecting memory B cell formation and the antibody response to infection and vaccination. Understanding the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PLWH) may explain the increased morbidity, reduced vaccine efficacy, reduced clearance, and intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 observed in some HIV-1 coinfections. Methods We compared B cell responses to COVID-19 in PLWH and HIV negative (HIV-ve) patients in a cohort recruited in Durban, South Africa, during the first pandemic wave in July 2020 using detailed flow cytometry phenotyping of longitudinal samples with markers of B cell maturation, homing, and regulatory features. Results This revealed a coordinated B cell response to COVID-19 that differed significantly between HIV-ve and PLWH. Memory B cells in PLWH displayed evidence of reduced germinal centre (GC) activity, homing capacity, and class-switching responses, with increased PD-L1 expression, and decreased Tfh frequency. This was mirrored by increased extrafollicular (EF) activity, with dynamic changes in activated double negative (DN2) and activated naïve B cells, which correlated with anti-RBD-titres in these individuals. An elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific EF response in PLWH was confirmed using viral spike and RBD bait proteins. Conclusions Despite similar disease severity, these trends were highest in participants with uncontrolled HIV, implicating HIV in driving these changes. EF B cell responses are rapid but give rise to lower affinity antibodies, less durable long-term memory, and reduced capacity to adapt to new variants. Further work is needed to determine the long-term effects of HIV on SARS-CoV-2 immunity, particularly as new variants emerge. Funding This work was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust to the Africa Health Research Institute (Wellcome Trust Strategic Core Award [grant number 201433/Z/16/Z]). Additional funding was received from the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the National Research Foundation (South African Research Chairs Initiative [grant number 64809]), and the Victor Daitz Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krause
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Jumari Snyman
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Hwa Shi-Hsia
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Muema
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Yenzekile Zungu
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Inbal Gazy
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing PlatformDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Limbo
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph Jardine
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Devin Sok
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South AfricaDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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5
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Nishio A, Hasan S, Park H, Park N, Salas JH, Salinas E, Kardava L, Juneau P, Frumento N, Massaccesi G, Moir S, Bailey JR, Grakoui A, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. Serum neutralization activity declines but memory B cells persist after cure of chronic hepatitis C. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5446. [PMID: 36114169 PMCID: PMC9481596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections underscores the need for an effective vaccine. Successful vaccines to other viruses generally depend on a long-lasting humoral response. However, data on the half-life of HCV-specific responses are lacking. Here we study archived sera and mononuclear cells that were prospectively collected up to 18 years after cure of chronic HCV infection to determine the role of HCV antigen in maintaining neutralizing antibody and B cell responses. We show that HCV-neutralizing activity decreases rapidly in potency and breadth after curative treatment. In contrast, HCV-specific memory B cells persist, and display a restored resting phenotype, normalized chemokine receptor expression and preserved ability to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. The short half-life of HCV-neutralizing activity is consistent with a lack of long-lived plasma cells. The persistence of HCV-specific memory B cells and the reduced inflammation after cure provide an opportunity for vaccination to induce protective immunity against re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharika Hasan
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nana Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jordan H Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eduardo Salinas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul Juneau
- Division of Data Services, NIH Library, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Contractor- Zimmerman Associates, Inc, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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6
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Lu X, Zhang X, Cheung AKL, Moog C, Xia H, Li Z, Wang R, Ji Y, Xia W, Liu Z, Yuan L, Wang X, Wu H, Zhang T, Su B. Abnormal Shift in B Memory Cell Profile Is Associated With the Expansion of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells via ICOS Signaling During Acute HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837921. [PMID: 35222430 PMCID: PMC8867039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center B cells are essential for the differentiation of B cells and specific antibody responses against HIV-1 infection. However, the extent to which HIV-1 infection affects the dynamic interplay between these two cell populations in the bloodstream remains unclear. In this study, the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) and B cells and their relationship in individuals with acute and chronic HIV-1 infection were investigated. Twenty-five study subjects were enrolled from the Beijing PRIMO clinical cohort, a prospective cohort of HIV-1-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) for the identification of cases of acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) at Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Individuals with AHI were selected at random. Matched samples were also collected and analyzed from the same patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. None of the study subjects received antiretroviral therapy during acute or chronic infection. Multicolor flow cytometry was used for the immunophenotypic and functional characterization of cTfh cell and B cell subsets. AHI resulted in increased proportions in bulk cTfh, ICOS+cTfh or IL-21+ICOS+cTfh cells. In both acute and chronic infections, activated memory (AM), tissue-like memory (TLM), and plasmablast (PB) B cell levels were increased whilst resting memory (RM) and naïve mature (NM) B cell levels were decreased. Classical memory (CM) B cells were unaffected during infection. Association analyses showed that the levels of ICOS+cTfh and IL-21+ICOS+cTfh cells were negatively correlated with those of AM, CM, RM cells, and positively correlated with those of NM cells in AHI but not chronic HIV-1 infection stage (CHI). Moreover, the frequency of IL-21+ICOS+cTfh cells was also positively correlated with plasma HIV-1 viral load, and had an opposite association trend with CD4+T cell count in AHI. Our data suggests that HIV-1 infection drives the expansion of cTfh cells, which in turn leads to perturbations of B cell differentiation through ICOS signaling during acute infection stage. These findings provide insight on the role of ICOS in the regulation of cTfh/B cell interaction during AHI and may potentially guide the design of effective strategies for restoring anti-HIV-1 immunity in the infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, plateforme GENOMAX, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Huan Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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Zaongo SD, Ouyang J, Chen Y, Jiao YM, Wu H, Chen Y. HIV Infection Predisposes to Increased Chances of HBV Infection: Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Favoring HBV Infection at Each Clinical Stage of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853346. [PMID: 35432307 PMCID: PMC9010668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) selectively targets and destroys the infection-fighting CD4+ T-lymphocytes of the human immune system, and has a life cycle that encompasses binding to certain cells, fusion to that cell, reverse transcription of its genome, integration of its genome into the host cell DNA, replication of the HIV genome, assembly of the HIV virion, and budding and subsequent release of free HIV virions. Once a host is infected with HIV, the host’s ability to competently orchestrate effective and efficient immune responses against various microorganisms, such as viral infections, is significantly disrupted. Without modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is likely to gradually destroy the cellular immune system, and thus the initial HIV infection will inexorably evolve into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Generally, HIV infection in a patient has an acute phase, a chronic phase, and an AIDS phase. During these three clinical stages, patients are found with relatively specific levels of viral RNA, develop rather distinctive immune conditions, and display unique clinical manifestations. Convergent research evidence has shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection, a common cause of chronic liver disease, is fairly common in HIV-infected individuals. HBV invasion of the liver can be facilitated by HIV infection at each clinical stage of the infection due to a number of contributing factors, including having identical transmission routes, immunological suppression, gut microbiota dysbiosis, poor vaccination immune response to hepatitis B immunization, and drug hepatotoxicity. However, there remains a paucity of research investigation which critically describes the influence of the different HIV clinical stages and their consequences which tend to favor HBV entrenchment in the liver. Herein, we review advances in the understanding of the mechanisms favoring HBV infection at each clinical stage of HIV infection, thus paving the way toward development of potential strategies to reduce the prevalence of HBV co-infection in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaokai Chen,
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8
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Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Cotugno N, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Rinaldi S, Tagarro A, Rojo P, Foster C, Bamford A, De Rossi A, Nastouli E, Klein N, Morrocchi E, Fatou B, Smolen KK, Ozonoff A, Di Pastena M, Luzuriaga K, Steen H, Giaquinto C, Goulder P, Rossi P, Levy O, Pahwa S, Palma P. Determinants of B-Cell Compartment Hyperactivation in European Adolescents Living With Perinatally Acquired HIV-1 After Over 10 Years of Suppressive Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860418. [PMID: 35432380 PMCID: PMC9009387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) experience signs of B-cell hyperactivation with expansion of 'namely' atypical B-cell phenotypes, including double negative (CD27-IgD-) and termed age associated (ABCs) B-cells (T-bet+CD11c+), which may result in reduced cell functionality, including loss of vaccine-induced immunological memory and higher risk of developing B-cells associated tumors. In this context, perinatally HIV infected children (PHIV) deserve particular attention, given their life-long exposure to chronic immune activation. Methods We studied 40 PHIV who started treatment by the 2nd year of life and maintained virological suppression for 13.5 years, with 5/40 patients experiencing transient elevation of the HIV-1 load in the plasma (Spike). We applied a multi-disciplinary approach including immunological B and T cell phenotype, plasma proteomics analysis, and serum level of anti-measles antibodies as functional correlates of vaccine-induced immunity. Results Phenotypic signs of B cell hyperactivation were elevated in subjects starting ART later (%DN T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.03; %AM T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.02) and were associated with detectable cell-associated HIV-1 RNA (%AM T-bet+CD11c+ p=0.0003) and transient elevation of the plasma viral load (spike). Furthermore, B-cell hyperactivation appeared to be present in individuals with higher frequency of exhausted T-cells, in particular: %CD4 TIGIT+ were associated with %DN (p=0.008), %DN T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.0002) and %AM T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.002) and %CD4 PD-1 were associated with %DN (p=0.048), %DN T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.039) and %AM T-bet+CD11c+ (p=0.006). The proteomic analysis revealed that subjects with expansion of these atypical B-cells and exhausted T-cells had enrichment of proteins involved in immune inflammation and complement activation pathways. Furthermore, we observed that higher levels of ABCs were associated a reduced capacity to maintain vaccine-induced antibody immunity against measles (%B-cells CD19+CD10- T-bet+, p=0.035). Conclusion We identified that the levels of hyperactivated B cell subsets were strongly affected by time of ART start and associated with clinical, viral, cellular and plasma soluble markers. Furthermore, the expansion of ABCs also had a direct impact on the capacity to develop antibodies response following routine vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Infanta Sofía University Hospital. Infanta Sofia University Hospital and Henares University Hospital Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation (FIIB HUIS HHEN), San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rojo
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, RITIP (Traslational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline Foster
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Bamford
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Oncology, Surgery and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)- IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kinga K. Smolen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michela Di Pastena
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- UOSD Unit of Clinical Psychology – Dept. of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Umass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
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9
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Marginal Zone B-Cell Populations and Their Regulatory Potential in the Context of HIV and Other Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063372. [PMID: 35328792 PMCID: PMC8949885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) establishes early and persists beyond antiretroviral therapy (ART). As such, we have shown excess B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the blood of HIV-infected progressors, as soon as in the acute phase, and despite successful ART. Excess BAFF was associated with deregulation of the B-cell compartment; notably, with increased frequencies of a population sharing features of both transitional immature (TI) and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, we termed Marginal Zone precursor-like (MZp). We have reported similar observations with HIV-transgenic mice, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected macaques, and more recently, with HIV-infected Beninese commercial sex workers, which suggests that excess BAFF and increased frequencies of MZp B-cells are reliable markers of inflammation in the context of HIV. Importantly, we have recently shown that in healthy individuals, MZps present an important regulatory B-cell (Breg) profile and function. Herein, we wish to review our current knowledge on MZ B-cell populations, especially their Breg status, and that of other B-cell populations sharing similar features. BAFF and its analog A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) are important in shaping the MZ B-cell pool; moreover, the impact that excess BAFF—encountered in the context of HIV and several chronic inflammatory conditions—may exert on MZ B-cell populations, Breg and antibody producing capacities is a threat to the self-integrity of their antibody responses and immune surveillance functions. As such, deregulations of MZ B-cell populations contribute to autoimmune manifestations and the development of MZ lymphomas (MZLs) in the context of HIV and other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, further comprehending the mechanisms regulating MZ B-cell populations and their functions could be beneficial to innovative therapeutic avenues that could be deployed to restore MZ B-cell immune competence in the context of chronic inflammation involving excess BAFF.
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10
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Roe K. NK-Cell Exhaustion, B-Cell Exhaustion and T-Cell Exhaustion - the Differences and Similarities. Immunology 2022; 166:155-168. [PMID: 35266556 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion has been extensively researched, compared to B-cell exhaustion and NK-cell exhaustion, which have received considerably less attention; and there is less of a consensus on the precise definitions of NK-cell and B-cell exhaustion. NK-cell exhaustion, B-cell exhaustion and T-cell exhaustion are examples of lymphocyte exhaustion, and they have several differences and similarities. Lymphocyte exhaustion is also frequently confused with anergy, cellular senescence and suppression, because these conditions can have significant overlapping similarities with exhaustion. An additional source of confusion is due to the fact that lymphocyte exhaustion is not a binary state, but instead has a spectrum of severity induced by different levels and durations of continuous antigenic stimulation. Concurrent multiple types of lymphocyte exhaustion are possible, and this situation is henceforth called poly-lymphocyte exhaustion. Poly-lymphocyte exhaustion for the same cancer or pathogen would be especially dangerous. Since there are significant advantages for a pathogen by inducing poly-lymphocyte exhaustion in an immune system, there are pathogens with an evolved capability to induce poly-lymphocyte exhaustion. These pathogens may include certain manipulative viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roe
- Retired, San Jose, California, United States of America
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11
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Undetectable Anti-HBs Antibodies: Need of a Booster Dose for HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121484. [PMID: 34960230 PMCID: PMC8703597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HBV vaccination effectively prevents HBV transmission and the development of liver cancer. Disease progression and liver-related complications are more common in HIV-1/HBV co-infected than HBV mono-infected individuals. A considerable body of literature, which will be reviewed here, indicates that response to HBV vaccine is suboptimal in HIV-1-infected individuals and that the poor maintenance of protective immunity to HBV vaccines in these individuals is an important medical issue. Several factors affect HBV vaccine response during HIV-1 infection including CD4+ T cell counts, B cell response, vaccine formulation, schedules, and timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The initial response to HBV vaccination also plays a critical role in the sustainability of antibody responses in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected vaccinees. Thus, regular follow-up for antibody titer and a booster dose is warranted to prevent HBV transmission in HIV-1 infected people.
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12
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Tuan JJ, Zapata H, Critch-Gilfillan T, Ryall L, Turcotte B, Mutic S, Andrews L, Roh ME, Friedland G, Barakat L, Ogbuagu O. Qualitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV. HIV Med 2021; 23:178-185. [PMID: 34632695 PMCID: PMC8652674 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Effective and safe COVID‐19 vaccines have been developed and have resulted in decreased incidence and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and can decrease secondary transmission. However, there are concerns about dampened immune responses to COVID‐19 vaccination among immunocompromised patients, including people living with HIV (PLWH), which may blunt the vaccine's efficacy and durability of protection. This study aimed to assess the qualitative SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine immunogenicity among PLWH after vaccination. Methods We conducted targeted COVID‐19 vaccination (all received BNT162b2 vaccine) of PLWH (aged ≥ 55 years per state guidelines) at Yale New Haven Health System and established a longitudinal survey to assess their qualitative antibody responses at 3 weeks after the first vaccination (and prior to receipt of the second dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine) (visit 1) and at 2–3 weeks after the second vaccination (visit 2) but excluded patients with prior COVID‐19 infection. Our goal was to assess vaccine‐induced immunity in the population we studied. Qualitative immunogenicity testing was performed using Healgen COVID‐19 anti‐Spike IgG/IgM rapid testing. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to determine factors associated with a positive IgG response. Results At visit 1, 45 of 78 subjects (57.7%) tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 anti‐Spike IgG after the first dose of COVID‐19 vaccine. Thirty‐nine subjects returned for visit 2. Of these, 38 had positive IgG (97.5%), including 20 of 21 subjects (95.2%) with an initial negative anti‐Spike IgG. Our bivariate analysis suggested that participants on an antiretroviral regimen containing integrase strand transfer inhibitors [relative risk (RR) = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92–3.56, p = 0.085] were more likely to seroconvert after the first dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine, while those with a CD4 count < 500 cells/μL (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33–1.05, p = 0.071), and those diagnosed with cancer or another immunosuppressive condition (RR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.18–1.28, p = 0.15) may have been less likely to seroconvert after the first dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine. The direction of these associations was similar in the multivariate model, although none of these findings reached statistical significance (RRintegrase inhibitor = 1.71, 95% CI: 0.90–3.25, p = 0.10; RRCD4 count = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.39–1.19, p = 0.18; RRcancer or another immunosuppressive condition = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.19–1.33, p = 0.16). With regard to immunogenicity, we were able to record very high rates of new seroconversion following the second dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine. Conclusions Our study suggests that completing a two‐dose series of BNT162b2 vaccine is critical for PLWH given suboptimal seroconversion rates after the first dose and subsequent improved seroconversion rates after the second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Tuan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heidi Zapata
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Linda Ryall
- Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Barbara Turcotte
- Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suzana Mutic
- Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laurie Andrews
- Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelle E Roh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gerald Friedland
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lydia Barakat
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Onyema Ogbuagu
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Reddy SB, Nagy N, Rönnberg C, Chiodi F, Lugaajju A, Heuts F, Szekely L, Wahlgren M, Persson KEM. Direct contact between Plasmodium falciparum and human B-cells in a novel co-culture increases parasite growth and affects B-cell growth. Malar J 2021; 20:303. [PMID: 34225761 PMCID: PMC8256226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum parasites cause malaria and co-exist in humans together with B-cells for long periods of time. Immunity is only achieved after repeated exposure. There has been a lack of methods to mimic the in vivo co-occurrence, where cells and parasites can be grown together for many days, and it has been difficult with long time in vitro studies. Methods and results A new method for growing P. falciparum in 5% CO2 with a specially formulated culture medium is described. This knowledge was used to establish the co-culture of live P. falciparum together with human B-cells in vitro for 10 days. The presence of B-cells clearly enhanced parasite growth, but less so when Transwell inserts were used (not allowing passage of cells or merozoites), showing that direct contact is advantageous. B-cells also proliferated more in presence of parasites. Symbiotic parasitic growth was verified using CESS cell-line and it showed similar results, indicating that B-cells are indeed the cells responsible for the effect. In malaria endemic areas, people often have increased levels of atypical memory B-cells in the blood, and in this assay it was demonstrated that when parasites were present there was an increase in the proportion of CD19 + CD20 + CD27 − FCRL4 + B-cells, and a contraction of classical memory B-cells. This effect was most clearly seen when direct contact between B-cells and parasites was allowed. Conclusions These results demonstrate that P. falciparum and B-cells undoubtedly can affect each other when allowed to multiply together, which is valuable information for future vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Rönnberg
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allan Lugaajju
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Heuts
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina E M Persson
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Nilsson A, Chiodi F. Early Antiretroviral Therapy May Preserve Vaccine Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients by Preventing Damage to Long-Lived Plasma Cells. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:176-179. [PMID: 31867631 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology at Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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15
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Isaguliants M, Bayurova E, Avdoshina D, Kondrashova A, Chiodi F, Palefsky JM. Oncogenic Effects of HIV-1 Proteins, Mechanisms Behind. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:305. [PMID: 33467638 PMCID: PMC7830613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) are at increased risk of developing cancer, such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cervical cancer, and other cancers associated with chronic viral infections. Traditionally, this is linked to HIV-1-induced immune suppression with depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, exhaustion of lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte dysfunction. However, the long-term successful implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with an early start did not preclude the oncological complications, implying that HIV-1 and its antigens are directly involved in carcinogenesis and may exert their effects on the background of restored immune system even when present at extremely low levels. Experimental data indicate that HIV-1 virions and single viral antigens can enter a wide variety of cells, including epithelial. This review is focused on the effects of five viral proteins: envelope protein gp120, accessory protein negative factor Nef, matrix protein p17, transactivator of transcription Tat and reverse transcriptase RT. Gp120, Nef, p17, Tat, and RT cause oxidative stress, can be released from HIV-1-infected cells and are oncogenic. All five are in a position to affect "innocent" bystander cells, specifically, to cause the propagation of (pre)existing malignant and malignant transformation of normal epithelial cells, giving grounds to the direct carcinogenic effects of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Darya Avdoshina
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Joel M. Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
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16
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Dhande JR, Saikia K, Singh DP, Bagul RD, Kulkarni SS, Ghate MV, Thakar MR. Higher frequencies of functional HIV-envelope-specific memory B cells are associated with nonprogressive HIV infection in Indian population. AIDS 2020; 34:1603-1608. [PMID: 32769762 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The HIV-1-specific antibodies are being considered for prevention and therapy in HIV infection. For effective antibody response, presence of functionally competent memory B cells (MEBs) is important; however, HIV-infection is known to alter the B-cell functionality. Very limited data are available on the HIV-specific memory B-cell population in HIV-infected Indian population. METHODS In this study, the frequencies of HIV-gp140-specific MEBs were measured in individuals with nonprogressive [long-term-nonprogressors (LTNPs), N = 20] and progressive (N = 19) HIV infection using multicolor flow cytometry. The activation and functional status of these MEBs were assessed as frequencies and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the CD38 and CD40 expression, respectively. RESULTS The percentages of gp140 + MEBs were higher in LTNPs than seen in progressors (P = 0.0475) and associated with higher CD4 cell count (P = 0.0312, r = 0.2833). As compared with the progressors, LTNPs also showed higher functional (CD40+) gp140 + MEBs both frequencies (P < 0.0001) and CD40 MFI (P = 0.0222), whereas the frequencies (<0.0001) and the MFI (P = 0.0047) of CD38 expression was significantly lower. Higher CD4 cell counts and lower plasma viral load values were associated with higher frequencies of CD40+ gp140 + MEBs (P < 0.0001, r = 0.4962) (P = 0.0036, r = -0.4202) and lower frequencies (P = 0.0008, r = -0.4231) and CD38 expression (MFI) (P = 0.004, r = -0.3719) (P = 0.0066, r = 0.4033). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that LTNPs have functional HIV-specific memory B-cell compartment with reduced activation that may lead to effective HIV-specific humoral immune responses contributing to their nondisease progression status. These findings would help in better understanding of the characteristics of the HIV-specific memory B-cell population in nonprogressive HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree R Dhande
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Eldin P, Péron S, Galashevskaya A, Denis-Lagache N, Cogné M, Slupphaug G, Briant L. Impact of HIV-1 Vpr manipulation of the DNA repair enzyme UNG2 on B lymphocyte class switch recombination. J Transl Med 2020; 18:310. [PMID: 32778120 PMCID: PMC7418440 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 Vpr encodes a 14 kDa protein that has been implicated in viral pathogenesis through modulation of several host cell functions. In addition to pro-apoptotic and cytostatic properties, Vpr can redirect cellular E3 ubiquitin ligases (such as DCAF1-Cul4A E3 ligase complex) to target many host proteins and interfere with their functions. Among them, Vpr binds the uracil DNA glycosylase UNG2, which controls genome uracilation, and induces its specific degradation leading to loss of uracil removal activity in infected cells. Considering the essential role of UNG2 in antibody diversification in B-cells, we evaluated the impact of Vpr on UNG2 fate in B lymphocytes and examined the functional consequences of UNG2 modulations on class switch recombination (CSR). Methods The impact of Vpr-induced UNG2 deregulation on CSR proficiency was evaluated by using virus-like particles able to deliver Vpr protein to target cells including the murine model CSR B cell line CH12F3 and mouse primary B-cells. Co-culture experiments were used to re-examine the ability of Vpr to be released by HIV-1 infected cells and to effectively accumulate in bystander B-cells. Vpr-mediated UNG2 modulations were monitored by following UNG2 protein abundance and uracil removal enzymatic activity. Results In this study we report the ability of Vpr to reduce immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) in immortalized and primary mouse B-cells through the degradation of UNG2. We also emphasize that Vpr is released by producing cells and penetrates bystander B lymphocytes. Conclusions This work therefore opens up new perspectives to study alterations of the B-cell response by using Vpr as a specific CSR blocking tool. Moreover, our results raise the question of whether extracellular HIV-1 Vpr detected in some patients may manipulate the antibody diversification process that engineers an adapted response against pathogenic intruders and thereby contribute to the intrinsic B-cell humoral defect reported in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eldin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Sophie Péron
- Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations (CBRIL), UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), Faculté de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Anastasia Galashevskaya
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core (PROMEC), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 5th Floor. Erling Skjalgssons gt. 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicolas Denis-Lagache
- Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations (CBRIL), UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), Faculté de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations (CBRIL), UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), Faculté de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core (PROMEC), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 5th Floor. Erling Skjalgssons gt. 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laurence Briant
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Sharan R, Bucşan AN, Ganatra S, Paiardini M, Mohan M, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:619-632. [PMID: 32417227 PMCID: PMC7390597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). While CD4+ T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, recent work in macaques co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) suggests that cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation and dysregulation of T cell homeostasis correlate with reactivation of LTBI. This review builds on compelling data that the reactivation of LTBI during HIV co-infection is likely to be driven by the events of HIV replication and therefore highlights the need to have optimum translational interventions directed at reactivation due to co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Allison N Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shashank Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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19
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Badura R, Foxall RB, Ligeiro D, Rocha M, Godinho-Santos A, Trombetta AC, Sousa AE. Early ART in Acute HIV-1 Infection: Impact on the B-Cell Compartment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:347. [PMID: 32766164 PMCID: PMC7378391 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces B cell defects, not fully recovered upon antiretroviral therapy (ART). Acute infection and the early start of ART provide unique settings to address the impact of HIV on the B cell compartment. We took advantage of a cohort of 21 seroconverters, grouped according to the presence of severe manifestations likely mediated by antibodies or immune complexes, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, with a follow-up of 8 weeks upon effective ART. We combined B and T cell phenotyping with serum immunoglobulin level measurement and quantification of sj-KRECs and ΔB to estimate bone marrow output and peripheral proliferative history of B cells, respectively. We observed marked B cell disturbances, notably a significant expansion of cells expressing low levels of CD21, in parallel with markers of both impaired bone marrow output and increased peripheral B cell proliferation. This B cell dysregulation is likely to contribute to the severe immune-mediated conditions, as attested by the higher serum IgG and the reduced levels of sj-KRECs with increased ΔB in these individuals as compared to those patients with mild disease. Nevertheless, upon starting ART, the dynamic of B cell recovery was not distinct in the two groups, featuring both persistent alterations by week 8. Overall, we showed for the first time that acute HIV-1 infection is associated with decreased bone marrow B cell output assessed by sj-KRECs. Our study emphasizes the need to intervene in both bone marrow and peripheral responses to facilitate B cell recovery during acute HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Badura
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dario Ligeiro
- Centro de Sangue e Transplantação de Lisboa, Instituto Português de Sangue e Transplantação, IP, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rocha
- Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, Community Based Center for HIV and STD, CheckpointLX, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amelia C Trombetta
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Dong X, Liu Q, Zheng Q, Liu X, Wang Y, Xie Z, Liu T, Yang F, Gao W, Bai X, Li Z. Alterations of B Cells in Immunosuppressive Phase of Septic Shock Patients*. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:815-821. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Lemma M, Bekele Y, Petkov S, Hägglund M, Petros B, Aseffa A, Howe R, Chiodi F. Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage among PCV-10-Vaccinated HIV-1-Infected Children with Maintained Serological Memory in Ethiopia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030159. [PMID: 32106620 PMCID: PMC7157605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) vaccines have substantially reduced the burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) worldwide. Despite high coverage with S. pneumoniae vaccination, upper-respiratory-tract colonization by S. pneumoniae is still common. We assessed maintenance of serological responses to S. pneumoniae serotypes included in PCV-10 by ELISA in HIV-1-infected children (n = 50) and age-matched controls (n = 50) in Ethiopia. We isolated S. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal swabs and determined S. pneumoniae serotype by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Comparable levels of S. pneumoniae serotype-specific IgG concentrations were detected in plasma of HIV-1-infected children and matched controls, with geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) consistently higher than the protective threshold for PCV-10 serotypes of 0.35 μg/mL. We isolated S. pneumoniae from 38 (out of 97) nasopharyngeal swabs, 25 from HIV-1-infected children and 13 from controls. WGS based serotyping revealed 22 known S. pneumoniae serotypes and 2 nontypeable (NT) isolates. Non-PCV-10 serotypes represented >90% of isolates. We showed that HIV-1-infected children and matched controls in Ethiopia carry a level of maintained serological memory to PCV-10 considered protective for IPDs. We identified a higher proportion of nasopharyngeal carriage with highly pathogenic S. pneumoniae non-PCV strains among HIV-1-infected children compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlet Lemma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT compound P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Arat Kilo Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Moa Hägglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Arat Kilo Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT compound P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT compound P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Global Properties of a Delay-Distributed HIV Dynamics Model Including Impairment of B-Cell Functions. MATHEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/math7090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we construct an Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics model with impairment of B-cell functions and the general incidence rate. We incorporate three types of infected cells, (i) latently-infected cells, which contain the virus, but do not generate HIV particles, (ii) short-lived productively-infected cells, which live for a short time and generate large numbers of HIV particles, and (iii) long-lived productively-infected cells, which live for a long time and generate small numbers of HIV particles. The model considers five distributed time delays to characterize the time between the HIV contact of an uninfected CD4 + T-cell and the creation of mature HIV. The nonnegativity and boundedness of the solutions are proven. The model admits two equilibria, infection-free equilibrium E P 0 and endemic equilibrium E P 1 . We derive the basic reproduction number R 0 , which determines the existence and stability of the two equilibria. The global stability of each equilibrium is proven by utilizing the Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We prove that if R 0 < 1 , then E P 0 is globally asymptotically stable, and if R 0 > 1 , then E P 1 is globally asymptotically stable. These theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations. The effect of impairment of B-cell functions, time delays, and antiviral treatment on the HIV dynamics are studied. We show that if the functions of B-cells are impaired, then the concentration of HIV is increased in the plasma. Moreover, we observe that the time delay has a similar effect to drug efficacy. This gives some impression for developing a new class of treatments to increase the delay period and then suppress the HIV replication.
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23
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Vigón L, Vázquez-Morón S, Berenguer J, González-García J, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Guardiola JM, Crespo M, de Los Santos I, Von Wichmann MA, Carrero A, Yélamos MB, Gómez J, Resino S, Martínez I. Rapid decrease in titer and breadth of neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved SVR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12163. [PMID: 31434968 PMCID: PMC6704069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main targets for neutralizing anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies (HCV-nAbs) are the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins. We have studied the characteristics of HCV-nAbs through a retrospective study involving 29 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) with peg-IFNα + ribavirin anti-HCV therapy. Plasma samples at baseline and week 24 after SVR were used to perform neutralization assays against five JFH1-based HCV recombinant viruses coding for E1 and E2 from genotypes 1a (H77), 1b (J4), 2a (JFH1), 3a (S52) and 4a (ED43). At baseline, the majority of plasma samples neutralized 1a, 1b, 2a, and 4a, but not 3a, genotypes. Twenty-four weeks following SVR, most neutralizing titers declined substantially. Furthermore, titers against 3a and 2a were not detected in many patients. Plasma samples with high HCV-nAb titers neutralized all genotypes, and the highest titers at the starting point correlated with the highest titers at week 24 after SVR. In conclusion, high titers of broad-spectrum HCV-nAbs were detected in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals, however, those titers declined soon after SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vigón
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Morón
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carrero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Yélamos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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T-cell and B-cell perturbations are similar in ART-naive HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 dually infected patients. AIDS 2019; 33:1143-1153. [PMID: 30845069 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-2 may slow progression of a subsequently acquired HIV-1 infection through cross-neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional CD8 T cells. We hypothesized that HIV-1/2 dually infected patients compared with HIV-1-infected patients had more preserved immune maturation subsets and less immune activation of T and B cells. METHODS ART-naive patients with HIV-1 (n = 83) or HIV-1/2 dual (n = 27) infections were included in this cross-sectional study at an HIV clinic in Guinea-Bissau. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry according to T-cell maturation and activation, regulatory T-cell fraction, and B-cell maturation and activation. RESULTS HIV-1/2 dually infected patients had lower levels of HIV-1 RNA compared with patients with HIV-1 infection, but the levels of total HIV RNA (HIV-1 and HIV-2) were similar in the two patient groups. T-cell maturation, and proportions of regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) were also similar in the two groups. HIV-1/2 dually infected patients had higher proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells positive for the activation marker CD38, but there was no difference in other T-cell activation markers (CD28, CTLA-4, PD-1). HIV-1/2 dually infected patients also had higher proportions of IgM-only B cells and plasmablasts. CONCLUSION HIV-1/2 was not associated with less immune perturbations than for HIV-1 infection.
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25
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Nicholson LK, Pratap H, Bowers E, Gunzburger E, Bandi SR, Gardner EM, Palmer BE, Wright T, Kittelson J, Janoff EN. Effective B cell activation in vitro during viremic HIV-1 infection with surrogate T cell stimulation. Immunobiology 2018; 223:839-849. [PMID: 30219203 PMCID: PMC6264910 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying HIV-1-associated B cell defects and responses to activation may direct interventions to circumvent their impaired antibody responses to infection and vaccines. Among 34 viremic HIV-1-infected and 20 seronegative control adults, we measured baseline frequencies and activation of B and T cell subsets, expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), potential determinants of B cell activation in vivo and B and T cell responses in vitro. At baseline, HIV-1 infection was associated with increased IgM memory and decreased anergic cell frequencies, as well as increased activation in all 10 B cell subsets compared with controls. HIV-1 status, TFH activation, and BAFF were significant potential drivers of B cell activation. Despite high baseline activation among HIV-1-infected subjects, stimulation in vitro with combined surrogates for antigen (anti-IgM), cognate (CD40 ligand) and soluble T cell factors (IL-4) elicited comparable B cell activation, transitions from naïve to class-switched memory cells and AID expression in both groups. In summary, viremic HIV-1 infection perturbs circulating B cell subsets and activation at each stage of B cell maturation. However, that appropriate stimulation of B cells elicits effective activation and maturation provides impetus for advancing vaccine development to prevent secondary infections by circumventing early B cell defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Nicholson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Harsh Pratap
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elisabeth Bowers
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elise Gunzburger
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Bandi
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward M Gardner
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy Wright
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John Kittelson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States.
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Hernández DM, Valderrama S, Gualtero S, Hernández C, López M, Herrera MV, Solano J, Fiorentino S, Quijano S. Loss of T-Cell Multifunctionality and TCR-Vβ Repertoire Against Epstein-Barr Virus Is Associated With Worse Prognosis and Clinical Parameters in HIV + Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2291. [PMID: 30337929 PMCID: PMC6180205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of aggressive and poor-prognosis B-cell lymphomas in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+ patients). The most important risk factors for these malignancies include immune dysfunction, chronic immune activation, and loss of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The combination of all these factors can favor the reactivation of EBV, malignant cell transformation, and clinical progression toward B-cell lymphomas. The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype, functionality, and distribution of TCR clonotypes for EBV-specific T-cell subpopulations in HIV+ patients at different clinical stages and for HIV+ patients with B-cell lymphoma, as well as to establish their association with clinical variables of prognostic value. Factors were studied in 56 HIV+ patients at different clinical stages and in six HIV+ subjects with diagnosed B-cell lymphoma. We found a significant decrease in all subpopulations of EBV-specific CD4+ T cells from HIV+ patients at stage 3 and with B-cell lymphoma. EBV-specific effector CD8+ T cells, particularly effector memory cells, were also reduced in HIV+ patients with B-cell lymphoma. Interestingly, these cells were unable to produce IFN-γ and lacked multifunctionality in HIV+ patients. The TCR-Vβ repertoire, which is key for protection against EBV in healthy individuals, was less diverse in HIV+ patients due to a lower frequency of TCR-Vβ2+, Vβ4+, Vβ7.1+, Vβ9+, Vβ13.6+, Vβ14+, Vβ17+, Vβ22+ CD4+, Vβ14+, and Vβ17+ CD8+ T cells. HIV+ patients with positive plasma EBV loads (EBV+HIV+) had a noteworthy decrease in the levels of both TNF-α+ and multifunctional TNF-α+/IL-2+ and TNF-α+/IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that HIV+ patients have significant alterations in the immune response to EBV (poor-quality immunity) that can favor viral reactivation, escalating the risk for developing EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Hernández
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Valderrama
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gualtero
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcos López
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica Traslacional, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Julio Solano
- Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Fiorentino
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Quijano
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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28
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Chiodi F, Scarlatti G. Editorial: HIV-Induced Damage of B Cells and Production of HIV Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515590 PMCID: PMC5826175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Wang X, Xu H. Potential Epigenetic Regulation in the Germinal Center Reaction of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29449847 PMCID: PMC5799247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity and broadly neutralizing antibodies plays a key role in the defense against pathogens. These antibody responses require effective germinal center (GC) reaction within anatomical niches of GCs, where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide cognate help to B cells for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Emerging evidences indicate that GC reaction in normal state and perhaps establishment of latent Tfh cell reservoir in HIV/SIV infection are tightly regulated by epigenetic histone modifications, which are responsible for activating or silencing chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind GC responses at cellular and molecular levels thus provides necessary knowledge for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we discussed the epigenetic regulation of GC responses, especially for GC B and Tfh cell under normal state or HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effect of the HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the human memory B (MEB)-cell compartment. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was designed to analyze MEB cells of HIV-1 ART treated and ART-naive study participants, and uninfected individuals. METHODS Frequency and absolute counts of MEB cell subsets in blood were determined by multicolor flow cytometry. Spontaneous cell death and B-cell proliferative capacity was evaluated in vitro by cell culture and flow cytometry. Splenic function was determined by pitted erythrocytes quantification in HIV-1 ART-treated study participants. RESULTS HIV-1 ART-treated individuals did not show functional hyposplenism despite the lack of recovery IgMIgDCD27 marginal zone-like B cells. Moreover, two germinal center-dependent MEB cells subsets were also dysregulated in HIV-1 individuals: IgMIgDCD27 (IgM only) cells were increased, whereas the switched subset (IgMIgD) was reduced in viremic individuals. Althought ART restored the numbers of these populations; the switched MEB cells were enriched in CD27 cells, which showed the highest susceptibility to spontaneous cell death ex vivo. In addition, B cells from viremic individuals showed a poor response to B-cell receptor and toll-like receptor 9 stimulation that was circumvented when both stimuli were used simultaneously. CONCLUSION B cells from HIV-1 study participants show a poor stimulation capacity, that may be bypassed by the proper combination of stimuli, and a dysregulated MEB cell pool that suggest an affectation of the germinal center reaction, only partially normalized by ART. Interestingly, hyposplenism does not explain the lack of recovery of the marginal zone-like B cells in ART-treated HIV-1 individuals.
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31
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Vadasz Z, Elbirt D, Radian S, Bezalel-Rosenberg S, Mahlab-Guri K, Toubi E, Asher I, Sthoeger Z. Low levels of the immunoregulator Semaphorin 4D (CD100) in sera of HIV patients. Clin Immunol 2017; 191:88-93. [PMID: 28917721 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaphorin-4D (CD100), generated by CD4/CD8 T-cells and its receptor on B cells - CD72, play a role in immune regulation. Both have soluble forms - sCD100/sCD72. METHODS sCD100 and sCD72 levels were determined by ELISA (MyBioSource, USA). RESULTS 28 chronic HIV patients and 50 matched healthy volunteers participated in our study. Before treatment, CD4 T-cells counts were 267 ± 216 cells/mcl and viral load (VL) was 586,675 ± 1897,431 copies/ml. Two years following HAART, CD4 T-cells counts rose to 475 ± 264 cells/mcl and VL dropped to 2050 ± 10,539 copies/ml. CD8 T-cells counts were stable. sCD72 levels prior (4.13 ± 2.03 ng/ml) and following HAART (3.53 ± 2.01 ng/ml) were similar to control levels (4.51 ± 2.66 ng/ml). sCD100 levels before (40.47 ± 31.4 ng/ml) and following HAART (37.68 ± 29.44 ng/ml) were significantly lower compared to controls (99.67 ± 36.72 ng/ml) despite the significant increase in CD4 T-cells counts. CONCLUSIONS The permanent low levels of the immunoregulator sCD100 suggest a role for CD100 in the immune dysfunction and T cells exhaustion of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Vadasz
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Bnei-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - D Elbirt
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Radian
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Bezalel-Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - K Mahlab-Guri
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Toubi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Bnei-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Asher
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Z Sthoeger
- Department of Medicine B, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
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32
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Cotugno N, De Armas L, Pallikkuth S, Rinaldi S, Issac B, Cagigi A, Rossi P, Palma P, Pahwa S. Perturbation of B Cell Gene Expression Persists in HIV-Infected Children Despite Effective Antiretroviral Therapy and Predicts H1N1 Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1083. [PMID: 28955330 PMCID: PMC5600985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals with apparently similar clinical and immunological characteristics can vary in responsiveness to vaccinations. However, molecular mechanisms responsible for such impairment, as well as biomarkers able to predict vaccine responsiveness in HIV-infected children, remain unknown. Following the hypothesis that a B cell qualitative impairment persists in HIV-infected children (HIV) despite effective ART and phenotypic B cell immune reconstitution, the aim of the current study was to investigate B cell gene expression of HIV compared to age-matched healthy controls (HCs) and to determine whether distinct gene expression patterns could predict the ability to respond to influenza vaccine. To do so, we analyzed prevaccination transcriptional levels of a 96-gene panel in equal numbers of sort-purified B cell subsets (SPBS) isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using multiplexed RT-PCR. Immune responses to H1N1 antigen were determined by hemaglutination inhibition and memory B cell ELISpot assays following trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccination (TIV) for all study participants. Although there were no differences in terms of cell frequencies of SPBS between HIV and HC, the groups were distinguishable based upon gene expression analyses. Indeed, a 28-gene signature, characterized by higher expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response and immune activation was observed in activated memory B cells (CD27+CD21−) from HIV when compared to HC despite long-term viral control (>24 months). Further analysis, taking into account H1N1 responses after TIV in HIV participants, revealed that a 25-gene signature in resting memory (RM) B cells (CD27+CD21+) was able to distinguish vaccine responders from non-responders (NR). In fact, prevaccination RM B cells of responders showed a higher expression of gene sets involved in B cell adaptive immune responses (APRIL, BTK, BLIMP1) and BCR signaling (MTOR, FYN, CD86) when compared to NR. Overall, these data suggest that a perturbation at a transcriptional level in the B cell compartment persists despite stable virus control achieved through ART in HIV-infected children. Additionally, the present study demonstrates the potential utility of transcriptional evaluation of RM B cells before vaccination for identifying predictive correlates of vaccine responses in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lesley De Armas
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Biju Issac
- Sylvester Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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33
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Soldemo M, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Env-Specific Antibodies in Chronic Infection versus in Vaccination. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1057. [PMID: 28928737 PMCID: PMC5591324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are central in vaccine-mediated protection. For HIV-1, a pathogen that displays extreme antigenic variability, B cell responses against conserved determinants of the envelope glycoproteins (Env) are likely required to achieve broadly protective vaccine-induced responses. To understand antibodies in chronic infection, where broad serum neutralizing activity is observed in a subset of individuals, monoclonal antibodies mediating this activity have been isolated. Studies of their maturation pathways reveal that years of co-evolution between the virus and the adaptive immune response are required for such responses to arise. Furthermore, they do so in subjects who display alterations of their B cell subsets caused by the chronic infection, conditions that are distinctly different from those in healthy hosts. So far, broadly neutralizing antibody responses were not induced by vaccination in primates or small animals with natural B cell repertoires. An increased focus on the development vaccine-induced responses in healthy subjects is therefore needed to delineate how the immune system recognizes different forms of HIV-1 Env and to optimize approaches to stimulate antibody responses against relevant neutralizing antibody epitopes. In this review, we describe aspects of Env-directed antibody responses that differ between chronic HIV-1 infection and subunit vaccination for an increased appreciation of these differences; and we highlight the need for an improved understanding of vaccine-induced B cell responses to complex glycoproteins such as Env, in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Soldemo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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French MA, Tjiam MC, Abudulai LN, Fernandez S. Antiviral Functions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific IgG Antibodies: Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and Implications for Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28725225 PMCID: PMC5495868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective and tolerable for long periods of time but cannot eradicate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by either elimination of viral reservoirs or enhancement of HIV-1-specific immune responses. Boosting "protective" HIV-1-specific immune responses by active or passive immunization will therefore be necessary to control or eradicate HIV-1 infection and is currently the topic of intense investigation. Recently reported studies conducted in HIV patients and non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV-1 infection suggest that HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses may contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. However, production of IgG antibodies with virus neutralizing activity by vaccination remains problematic and while vaccine-induced natural killer cell-activating IgG antibodies have been shown to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection, they may not be sufficient to control or eradicate established HIV-1 infection. It is, therefore, important to consider other functional characteristics of IgG antibody responses. IgG antibodies to viruses also mediate opsonophagocytic antibody responses against virions and capsids that enhance the function of phagocytic cells playing critical roles in antiviral immune responses, particularly conventional dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that these antibody functions might contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, IgG antibodies contribute to the intracellular degradation of viruses via binding to the cytosolic fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21). The functional activity of an IgG antibody response is influenced by the IgG subclass content, which affects binding to antigens and to Fcγ receptors on phagocytic cells and to TRIM21. The IgG subclass content and avidity of IgG antibodies is determined by germinal center (GC) reactions in follicles of lymphoid tissue. As HIV-1 infects cells in GCs and induces GC dysfunction, which may persist during ART, strategies for boosting HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses should include early commencement of ART and possibly the use of particular antiretroviral drugs to optimize drug levels in lymphoid follicles. Finally, enhancing particular functions of HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses by using adjuvants or cytokines to modulate the IgG subclass content of the antibody response might be investigated in NHP models of HIV-1 infection and during trials of therapeutic vaccines in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A. French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Christian Tjiam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laila N. Abudulai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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35
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Preservation of Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cell Function in HIV Controllers. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00497-17. [PMID: 28468877 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00497-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maturation process of high-affinity antibodies is a result of intricate interactions between B cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells occurring in lymphoid germinal centers. HIV infection induces significant chronic immune activation, phenotypic skewing, and inflammation driven by years of continuous viral replication. High levels of viremia as well as immune activation and dysfunction have been demonstrated to have a perturbing impact on the B cell memory compartment and contribute to B cell exhaustion. Counterintuitively, the factors associated with perturbation of the B cell compartment seem to be favorable for the generation of highly affinity-matured Env-specific antibodies in a minority of HIV-infected individuals. Thus, the impact of HIV antigenemia on B cells and Tfh cell interactions warrants further exploration. We therefore studied immunophenotypes of HIV-specific B cells in individuals with differing levels of viral control using HIV Env gp120 probes and characterized the functionality of matched T cells in peripheral blood. While CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells were significantly diminished in HIV progressors, we found that a small subset of gp120-specific interleukin-21 (IL-21)-secreting CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells were significantly associated with gp120-specific B cell frequencies. In contrast, neither bulk CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells nor other HIV antigen specificities were associated with gp120-specific B cell levels. HIV-specific B cells derived from elite controllers displayed greater amounts of gp120-specific B cells in the resting memory subset, whereas HIV-specific B cells in progressors accumulated in tissue-like and activated memory subsets. Furthermore, CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells from elite controllers showed a stronger ex vivo capacity to induce B cell maturation and immunoglobulin class switching than cells from HIV progressors.IMPORTANCE Dissecting the factors that are involved in B cell maturation and antibody development is important for HIV vaccine design. In this study, we found that HIV Env-specific CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells that secrete interleukin-21 are strongly associated with B cell memory phenotypes and function. Moreover, we found that the immune responses of HIV controllers showed intrinsically better helper activity than those of HIV progressors.
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36
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Chiodi F, Bekele Y, Lantto Graham R, Nasi A. IL-7 and CD4 T Follicular Helper Cells in HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:451. [PMID: 28473831 PMCID: PMC5397507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-7 was previously shown to upregulate the expression of molecules important for interaction of CD4+ T cells with B cells. It is poorly studied whether IL-7 has a role in the biology of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and whether IL-7 dysregulates the expression of B-cell costimulatory molecules on Tfh cells. We review the literature and provide arguments in favor of IL-7 being involved in the biology of human Tfh cells. The CD127 IL-7 receptor is expressed on circulating Tfh and non-Tfh cells, and we show that IL-7, but not IL-6 or IL-21, upregulates the expression of CD70 and PD-1 on these cells. We conclude that IL-7, a cytokine whose level is elevated during HIV-1 infection, may have a role in increased expression of B cell costimulatory molecules on Tfh cells and lead to abnormal B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lantto Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aikaterini Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Broger T, Basu Roy R, Filomena A, Greef CH, Rimmele S, Havumaki J, Danks D, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Gray CM, Singh M, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, Husar GM, Joos TO, Gennaro ML, Lochhead MJ, Denkinger CM, Perkins MD. Diagnostic Performance of Tuberculosis-Specific IgG Antibody Profiles in Patients with Presumptive Tuberculosis from Two Continents. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:947-955. [PMID: 28362937 PMCID: PMC5848306 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis is a global priority. A whole proteome screen identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens associated with serological responses in tuberculosis patients. We used World Health Organization (WHO) target product profile (TPP) criteria for a detection test and triage test to evaluate these antigens. METHODS Consecutive patients presenting to microscopy centers and district hospitals in Peru and to outpatient clinics at a tuberculosis reference center in Vietnam were recruited. We tested blood samples from 755 HIV-uninfected adults with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis to measure IgG antibody responses to 57 M. tuberculosis antigens using a field-based multiplexed serological assay and a 132-antigen bead-based reference assay. We evaluated single antigen performance and models of all possible 3-antigen combinations and multiantigen combinations. RESULTS Three-antigen and multiantigen models performed similarly and were superior to single antigens. With specificity set at 90% for a detection test, the best sensitivity of a 3-antigen model was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31-40). With sensitivity set at 85% for a triage test, the specificity of the best 3-antigen model was 34% (95% CI, 29-40). The reference assay also did not meet study targets. Antigen performance differed significantly between the study sites for 7/22 of the best-performing antigens. CONCLUSIONS Although M. tuberculosis antigens were recognized by the IgG response during tuberculosis, no single antigen or multiantigen set performance approached WHO TPP criteria for clinical utility among HIV-uninfected adults with presumed tuberculosis in high-volume, urban settings in tuberculosis-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Filomena
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Rimmele
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - David Danks
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas O Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Maria L Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, New Brunswick
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38
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Ruffin N, Hani L, Seddiki N. From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads. Immunology 2017; 151:137-145. [PMID: 28231392 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for B-cell differentiation and the subsequent antibody responses. Their numbers and functions are altered during human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. In lymphoid tissues, Tfh cells are present in germinal centre, where they are the main source of replicative HIV-1 and represent a major reservoir. Paradoxically, Tfh cell numbers are increased in chronically infected individuals. Understanding the fate of Tfh cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is essential for the design of efficient strategies toward a protective HIV vaccine or a cure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advance in our understanding of Tfh cell dynamics during HIV/SIV infection. In particular, to explore the possible causes of their expansion in lymphoid tissues by discussing the impact of HIV-1 infection on dendritic cells, to identify the molecular players rendering Tfh cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and to consider the contribution of regulatory follicular T cells in shaping Tfh cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
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Chang WLW, Gonzalez DF, Kieu HT, Castillo LD, Messaoudi I, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Shacklett BL, Barry PA, Sparger EE. Changes in Circulating B Cell Subsets Associated with Aging and Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170154. [PMID: 28095513 PMCID: PMC5240950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and certain viral infections can negatively impact humoral responses in humans. To further develop the nonhuman primate (NHP) model for investigating B cell dynamics in human aging and infectious disease, a flow cytometric panel was developed to characterize circulating rhesus B cell subsets. Significant differences between human and macaque B cells included the proportions of cells within IgD+ and switched memory populations and a prominent CD21-CD27+ unswitched memory population detected only in macaques. We then utilized the expanded panel to analyze B cell alterations associated with aging and acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the NHP model. In the aging study, distinct patterns of B cell subset frequencies were observed for macaques aged one to five years compared to those between ages 5 and 30 years. In the SIV infection study, B cell frequencies and absolute number were dramatically reduced following acute infection, but recovered within four weeks of infection. Thereafter, the frequencies of activated memory B cells progressively increased; these were significantly correlated with the magnitude of SIV-specific IgG responses, and coincided with impaired maturation of anti-SIV antibody avidity, as previously reported for HIV-1 infection. These observations further validate the NHP model for investigation of mechanisms responsible for B cells alterations associated with immunosenescence and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise F. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hung T. Kieu
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luis D. Castillo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The induction of neutralizing antibodies directed against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has received considerable attention in recent years, in part driven by renewed interest and opportunities for antibody-based strategies for prevention such as passive transfer of antibodies and the development of preventive vaccines, as well as immune-based therapeutic interventions. Advances in the ability to screen, isolate, and characterize HIV-specific antibodies have led to the identification of a new generation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The majority of these antibodies have been isolated from B cells of chronically HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia. In this review, we provide insight into the phenotypic and functional attributes of human B cells, with a focus on HIV-specific memory B cells and plasmablasts/cells that are responsible for sustaining humoral immune responses against HIV. We discuss the abnormalities in B cells that occur in HIV infection both in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, especially in the setting of persisting viremia. Finally, we consider the opportunities and drawbacks of intensively interrogating antibodies isolated from HIV-infected individuals to guide strategies aimed at developing effective antibody-based vaccine and therapeutic interventions for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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Tsachouridou O, Skoura L, Zebekakis P, Margariti A, Georgiou A, Bougiouklis D, Pilalas D, Galanos A, Daniilidis M, Metallidis S. Antiretroviral naive and treated patients: Discrepancies of B cell subsets during the natural course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. World J Virol 2016; 5:155-160. [PMID: 27878102 PMCID: PMC5105048 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i4.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate alterations of memory B cell subpopulations during a 48-wk period in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) patients.
METHODS Forty-one antiretroviral naïve and 41 treated HIV-1 patients matched for age and duration of HIV infection were recruited. All clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data were recorded or measured. The different B cell subsets were characterized according to their surface markers: Total B cells (CD19+), memory B cells (CD19+CD27+, BMCs), resting BMCs (CD19+CD27+CD21high, RM), exhausted BMCs (CD19+CD21lowCD27-, EM), IgM memory B (CD19+CD27+IgMhigh), isotype-switched BMCs (CD19+CD27+IgM-, ITS) and activated BMCs (CD19+CD21low+CD27+, AM) at baseline on week 4 and week 48.
RESULTS Mean counts of BMCs were higher in treated patients. There was a marginal upward trend of IgM memory B cell proportions which differed significantly in the treated group (overall trend, P = 0.004). ITS BMC increased over time significantly in all patients. Naive patients had of lower levels of EM B cells compared to treated, with a downward trend, irrespectively of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) intake. Severe impairment of EM B cells was recorded to both treated (P = 0.024) and naive (P = 0.023) and patients. Higher proportions of RM cells were noted in HAART group, which differed significantly on week 4th (P = 0.017) and 48th (P = 0.03). Higher levels of AM were preserved in HAART naive group during the whole study period (week 4: P = 0.018 and 48: P = 0.035). HIV-RNA viremia strongly correlated with AM B cells (r = 0.54, P = 0.01) and moderately with RM cells (r = -0.45, P = 0.026) at baseline.
CONCLUSION HIV disrupts memory B cell subpopulations leading to impaired immunologic memory over time. BMC, RM, EM and ITS BMC were higher in patients under HAART. Activated BMCs (AM) were higher in patients without HAART. Viremia correlated with AM and RM. Significant depletion was recorded in EM B cells irrespectively of HAART intake. Perturbations in BMC-populations are not fully restored by antiretrovirals.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The induction of a virus-clearing humoral immune response in natural HIV infection is impaired. Insights into early events in HIV infection that affect B-cell responses and antibody development are addressed and related to strategies for the design of an HIV vaccine. RECENT FINDINGS Broadly neutralizing antibody responses do not develop early in HIV-1 infection, and recent reports highlight the role of preexisting suboptimal B-cell populations that can dominate the early antibody response. Furthermore, from the earliest phases of infection, virus replication is a driving force behind alterations in the B cell and T-follicular helper cell (TFH) compartments. Paradoxically, the factors that drive these abnormalities, such as high virus load, duration of infection, and increased viral diversity, are likely necessary for the development of both TFH and broadly neutralizing antibodies. SUMMARY These data provide new insights into prerequisites for an effective HIV vaccine. First, a vaccine should induce specific B-cell lineages so that preexisting cross-reactivity is avoided and, additionally, it must mimic high levels of diverse antigen in the absence of chronic virus replication within immune cells to activate high levels of quality of TFH and stimulate antibody maturation.
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Dysfunctions in the migratory phenotype and properties of circulating immature transitional B cells during HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2016; 30:2169-77. [PMID: 27281060 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequency of immature transitional B cells is increased in blood of HIV-1-infected individuals. We investigated whether HIV-1 infection affects expression and function of chemokine receptors important for egress of immature transitional B cells from bone marrow and migration to lymphoid organs. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study analysing the migratory phenotype and function of immature transitional B cells in HIV-1-infected individuals, in relation to antiretroviral treatment and age. METHODS Frequency of blood immature transitional B cells and their phenotypic characteristics, including chemokine receptors and a maturation marker, were determined by immunostainings. Migratory capacities were studied in a migration assay. RESULTS The increased frequency of immature transitional B cells in untreated HIV-1 infection was normalized in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment; in our cohorts, age did not have an impact on the frequency of circulating immature transitional B cells. Immature transitional B cells from nontreated patients expressed low levels of CD21 molecule. We found an elevated frequency of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expressing immature transitional B cells in treated and nontreated patients. CXCR4 receptor was unresponsive to CXCL12 ligand in in-vitro migration and internalization assays. In addition, CXCR5 expression was downregulated on immature transitional B cells from infected patients, and these cells migrated poorly in response to CXCR5 ligand. CONCLUSION Circulating immature transitional B cells from HIV-1-infected patients are not fully mature, probably due to premature egress from bone marrow; these cells showed a phenotype which could impair entry into secondary lymphoid organs. Changes in migratory capacity of immature transitional B cells may affect B-cell maturation during HIV-1 infection.
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Sabri F, Prados A, Muñoz-Fernández R, Lantto R, Fernandez-Rubio P, Nasi A, Amu S, Albert J, Olivares EG, Chiodi F. Impaired B cells survival upon production of inflammatory cytokines by HIV-1 exposed follicular dendritic cells. Retrovirology 2016; 13:61. [PMID: 27596745 PMCID: PMC5011926 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are important components in the organization of germinal centers in lymphoid tissue where, following antigen presentation, B cells differentiate into memory B cells. The possibility of establishing primary cell lines from FDCs isolated from lymphoid tissue paved the way for characterization of FDC biological properties. We exposed primary FDC cell lines to HIV-1 strains in vitro and studied changes in the chemo-attractive properties of FDCs and release of inflammatory cytokines. Results FDC lines expressed several known and putative HIV-1 receptors; viral genome was amplified in HIV-1 exposed FDCs which released low levels of p24 HIV-1 protein in culture supernatants, but were not definitely proven to be productively infected. Exposure of FDCs to HIV-1 strains did not change the expression of markers used to characterize these cells. HIV-1 exposed FDCs, however, changed the expression of chemo-attractants involved in cell recruitment at inflammatory sites and increased the production of several inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory milieu created upon HIV-1 exposure of FDCs led to impaired B cell survival in vitro and reduced Ig production.
Conclusions FDC lines exposed to different HIV-1 strains, although not able to support productive HIV-1 replication, show an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Our in vitro model of interactions between HIV-1 exposed FDC lines and B cells suggest that exposure of FDCs to HIV-1 in vivo can contribute to inflammation within germinal centers and that this pathological event may impair B cell survival and contribute to impaired B cell responses during HIV-1 infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0295-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sabri
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Prados
- Unidad de Immunologia, Instituto de Biopatologia y Medicina Regenerativa, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Fernández
- Unidad de Immunologia, Instituto de Biopatologia y Medicina Regenerativa, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rebecka Lantto
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Rubio
- Unidad de Immunologia, Instituto de Biopatologia y Medicina Regenerativa, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique Garcia Olivares
- Unidad de Immunologia, Instituto de Biopatologia y Medicina Regenerativa, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Monoclonal Gammopathy in HIV-Infected Patients on Stable Antiretroviral Therapy: Disappearance or Deep Reduction? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 72:e11-2. [PMID: 26689973 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chronic HIV-1 Infection Induces B-Cell Dysfunction That Is Incompletely Resolved by Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:381-9. [PMID: 26914910 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV-1-induced B-cell dysfunction. DESIGN Comparative study of ART-naive and ART-treated HIV-infected patients with non-HIV controls. METHODS B-cell dysfunction was examined in patients with HIV-1 infection (n = 30) who had received ART for a median time of 9.25 years (range: 1.3-21.7) by assessing proportions of CD21 B cells (a marker of B-cell exhaustion) and proportions of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or B and T lymphocyte attenuator B cells, and serum levels of immunoglobulin free light chains (markers of B-cell hyperactivation). The association of these markers with serum levels of IgG1 and IgG2, and production of IgG antibodies after vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharides were also examined. ART-naive patients with HIV (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) were also assessed for comparison. RESULTS ART-treated patients had increased proportions of CD21 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand B cells and, furthermore, although proportions of B and T lymphocyte attenuator B cells were not significantly different from controls, they correlated negatively with CD21 B cells. Proportions of CD21 B cells also correlated negatively with current CD4 T-cell counts. In ART-naive patients with HIV, free light chains correlated with CD21 B cells and IgG1, but not IgG2. Serum IgG2:IgG1 ratios were substantially lower than normal in patients with HIV and did not resolve on ART. In ART-treated patients, IgG antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharides after vaccination were not associated with markers of B-cell dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS B-cell dysfunction persists in patients with HIV receiving long-term ART. The causes and consequences of this require further investigation.
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HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Show Robust Memory B-Cell Responses in Spite of a Delayed Accumulation of Memory B Cells: an Observational Study in the First 2 Years of Life. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:576-85. [PMID: 27170641 PMCID: PMC4933775 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00149-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved HIV care has led to an increase in the number of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants born to HIV-infected women. Although they are uninfected, these infants experience increased morbidity and mortality. One explanation may be that their developing immune system is altered by HIV exposure, predisposing them to increased postnatal infections. We explored the impact of HIV exposure on the B-cell compartment by determining the B-cell subset distribution, the frequency of common vaccine antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs), and the levels of antibodies to the respective antigens in HEU and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants born to uninfected mothers, using flow cytometry, a B-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, during the first 2 years of life. For the majority of the B-cell subsets, there were no differences between HEU and HUU infants. However, HIV exposure was associated with a lower proportion of B cells in general and MBCs in particular, largely due to a lower proportion of unswitched memory B cells. This reduction was maintained even after correcting for age. These phenotypic differences in the MBC compartment did not affect the ability of HEU infants to generate recall responses to previously encountered antigens or reduce the antigen-specific antibody levels at 18 months of life. Although HIV exposure was associated with a transient reduction in the proportion of MBCs, we found that the ability of HEU infants to mount robust MBC and serological responses was unaffected.
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Aspord C, Bruder Costa J, Jacob MC, Dufeu-Duchesne T, Bertucci I, Pouget N, Brevot-Lutton O, Zoulim F, Bourliere M, Plumas J, Leroy V. Remodeling of B-Cell Subsets in Blood during Pegylated IFNα-2a Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156200. [PMID: 27281019 PMCID: PMC4900671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of pegylated interferon-alfa-2a (Peg-IFN-α) therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is HBsAg seroconversion. Even though B cells are major mediators of a positive clinical outcome, their modulation during Peg-IFN-α therapy has not yet been described. We investigated here the effects of Peg-IFN-α on eight circulating B-cell subsets thanks to an original multi-gating approach based on CD19, CD27, IgD, CD10, and CD38 markers in patients with CHB treated with nucleos(t)ide analog alone or in combination with Peg-IFN-α. These dynamic changes were analyzed during the 48-weeks of Peg-IFN-α therapy and up to 2 years after the cessation of treatment. The CD19+CD27-IgD+CD10+CD38high transitional B cells and the CD19+CD27+IgD-CD10-CD38high plasmablasts continuously increased, whereas the CD19+CD27-IgD+CD10-CD38low naive, CD19+CD27+IgD+ natural memory, and CD19+CD27+IgD-CD10-CD38low post-germinal center B cells decreased during the course of Peg-IFNα treatment. Such modulations correlated with a sustained increase in sCD30 levels and the decrease in plasma HBsAg. However, no seroconversion occurred and all parameters returned to baseline after the stop of the treatment. Peg-IFN-α therapy mediates a remodeling of B-cell compartmentalization, without clinical relevance. Our study provides new insights into the immunomodulatory effects of Peg-IFN-α on circulating B-cells, and questioned the benefit of the add-on Peg-IFN-α treatment in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aspord
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- EFS Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, F-38701, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Bruder Costa
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
| | - Marie-Christine Jacob
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, CRI/Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, F-38000, France; Department of Immunology, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Tania Dufeu-Duchesne
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Analytic Immunology of chronic pathologies, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Inga Bertucci
- ANRS (France REcherche Nord & sud Sida-hiv Hépatites: FRENSH), Paris, France
| | - Noelle Pouget
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Ophelie Brevot-Lutton
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052—CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Bourliere
- Hepato-gastroenterology department, Hospital Saint Joseph, Marseille, 13008, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- EFS Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, F-38701, France
| | - Vincent Leroy
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Analytic Immunology of chronic pathologies, La Tronche, F-38706, France
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, Zhang X, Gittens K, Justement JS, Kovacs C, McDermott AB, Li Y, Sajadi MM, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Moir S. Maintenance of HIV-Specific Memory B-Cell Responses in Elite Controllers Despite Low Viral Burdens. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:390-8. [PMID: 27122593 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific B-cell responses in infected individuals are maintained by active HIV replication. Suppression of viremia by antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to quantitative and qualitative changes that remain unclear. Accordingly, B-cell responses were investigated in elite controllers (ECs), who maintain undetectable HIV levels without ART, and in individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART. Despite a higher HIV burden in the ART group, compared with the EC group, frequencies of HIV-specific B cells were higher in the EC group, compared with those in the ART group. However, the initiation of ART in several ECs was associated with reduced frequencies of HIV-specific B cells, suggesting that responses are at least in part sustained by HIV replication. Furthermore, B-cell responses to tetanus toxin but not influenza hemagglutinin in the ART group were lower than those in the EC group. Thus, the superior HIV-specific humoral response in ECs versus ART-treated individuals is likely due to a more intact humoral immune response in ECs and/or distinct responses to residual HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Maryland
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