1
|
Prakash P, Swami Vetha BS, Chakraborty R, Wenegieme TY, Masenga SK, Muthian G, Balasubramaniam M, Wanjalla CN, Hinton AO, Kirabo A, Williams CR, Aileru A, Dash C. HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps. Circ Res 2024; 134:e150-e175. [PMID: 38781298 PMCID: PMC11126208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been responsible for ≈40 million deaths. Additionally, an estimated 39 million people are currently infected with the virus. HIV-1 primarily infects immune cells, such as CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4+) T lymphocytes (T cells), and as a consequence, the number of CD4+ T cells progressively declines in people living with HIV. Within a span of ≈10 years, HIV-1 infection leads to the systemic failure of the immune system and progression to AIDS. Fortunately, potent antiviral therapy effectively controls HIV-1 infection and prevents AIDS-related deaths. The efficacy of the current antiviral therapy regimens has transformed the outcome of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic disease with a prolonged lifespan of people living with HIV. However, antiviral therapy is not curative, is challenged by virus resistance, can be toxic, and, most importantly, requires lifelong adherence. Furthermore, the improved lifespan has resulted in an increased incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidities in people living with HIV including cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, cancer, and neurological conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on hypertension. We also discuss the potential mechanisms known to drive HIV-1-associated hypertension and the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this comorbid condition. Finally, we suggest several directions of future research to better understand the factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated hypertension in the post-antiviral therapy era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Berwin Singh Swami Vetha
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Tara-Yesomi Wenegieme
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
| | - Gladson Muthian
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | | | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Azeez Aileru
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mogilevski T, Nguyen AL, Ajamian M, Smith R, Rosella S, Sparrow MP, Moore GT, Gibson PR. Intestinal barrier biomarkers in clinical evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:271-280. [PMID: 38305113 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with chronic intestinal barrier dysfunction, though its non-invasive assessment remains challenging. This study aimed to determine how four putative circulating markers vary across differing states of intestinal inflammation and with therapy in patients with IBD. METHODS Plasma samples from one prospective cross-sectional and four longitudinal studies, including healthy controls, were analysed for markers of lipopolysaccharide translocation, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and soluble-CD14 (sCD14), and markers of epithelial injury, syndecan-1 and intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP). Inflammatory activity was determined using objective measures. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, concentrations of LBP and sCD14 were higher in patients with active (P < 0.001) and severe ulcerative colitis (UC) (P < 0.0001) and active Crohn's disease (CD) (P < 0.001). In UC in remission, LBP was less than in active disease (P = 0.011) LBP levels decreased longitudinally before and after induction of medical therapy in patients with IBD (P = 0.030) and as severe UC was brought into remission at weeks 2 and 12 (P ≤ 0.022). Response to treatment was associated with higher baseline levels of LBP (P = 0.019) and soluble-CD14 (P = 0.014). Concentrations of syndecan-1 and IFABP were or tended to be lower in UC and CD in active disease and did not change with successful therapy. CONCLUSION While markers of epithelial injury were subnormal with active disease and did not change with therapy, markers of lipopolysaccharide translocation directly reflected intestinal inflammation, reduced with successful therapy and predicted treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mogilevski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Anke L Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health
| | - Mary Ajamian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Sam Rosella
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Miles P Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| | - Gregory T Moore
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei L, Ji L, Miao Y, Han X, Li Y, Wang Z, Fu J, Guo L, Su Y, Zhang Y. Constipation in DM are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications: Current status and future directions. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115202. [PMID: 37506579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Constipation is a major complications of diabetes mellitus. With the accelerating prevalence of diabetes worldwide and an aging population, there is considerable research interest regarding the altered function and structure of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetic patients. Despite current advances in hyperglycemic treatment strategies, the specific pathogenesis of diabetic constipation remains unknown. Patients with constipation, may be reluctant to eat regularly, which may worsen glycemic control and thus worsen symptoms associated with underlying diabetic bowel disease. This paper presents a review of the complex relationship between diabetes and constipation, exploring the morphological alterations and biomechanical remodeling associated with intestinal motility dysfunction, as well as alterations in intestinal neurons, cellular signaling pathways, and oxidative stress. Further studies focusing on new targets that may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic constipation may, provide new ideas for the development of novel therapies to treat or even prevent diabetic constipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luge Wei
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Lanqi Ji
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yulu Miao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Liuli Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tight junction protein claudin-2 promotes cell entry of Bombyx mori cypovirus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6019-6031. [PMID: 34324010 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-2 is a major component of tight junctions (TJs), which play an important role in reovirus entry into host cells. The Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedosis virus (BmCPV) relates to the cypovirus strain of the reovirus family. So far, the role of claudin-2 in the process of BmCPV infection is not known. In the present study, it was observed that increasing expression of the claudin-2 gene (CLDN2) may concomitantly elevate BmCPV infection. Contrarily, knockdown of CLDN2 expression by siRNAs can reduce BmCPV infection. Similarly, antibody-based blockage of claudin-2 could also decrease BmCPV cell entry. These results suggest that claudin-2 can promote BmCPV infection in vitro. Moreover, immunofluorescence (IF) assays showed that claudin-2 can interact with BmCPV during viral infection. Specifically, co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that claudin-2 binds the BmCPV VP7 (instead of VP3 proteins). The interaction between VP7 and claudin-2 was further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC). Altogether, our results suggest that BmCPV cell entry can be promoted upon interaction of VP7 with claudin-2. These findings provide new mechanistic insights related to BmCPV infection. KEY POINTS: •Claudin-2 could promote BmCPV infection of cells. •Claudin-2 interacted with BmCPV during BmCPV infection. •Claudin-2 could interact with BmCPV VP7 protein, but not with VP3 proteins.
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo H, Gao J, Qian Y, Wang H, Liu J, Peng Q, Zhou Y, Wang K. miR-125b-5p inhibits cell proliferation by targeting ASCT2 and regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in an LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury model. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:838. [PMID: 34149884 PMCID: PMC8210225 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier injury is an important cause of death in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therefore, it is of great significance to identify a therapeutic target for intestinal barrier injury to delay the progression of AIDS. microRNA (miRNA/miR)-125b-5p has an extensive role in cancer and controlling intestinal epithelial barrier function, but its role in human immunodeficiency virus-related intestinal mucosal damage remains unknown. The present study was designed to explore the effects of miR-125b-5p on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal mucosal injury and the underlying mechanism. The expression of miR-125b-5p and ASCT2 mRNA was detected in colon biopsy samples of 10 patients with AIDS and 10 control healthy subjects. Human intestinal embryonic mucosa cells (CCC-HIE-2) were used to establish an LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury model in vitro. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by MTT assays and flow cytometry, respectively. miR-125b-5p levels and ASCT2 mRNA and protein expression levels in the LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury model were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. The interaction between miR-125b-5p and ASCT2 was analyzed using a dual luciferase reporter assay. The results demonstrated that miR-125b-5p levels were increased and ASCT2 mRNA expression levels were decreased in colon samples from patients with AIDS and in LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cells. In the LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury model, transfection with miR-125b-5p mimic inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis, while transfection with a miR-125b-5p inhibitor increased cell proliferation and attenuated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-125b-5p mimic transfection resulted in a decrease of ASCT2 mRNA and protein expression, whereas the inhibitor increased ASCT2 mRNA and protein expression. Dual luciferase reporter assays suggested that ASCT2 was a direct target of miR-125b-5p, and its restoration weakened the effect of miR-125b-5p on LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury. Transfection with the miR-125b-5p mimic also exhibited a suppressive effect on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the LPS-induced intestinal mucosal cell injury model. Overall, the present study indicated that miR-125b-5p accelerated LPS-induced intestinal mucosa cell injury by targeting ASCT2 and upregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The current findings may provide novel targets for the treatment of intestinal barrier injury in patients with AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Guo
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China.,The Scientific Research Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China.,The Scientific Research Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karampoor S, Zahednasab H, Farahmand M, Mirzaei R, Zamani F, Tabibzadeh A, Bouzari B, Ajdarkosh H, Nikkhah M, Hashemi MR, Laali A, Keyvani H. A possible pathogenic role of Syndecan-1 in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107684. [PMID: 33932696 PMCID: PMC8052477 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A cell-surface heparan proteoglycan called Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) has multiple roles in healthy and pathogenic conditions, including respiratory viral infection. In this study, we explore the dynamic alternation in the levels of SDC-1 in cases with COVID-19. A total of 120 cases definitely diagnosed with COVID-19 were admitted to the Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from December 1, 2020, to January 29, 2021, and included in our study. Also, 58 healthy subjects (HS) were chosen as the control group. Patients were classified into two groups: 1) ICU patients and (63 cases) 2) non-ICU patients (57 cases). The dynamic changes of serum SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and Vit D levels a well as the disease activity were investigated in three-time points (T1-T3). Our results indicated that the COVID-19 patients had significantly increased SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels than in HS, while the Vit D levels in COVID-19 patients were significantly lower than HS. Further analysis demonstrated that the SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels in ICU patients were significantly higher than in non-ICU patients. Tracking dynamic changes in the above markers indicated that on the day of admission, the SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels were gradually increased on day 5 (T2) and then gradually decreased on day 10 (T3). ROC curve analysis suggests that markers mentioned above, SDC-1, IL-6, and IL-18 are valuable indicators in evaluating the activity of COVID-19. All in all, it seems that the serum SDC-1 levels alone or combined with other markers might be a good candidate for disease activity monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Razavi Hashemi
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Laali
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Firoozgar General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shang L, Smith AJ, Duan L, Perkey KE, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Southern PJ, Johnson RP, Carlis JV, Haase AT. Vaccine-Associated Maintenance of Epithelial Integrity Correlated With Protection Against Virus Entry. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1272-1283. [PMID: 29401315 PMCID: PMC6455945 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) might penetrate the epithelial barrier during sexual transmission to women and the mechanisms of vaccine-associated protection against entry, we characterized early epithelial responses to vaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251 (SIVmac251) in naive or SIVmac239Δnef-vaccinated rhesus macaques. Vaginal inoculation induced an early stress response in the cervicovaginal epithelium, which was associated with impaired epithelial integrity, damaged barrier function, and virus and bacterial translocation. In vaccinated animals, early stress responses were suppressed, and the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity correlated with prevention of virus entry. These vaccine-protective effects were associated with a previously described mucosal system for locally producing and concentrating trimeric gp41 antibodies at the mucosal interface and with formation of SIV-specific immune complexes that block the stress responses via binding to the epithelial receptor FCGR2B and subsequent inhibitory signaling. Thus, blocking virus entry may be one protective mechanism by which locally concentrated non-neutralizing Ab might prevent HIV sexual transmission to women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - L Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - K E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - S Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - M Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - P J Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - R P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J V Carlis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Minneapolis
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang YG, Xia Y, Lu R, Sun J. Inflammation and intestinal leakiness in older HIV+ individuals with fish oil treatment. Genes Dis 2018; 5:220-225. [PMID: 30320186 PMCID: PMC6176151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil is a natural product that has shown efficacy for managing inflammatory conditions with few side effects. There is emerging evidence that crosstalks between gut epithelial cells and immune cells contribute to chronic infectious diseases. HIV-infected (HIV+) older adults show age-related co-morbidities at a younger age than their uninfected counterparts. Persistent inflammation related to the chronic viral infection and its sequelae is thought to contribute to this disparity. However, little is known about whether fish oil reduces intestinal inflammation in HIV + patients. We measure inflammation and gut barrier function in HIV + older adults (median age = 52, N = 33), following 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation (a total daily dose of 1.6 g of omega-3 fatty acids). We showed a reduction in inflammation and gut permeability as measured by CD14, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. The results indicate that older HIV + adults may benefit from a diet supplemented with the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sokoya T, Steel HC, Nieuwoudt M, Rossouw TM. HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6825493. [PMID: 29209103 PMCID: PMC5676471 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6825493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Sokoya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - H. C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - M. Nieuwoudt
- South African Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - T. M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koethe JR, Heimburger DC, PrayGod G, Filteau S. From Wasting to Obesity: The Contribution of Nutritional Status to Immune Activation in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 214 Suppl 2:S75-82. [PMID: 27625434 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on innate and adaptive immune activation occurs in the context of host factors, which serve to augment or dampen the physiologic response to the virus. Independent of HIV infection, nutritional status, particularly body composition, affects innate immune activation through a variety of conditions, including reduced mucosal barrier defenses and microbiome dysbiosis in malnutrition and the proinflammatory contribution of adipocytes and stromal vascular cells in obesity. Similarly, T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine expression are reduced in the setting of malnutrition and increased in obesity, potentially due to adipokine regulatory mechanisms restraining energy-avid adaptive immunity in times of starvation and exerting a paradoxical effect in overnutrition. The response to HIV infection is situated within these complex interactions between host nutritional health and immunologic function, which contribute to the varied phenotypes of immune activation among HIV-infected patients across a spectrum from malnutrition to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Douglas C Heimburger
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shang L, Duan L, Perkey KE, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Smith AJ, Southern PJ, Johnson RP, Haase AT. Epithelium-innate immune cell axis in mucosal responses to SIV. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:508-519. [PMID: 27435105 PMCID: PMC5250613 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type I) transmission to women, one hallmark of the mucosal response to exposure to high doses of SIV is CD4 T-cell recruitment that fuels local virus expansion in early infection. In this study, we systematically analyzed the cellular events and chemoattractant profiles in cervical tissues that precede CD4 T-cell recruitment. We show that vaginal exposure to the SIV inoculum rapidly induces chemokine expression in cervical epithelium including CCL3, CCL20, and CXCL8. The chemokine expression is associated with early recruitment of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells that are co-clustered underneath the cervical epithelium. Production of chemokines CCL3 and CXCL8 by these cells in turn generates a chemokine gradient that is spatially correlated with the recruitment of CD4 T cells. We further show that the protection of SIVmac239Δnef vaccination against vaginal challenge is correlated with the absence of this epithelium-innate immune cell-CD4 T-cell axis response in the cervical mucosa. Our results reveal a critical role for cervical epithelium in initiating early mucosal responses to vaginal infection, highlight an important role for macrophages in target cell recruitment, and provide further evidence of a paradoxical dampening effect of a protective vaccine on these early mucosal responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - L Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - K E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - S Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - P J Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - R P Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang S, Fei J, Li J, Zhang T, Wang J, Park PW, Chen Y. Cell surface-anchored syndecan-1 ameliorates intestinal inflammation and neutrophil transmigration in ulcerative colitis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:13-25. [PMID: 27558380 PMCID: PMC5192823 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan‐1 (SDC1), with a variable ectodomain carrying heparan sulphate (HS) chains between different Syndecans, participates in many steps of inflammatory responses. In the process of proteolysis, the HS chains of the complete extracellular domain can be shed from the cell surface, by which they can mediate most of SDC1's function. However, the exact impact on SDC1 which anchored on the cell surface has not been clearly reported. In our study, we established the models by transfection with the cleavable resistant SDC1 mutant plasmid, in which SDC1 shedding can be suppressed during stimulation. Role of membrane SDC1 in inflammatory pathway, pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion as well as neutrophil transmigration, and how suppressing its shedding will benefit colitis were further investigated. We found that the patients suffered ulcerative colitis had high serum SDC1 levels,presented with increased levels of P65, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and IL‐1β and higher circulating neutrophils. NF‐κB pathway was activated, and secretion of TNF‐α, interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6 and IL‐8 were increased upon lipopolysaccharide stimuli in intestinal epithelial cells. Syndecan‐1, via its anchored ectodomain, significantly lessened these up‐regulation extents. It also functioned in inhibiting transmigration of neutrophils by decreasing CXCL‐1 secretion. Moreover, SDC1 ameliorated colitis activity and improved histological disturbances of colon in mice. Taken together, we conclude that suppression of SDC1 shedding from intestinal epithelial cells relieves severity of intestinal inflammation and neutrophil transmigration by inactivating key inflammatory regulators NF‐κB, and down‐regulating pro‐inflammatory cytokine expressions. These indicated that compenstion and shedding suppression of cytomembrane SDC1 might be the optional therapy for intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jide Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pyong W Park
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Impaired gut junctional complexes feature late-treated individuals with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell recovery upon virologically suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:991-1003. [PMID: 27028142 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4⁺ T-cell recovery upon combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) display high levels of immune activation and microbial translocation. However, whether a link exists between gut damage and poor immunological reconstitution remains unknown. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of the gastrointestinal tract in late cART-treated HIV-infected individuals: 15 immunological nonresponders (CD4⁺ <350 cells/μl and/or delta CD4⁺ change from baseline <30%); 15 full responders (CD4⁺ >350 cells/μl and/or delta CD4⁺ change from baseline >30%). METHODS We assessed gut structure (junctional complex proteins in ileum and colon) and function (small intestine permeability/damage and microbial translocation parameters). The composition of the fecal microbiome and the size of the HIV reservoir in the gut and peripheral blood were investigated as possible mechanisms underlying mucosal impairment. RESULTS Markers of intestinal permeability, damage, systemic inflammation, and microbial translocation were comparable in all study individuals, yet the expression of junctional complex proteins in gut biopsies was significantly lower in HIV-infected patients with incomplete CD4⁺ restoration and negatively correlated with markers of CD4⁺ reconstitution. Electron microscopy revealed dilated intercellular spaces in individuals lacking immunological response to cART, yet not in patients displaying CD4⁺ T-cell recovery. Analysis of the fecal microbiome revealed an overall outgrowth of Bacteroides-Prevotella spp. with no differences according to CD4⁺ T-cell reconstitution. Interestingly, HIV reservoirs in peripheral CD4⁺ T cells and intestinal tissue negatively correlated with immune recovery. CONCLUSION These observations establish gut damage and the size of the HIV reservoir as features of deficient immunological response to cART and provide new elements for interventional strategies in this setting.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tincati C, Douek DC, Marchetti G. Gut barrier structure, mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:19. [PMID: 27073405 PMCID: PMC4828806 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, extensive work has been carried out in the field of microbial translocation in HIV infection, ranging from studies on its clinical significance to investigations on its pathogenic features. In the present work, we review the most recent findings on this phenomenon, focusing on the predictive role of microbial translocation in HIV-related morbidity and mortality, the mechanisms by which it arises and potential therapeutic approaches. From a clinical perspective, current work has shown that markers of microbial translocation may be useful in predicting clinical events in untreated HIV infection, while conflicting data exist on their role in cART-experienced subjects, possibly due to the inclusion of extremely varied patient populations in cohort studies. Results from studies addressing the pathogenesis of microbial translocation have improved our knowledge of the damage of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier occurring in HIV infection. However, the extent to which mucosal impairment translates directly to increased gastrointestinal permeability remains an open issue. In this respect, novel work has established a role for IL-17 and IL-22-secreting T cell populations in limiting microbial translocation and systemic T-cell activation/inflammation, thus representing a possible target of immune-therapeutic interventions shown to be promising in the animal model. Further, recent reports have not only confirmed the presence of a dysbiotic intestinal community in the course of HIV infection but have also shown that it may be linked to mucosal damage, microbial translocation and peripheral immune activation. Importantly, technical advances have also shed light on the metabolic activity of gut microbes, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches to correct the function, as well as the composition, of the gastrointestinal microbiota.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tugizov S. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disruption of mucosal barriers and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS disease. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1159276. [PMID: 27583187 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1159276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral, intestinal and genital mucosal epithelia have a barrier function to prevent paracellular penetration by viral, bacterial and other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight and adherens junctions of mucosal epithelia. HIV-associated disruption of epithelial junctions may also facilitate paracellular penetration and dissemination of other viral pathogens. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Orofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang YG, Wu S, Lu R, Richards MH, Huelsmann EJ, Lacek AT, Nabatiyan A, Chen D, Al-Harthi L, Zloza A, Sun J. HIV Infection Leads to Redistribution of Leaky Claudin-2 in the Intestine of Humanized SCID IL-2R(-/-) Hu-PBMC Mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:774-5. [PMID: 25853489 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-guo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maureen H. Richards
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erica J. Huelsmann
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew T. Lacek
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arman Nabatiyan
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qing Q, Zhang S, Chen Y, Li R, Mao H, Chen Q. High glucose-induced intestinal epithelial barrier damage is aggravated by syndecan-1 destruction and heparanase overexpression. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1366-74. [PMID: 25702768 PMCID: PMC4459850 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (Sdc1) and its endo-beta-d-glucuronidase heparanase (HPSE) are implicated in maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), but their alterations and roles in high-glucose/hyperglycaemia (HG) conditions have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to determine the expression pattern, the possible regulation mechanism of Sdc1 and HPSE in HG conditions, and their potential effects on IEB. Therefore, diabetic mice/cell models were developed, and tissue/serum samples, cell lysate and culture supernatants were harvested. The expression of Sdc1 and HPSE in control, HG and designated interventions groups were detected. Phosphorylations of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway (MAPK), the expressions of Occludin and ZO-1, and the levels of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were measured and monitored. The results showed that in HG conditions, intestinal tissue and cellular Sdc1 were significantly decreased, but the expression of HPSE, and soluble Sdc1 in serum and culture supernatants were remarkably increased. Such alterations of Sdc1 and HPSE were associated with solely p38 MAPK activation, and were correlated with the reductions of Occludin, ZO-1 and TEER. Heparin (Sdc1 analogue) and SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), instead of insulin, alleviated Sdc1 destruction and HPSE overexpression, and effectively prevented against the reductions of tight junctions and the abnormality of intestinal permeability in HG conditions. In conclusion, we confirm the unique alterations of Sdc1 and HPSE in HG conditions, and found their interactions with p38 MAPK activation and IEB. These indicate that Sdc1/HPSE modulation can be viewed as an important complementary treatment for relieving HG-induced gastrointestinal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runhua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qikui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Epple HJ, Schneider T, Zeitz M. Microbial Translocation and the Effects of HIV/SIV Infection on Mucosal Barrier Function. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Smith AJ, Wietgrefe SW, Shang L, Reilly CS, Southern PJ, Perkey KE, Duan L, Kohler H, Müller S, Robinson J, Carlis JV, Li Q, Johnson RP, Haase AT. Live simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine correlate of protection: immune complex-inhibitory Fc receptor interactions that reduce target cell availability. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3126-33. [PMID: 25143442 PMCID: PMC4157094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Principles to guide design of an effective vaccine against HIV are greatly needed, particularly to protect women in the pandemic's epicenter in Africa. We have been seeking these principles by identifying correlates of the robust protection associated with SIVmac239Δnef vaccination in the SIV-rhesus macaque animal model of HIV-1 transmission to women. We identified one correlate of SIVmac239Δnef protection against vaginal challenge as a resident mucosal system for SIV-gp41 trimer Ab production and neonatal FcR-mediated concentration of these Abs on the path of virus entry to inhibit establishment of infected founder populations at the portal of entry. In this study, we identify blocking CD4(+) T cell recruitment to thereby inhibit local expansion of infected founder populations as a second correlate of protection. Virus-specific immune complex interactions with the inhibitory FcγRIIb receptor in the epithelium lining the cervix initiate expression of genes that block recruitment of target cells to fuel local expansion. Immune complex-FcγRIIb receptor interactions at mucosal frontlines to dampen the innate immune response to vaginal challenge could be a potentially general mechanism for the mucosal immune system to sense and modulate the response to a previously encountered pathogen. Designing vaccines to provide protection without eliciting these transmission-promoting innate responses could contribute to developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen W Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Cavan S Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Peter J Southern
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - John V Carlis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - R Paul Johnson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, MA 01772; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, MA 02129; and Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Progressive proximal-to-distal reduction in expression of the tight junction complex in colonic epithelium of virally-suppressed HIV+ individuals. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004198. [PMID: 24968145 PMCID: PMC4072797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) dramatically reduces AIDS-related complications, yet the life expectancy of long-term ART-treated HIV-infected patients remains shortened compared to that of uninfected controls, due to increased risk of non-AIDS related morbidities. Many propose that these complications result from translocated microbial products from the gut that stimulate systemic inflammation--a consequence of increased intestinal paracellular permeability that persists in this population. Concurrent intestinal immunodeficiency and structural barrier deterioration are postulated to drive microbial translocation, and direct evidence of intestinal epithelial breakdown has been reported in untreated pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques. To assess and characterize the extent of epithelial cell damage in virally-suppressed HIV-infected patients, we analyzed intestinal biopsy tissues for changes in the epithelium at the cellular and molecular level. The intestinal epithelium in the HIV gut is grossly intact, exhibiting no decreases in the relative abundance and packing of intestinal epithelial cells. We found no evidence for structural and subcellular localization changes in intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJ), but observed significant decreases in the colonic, but not terminal ileal, transcript levels of TJ components in the HIV+ cohort. This result is confirmed by a reduction in TJ proteins in the descending colon of HIV+ patients. In the HIV+ cohort, colonic TJ transcript levels progressively decreased along the proximal-to-distal axis. In contrast, expression levels of the same TJ transcripts stayed unchanged, or progressively increased, from the proximal-to-distal gut in the healthy controls. Non-TJ intestinal epithelial cell-specific mRNAs reveal differing patterns of HIV-associated transcriptional alteration, arguing for an overall change in intestinal epithelial transcriptional regulation in the HIV colon. These findings suggest that persistent intestinal epithelial dysregulation involving a reduction in TJ expression is a mechanism driving increases in colonic permeability and microbial translocation in the ART-treated HIV-infected patient, and a possible immunopathogenic factor for non-AIDS related complications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Shang L, Smith AJ, Duan L, Perkey KE, Qu L, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Southern PJ, Masek-Hammerman K, Reeves RK, Johnson RP, Haase AT. NK cell responses to simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal exposure in naive and vaccinated rhesus macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:277-84. [PMID: 24899503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NK cell responses to HIV/SIV infection have been well studied in acute and chronic infected patients/monkeys, but little is known about NK cells during viral transmission, particularly in mucosal tissues. In this article, we report a systematic study of NK cell responses to high-dose vaginal exposure to SIVmac251 in the rhesus macaque female reproductive tract (FRT). Small numbers of NK cells were recruited into the FRT mucosa following vaginal inoculation. The influx of mucosal NK cells preceded local virus replication and peaked at 1 wk and, thus, was in an appropriate time frame to control an expanding population of infected cells at the portal of entry. However, NK cells were greatly outnumbered by recruited target cells that fuel local virus expansion and were spatially dissociated from SIV RNA+ cells at the major site of expansion of infected founder populations in the transition zone and adjoining endocervix. The number of NK cells in the FRT mucosa decreased rapidly in the second week, while the number of SIV RNA+ cells in the FRT reached its peak. Mucosal NK cells produced IFN-γ and MIP-1α/CCL3 but lacked several markers of activation and cytotoxicity, and this was correlated with inoculum-induced upregulation of the inhibitory ligand HLA-E and downregulation of the activating receptor CD122/IL-2Rβ. Examination of SIVΔnef-vaccinated monkeys suggested that recruitment of NK cells to the genital mucosa was not involved in vaccine-induced protection from vaginal challenge. In summary, our results suggest that NK cells play, at most, a limited role in defenses in the FRT against vaginal challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Katherine E Perkey
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lucy Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Stephen Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Mary Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Peter J Southern
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | | | - R Keith Reeves
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
| | - R Paul Johnson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A compositional look at the human gastrointestinal microbiome and immune activation parameters in HIV infected subjects. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003829. [PMID: 24586144 PMCID: PMC3930561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV progression is characterized by immune activation and microbial translocation. One factor that may be contributing to HIV progression could be a dysbiotic microbiome. We therefore hypothesized that the GI mucosal microbiome is altered in HIV patients and this alteration correlates with immune activation in HIV. 121 specimens were collected from 21 HIV positive and 22 control human subjects during colonoscopy. The composition of the lower gastrointestinal tract mucosal and luminal bacterial microbiome was characterized using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing and was correlated to clinical parameters as well as immune activation and circulating bacterial products in HIV patients on ART. The composition of the HIV microbiome was significantly different than that of controls; it was less diverse in the right colon and terminal ileum, and was characterized by loss of bacterial taxa that are typically considered commensals. In HIV samples, there was a gain of some pathogenic bacterial taxa. This is the first report characterizing the terminal ileal and colonic mucosal microbiome in HIV patients with next generation sequencing. Limitations include use of HIV-infected subjects on HAART therapy. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection related illness progresses despite the control of the virus itself by medications that stop the replication of the virus. This happens because the immune system gets activated. While the causes for such activation of the immune system are not exactly known, immune activation in HIV infection may be occurring as a result of bacteria or their products in the digestive tract. This study looks at the types of bacteria that reside in the lower intestinal tract in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, using state of the art sequencing technology, that can simultaneously look at thousands of bacteria. We have found that the bacteria at the end of the small bowel (an area also called the terminal ileum), at the right and left sides of the large intestine and in the stool is different in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. HIV patients harbor more bacteria that have been linked to other human diseases and have been previously described as harmful. This finding is new and could open up a new frontier of study that could now pave the way to gain a deeper understanding of how the HIV causes illness.
Collapse
|
23
|
Buckner CM, Moir S, Kardava L, Ho J, Santich BH, Kim LJY, Funk EK, Nelson AK, Winckler B, Chairez CL, Theobald-Whiting NL, Anaya-O'Brien S, Alimchandani M, Quezado MM, Yao MD, Kovacs JA, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CXCR4/IgG-expressing plasma cells are associated with human gastrointestinal tissue inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1676-85.e5. [PMID: 24373354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported abnormalities in circulating B cells in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and those with HIV infection. Gastrointestinal complications are common to both diseases and likely involve perturbation of immune cells, including plasma cells (PCs). IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the human body, with roles in protection and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. IgA is produced primarily by PCs residing in mucosal tissues that are also thought to circulate in the blood. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize and compare PCs in patients with infectious (HIV) and noninfectious (CGD and Crohn disease) diseases that have been associated with intestinal inflammation. METHODS Phenotypic and transcriptional analyses were performed on cells isolated from the blood and colon. RESULTS IgA-secreting CCR10-expressing PCs predominated in the guts of healthy subjects, whereas in patients with HIV, CGD, and Crohn disease, there was a significant increase in the proportion of IgG-secreting PCs. Where intestinal inflammation was present, IgG-secreting PCs expressed reduced levels of CCR10 and increased levels of CXCR4. The intensity of CXCR4 expression correlated with the frequency of IgG-expressing PCs and the frequency of CXCR4(+)/IgG(+) PCs was associated with the severity of intestinal inflammatory disease yet distinct from PCs and plasmablasts circulating in the blood. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that regardless of the underlying disease, the presence of CXCR4(+)/IgG(+) PCs in the gut is a strong yet localized indicator of intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, our findings suggest that CXCR4(+)/IgG(+) PCs might play a role in immune cell homeostasis during inflammatory processes of the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jason Ho
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Brian H Santich
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Leo Jin Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Emily K Funk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amy K Nelson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Britanny Winckler
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Cheryl L Chairez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Narda L Theobald-Whiting
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sandra Anaya-O'Brien
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Martha M Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michael D Yao
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kowalec K, Carleton B, Tremlett H. The potential role of pharmacogenomics in the prevention of serious adverse drug reactions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 2:183-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Yu Y, Liu ZQ, Liu XY, Yang L, Geng XR, Yang G, Liu ZG, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Stress-Derived Corticotropin Releasing Factor Breaches Epithelial Endotoxin Tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65760. [PMID: 23840363 PMCID: PMC3686760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Loss of the endotoxin tolerance of intestinal epithelium contributes to a number of intestinal diseases. The etiology is not clear. Psychological stress is proposed to compromise the intestinal barrier function. The present study aims to elucidate the role of the stress-derived corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in breaching the established intestinal epithelial endotoxin tolerance. METHODS Epithelial cells of HT-29, T84 and MDCK were exposed to lipopolysaccharide to induce the endotoxin tolerance; the cells were then stimulated with CRF. The epithelial barrier function was determined using as indicators of the endotoxin tolerant status. A water-avoid stress mouse model was employed to test the role of CRF in breaching the established endotoxin tolerance in the intestine. RESULTS The established endotoxin tolerance in the epithelial cell monolayers was broken down by a sequent exposure to CRF and LPS manifesting a marked drop of the transepithelial resistance (TER) and an increase in the permeability to a macromolecular tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The exposure to CRF also increased the expression of Cldn2 in the epithelial cells, which could be mimicked by over expression of TLR4 in epithelial cells. Over expression of Cldn2 resulted in low TER in epithelial monolayers and high permeability to HRP. After treating mice with the 10-day chronic stress, the intestinal epithelial barrier function was markedly compromised, which could be prevented by blocking either CRF, or TLR4, or Cldn2. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stress-derived CRF can breach the established endotoxin tolerance in the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Allergy & Immunology Institute, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Geng
- Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital and Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gui Yang
- Longgang Central Hospital, ENT Hospital and Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Allergy & Immunology Institute, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PYZ); (PCY)
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Allergy & Immunology Institute, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (PYZ); (PCY)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Activated intestinal macrophages in patients with cirrhosis release NO and IL-6 that may disrupt intestinal barrier function. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1125-32. [PMID: 23402745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bacterial infections commonly occur in decompensated cirrhosis resulting from bacterial translocation from the intestine. We studied the role of intestinal macrophages and the epithelial barrier in cirrhosis. METHODS Forty-four patients with NASH/ASH cirrhosis (decompensated n=29, compensated n=15) and nineteen controls undergoing endoscopy were recruited. Serum was obtained and LPS and LBP levels determined. Intestinal macrophages were characterized by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and nitric oxide (NO) production measured in supernatant of cultured duodenal samples. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on duodenal biopsies assessing 84 inflammatory genes. Protein levels of cytokines/chemokines were assessed in serum and supernatant. The duodenal wall was assessed by electron microscopy, tight junction protein expression determined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot and, functional analysis performed by transepithelial resistance measurement and permeability studies. RESULTS Increased plasma LPS, LBP levels and higher numbers of duodenal CD33(+)/CD14(+)/Trem-1(+) macrophages, synthesizing iNOS and secreting NO were present in decompensated cirrhosis. Upregulation of IL-8, CCL2, CCL13 at the transcriptional level, and increased IL-8, and IL-6 were detected in supernatant and serum in cirrhosis. IL-6 and IL-8 co-localised with iNOS(+) and CD68(+), but not with CD11c(+) cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated an intact epithelial barrier. Increased Claudin-2 was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, while decreased transepithelial resistance and increased duodenal permeability were detected in decompensated cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the presence of activated CD14(+)Trem-1(+)iNOS(+) intestinal macrophages, releasing IL-6, NO, and increased intestinal permeability in patients with cirrhosis, suggesting that these cells may produce factors capable of enhancing permeability to bacterial products.
Collapse
|
27
|
Salmonella infection upregulates the leaky protein claudin-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58606. [PMID: 23505542 PMCID: PMC3594366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tight junctions seal the space between adjacent epithelial cells. Mounting evidence suggests that tight junction proteins play a key role in the pathogenesis of human disease. Claudin is a member of the tight junction protein family, which has 24 members in humans. To regulate cellular function, claudins interact structurally and functionally with membrane and scaffolding proteins via their cytoplasmic domain. In particular, claudin-2 is known to be a leaky protein that contributes to inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. However, the involvement of claudin-2 in bacterial infection in the intestine remains unknown. Methods/Principal Findings We hypothesized that Salmonella elevates the leaky protein claudin-2 for its own benefit to facilitate bacterial invasion in the colon. Using a Salmonella-colitis mouse model and cultured colonic epithelial cells, we found that pathogenic Salmonella colonization significantly increases the levels of claudin-2 protein and mRNA in the intestine, but not that of claudin-3 or claudin-7 in the colon, in a time-dependent manner. Immunostaining studies showed that the claudin-2 expression along the crypt-villous axis postinfection. In vitro, Salmonella stimulated claudin-2 expression in the human intestinal epithelial cell lines SKCO15 and HT29C19A. Further analysis by siRNA knockdown revealed that claudin-2 is associated with the Salmonella-induced elevation of cell permeability. Epithelial cells with claudin-2 knockdown had significantly less internalized Salmonella than control cells with normal claudin-2 expression. Inhibitor assays demonstrated that this regulation is mediated through activation of the EGFR pathway and the downstream protein JNK. Conclusion/Significance We have shown that Salmonella targets the tight junction protein claudin-2 to facilitate bacterial invasion. We speculate that this disruption of barrier function contributes to a new mechanism by which bacteria interact with their host cells and suggests the possibility of blocking claudin-2 as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent bacterial invasion.
Collapse
|
28
|
Klatt NR, Funderburg NT, Brenchley JM. Microbial translocation, immune activation, and HIV disease. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:6-13. [PMID: 23062765 PMCID: PMC3534808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, individuals treated long-term with cART still manifest increased mortality compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. This increased mortality is closely associated with inflammation, which persists in cART-treated HIV-infected individuals despite levels of plasma viremia below detection limits. Chronic, pathological immune activation is a key factor in progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in untreated HIV-infected individuals. One contributor to immune activation is microbial translocation, which occurs when microbial products traverse the tight epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review the mechanisms underlying microbial translocation and its role in contributing to immune activation and disease progression in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R. Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Funderburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Human immunodeficiency virus and the gastrointestinal immune system: does highly active antiretroviral therapy restore gut immunity? Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:596-604. [PMID: 22929559 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While only partial immune reconstitution in gut-associated lymphoid tissue typically occurs following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, near-complete immune reconstitution has occasionally been described. This review highlights findings from studies examining the effects of HAART and the timing of its initiation on gastrointestinal (GI) CD4+ T-cell recovery. Its effects on specific CD4+ T-cell subtypes, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and immunoglobulins are also described. Finally, the ability of HAART to restore the intestinal epithelial barrier and lymphatic tissue architecture and reduce microbial translocation is addressed. Determining whether HAART has the ability to prevent permanent GI immune damage when commenced in acute HIV infection has implications for the optimal timing of HAART initiation.
Collapse
|
30
|
[Detecting selection signatures on X chromosome in pig through high density SNPs]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:1251-60. [PMID: 23099781 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the process of domestic pig breeding, many important economic traits were subject to strong artificial se-lection pressure. With the availability of high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in farm animals, selection occurring in those traits could be traced by detecting selection signatures on genome, and the genes experiencing selection can also be further mined based on selection signatures. Due to the special characteristic of X chromosome, many approaches of genetic analysis fitted for autosome are not plausible for X chromosome. Fortunately, detecting selection signature provides an effective tool to settle such situation. In this study, the Cross Population Extend Haplotype Homozygosity Test (XP-EHH) was implemented to identify selection signatures on chromosome X in three pig breeds (Landrace, Songliao, and Yorkshire) using high density SNPs, and the genes located within selection signature regions were revealed through bioinformatic analysis. In total, 29, 13, and 15 selection signature regions, with 3.59, 4.92, and 4.07 SNPs on average in each region, were identified in Landrace, Songliao, and Yorkshire, respectively. Some overlaps of selection signature regions were observed between Songliao and Landrace, and between Landrace and Yorkshire, while no overlaps between Yorkshire and Songliao were found. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that many genes in the selection signature regions were related to reproduction and immune traits, and some of them have not been reported in pigs, which might serve as important candidate genes in future study.
Collapse
|
31
|
Sandler NG, Douek DC. Microbial translocation in HIV infection: causes, consequences and treatment opportunities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10:655-66. [PMID: 22886237 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is increased in HIV-infected individuals, even in the setting of virus suppression with antiretroviral therapy. Although numerous factors may contribute, microbial products have recently emerged as potential drivers of this immune activation. In this Review, we describe the intestinal damage that occurs in HIV infection, the evidence for translocation of microbial products into the systemic circulation and the pathways by which these products activate the immune system. We also discuss novel therapies that disrupt the translocation of microbial products and the downstream effects of microbial translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Netanya G Sandler
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to an enormous quantity of different bacterial species, our microbiota, that thrive in an often symbiotic relationship with the host. Given that the healthy host must regulate contact between the microbiota and its immune system to avoid overwhelming systemic immune activation, humans have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate systemic microbial translocation (MT) and its consequences. However, several diseases are associated with the failure of one or more of these mechanisms, with consequent immune activation and deleterious effects on health. Here, we discuss the mechanisms underlying MT, diseases associated with MT, and therapeutic interventions that aim to decrease it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair and Immunopathogenesis Unit, Lab of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carter C. Alzheimer's Disease: APP, Gamma Secretase, APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1, and MS4A2, and Their Relationships with Herpes Simplex, C. Pneumoniae, Other Suspect Pathogens, and the Immune System. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:501862. [PMID: 22254144 PMCID: PMC3255168 DOI: 10.4061/2011/501862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes, APP and gamma-secretase, are involved in the herpes simplex life cycle, and that of other suspect pathogens (C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, C. neoformans, B. burgdorferri, P. gingivalis) or immune defence. Such pathogens promote beta-amyloid deposition and tau phosphorylation and may thus be causative agents, whose effects are conditioned by genes. The antimicrobial effects of beta-amyloid, the localisation of APP/gamma-secretase in immunocompetent dendritic cells, and gamma secretase cleavage of numerous pathogen receptors suggest that this network is concerned with pathogen disposal, effects which may be abrogated by the presence of beta-amyloid autoantibodies in the elderly. These autoantibodies, as well as those to nerve growth factor and tau, also observed in Alzheimer's disease, may well be antibodies to pathogens, due to homology between human autoantigens and pathogen proteins. NGF or tau antibodies promote beta-amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, or cholinergic neuronal loss, and, with other autoantibodies, such as anti-ATPase, are potential agents of destruction, whose formation is dictated by sequence homology between pathogen and human proteins, and thus by pathogen strain and human genes. Pathogen elimination in the ageing population and removal of culpable autoantibodies might reduce the incidence and offer hope for a cure in this affliction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carter
- PolygenicPathways, Flat 2, 40 Baldslow Road, Hastings, East Sussex TN34 2EY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Teng YHF, Aquino RS, Park PW. Molecular functions of syndecan-1 in disease. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:3-16. [PMID: 22033227 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds to many mediators of disease pathogenesis. Through these molecular interactions, syndecan-1 can modulate leukocyte recruitment, cancer cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, microbial attachment and entry, host defense mechanisms, and matrix remodeling. The significance of syndecan-1 interactions in disease is underscored by the striking pathological phenotypes seen in the syndecan-1 null mice when they are challenged with disease-instigating agents or conditions. This review discusses the key molecular functions of syndecan-1 in modulating the onset, progression, and resolution of inflammatory diseases, cancer, and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Hui-Fang Teng
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smith AJ, Toledo CM, Wietgrefe SW, Duan L, Schacker TW, Reilly CS, Haase AT. The immunosuppressive role of IL-32 in lymphatic tissue during HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6576-84. [PMID: 21525393 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One pathological hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic activation of the immune system, driven, in part, by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The host attempts to counterbalance this prolonged immune activation through compensatory mediators of immune suppression. We recently identified a gene encoding the proinflammatory cytokine IL-32 in microarray studies of HIV-1 infection in lymphatic tissue (LT) and show in this study that increased expression of IL-32 in both gut and LT of HIV-1-infected individuals may have a heretofore unappreciated role as a mediator of immune suppression. We show that: 1) IL-32 expression is increased in CD4(+) T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells in vivo; 2) IL-32 induces the expression of immunosuppressive molecules IDO and Ig-like transcript 4 in immune cells in vitro; and 3) in vivo, IL-32-associated IDO/Ig-like transcript 4 expression in LT macrophages and gut epithelial cells decreases immune activation but also may impair host defenses, supporting productive viral replication, thereby accounting for the correlation between IL-32 levels and HIV-1 replication in LT. Thus, during HIV-1 infection, we propose that IL-32 moderates chronic immune activation to avert associated immunopathology but at the same time dampens the antiviral immune response and thus paradoxically supports HIV-1 replication and viral persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|