1
|
Elmahallawy EK, Gareh A, Ghallab MMI, Köster PC, Dashti A, Aboelsoued D, Toaleb NI, Alzaylaee H, Gonzálvez M, Saleh AA, Alhegaili AS, Eldehn AF, Hernández-Castro C, Bailo B, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. Microscopy detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis infection in outpatients seeking medical care in Egypt. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1377123. [PMID: 38645455 PMCID: PMC11026549 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Giardiosis remains one of the most prevalent enteric parasitic infections globally. Earlier molecular-based studies conducted in Egypt have primarily focused on paediatric clinical populations and most were based on single genotyping markers. As a result, there is limited information on the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in individuals of all age groups. Methods Individual stool samples (n = 460) from outpatients seeking medical care were collected during January-December 2021 in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, northern Egypt. Initial screening for the presence of G. duodenalis was conducted by coprological examination. Microscopy-positive samples were further confirmed by real-time PCR. A multilocus sequence typing approach targeted amplification of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes was used for genotyping purposes. A standardised epidemiological questionnaire was used to gather basic sociodemographic and clinical features of the recruited patients. Results Giardia duodenalis cysts were observed in 5.4% (25/460, 95% CI: 3.6-7.9) of the stool samples examined by conventional microscopy. The infection was more frequent in children under the age of 10 years and in individuals presenting with diarrhoea but without reaching statistical significance. Stool samples collected during the winter period were more likely to harbour G. duodenalis. All 25 microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by real-time PCR, but genotyping data was only available for 56.0% (14/25) of the isolates. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of assemblages A (78.6%, 11/14) and B (21.4%, 3/14). All assemblage A isolates were identified as sub-assemblage AII, whereas the three assemblage B sequences belonged to the sub-assemblage BIII. Patients with giardiosis presenting with diarrhoea were more frequently infected by the assemblage A of the parasite. Conclusion This is one of the largest epidemiological studies evaluating G. duodenalis infection in individuals of all age groups in Egypt. Our molecular data suggest that G. duodenalis infections in the surveyed population are primarily of anthropic origin. However, because assemblages A and B are zoonotic, some of the infections identified can have an animal origin. Additional investigations targeting animal (domestic and free-living) and environmental (water) samples are warranted to better understand the epidemiology of giardiosis in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. I. Ghallab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Ibrahim Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hind Alzaylaee
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moisés Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amira A. Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa S. Alhegaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Fathy Eldehn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases (CIBER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zurita A, Vega Hissi E, Cianci Romero A, Luján AM, Salido S, Yaneff A, Davio C, Cobo J, Carpinella MC, Enriz RD. Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:646. [PMID: 38475493 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a parasitosis caused by Giardia lamblia with significant epidemiological and clinical importance due to its high prevalence and pathogenicity. The lack of optimal therapies for treating this parasite makes the development of new effective chemical entities an urgent need. In the search for new inhibitors of the adenylyl cyclase gNC1 obtained from G. lamblia, 14 extracts from Argentinian native plants were screened. Lepechinia floribunda and L. meyenii extracts exhibited the highest gNC1 inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 9 and 31 µg/mL, respectively. In silico studies showed rosmarinic acid, a hydroxycinnamic acid present in both mentioned species, to be a promising anti-gNC1 compound. This result was confirmed experimentally, with rosmarinic acid showing an IC50 value of 10.1 µM. Theoretical and experimental findings elucidate the molecular-level mechanism of rosmarinic acid, pinpointing the key interactions stabilizing the compound-enzyme complex and the binding site. These results strongly support that rosmarinic acid is a promising scaffold for developing novel compounds with inhibitory activity against gNC1, which could serve as potential therapeutic agents to treat giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Zurita
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vega Hissi
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Agostina Cianci Romero
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Adela María Luján
- Laboratorio de Química Fina y Productos Naturales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE) CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, Córdoba X5016DHK, Argentina
| | - Sofía Salido
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Agustín Yaneff
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Justo Cobo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- Laboratorio de Química Fina y Productos Naturales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE) CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, Córdoba X5016DHK, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Daniel Enriz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao W, Bu X, Zhou W, Zeng Q, Qin T, Wu S, Li W, Zou H, Li M, Wang G. Interactions between Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni and microbiota reveal its low pathogenicity in the hindgut of grass carp. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38172646 PMCID: PMC10762984 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hosts, parasites, and microbiota interact with each other, forming a complex ecosystem. Alterations to the microbial structure have been observed in various enteric parasitic infections (e.g. parasitic protists and helminths). Interestingly, some parasites are associated with healthy gut microbiota linked to the intestinal eubiosis state. So the changes in bacteria and metabolites induced by parasite infection may offer benefits to the host, including protection from other parasitesand promotion of intestinal health. The only ciliate known to inhabit the hindgut of grass carp, Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni, does not cause obvious damage to the intestinal mucosa. To date, its impact on intestinal microbiota composition remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the microbial composition in the hindgut of grass carp infected with B. ctenopharyngodoni, as well as the changes of metabolites in intestinal contents resulting from infection. RESULTS Colonization by B. ctenopharyngodoni was associated with an increase in bacterial diversity, a higher relative abundance of Clostridium, and a lower abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. The family Aeromonadaceae and the genus Citrobacter had significantly lower relative abundance in infected fish. Additionally, grass carp infected with B. ctenopharyngodoni exhibited a significant increase in creatine content in the hindgut. This suggested that the presence of B. ctenopharyngodoni may improve intestinal health through changes in microbiota and metabolites. CONCLUSIONS We found that grass carp infected with B. ctenopharyngodoni exhibit a healthy microbiota with an increased bacterial diversity. The results suggested that B. ctenopharyngodoni reshaped the composition of hindgut microbiota similarly to other protists with low pathogenicity. The shifts in the microbiota and metabolites during the colonization and proliferation of B. ctenopharyngodoni indicated that it may provide positive effects in the hindgut of grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Zhao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xialian Bu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weitian Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingwen Zeng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shangong Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Guitang Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuzi S, Zgairy S, Byrne BA, Suchodolski J, Turjeman SC, Park SY, Aroch I, Hong M, Koren O, Lavy E. Giardiasis and diarrhea in dogs: Does the microbiome matter? J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:152-160. [PMID: 37890857 PMCID: PMC10800182 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis (Gd) causes intestinal parasitosis. The involvement of the intestinal microbiome in determining the infection's clinical phenotype is unknown. OBJECTIVE Investigate the fecal microbiome features in dogs with giardiasis. ANIMALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study, including fecal samples of kenneled dogs with Gd diagnosed by fecal Giardia antigen dot ELISA. The fecal microbial compositional characteristics and dysbiosis index (DI) were compared between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs. RESULTS Fecal samples of 38 Gd-infected dogs (diarrheic, 21; nondiarrheic, 17) were included. No differences were found in Faith's phylogenic diversity and beta diversity (weighted UniFrac distances) and in specific taxa abundances at the phylum, genus, and species levels, as well as in alpha and beta diversities between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs, and also when divided by sex or age. Among diarrheic dogs, alpha diversity was higher in males than in females (pairwise Kruskal-Wallis, q = 0.01). Among males, fecal abundances of the genus Clostridium (W = 19) and Clostridium spiroforme species (W = 33) were higher in diarrheic compared to nondiarrheic dogs. In diarrheic dog fecal samples, Proteobacteria were more prevalent (W = 1), whereas Verrucomicrobia were less prevalent in dogs <1 year of age than in older dogs. The fecal sample DI of 19 diarrheic and 19 nondiarrheic dogs was similar (median, -0.2; range, -4.3 to 4.5 and median, -1.0; range, -4.3 to 5.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The fecal microbial composition of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with giardiasis is similar. Based on fecal DI, giardiasis is not characterized by prominent dysbiosis. Other host and parasite characteristics might determine the severity of giardiasis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kuzi
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Soha Zgairy
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of California—DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - So Young Park
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Mike Hong
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Eran Lavy
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Albogami B. Evaluation of the Antiparasitic, Antihepatotoxicity, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Quercetin and Chitosan, Either Alone or in Combination, against Infection Induced by Giardia lamblia in Male Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2316. [PMID: 38137916 PMCID: PMC10744343 DOI: 10.3390/life13122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common protozoal infections and a key cause of malabsorption, some cases of mental developmental issues in children, and reduced body weight. The known antiparasitic medications, which are the standard drugs used for parasitic treatment, have several side effects and sometimes exhibit low efficacy. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the treatment with quercetin (QC) or chitosan (CH), either alone or in combination, as possible alternative therapeutic agents that may alleviate the side effects of G. lamblia infections and restore the normal architecture of the intestinal muscles. They are investigated as alternatives to other routinely administered drugs that may gradually lose their efficacy due to human resistance to therapeutic agents. This study was carried out on 50 male albino rats that were divided into five groups with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Group I), the infected non-treated group (Group II), the infected group treated with QC (Group III), the infected treated group with CH (Group IV), and the infected group treated with a combination of QC and CH (Group V). The effect was first evaluated by counting the G. lamblia fecal cysts in the stool, examining histopathological sections of the intestine with the appearance of trophozoites in the infected group, and conducting a transmission electron microscopic examination of the tissues of the small intestine. Alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissues of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and non-enzymatic markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were evaluated. The results showed a significant decline in the number of parasites in the stool samples, with a marked elevation in the number of trophozoites in the intestinal sections of the infected non-treated group as compared to the infected treated groups. The last group, which was treated with a combination of QC and CH, showed the best results in terms of a decline in the infection rate of G. lamblia in stool samples, with a marked and clear improvement in the intestinal mucosa, regular muscles with normal enteric ganglions, and reduced rates of intestinal injuries caused by G. lamblia trophozoites. Both QC and CH had non-toxic effects on the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as pronounced antioxidant activities due to the elevation of SOD, CAT, and GSH in conjunction with a decline in the levels of MDA. A combination of QC and CH can be considered a potent antiparasitic, anti-hepatotoxic, and antioxidant therapeutic agent; it could constitute a promising alternative treatment agent against G. lamblia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bander Albogami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghosal A, Sardar SK, Haldar T, Maruf M, Saito-Nakano Y, Dutta S, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Genotyping and epidemiological distribution of diarrhea-causing isolates of Giardia duodenalis in southeastern part of West Bengal, India. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2567-2584. [PMID: 37682345 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and genetic diversity of the protozoan pathogen Giardia duodenalis have been extensively studied worldwide. There is currently a lack of data regarding the genetic variability of the organism in eastern India. Understanding the circulating genotypes and associated risk factors is crucial for effective planning and implementing control measures. Therefore, the objective of the study was to conduct an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and identify the various genotypes present. This survey adds to our knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of Giardia genotypes in the studied region. The overall prevalence was found to be 6.8%. This parasitic infection was significantly associated with two age groups, i.e., >0-5 years and >5-12 years. Using a multilocus genotyping method, we genotyped 52 human Giardia isolates that were obtained from diarrheal patients. Two distinct assemblages were found in the population-30.8% belonged to assemblage A; 63.5% belonged to assemblage B, prevalent in the population; and 5.7% belonged to a combined assemblage A+B. Sub-assemblage AII was found in 17.3% of the cases, followed by sub-assemblage AI (13.5%). High levels of genetic diversity were found within the population of assemblage B undergoing balancing selection. Overall, the high prevalence of the parasite observed, particularly among children, raises a major concern and necessitates implementation of robust control measures. Furthermore, we report the presence of numerous unique genotypes, circulating in this limited geographical boundary, which can be useful dataset for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Ghosal
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjib K Sardar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tapas Haldar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Maimoon Maruf
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sandoval-Ramírez T, Seco-Hidalgo V, Calderon-Espinosa E, Garcia-Ramon D, Lopez A, Calvopiña M, Guadalupe I, Chico M, Mejia R, Chis Ster I, Cooper PJ. Epidemiology of giardiasis and assemblages A and B and effects on diarrhea and growth trajectories during the first 8 years of life: Analysis of a birth cohort in a rural district in tropical Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011777. [PMID: 37983257 PMCID: PMC10695370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited longitudinal data on the acquisition of Giardia lamblia infections in childhood using molecular assays to detect and type assemblages, and measure effects of infections on diarrhea risk and childhood growth. METHODS We analysed stool samples from a surveillance sample within a birth cohort in a rural district in tropical Ecuador. The cohort was followed to 8 years of age for the presence of G. lamblia in stools by quantitative PCR and A and B assemblages by Taqman assay or Sanger sequencing. We explored risk factors associated with infection using generalized estimating equations applied to longitudinal binary outcomes, and longitudinal panel data analysis to estimate effects of infection on diarrhea and growth trajectories. RESULTS 2,812 stool samples collected between 1 month and 8 years of age from 498 children were analyzed and showed high rates of infection: 79.7% were infected at least once with peak prevalence (53.9%) at 5 years. Assemblage B was accounted for 56.8% of genotyped infections. Risk factors for infection included male sex (P = 0.001), daycare attendance (P<0.001), having a household latrine (P = 0.04), childhood (P<0.001) and maternal soil-transmitted helminth (P = 0.029) infections, and exposures to donkeys (age interaction P = 0.034). G. lamblia was associated with increased risk of diarrhea (per episode, RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, P = 0.011) during the first 3 years of life and a transient impairment of weight (age interaction P = 0.017) and height-for-age (age interaction P = 0.025) trajectories between 1 and 4 years of age. There was no increased risk of either assemblage being associated with outcomes. CONCLUSION Our data show a relatively high edemicity of G. lamblia transmission during childhood in coastal Ecuador, and evidence that infection is associated with a transiently increased risk of diarrhea during the first 3 years of life and impairment of weight and height between 1 and 4 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tannya Sandoval-Ramírez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana GISAH, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Victor Seco-Hidalgo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Diana Garcia-Ramon
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Lopez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Irene Guadalupe
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para la Investigación en Salud, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martha Chico
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para la Investigación en Salud, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rojelio Mejia
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Irina Chis Ster
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para la Investigación en Salud, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holcomb DA, Monteiro V, Capone D, António V, Chiluvane M, Cumbane V, Ismael N, Knee J, Kowalsky E, Lai A, Linden Y, Mataveia E, Nala R, Rao G, Ribeiro J, Cumming O, Viegas E, Brown J. Long-term impacts of an urban sanitation intervention on enteric pathogens in children in Maputo city, Mozambique: study protocol for a cross-sectional follow-up to the Maputo Sanitation (MapSan) trial 5 years postintervention. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067941. [PMID: 37290945 PMCID: PMC10254709 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously assessed the effect of an onsite sanitation intervention in informal neighbourhoods of urban Maputo, Mozambique on enteric pathogen detection in children after 2 years of follow-up (Maputo Sanitation (MapSan) trial, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02362932). We found significant reductions in Shigella and Trichuris prevalence but only among children born after the intervention was delivered. In this study, we assess the health impacts of the sanitation intervention after 5 years among children born into study households postintervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are conducting a cross-sectional household study of enteric pathogen detection in child stool and the environment at compounds (household clusters sharing sanitation and outdoor living space) that received the pour-flush toilet and septic tank intervention at least 5 years prior or meet the original criteria for trial control sites. We are enrolling at least 400 children (ages 29 days to 60 months) in each treatment arm. Our primary outcome is the prevalence of 22 bacterial, protozoan, and soil transmitted helminth enteric pathogens in child stool using the pooled prevalence ratio across the outcome set to assess the overall intervention effect. Secondary outcomes include the individual pathogen detection prevalence and gene copy density of 27 enteric pathogens (including viruses); mean height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores; prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting; and the 7-day period prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhoea. All analyses are adjusted for prespecified covariates and examined for effect measure modification by age. Environmental samples from study households and the public domain are assessed for pathogens and faecal indicators to explore environmental exposures and monitor disease transmission. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Study protocols have been reviewed and approved by human subjects review boards at the Ministry of Health, Republic of Mozambique and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Deidentified study data will be deposited at https://osf.io/e7pvk/. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN86084138.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Holcomb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanessa Monteiro
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Drew Capone
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Virgílio António
- Division of Biotechnology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Márcia Chiluvane
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Victória Cumbane
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nália Ismael
- Division of Biotechnology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Erin Kowalsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yarrow Linden
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elly Mataveia
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rassul Nala
- Division of Parasitology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Gouthami Rao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jorge Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Edna Viegas
- Centro de Investigação e Treino em Saúde da Polana Caniço, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giallourou N, Arnold J, McQuade ETR, Awoniyi M, Becket RVT, Walsh K, Herzog J, Gulati AS, Carroll IM, Montgomery S, Quintela PH, Faust AM, Singer SM, Fodor AA, Ahmad T, Mahfuz M, Mduma E, Walongo T, Guerrant RL, Balfour Sartor R, Swann JR, Kosek MN, Bartelt LA. Giardia hinders growth by disrupting nutrient metabolism independent of inflammatory enteropathy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2840. [PMID: 37202423 PMCID: PMC10195804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (Giardia) is among the most common intestinal pathogens in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although Giardia associates with early-life linear growth restriction, mechanistic explanations for Giardia-associated growth impairments remain elusive. Unlike other intestinal pathogens associated with constrained linear growth that cause intestinal or systemic inflammation or both, Giardia seldom associates with chronic inflammation in these children. Here we leverage the MAL-ED longitudinal birth cohort and a model of Giardia mono-association in gnotobiotic and immunodeficient mice to propose an alternative pathogenesis of this parasite. In children, Giardia results in linear growth deficits and gut permeability that are dose-dependent and independent of intestinal markers of inflammation. The estimates of these findings vary between children in different MAL-ED sites. In a representative site, where Giardia associates with growth restriction, infected children demonstrate broad amino acid deficiencies, and overproduction of specific phenolic acids, byproducts of intestinal bacterial amino acid metabolism. Gnotobiotic mice require specific nutritional and environmental conditions to recapitulate these findings, and immunodeficient mice confirm a pathway independent of chronic T/B cell inflammation. Taken together, we propose a new paradigm that Giardia-mediated growth faltering is contingent upon a convergence of this intestinal protozoa with nutritional and intestinal bacterial factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Centre of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jason Arnold
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Muyiwa Awoniyi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rose Viguna Thomas Becket
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- The University of North Carolina Charlotte, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmad
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Walongo
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luther A Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tijani MK, Köster PC, Guadano-Procesi I, George IS, Abodunrin E, Adeola A, Dashti A, Bailo B, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. High Diversity of Giardia duodenalis Assemblages and Sub-Assemblages in Asymptomatic School Children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030152. [PMID: 36977153 PMCID: PMC10051407 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the occurrence and molecular diversity of G. duodenalis and other intestinal parasites in apparently healthy children (n = 311) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Microscopy was used as a screening method and PCR and Sanger sequencing as confirmatory and genotyping methods, respectively. Haplotype analyses were performed to examine associations between genetic variants and epidemiological variables. At microscopy examination, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent parasite found (29.3%, 91/311; 95% CI: 24.3–34.7), followed by Entamoeba spp. (18.7%, 58/311; 14.5–23.4), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%, 4/311; 0.4–3.3), and Taenia sp. (0.3%, 1/311; 0.01–1.8). qPCR confirmed the presence of G. duodenalis in 76.9% (70/91) of the microscopy-positive samples. Of them, 65.9% (60/91) were successfully genotyped. Assemblage B (68.3%, 41/60) was more prevalent than assemblage A (28.3%, 17/60). Mixed A + B infections were identified in two samples (3.3%, 2/60). These facts, together with the absence of animal-adapted assemblages, suggest that human transmission of giardiasis was primarily anthroponotic. Efforts to control G. duodenalis (and other fecal-orally transmitted pathogens) should focus on providing safe drinking water and improving sanitation and personal hygiene practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muyideen K. Tijani
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Guadano-Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Imo S. George
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Abodunrin
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Adedamola Adeola
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.G.-B.); (D.C.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.G.-B.); (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Capone D, Adriano Z, Cumming O, Irish SR, Knee J, Nala R, Brown J. Urban Onsite Sanitation Upgrades and Synanthropic Flies in Maputo, Mozambique: Effects on Enteric Pathogen Infection Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:549-560. [PMID: 36516327 PMCID: PMC9835884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synanthropic filth flies transport enteric pathogens from feces to food, which upon consumption poses an infection risk. We evaluated the effect of an onsite sanitation intervention─including fly control measures─in Maputo, Mozambique, on the risk of infection from consuming fly-contaminated food. After enumerating flies at intervention and control sites, we cultured fecal indicator bacteria, quantified gene copies for 22 enteric pathogens via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and developed quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models to estimate annual risks of infection attributable to fly-contaminated foods. We found that the intervention reduced fly counts at latrine entrances by 69% (aRR = 0.31, [0.13, 0.75]) but not at food preparation areas (aRR = 0.92, [0.33, 2.6]). Half of (23/46) of individual flies were positive for culturable Escherichia coli, and we detected ≥1 pathogen gene from 45% (79/176) of flies, including enteropathogenic E. coli (37/176), adenovirus (25/176), Giardia spp. (13/176), and Trichuris trichiura (12/176). We detected ≥1 pathogen gene from half the flies caught in control (54%, 30/56) and intervention compounds (50%, 17/34) at baseline, which decreased 12 months post-intervention to 43% (23/53) at control compounds and 27% (9/33) for intervention compounds. These data indicate flies as a potentially important mechanical vector for enteric pathogen transmission in this setting. The intervention may have reduced the risk of fly-mediated enteric infection for some pathogens, but infrequent detection resulted in wide confidence intervals; we observed no apparent difference in infection risk between groups in a pooled estimate of all pathogens assessed (aRR = 0.84, [0.61, 1.2]). The infection risks posed by flies suggest that the design of sanitation systems and service delivery should include fly control measures to prevent enteric pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 2719 E 10th St, Bloomington, Indiana47401, United States
| | - Zaida Adriano
- WE
Consult ltd, 177 Rua
Tomas Ribeiro, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Seth R. Irish
- Epidemiology
and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical
and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil4123, Switzerland
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Rassul Nala
- Ministério
da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde
Maputo, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brown
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hernández-Castro C, Dashti A, Vusirikala A, Balasegaram S, Köster PC, Bailo B, Imaña E, López A, Llorente MT, González-Barrio D, Sánchez S, Carmena D. Prevalence and temporal dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. among toddlers attending day-care centres in Spain. A prospective molecular-based longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:213-223. [PMID: 36282323 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis sp. are common intestinal eukaryotic parasites affecting children in developed and resource-limited countries. Lack of information on the epidemiology and long-term stability in asymptomatic children complicates interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis. To assess the occurrence, genetic diversity, and temporal dynamics of intestinal eukaryotic parasites in young children, 679 stool samples from 125 toddlers attending six public day-care centres in Central Spain were collected bimonthly within a 1-year period. Detection and identification of species/genotypes were based on PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. Four eukaryotic species were identified: G. duodenalis (2.5‒31.6%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.0‒2.4%), Blastocystis sp. (2.5‒6.4%), and Entamoeba dispar (0.0‒0.9%). Entamoeba histolytica and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were undetected. Sequence analyses identified assemblage A (63.6%) and B (36.4%) within G. duodenalis (n = 11), C. hominis (40%), C. parvum (40%), and C. wrairi (20%) within Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 5), and ST1 (3.8%), ST2 (46.2%), ST3 (15.4%), and ST4 (34.6%) within Blastocystis sp. (n = 26). Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage AII/AIII was detected in a toddler for 10 consecutive months. Stable carriage of Blastocystis ST2 allele 9, ST3 allele 34, and ST4 allele 42 was demonstrated in five toddlers for up to 1 year. Conclusions: Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. were common in toddlers attending day-care centres in Central Spain. Long-term infection/colonization periods by the same genetic variant were observed for G. duodenalis (up to 10 months) and Blastocystis sp. (up to 12 months). What is Known: • Asymptomatic carriage of G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. is frequent in toddlers. • The epidemiology and long-term stability of these eukaryotes in asymptomatic young children is poorly understood. What is New: • Long-term colonization/infection periods by the same genetic variant were described for Blastocystis sp. (up to 12 months) and G. duodenalis (up to 10 months).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amoolya Vusirikala
- UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme, UK Health Security Agency, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | | | - Pamela Carolina Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Imaña
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea López
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Llorente
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Can Giardia lamblia Assemblages Drive the Clinical Outcome of Giardiasis? CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Kifleyohannes T, Nødtvedt A, Debenham JJ, Tysnes KR, Terefe G, Robertson LJ. Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: an unexpectedly low occurrence of anthropozoonotic transmission. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106450. [PMID: 35395229 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric protozoans Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are among the leading causes of diarrhoea in children. These parasites have particular impact in low- and middle-income countries. In these countries, people often live in close contact with their animals, highlighting the potential role of zoonotic routes of transmission in disease spread. The occurrence and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis infecting humans in Tigray, Ethiopia were investigated, along with the risk associated with infection. Stool samples from 249 asymptomatic people (4-80 years of age) in four rural districts in Tigray and 58 from symptomatic young children (1-33 months) attending health centres in Mekelle, Tigray's main city, were analysed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Participants in the rural areas completed questionnaires regarding potential risk factors, with emphasis on livestock contact and sources of water. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection was 6% and 5% in people in the rural districts and young children from Mekelle, respectively; equivalent figures for Giardia infection were 29% and 14%. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates revealed C. ubiquitum, subtype XIIa in a sample from rural districts, and C. hominis subtype IdA17 (1 sample) and IbA9G3 (2 samples) in infants from Mekelle with diarrhoea. For Giardia, Assemblage B predominated (22/25; 88%), but we also identified three samples with Assemblage A (AII). Our major finding was that, despite the close contact between people and livestock in our rural study sites, transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia between humans and their animals seems to be surprisingly uncommon. Our results are discussed in relation to other relevant studies, and also draws attention to the possibility that introduction of zoonotic species and/or subtypes, such as C. parvum, could have serious consequences for both human and animal health. As our study was conducted in Tigray, further investigation in different settings in Ethiopia could provide relevant information on transmission and zoonotic potential, and the potential for spread of zoonotic transmission. In addition, given the importance of these two parasites in causing diarrhoea in children, this information is vital for developing effective appropriate interventions against transmission that can be applied not only in Tigray or Ethiopia, but throughout Africa and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - John James Debenham
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristoffer R Tysnes
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Getachew Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ianiro G, Iorio A, Porcari S, Masucci L, Sanguinetti M, Perno CF, Gasbarrini A, Putignani L, Cammarota G. How the gut parasitome affects human health. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221091524. [PMID: 35509426 PMCID: PMC9058362 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host physiological functions including immune development. Accumulating evidence suggest that several members of non-bacterial microbiota, including protozoa and helminths, that were earlier considered as pathogens, could have a commensal or beneficial relationship with the host. Here we examine the most recent data from omics studies on prokaryota-meiofauna-host interaction as well as the impact of gut parasitome on gut bacterial ecology and its role as 'immunological driver' in health and disease to glimpse new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Iorio
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Masucci
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ángeles-Arvizu A, Enriquez-Flores S, Jiménez-Gutiérrez A, Pérez-Rangel A, Luna-Arias JP, Castillo-Romero A, Hernández JM, León-Avila G. MDR1 protein (ABC-C1) Over Expression in Giardia Intestinalis Incubated with Albendazole and Nitazoxanide. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1158-1166. [PMID: 33840056 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a worldwide parasite. Drugs used for the treatment of giardiasis are metronidazole, albendazole and nitazoxanide. The development of drug resistance is an obstacle to the effective treatment. Resistance mechanisms in some parasites involve the participation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. PURPOSE To find if the ATP-binding cassette genes are overexpressed in trophozoites treated with albendazole or nitazoxanide. METHODS A search for ATP-binding cassette genes in Giardia sequence database (GiardiaDB) was done and six genes were selected. Trophozoites treated with albendazole or nitazoxanide and the expression of these six ABC genes was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. The ABC-C1 gene was selected, and a fragment cloned. The ABC-C1 protein was expressed, and polyclonal antibodies were elicited in mice to detect the protein in treated trophozoites, finally a docking analysis was performed for ABC-C1 and tizoxanide interaction. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) topology is present in the six proteins. The qRT-PCR revealed that the ABC-C1 gene was overexpressed in cells incubated with nitazoxanide or albendazole. Confocal analysis showed that ABC-C1 protein levels increased in trophozoites with both treatments but was higher with nitazoxanide. The mark was detected heavily in the periphery of the cells. Using a docking analysis, it was found that the nitazoxanide metabolite, tizoxanide was docked close to the ATP-binding region as well as in the exit tunnel, located in the transmembrane region. CONCLUSION These findings in Giardia intestinalis, support the possible role of ABC-C1 in drug efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ángeles-Arvizu
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Sergio Enriquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Alma Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Rangel
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, México
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, México
| | - Araceli Castillo-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - José Manuel Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, México.
| | - Gloria León-Avila
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Novel Spo11 Homologue Functions as a Positive Regulator in Cyst Differentiation in Giardia lamblia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111902. [PMID: 34769330 PMCID: PMC8584520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia persists in a dormant state with a protective cyst wall for transmission. It is incompletely known how three cyst wall proteins (CWPs) are coordinately synthesized during encystation. Meiotic recombination is required for sexual reproduction in animals, fungi, and plants. It is initiated by formation of double-stranded breaks by a topoisomerase-like Spo11. It has been shown that exchange of genetic material in the fused nuclei occurs during Giardia encystation, suggesting parasexual recombination processes of this protozoan. Giardia possesses an evolutionarily conserved Spo11 with typical domains for cleavage reaction and an upregulated expression pattern during encystation. In this study, we asked whether Spo11 can activate encystation process, like other topoisomerases we previously characterized. We found that Spo11 was capable of binding to both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA in vitro and that it could also bind to the cwp promoters in vivo as accessed in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Spo11 interacted with WRKY and MYB2 (named from myeloblastosis), transcription factors that can activate cwp gene expression during encystation. Interestingly, overexpression of Spo11 resulted in increased expression of cwp1-3 and myb2 genes and cyst formation. Mutation of the Tyr residue for the active site or two conserved residues corresponding to key DNA-binding residues for Arabidopsis Spo11 reduced the levels of cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression and cyst formation. Targeted disruption of spo11 gene with CRISPR/Cas9 system led to a significant decrease in cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression and cyst number. Our results suggest that Spo11 acts as a positive regulator for Giardia differentiation into cyst.
Collapse
|
18
|
Brune MW, França EL, Moraes LCA, Ribeiro VP, Gomes MA, Honorio-França AC. Effects of Cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β on the Functional Activity of Blood Mononuclear Cells against Giardia lamblia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:209-218. [PMID: 34557235 PMCID: PMC8418650 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to analyze cultures of mononuclear (MN) cells with Giardia lamblia to determine the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β and the functional activity of MN cells after incubation with cytokines. Methods: This study was conducted in 2018 in Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 60 healthy volunteer donors to obtain leukocytes. The levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β were quantified in trophozoite cell culture supernatants. Superoxide release, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, apoptosis and intracellular calcium release were analyzed. Results: The cytokines evaluated were detected in the culture supernatant of MN cells and G. lamblia. Regardless of the type of cytokine, MN cells increased superoxide release in the presence of G. lamblia. Phagocytosis, microbicidal activity and apoptosis were higher when MN phagocytes were treated with cytokines. The highest microbicidal activity and apoptosis rates were observed in MN cells cultured with TGF-β. IFN-γ increased the release of intracellular calcium by MN phagocytes. Conclusion: Cytokines play a beneficial role in the host by activating MN cells against G. lamblia. In addition, phagocytosis causes G. lamblia death and that the modulation of the functional activity of blood MN phagocytes by cytokines is an alternative mechanism for eliminating G. lamblia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wilhelm Brune
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Pena Ribeiro
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kantzanou M, Karalexi MA, Vrioni G, Tsakris A. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Children in Europe over the Last Five Years. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:160. [PMID: 34564544 PMCID: PMC8482161 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) has been most commonly studied in African and Asian populations, less is known about the prevalence rates of IPI in European children, as well as the potential risk factors that favor the spread of parasites. We aimed to review published evidence on the prevalence rates of IPI in children residing in Europe, and to quantitatively synthesize the results of published studies. We searched Medline from 1 January 2015 to 1 April 2021 to address the most recently published prevalence patterns of IPI in European children. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed by type of IPI infection, age group and sex, depending on data availability. Of the 967 potentially relevant articles, eight eligible cross-sectional studies were included in this analysis, yielding a sample of 3376 children (0-19 years). The overall prevalence rate was 5.9% for any IPI in children residing in European countries. Blastocystis hominis was the most commonly detected parasite yielding a prevalence rate of 10.7%. Other parasites included Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, and Blastocystis hominis. Studies focusing on specific types of parasites showed prevalence rates ranging from 1.3% for Cryptosporidium to 68.3% for Dientamoeba fragilis. Despite the scarce literature, the present review showed relatively low prevalence rates of IPI in Europe. Future studies accounting for proper diagnostic methods used for the detection of parasites and including information on potential sociodemographic factors, such as travelling history and history of immigration, are needed to guide clinicians about which children to test, as well as when and how to test children for IPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kantzanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria A. Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (A.T.)
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang H, Ye Y, Kang R, Yu J, Cao Y. Prevalence and multi-locus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in rabbits from Shaanxi province in northwestern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:54. [PMID: 34180807 PMCID: PMC8237710 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important parasite with veterinary and public health significance worldwide. The presence and zoonotic assemblages of G. duodenalis have previously been reported in rabbits. In this study, to understand the infection status of G. duodenalis in rabbits from Shaanxi province, a total of 537 fecal samples were collected from two breeds of rabbits in four age groups (<30 days, 31–90 days, 91–200 days and >200 days) from four geographical origins (Fengxiang, Yangling, Tongchuan, and Shanyang). The presence of G. duodenalis in these samples was assessed using molecular assays based on beta-giardin (bg). The glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) loci were then amplified in the bg-positive samples for multi-locus genotype (MLG) analysis. The total prevalence of G. duodenalis in these rabbits was 3.54% (19/537). Giardia duodenalis infection was found in both breeds of rabbits, and in all farms and age groups, but with no statistically significant differences related to these factors (p > 0.05). Two assemblages, including B and E, were identified, with the former the predominant assemblage detected in both breeds, and in all age groups and farms. Sequence analysis revealed 2 (named as rbg1-2), 1 (named as rtpi1), and 2 (named as rgdh1-2) haplotypes at the gene loci of bg, tpi, and gdh, respectively, forming a multilocus genotype (MLG) of assemblage B (rbg1, rtpi1, and rgdh1). These findings reveal the significant zoonotic potential and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in rabbits in Shaanxi Province, PR China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, PR China - College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China - Chongqing Three Gorges Polytechnic College, Chongqing 404155, PR China
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Runmin Kang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Ye Cao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Risk factors for and management of metronidazole-refractory giardiasis in international travellers: A retrospective analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 43:102090. [PMID: 34082086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia lamblia is a common cause of diarrhoea in returning travellers. Failure of the recommended first-line treatment, metronidazole, has frequently been observed. Recommendations for treatment of metronidazole-refractory giardiasis lack clarity and evidence. METHODS We conducted a retrospective data analysis of returned travellers with confirmed giardiasis at the Bernhard-Nocht-Clinic in Hamburg, Germany, between 2007 and 2016. RESULTS We identified 339 cases of giardiasis, mostly acquired in South Asia (n = 157). 308 patients received metronidazole as first-line treatment, leading to treatment failure in 93 cases. Statistical analysis suggested by far the highest risk of metronidazole treatment failure for travellers returning from South Asia (Odds Ratio 8.73). Second-line therapy consisted of various different therapy regimens. Combination therapy as second-line treatment seemed to be more effective than monotherapy. A repeat course of metronidazole proved to be futile. CONCLUSION This study reveals a strikingly low effectiveness of metronidazole, especially in patients returning from South Asia. Second-line treatment showed inconsistency of regimens and yielded unsatisfactory results. These findings require reconsideration of treatment strategies for giardiasis. Large prospective trials are urgently needed to assess new first-line treatment options and to help implement advice for effective, agreed second-line treatment strategies. Translational projects should be created to link the understanding of resistance mechanisms with epidemiological data and clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Mostly Asymptomatic Indigenous People from the Tapirapé Tribe, Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020206. [PMID: 33672794 PMCID: PMC7917967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.
Collapse
|
23
|
Capone D, Bivins A, Knee J, Cumming O, Nalá R, Brown J. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pediatric Infections Attributable to Ingestion of Fecally Contaminated Domestic Soils in Low-Income Urban Maputo, Mozambique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1941-1952. [PMID: 33472364 PMCID: PMC7860170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous studies of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suggest that children are exposed to enteric pathogens via multiple interacting pathways, including soil ingestion. In 30 compounds (household clusters) in low-income urban Maputo, Mozambique, we cultured Escherichia coli and quantified gene targets from soils (E. coli: ybbW, Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC): ipaH, Giardia duodenalis: β-giardin) using droplet digital PCR at three compound locations (latrine entrance, solid waste area, dishwashing area). We found that 88% of samples were positive for culturable E. coli (mean = 3.2 log10 CFUs per gram of dry soil), 100% for molecular E. coli (mean = 5.9 log10 gene copies per gram of dry soil), 44% for ipaH (mean = 2.5 log10), and 41% for β-giardin (mean = 2.1 log10). Performing stochastic quantitative microbial risk assessment using soil ingestion parameters from an LMIC setting for children 12-23 months old, we estimated that the median annual infection risk by G. duodenalis was 7100-fold (71% annual infection risk) and by Shigella/EIEC was 4000-fold (40% annual infection risk) greater than the EPA's standard for drinking water. Compounds in Maputo, and similar settings, require contact and source control strategies to reduce the ingestion of contaminated soil and achieve acceptable levels of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Rassul Nalá
- Ministério
da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Maputo, Maputo 1100, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brown
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Novel Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1-Like Protein Induces Cyst Wall Protein Gene Expression and Cyst Differentiation in Giardia lamblia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031370. [PMID: 33573049 PMCID: PMC7866390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to synthesize a protective cyst wall is critical for infectivity of Giardia lamblia. It is of interest to know the mechanism of coordinated synthesis of three cyst wall proteins (CWPs) during encystation, a differentiation process. Multiprotein bridging factor 1 (MBF1) gene family is a group of transcription coactivators that bridge various transcription factors. They are involved in cell growth and differentiation in yeast and animals, or in stress response in fungi and plants. We asked whether Giardia has MBF1-like genes and whether their products influence gene expression. BLAST searches of the Giardia genome database identified one gene encoding a putative MBF1 protein with a helix-turn-helix domain. We found that it can specifically bind to the AT-rich initiator promoters of the encystation-induced cwp1-3 and myb2 genes. MBF1 localized to cell nuclei and cytoplasm with higher expression during encystation. In addition, overexpression of MBF1 induced cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression and cyst generation. Mutation of the helixes in the helix-turn-helix domain reduced cwp1-3 and myb2 gene expression and cyst generation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding of MBF1 to the promoters with its binding sites in vivo. We also found that MBF1 can interact with E2F1, Pax2, WRKY, and Myb2 transcription factors that coordinately up-regulate the cwp genes during encystation. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted disruption of mbf1 gene, we found a downregulation of cwp1-3 and myb2 genes and decrease of cyst generation. Our results suggest that MBF1 is functionally conserved and positively regulates Giardia cyst differentiation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Messa A, Köster PC, Garrine M, Gilchrist C, Bartelt LA, Nhampossa T, Massora S, Kotloff K, Levine MM, Alonso PL, Carmena D, Mandomando I. Molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis in children under 5 years from the Manhiça district, Southern Mozambique enrolled in a matched case-control study on the aetiology of diarrhoea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008987. [PMID: 33465074 PMCID: PMC7846004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite commonly detected in children. Exposure to this organism may lead to asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. Additionally, early-life infections by this protozoan have been associated with impaired growth and cognitive function in poor resource settings. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique demonstrated that G. duodenalis was more frequent among controls than in diarrhoeal cases (≥3 loosing stools in the previous 24 hours). However, no molecular investigation was conducted to ascertain the molecular variability of the parasite. Therefore, we describe here the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in children younger than five years of age with and without diarrhoea from the Manhiça district in southern Mozambique enrolled in the context of GEMS. Genomic DNA from 757 G. duodenalis-positive stool samples by immunoassay collected between 2007-2012, were reanalysed by multiplex PCR targeting the E1-HP and C1-P21 genes for the differentiation of assemblages A and B. Overall, 47% (353) of the samples were successfully amplified in at least one locus. Assemblage B accounted for 90% (319/353) of all positives, followed by assemblage A (8%, 29/353) and mixed A+B infections (1%, 5/353). No association between the presence of a given assemblage and the occurrence of diarrhoea could be demonstrated. A total of 351 samples were further analysed by a multi-locus sequence genotyping (MLSG) approach at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), ß-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall, 63% (222/351) of samples were genotyped and/or sub-genotyped in at least one of the three markers. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of assemblages A (10%; 23/222) and B (90%; 199/222) with high molecular diversity at the nucleotide level within the latter; no mixed infections were identified under the MLSG scheme. Assemblage A sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages AI (0.5%, 1/222), AII (7%, 15/222) or ambiguous AII/AIII (3%, 7/222). Within assemblage B, sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages BIII (13%, 28/222), BIV (14%, 31/222) and ambiguous BIII/BIV (59%, 132/222). BIII/BIV sequences accumulated the majority of the single nucleotide polymorphisms detected, particularly in the form of double peaks at chromatogram inspection. This study demonstrated that the occurrence of gastrointestinal illness (diarrhoea) was not associated to a given genotype of G. duodenalis in Mozambican children younger than five years of age. The assemblage B of the parasite was responsible for nine out of ten infections detected in this paediatric population. The extremely high genetic diversity observed within assemblage B isolates was compatible with an hyperendemic epidemiological scenario where infections and reinfections were common. The obtained molecular data may be indicative of high coinfection rates by different G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages and/or genetic recombination events, although the exact contribution of both mechanisms to the genetic diversity of the parasite remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Messa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Garrine
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carol Gilchrist
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tacilta Nhampossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sérgio Massora
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Buret AG, Cacciò SM, Favennec L, Svärd S. Update on Giardia: Highlights from the seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:49. [PMID: 32788035 PMCID: PMC7425178 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although Giardia duodenalis is recognized as one of the leading causes of parasitic human diarrhea in the world, knowledge of the mechanisms of infection is limited, as the pathophysiological consequences of infection remain incompletely elucidated. Similarly, the reason for and consequences of the very specific genome-organization in this parasite with 2 active nuclei is only partially known. Consistent with its tradition, the 7th International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference (IGCC 2019) was held from June 23 to 26, 2019, at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Rouen-Normandie, France, to discuss current research perspectives in the field. This renowned event brought together an international delegation of researchers to present and debate recent advances and identify the main research themes and knowledge gaps. The program for this interdisciplinary conference included all aspects of host-parasite relationships, from basic research to applications in human and veterinary medicine, as well as the environmental issues raised by water-borne parasites and their epidemiological consequences. With regard to Giardia and giardiasis, the main areas of research for which new findings and the most impressive communications were presented and discussed included: parasite ecology and epidemiology of giardiasis, Giardia-host interactions, and cell biology of Giardia, genomes and genomic evolution. The high-quality presentations discussed at the Conference noted breakthroughs and identified new opportunities that will inspire researchers and funding agencies to stimulate future research in a “one health” approach to improve basic knowledge and clinical and public health management of zoonotic giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André G Buret
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, TN4N1 Calgary (AB), Canada
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loïc Favennec
- French National Cryptosporidiosis Reference Center, Rouen University Hospital, 1 rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France - EA 7510, UFR Santé, University of Rouen Normandy, Normandy University, 22 bd Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex, France
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Natural Infection with Giardia Is Associated with Altered Community Structure of the Human and Canine Gut Microbiome. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00670-20. [PMID: 32759335 PMCID: PMC7407069 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00670-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea. Enteric parasitic infections are among the most prevalent infections in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and have a profound impact on global public health. While the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of gut health and human development, the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on microbial community structure in the gut, and the extent to which parasite-induced changes in the microbiome may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms, is poorly understood. Enteric parasites are routinely identified in companion animals in the United States, presenting a unique opportunity to leverage this animal model to investigate the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on the microbiome. Clinical, parasitological, and microbiome profiling of a cohort of 258 dogs revealed a significant correlation between parasite infection and composition of the bacterial community in the gut. Relative to other enteric parasites, Giardia was associated with a more pronounced perturbation of the microbiome. To compare our findings to large-scale epidemiological studies of enteric diseases in humans, a database mining approach was employed to integrate clinical and microbiome data. Substantial and consistent alterations to microbiome structure were observed in Giardia-infected children. Importantly, infection was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of potential pathobionts, including Gammaproteobacteria, and an increase in Prevotella—a profile often associated with gut health. Taken together, these data show that widespread Giardia infection in young animals and humans is associated with significant remodeling of the gut microbiome and provide a possible explanation for the high prevalence of asymptomatic Giardia infections observed across host species. IMPORTANCE While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea.
Collapse
|
28
|
Corrêa CRT, Oliveira-Arbex AP, David ÉB, Guimarães S. Genetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from children of low-income families living in an economically successful region in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e20. [PMID: 32236387 PMCID: PMC7178812 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important and widespread
gastrointestinal parasites in the world. Despite its relevance as a causative
agent of diarrhea, asymptomatic giardiasis occurs frequently, especially in low
resources settings in which children are exposed to many risk factors. Based on
microscopic examination and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
and sequencing of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase
(tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes, we assessed G.
duodenalis occurrence and genetic diversity in isolates of children
attending a daycare center and living in low income families, in an economically
successful region. Considering both, microscopic examination and PCR/sequencing
methods, the overall prevalence of Giardia infection was 51.4%,
with the highest frequency in children aged 1-4 years old (p<0.05).
Genotyping of 50 isolates revealed that the assemblage A was found in 60% of the
samples (30/50), followed by the assemblage B in 38% (19/50) and 2% of
mixed-assemblage infections (1/50). At the sub-assemblage level, isolates
genotyped as A were AII and among isolates B, BIII and BIV were identified. Both
assemblages A and B were detected in children of all age groups, however
assemblage A was more prevalent. The detection of anthroponotic assemblages and
sub-assemblages (AII, BIII and BIV) reinforces human-to-human transmission,
mainly in children of all age groups when they have not yet received toilet
training, making them more vulnerable to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira-Arbex
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdades Integradas de Bauru, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica Boarato David
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Departmento de Ciências da Saúde, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Semíramis Guimarães
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giardia spp. promote the production of antimicrobial peptides and attenuate disease severity induced by attaching and effacing enteropathogens via the induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:263-275. [PMID: 32184085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections of the gastro-intestinal tract are common in areas with poor sanitation. Disease outcome is the result of complex interactions between the host and pathogens. Such interactions lie at the core of future management strategies of enteric diseases. In developed countries of the world, Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of diarrheal disease. In contrast, giardiasis appears to protect children against diarrhea in countries with poor sanitation, via obscure mechanisms. We hypothesized that Giardia may protect its host from disease induced by a co-infecting pathogen such as attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. This enteropathogen is commonly implicated in pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. The findings indicate that co-infection with Giardia attenuates the severity of disease induced by Citrobacter rodentium, an equivalent of A/E E. coli in mice. Co-infection with Giardia reduced colitis, blood in stools, fecal softening, bacterial invasion, and weight loss; the protective effects were lost when co-infection occurred in Nod-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 knockout mice. In co-infected mice, elevated levels of antimicrobial peptides Murine β defensin 3 and Trefoil Factor 3, and enhanced bacterial killing, were NLRP3-dependent. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human enterocytes blocked the activation of AMPs and bacterial killing. The findings uncover novel NLRP3-dependent modulatory mechanisms during co-infections with Giardia spp. and A/E enteropathogens, and demonstrate how these interactions may regulate the severity of enteric disease.
Collapse
|
30
|
Prevalence and genotypic characterization of Giardia duodenalis isolates from asymptomatic school-going children in Lusaka, Zambia. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 19:e00072. [PMID: 32258446 PMCID: PMC7125351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans with about 250–300 million cases per year. It is considered to be a species complex comprising of eight genetic assemblages (A to H), with assemblages A and B being the major causes of human infections. In this study we carried out genotypic characterization of G. duodenalis isolates detected in asymptomatic school-going children aged 3–16 years. Between May and September 2017, a total of 329 fecal samples were collected from school-going children from Chawama compound of Lusaka City and were screened for Giardia by microscopic examination. All microscopically positive fecal samples were analyzed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. Genotyping of amplified PCR products was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequence analysis. Microscopically, Giardia was found in 10% (33/329) of fecal samples. The PCR-RFLP analysis of the gdh gene revealed assemblages A and B in 27.3% (9/33) and 72.7% (24/33), respectively. Furthermore, analysis with restriction enzymes identified sub-assemblages AII (27.3%, 9/33), BIII (12.1%, 4/33), BIV (51.5%, 17/33) and mixed infections of BIII and BIV (9.1%, 3/33). Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of 27.6% (8/29) and 72.4% (21/29) of Zambian Giardia gdh gene sequences into assemblages A and B, respectively. This study has revealed the presence of both assemblage A and B and that spread of G. duodenalis in school-going children appears to be mostly through anthroponotic transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first report of genotypic characterization of G. duodenalis identified in Zambia. Giardia duodenalis infection observed in asymptomatic children First report of genotypes circulating in Zambia Presence of sub-assemblages AII, BIII and BIV Co-infection with sub-assemblages BIII and BIV reported
Collapse
|
31
|
Morales-Luna L, González-Valdez A, Sixto-López Y, Correa-Basurto J, Hernández-Ochoa B, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Ortega-Cuellar D, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Pérez de la Cruz V, Serrano-Posada H, Centeno-Leija S, Rocha-Ramírez LM, Sierra-Palacios E, Montiel-González AM, Rufino-González Y, Marcial-Quino J, Gómez-Manzo S. Identification of the NADP + Structural Binding Site and Coenzyme Effect on the Fused G6PD::6PGL Protein from Giardia lamblia. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010046. [PMID: 31892224 PMCID: PMC7022596 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lambia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that lives in the small intestine and is the causal agent of giardiasis. It has been reported that G. lamblia exhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Our group work demonstrated that the g6pd and 6pgl genes are present in the open frame that gives rise to the fused G6PD::6PGL protein; where the G6PD region is similar to the 3D structure of G6PD in Homo sapiens. The objective of the present work was to show the presence of the structural NADP+ binding site on the fused G6PD::6PGL protein and evaluate the effect of the NADP+ molecule on protein stability using biochemical and computational analysis. A protective effect was observed on the thermal inactivation, thermal stability, and trypsin digestions assays when the protein was incubated with NADP+. By molecular docking, we determined the possible structural-NADP+ binding site, which is located between the Rossmann fold of G6PD and 6PGL. Finally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was used to test the stability of this complex; it was determined that the presence of both NADP+ structural and cofactor increased the stability of the enzyme, which is in agreement with our experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Yudibeth Sixto-López
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (Y.S.-L.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (Y.S.-L.); (J.C.-B.)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Angélica Castillo-Rodríguez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud 04530, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28629, Mexico; (H.S.-P.); (S.C.-L.)
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28629, Mexico; (H.S.-P.); (S.C.-L.)
| | - Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 09620, Mexico;
| | - Alba Mónica Montiel-González
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Aut. San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala Km 10.5, San Felipe Ixtlacuixtla, 90120 Tlaxcala, Mexico;
- México de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 09620, Mexico
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.M.-Q.); (S.G.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-1084-0900 (ext. 1442) (J.M.-Q. & S.G.-M.)
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.M.-Q.); (S.G.-M.); Tel.: +52-55-1084-0900 (ext. 1442) (J.M.-Q. & S.G.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Allain T, Buret AG. Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:173-199. [PMID: 32122529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is an important cause of diarrhoea, and results in post-infectious and extra-intestinal complications. This chapter presents a state-of-the art of our understanding of how this parasite may cause such abnormalities, which appear to develop at least in part in Assemblage-dependent manner. Findings from prospective longitudinal cohort studies indicate that Giardia is one of the four most prevalent enteropathogens in early life, and represents a risk factor for stunting at 2 years of age. This may occur independently of diarrheal disease, in strong support of the pathophysiological significance of the intestinal abnormalities induced by this parasite. These include epithelial malabsorption and maldigestion, increased transit, mucus depletion, and disruptions of the commensal microbiota. Giardia increases epithelial permeability and facilitates the invasion of gut bacteria. Loss of intestinal barrier function is at the core of the acute and post-infectious complications associated with this infection. Recent findings demonstrate that the majority of the pathophysiological responses triggered by this parasite can be recapitulated by the effects of its membrane-bound and secreted cysteine proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada
| | - André G Buret
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shariati A, Aslani HR, Shayesteh MR, Taghipour A, Nasser A, Safari H, Alizade-Sani M, Dehghan A, Azimi T. Are Viruses and Parasites Linked to Celiac Disease? A Question that Still has no Definite Answer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1181-1193. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190828124924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine that commonly
occurs in genetically predisposed individuals due to intake of gluten and related proteins. Gluten
consumption, duration of breast-feeding, various infections, especially frequent intestinal infections,
vaccinations and use of antibiotics can be linked to CD. It is predicted that it affects 1% of the
global population and its incidence rate is increasing. Most of the people with the HLA-DQ2 or HLADQ8
are at a higher risk of developing this disease. The link between infections and autoimmune diseases
has been very much considered in recent years. In several studies, we explained that pathogenic
and non-pathogenic microorganisms might have multiple roles in initiation, exacerbation, and development
of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In various studies,
the relationship between infections caused by viruses, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Rotavirus,
Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Influenza virus, and parasites
including Giardia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii with CD has been raised. However, increasing evidence
proposes that some of these microorganisms, especially helminths, can also have protective and
even therapeutic roles in the CD process. Therefore, in order to determine the role of microorganisms
in the process of this disease, we attempted to summarize the evidence suggesting the role of viral and
parasitic agents in pathogenesis of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Aslani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizade-Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Dehghan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hogan B, Eibach D, Krumkamp R, Sarpong N, Dekker D, Kreuels B, Maiga-Ascofaré O, Gyau Boahen K, Wiafe Akenten C, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Owusu-Dabo E, May J. Malaria Coinfections in Febrile Pediatric Inpatients: A Hospital-Based Study From Ghana. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1838-1845. [PMID: 29408951 PMCID: PMC5982794 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of pediatric febrile illness is shifting in sub-Saharan Africa, but malaria remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The present study describes causes of febrile illness in hospitalized children in Ghana and aims to determine the burden of malaria coinfections and their association with parasite densities. Methods In a prospective study, children (aged ≥30 days and ≤15 years) with fever ≥38.0°C were recruited after admission to the pediatric ward of a primary hospital in Ghana. Malaria parasitemia was determined and blood, stool, urine, respiratory, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were screened for parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Associations of Plasmodium densities with other pathogens were calculated. Results From November 2013 to April 2015, 1238 children were enrolled from 4169 admissions. A clinical/microbiological diagnosis could be made in 1109/1238 (90%) patients, with Plasmodium parasitemia (n = 728/1238 [59%]) being predominant. This was followed by lower respiratory tract infections/pneumonia (n = 411/1238 [34%]; among detected pathogens most frequently Streptococcus pneumoniae, n = 192/299 [64%]), urinary tract infections (n = 218/1238 [18%]; Escherichia coli, n = 21/32 [66%]), gastrointestinal infections (n = 210 [17%]; rotavirus, n = 32/97 [33%]), and invasive bloodstream infections (n = 62 [5%]; Salmonella species, n = 47 [76%]). In Plasmodium-infected children the frequency of lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, and bloodstream infections increased with decreasing parasite densities. Conclusions In a hospital setting, the likelihood of comorbidity with a nonmalarial disease is inversely correlated with increasing blood levels of malaria parasites. Hence, parasite densities provide important information as an indicator for the probability of coinfection, in particular to guide antimicrobial medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hogan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Denise Dekker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benno Kreuels
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Tropical Medicine, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Oumou Maiga-Ascofaré
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Gyau Boahen
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charity Wiafe Akenten
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jürgen May
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hooks KB, O'Malley MA. Contrasting Strategies: Human Eukaryotic Versus Bacterial Microbiome Research. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:279-295. [PMID: 31583780 PMCID: PMC7154641 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Most discussions of human microbiome research have focused on bacterial investigations and findings. Our target is to understand how human eukaryotic microbiome research is developing, its potential distinctiveness, and how problems can be addressed. We start with an overview of the entire eukaryotic microbiome literature (578 papers), show tendencies in the human‐based microbiome literature, and then compare the eukaryotic field to more developed human bacterial microbiome research. We are particularly concerned with problems of interpretation that are already apparent in human bacterial microbiome research (e.g. disease causality, probiotic interventions, evolutionary claims). We show where each field converges and diverges, and what this might mean for progress in human eukaryotic microbiome research. Our analysis then makes constructive suggestions for the future of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Hooks
- CBiB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,CNRS/LaBRI, University of Bordeaux, Talence, 33405, France
| | - Maureen A O'Malley
- School of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:1-11. [PMID: 30391227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic pathogens are a serious public health issue and result in significant global economic losses. Despite their importance to public health, epidemiological data on foodborne diseases including giardiasis caused by the enteric parasite, Giardia duodenalis, are lacking. This parasite is estimated to cause ∼28.2 million cases of diarrhoea each year due to contamination of food, but very few foodborne outbreaks have been documented due to the limitations of current detection as well as surveillance methods. The current method for the recovery of Giardia cysts from food matrices using immunomagnetic separation requires further standardisation and cost reduction before it can be widely used. It also should incorporate downstream molecular procedures for genotyping, and traceback and viability analyses. Foodborne giardiasis can be potentially controlled through improvements in national disease surveillance systems and the establishment of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point interventions across the food chain. Studies are needed to assess the true prevalence and public health impact of foodborne giardiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biochemical Characterization and Structural Modeling of Fused Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Phosphogluconolactonase from Giardia lamblia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092518. [PMID: 30149622 PMCID: PMC6165198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway and is highly relevant in the metabolism of Giardialamblia. Previous reports suggested that the G6PD gene is fused with the 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL) gene (6pgl). Therefore, in this work, we decided to characterize the fused G6PD-6PGL protein in Giardialamblia. First, the gene of g6pd fused with the 6pgl gene (6gpd::6pgl) was isolated from trophozoites of Giardialamblia and the corresponding G6PD::6PGL protein was overexpressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Then, we characterized the native oligomeric state of the G6PD::6PGL protein in solution and we found a catalytic dimer with an optimum pH of 8.75. Furthermore, we determined the steady-state kinetic parameters for the G6PD domain and measured the thermal stability of the protein in both the presence and absence of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) and observed that the G6PD::6PGL protein showed alterations in the stability, secondary structure, and tertiary structure in the presence of Gdn-HCl. Finally, computer modeling studies revealed unique structural and functional features, which clearly established the differences between G6PD::6PGL protein from G. lamblia and the human G6PD enzyme, proving that the model can be used for the design of new drugs with antigiardiasic activity. These results broaden the perspective for future studies of the function of the protein and its effect on the metabolism of this parasite as a potential pharmacological target.
Collapse
|
38
|
Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White A, Melby P, Travi B. Molecular diagnosis of protozoan parasites by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Acta Trop 2018; 182:4-11. [PMID: 29452112 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by protozoan parasites affect millions of people around the world. Traditionally, diagnosis was made by microscopy, which is insensitive and in some cases not specific. Molecular methods are highly sensitive and specific, but equipment costs and personnel training limit its availability only to specialized centers, usually far from populations with the highest risk of infection. Inexpensive methods that can be applied at the point of care (POC), especially in places with limited health infrastructure, would be a major advantage. Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids does not require thermocyclers and is relatively inexpensive and easy to implement. Among isothermal methods, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is sensitive and potentially applicable at POC. We and others have developed RPA diagnostic tests to detect protozoan parasites of medical importance. Overall, our results have shown high specificity with limits of detection similar to PCR. Currently, the optimization of RPA for use at the POC is under development, and in the near future the tests should become available to detect protozoan infections in the field. In this review we discuss the current status, challenges, and future of RPA in the field of molecular diagnosis of protozoan parasites.
Collapse
|
39
|
Garzón M, Pereira-da-Silva L, Seixas J, Papoila AL, Alves M. Subclinical Enteric Parasitic Infections and Growth Faltering in Infants in São Tomé, Africa: A Birth Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E688. [PMID: 29621166 PMCID: PMC5923730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The associations between enteric pathogenic parasites and growth in infants in São Tomé were explored using a refined anthropometric approach to recognize early growth faltering. A birth cohort study was conducted with follow-up to 24 months of age. Microscopic examination for protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths was performed. Anthropometric assessments included: z-scores for weight-for-length (WLZ), length-for-age (LAZ), weight (WAVZ) and length velocities (LAVZ), length-for-age difference (LAD), and wasting and stunting risk (≤-1 SD). Generalized additive mixed effects regression models were used to explore the associations between anthropometric parameters and enteric parasitic infections and cofactors. A total of 475 infants were enrolled, and 282 completed the study. The great majority of infants were asymptomatic. Giardia lamblia was detected in 35.1% of infants in at least one stool sample, helminths in 30.4%, and Cryptosporidium spp. in 14.7%. Giardia lamblia and helminth infections were significantly associated with mean decreases of 0.10 in LAZ and 0.32 in LAD, and of 0.16 in LAZ and 0.48 in LAD, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was significantly associated with a mean decrease of 0.43 in WAVZ and 0.55 in LAVZ. The underestimated association between subclinical parasitic enteric infections and mild growth faltering in infants should be addressed in public health policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Garzón
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine R&D Center, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Luís Pereira-da-Silva
- Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence Teaching and Research Area, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Seixas
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine R&D Center, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Papoila
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marta Alves
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
RNAi-Mediated Specific Gene Silencing as a Tool for the Discovery of New Drug Targets in Giardia lamblia; Evaluation Using the NADH Oxidase Gene. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8110303. [PMID: 29099754 PMCID: PMC5704216 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microaerophilic protozoan Giardia lamblia is the agent causing giardiasis, an intestinal parasitosis of worldwide distribution. Different pharmacotherapies have been employed against giardiasis; however, side effects in the host and reports of drug resistant strains generate the need to develop new strategies that identify novel biological targets for drug design. To support this requirement, we have designed and evaluated a vector containing a cassette for the synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which can silence expression of a target gene through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Small silencing RNAs were detected and quantified in transformants expressing dsRNA by a stem-loop RT-qPCR approach. The results showed that, in transformants expressing dsRNA of 100-200 base pairs, the level of NADHox mRNA was reduced by around 30%, concomitant with a decrease in enzyme activity and a reduction in the number of trophozoites with respect to the wild type strain, indicating that NADHox is indeed an important enzyme for Giardia viability. These results suggest that it is possible to induce the G. lamblia RNAi machinery for attenuating the expression of genes encoding proteins of interest. We propose that our silencing strategy can be used to identify new potential drug targets, knocking down genes encoding different structural proteins and enzymes from a wide variety of metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|