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Reyes-Lopez M, Vaca-Palomares I, Dávila-Ortiz de Montellano DJ, White BJ, Brien DC, Coe BC, Munoz DP, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Saccades, pupil response and blink abnormalities in Huntington's disease patients during free viewing. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 165:117-124. [PMID: 39013355 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Video-based eye tracking was used to investigate saccade, pupil, and blink abnormalities among patients with Huntington's disease (HD) who watched sequences of short videos. HD, an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a CAG mutation on chromosome 4, produces motor and cognitive impairments including slow or irregular eye movements, which have been studied using structured tasks. METHODS To explore how HD affects eye movements under instruction free conditions, we assessed 22 HD patients and their age matched controls in a 10-minute video-based free viewing task. RESULTS Patients with HD experienced a significant reduction in saccade exploration rate following video clip transitions, an increase in pupil reactions to luminance changes after clip transitions, and a significant higher blink rate throughout the task compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results show that HD has a significant impact on how patients visually explore and respond to their environment under unconstrained and ecologically natural conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Eye tracking in HD patients revealed saccadic, pupil, and blink abnormalities in early HD patients, suggestive of brain circuitry abnormalities that probably involve brain stem deficits. Further research should explore the impact of these changes on the quality of life of the patients affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reyes-Lopez
- Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Israel Vaca-Palomares
- Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Brian J White
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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2
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Band TG, Bar-Or RZ, Ben-Ami E. Advancements in eye movement measurement technologies for assessing neurodegenerative diseases. Front Digit Health 2024; 6:1423790. [PMID: 39027628 PMCID: PMC11254822 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2024.1423790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Eye movements have long been recognized as a valuable indicator of neurological conditions, given the intricate involvement of multiple neurological pathways in vision-related processes, including motor and cognitive functions, manifesting in rapid response times. Eye movement abnormalities can indicate neurological condition severity and, in some cases, distinguish between disease phenotypes. With recent strides in imaging sensors and computational power, particularly in machine learning and artificial intelligence, there has been a notable surge in the development of technologies facilitating the extraction and analysis of eye movements to assess neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review provides an overview of these advancements, emphasizing their potential in offering patient-friendly oculometric measures to aid in assessing patient conditions and progress. By summarizing recent technological innovations and their application in assessing neurodegenerative diseases over the past decades, this review also delves into current trends and future directions in this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rotem Z. Bar-Or
- Department of Neuroscience, NeuraLight Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Karthikeyan SK, McKendrick AM, Pai VH, Kuzhuppilly NIR, Ganeshrao SB. Contrast Discrimination and Global Form Perception in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:33. [PMID: 38771569 PMCID: PMC11114617 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study explored early (contrast discrimination) and intermediate (global form perception) visual processing in primary subtypes of glaucoma: primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). We aimed to understand early and intermediate visual processing in POAG and PACG, matched for similar visual field defect severity. Methods Early visual processing was measured using a contrast discrimination task described by Porkorny and Smith (1997), and intermediate processing using a global form perception task using glass pattern coherence thresholds. Thresholds were determined centrally and at a single midperipheral location (12.5°) in a quadrant without visual field defects. Controls were tested in corresponding quadrants to individuals with glaucoma. Results Sixty participants (20 POAG, 20 PACG, and 20 age-matched controls), aged 50 to 77 years, were included. Visual field defects were matched between POAG and PACG, with mean deviation values of -6.53 ± 4.46 (range: -1.5 to -16.85) dB and -6.2 ± 4.24 (range: -1.37 to -16.42) dB, respectively. Two-Way ANOVA revealed significant differences in thresholds between the glaucoma groups and the control group for both contrast discrimination and global form perception tasks, with higher thresholds in the glaucoma groups. Post hoc analyses showed no significant contrast discrimination difference between POAG and PACG, but POAG had significantly higher thresholds than PACG for form perception. Conclusions In form perception, POAG showed slightly worse performance than PACG, suggesting that individuals with POAG may experience more severe functional damage than PACG of similar visual field severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth K Karthikeyan
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Division of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Vijaya H Pai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Neetha I R Kuzhuppilly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shonraj B Ganeshrao
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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4
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Liu X, Ye Y, Ge Y, Qu J, Liedberg B, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Smart Contact Lenses for Healthcare Monitoring and Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6817-6844. [PMID: 38407063 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The eye contains a wealth of physiological information and offers a suitable environment for noninvasive monitoring of diseases via smart contact lens sensors. Although extensive research efforts recently have been undertaken to develop smart contact lens sensors, they are still in an early stage of being utilized as an intelligent wearable sensing platform for monitoring various biophysical/chemical conditions. In this review, we provide a general introduction to smart contact lenses that have been developed for disease monitoring and therapy. First, different disease biomarkers available from the ocular environment are summarized, including both physical and chemical biomarkers, followed by the commonly used materials, manufacturing processes, and characteristics of contact lenses. Smart contact lenses for eye-drug delivery with advancing technologies to achieve more efficient treatments are then introduced as well as the latest developments for disease diagnosis. Finally, sensor communication technologies and smart contact lenses for antimicrobial and other emerging bioapplications are also discussed as well as the challenges and prospects of the future development of smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Ying Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuancai Ge
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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Demian D, Petrak M, Zielinski G, Massingale S, Alexander A, Fuemmeler L, Lin CC. Clinical Saccadometry: Establishing Evaluative Standards Using a Simplified Video Oculography Protocol in the Adult Population. J Am Acad Audiol 2023. [PMID: 37989200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadometry is an advanced ocular motor test battery that allows for the functional evaluation of the varied brain regions and circuits involved in the generation of fast, purposeful, and accurate saccadic eye movements. The test battery is composed of prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tests that progressively increase cognitive demand. Existing saccadometry protocols qualitatively describe trends across the lifespan, but have not been widely adopted by clinicians. PURPOSE The aims of this study are to design an efficient and simplified clinical saccadometry protocol using video oculography (VOG) equipment and establish associated evaluative standards across the lifespan. STUDY SAMPLE Data were reported on 273 adults ages 18 to 69 years. RESULTS Evaluative data on four measures: directional error rate (DE), latency (Lat), peak velocity (Vel), and accuracy (Acc) during PS and AS measurements were provided. Age-group differences were found in Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p = 0.04) during PS and age-group differences were found in DE (p = 0.04), Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p < 0.01) during AS. Gender differences were found in DE (p = 0.01) and Lat (p < 0.01) during AS. CONCLUSIONS This study established a standardized and time-efficient protocol with evaluative standards for individuals ages 18 to 69 years old to enable the use of saccadometry as an objective measure in the clinic. Saccadometry allows clinicians to look beyond the traditional saccade test and evaluate complex oculomotor and cognitive functions that will better help clinicians differentiate between peripheral and central diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Demian
- Venn Med, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Michelle Petrak
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Speech and Hearing, Arlington Heights, Illinois
| | - Glen Zielinski
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Functional Neurology, Lake Oswego, Oregon
| | - Shelly Massingale
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amy Alexander
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Liz Fuemmeler
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Hearing and Balance Specialists of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Huang X, Xu M, Zhou M, Liu W, Zhao X, Sun X. The association between glaucoma and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Epidemiol Health 2023; 45:e2023066. [PMID: 37536720 PMCID: PMC10667574 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2023066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This population-based, prospective cohort study investigated the association between glaucoma and mortality in older adults. METHODS Participants aged 45 years or older at baseline (47.9% male) were enrolled in 2011 for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All-cause mortality was observed during 7 years of follow-up. The baseline data were collected in the 2011 CHARLS, and participants were followed up for 7 years (until 2018). The risk of all-cause mortality was investigated using Cox proportional-hazards regression with age as the time scale, adjusting for significant risk factors and comorbid conditions. RESULTS Among the 14,803 participants included, the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher among people with glaucoma than among those without glaucoma, after adjustment for other confounders (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.03). In a subgroup analysis based on the mean age of death, among those who were 75 years and older (n=1,231), the risk of all-cause death was significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than in those without glaucoma (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.89). CONCLUSIONS Participants with glaucoma had a higher risk of all-cause mortality, especially those aged 75 years and above. Our findings revealed potential mechanisms underlying an association between glaucoma and all-cause mortality. They also highlighted the importance of glaucoma management to prevent premature death in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqiao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Minwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
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7
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Polden M, Crawford TJ. Eye Movement Latency Coefficient of Variation as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment: An Eye Tracking Study of Cognitive Impairment. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7020038. [PMID: 37218956 DOI: 10.3390/vision7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies demonstrated impairment in the control of saccadic eye movements in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when conducting the pro-saccade and antisaccade tasks. Research showed that changes in the pro and antisaccade latencies may be particularly sensitive to dementia and general executive functioning. These tasks show potential for diagnostic use, as they provide a rich set of potential eye tracking markers. One such marker, the coefficient of variation (CV), is so far overlooked. For biological markers to be reliable, they must be able to detect abnormalities in preclinical stages. MCI is often viewed as a predecessor to AD, with certain classifications of MCI more likely than others to progress to AD. The current study examined the potential of CV scores on pro and antisaccade tasks to distinguish participants with AD, amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnesiac MCI (naMCI), and older controls. The analyses revealed no significant differences in CV scores across the groups using the pro or antisaccade task. Antisaccade mean latencies were able to distinguish participants with AD and the MCI subgroups. Future research is needed on CV measures and attentional fluctuations in AD and MCI individuals to fully assess this measure's potential to robustly distinguish clinical groups with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Polden
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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8
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Narrative Review Concerning the Clinical Spectrum of Ophthalmological Impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:140-161. [PMID: 36810467 PMCID: PMC9944508 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic non-motor impairments are common in Parkinson's disease patients, from the onset of the neurodegenerative disease and even prior to the development of motor symptoms. This is a very crucial component of the potential for early detection of this disease, even in its earliest stages. Since the ophthalmological disease is extensive and impacts all extraocular and intraocular components of the optical analyzer, a competent assessment of it would be beneficial for the patients. Because the retina is an extension of the nervous system and has the same embryonic genesis as the central nervous system, it is helpful to investigate the retinal changes in Parkinson's disease in order to hypothesize insights that may also be applicable to the brain. As a consequence, the detection of these symptoms and signs may improve the medical evaluation of PD and predict the illness' prognosis. Another valuable aspect of this pathology is the fact that the ophthalmological damage contributes significantly to the decrease in the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. We provide an overview of the most significant ophthalmologic impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. These results certainly constitute a large number of the prevalent visual impairments experienced by PD patients.
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Carelli L, Solca F, Tagini S, Torre S, Verde F, Ticozzi N, Ferrucci R, Pravettoni G, Aiello EN, Silani V, Poletti B. Gaze-Contingent Eye-Tracking Training in Brain Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070931. [PMID: 35884737 PMCID: PMC9313363 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movement abnormalities in association with cognitive and emotional deficits have been described in neurological, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders. Eye-Tracking (ET) techniques could therefore enhance cognitive interventions by contingently providing feedback to patients. Since no consensus has been reached thus far on this approach, this study aimed at systematically reviewing the current evidence. This review was performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Records were searched for in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (1990–2021) through the following string: (‘Eye Tracking’ OR ‘Eye-Tracking’ OR ‘Oculomotor’) AND (‘Neuropsychol*’ OR ‘Cognitive’) AND (‘Rehabilitation’ OR ‘Training’ OR ‘Stimulation’). Study outcomes were thematically classified and qualitatively synthesized. A structured quality assessment was performed. A total of 24 articles were included, addressing neurodevelopmental (preterm infants and children with autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, or ADHD; N = 14), psychiatric (mood and anxiety disorders or alcohol dependence; N = 7), and neurological conditions (stroke; N = 3). Overall, ET gaze-contingent training proved to be effective in improving cognitive and emotional alterations. However, population heterogeneity limits the generalizability of results. ET gaze-contingent protocols allow researchers to directly and dynamically train attentional functions; together with the recruitment of implicit, “bottom-up” strategies, these protocols are promising and possibly integrable with traditional cognitive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carelli
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Solca
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Sofia Tagini
- “Rita Levi Montalcini” Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Silvia Torre
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, International Medical School, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Neurology Clinic III, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Nicolò Aiello
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, International Medical School, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy; (F.S.); (S.T.); (F.V.); (N.T.); (E.N.A.); (V.S.); (B.P.)
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Eye movement abnormalities in neurodegenerative langerhans cell histiocytosis. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6539-6546. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Azami H, Chang Z, Arnold SE, Sapiro G, Gupta AS. Detection of Oculomotor Dysmetria From Mobile Phone Video of the Horizontal Saccades Task Using Signal Processing and Machine Learning Approaches. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2022; 10:34022-34031. [PMID: 36339795 PMCID: PMC9632643 DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3156964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eye movement assessments have the potential to help in diagnosis and tracking of neurological disorders. Cerebellar ataxias cause profound and characteristic abnormalities in smooth pursuit, saccades, and fixation. Oculomotor dysmetria (i.e., hypermetric and hypometric saccades) is a common finding in individuals with cerebellar ataxia. In this study, we evaluated a scalable approach for detecting and quantifying oculomotor dysmetria. Eye movement data were extracted from iPhone video recordings of the horizontal saccade task (a standard clinical task in ataxia) and combined with signal processing and machine learning approaches to quantify saccade abnormalities. Entropy-based measures of eye movements during saccades were significantly different in 72 individuals with ataxia with dysmetria compared with 80 ataxia and Parkinson's participants without dysmetria. A template matching-based analysis demonstrated that saccadic eye movements in patients without dysmetria were more similar to the ideal template of saccades. A support vector machine was then used to train and test the ability of multiple signal processing features in combination to distinguish individuals with and without oculomotor dysmetria. The model achieved 78% accuracy (sensitivity= 80% and specificity= 76%). These results show that the combination of signal processing and machine learning approaches applied to iPhone video of saccades, allow for extraction of information pertaining to oculomotor dysmetria in ataxia. Overall, this inexpensive and scalable approach for capturing important oculomotor information may be a useful component of a screening tool for ataxia and could allow frequent at-home assessments of oculomotor function in natural history studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azami
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zhuoqing Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Guillermo Sapiro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Anoopum S Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Eye Movement Alterations in Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041481. [PMID: 35214383 PMCID: PMC8875414 DOI: 10.3390/s22041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence pointing out eye movement alterations in several neurological diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video-oculography study describing potential alterations of eye movements in the post-COVID-19 condition. Visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and antisaccades in horizontal axis were measured. In all visual tests, the stimulus was deployed with a gap condition. The duration of the test was between 5 and 7 min per participant. A group of n=9 patients with the post-COVID-19 condition was included in this study. Values were compared with a group (n=9) of healthy volunteers whom the SARS-CoV-2 virus had not infected. Features such as centripetal and centrifugal latencies, success rates in memory saccades, antisaccades, and blinks were computed. We found that patients with the post-COVID-19 condition had eye movement alterations mainly in centripetal latency in visually guided saccades, the success rate in memory-guided saccade test, latency in antisaccades, and its standard deviation, which suggests the involvement of frontoparietal networks. Further work is required to understand these eye movements' alterations and their functional consequences.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yue Y, Tian T. Retinal Degeneration: A Window to Understand the Origin and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease? Front Neurosci 2022; 15:799526. [PMID: 35185448 PMCID: PMC8854654 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.799526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, manifests with motor and non-motor symptoms associated with two main pathological hallmarks, including the deterioration of dopaminergic cells and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Yet, PD is a neurodegenerative process whose origin is uncertain and progression difficult to monitor and predict. Currently, a possibility is that PD may be secondary to long lasting peripheral affectations. In this regard, it has been shown that retinal degeneration is present in PD patients. Although it is unknown if retinal degeneration precedes PD motor symptoms, the possibility exists since degeneration of peripheral organs (e.g., olfaction, gut) have already been proven to antedate PD motor symptoms. In this paper, we explore this possibility by introducing the anatomical and functional relationship of retina and brain and providing an overview of the physiopathological changes of retinal structure and visual function in PD. On the basis of the current status of visual deficits in individuals with PD, we discuss the modalities and pathological mechanism of visual function or morphological changes in the retina and focus on the correlation between visual impairment and some representative structural features with clinical significance. To consider retinal degeneration as a contributor to PD origin and progress is important because PD evolution may be monitored and predicted by retinal studies through state-of-the-art techniques of the retina. It is significant to integrally understand the role of retinal morphological and functional changes in the neurodegenerative process for the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhua Yue
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhua Yue,
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Tian Tian,
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14
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Kullmann A, Ashmore RC, Braverman A, Mazur C, Snapp H, Williams E, Szczupak M, Murphy S, Marshall K, Crawford J, Balaban CD, Hoffer M, Kiderman A. Portable eye-tracking as a reliable assessment of oculomotor, cognitive and reaction time function: Normative data for 18-45 year old. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260351. [PMID: 34807938 PMCID: PMC8608311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movements measured by high precision eye-tracking technology represent a sensitive, objective, and non-invasive method to probe functional neural pathways. Oculomotor tests (e.g., saccades and smooth pursuit), tests that involve cognitive processing (e.g., antisaccade and predictive saccade), and reaction time tests have increasingly been showing utility in the diagnosis and monitoring of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in research settings. Currently, the adoption of these tests into clinical practice is hampered by a lack of a normative data set. The goal of this study was to construct a normative database to be used as a reference for comparing patients' results. Oculomotor, cognitive, and reaction time tests were administered to male and female volunteers, aged 18-45, who were free of any neurological, vestibular disorders, or other head injuries. Tests were delivered using either a rotatory chair equipped with video-oculography goggles (VOG) or a portable virtual reality-like VOG goggle device with incorporated infrared eye-tracking technology. Statistical analysis revealed no effects of age on test metrics when participant data were divided into pediatric (i.e.,18-21 years, following FDA criteria) and adult (i.e., 21-45 years) groups. Gender (self-reported) had an effect on auditory reaction time, with males being faster than females. Pooled data were used to construct a normative database using 95% reference intervals (RI) with 90% confidence intervals on the upper and lower limits of the RI. The availability of these RIs readily allows clinicians to identify specific metrics that are deficient, therefore aiding in rapid triage, informing and monitoring treatment and/or rehabilitation protocols, and aiding in the return to duty/activity decision. This database is FDA cleared for use in clinical practice (K192186).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Kullmann
- Neurolign USA LLC, a Subsidiary of Neurolign Technologies Inc. (formerly Neuro Kinetics, Inc.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robin C. Ashmore
- Neurolign USA LLC, a Subsidiary of Neurolign Technologies Inc. (formerly Neuro Kinetics, Inc.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandr Braverman
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Mazur
- Neurolign USA LLC, a Subsidiary of Neurolign Technologies Inc. (formerly Neuro Kinetics, Inc.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hillary Snapp
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erin Williams
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mikhaylo Szczupak
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sara Murphy
- Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Defense, Hearing Center of Excellence, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Marshall
- Department of Defense, Hearing Center of Excellence, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - James Crawford
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carey D. Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kiderman
- Neurolign USA LLC, a Subsidiary of Neurolign Technologies Inc. (formerly Neuro Kinetics, Inc.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Almario G, Piñero DP. Impact of Alzheimer's Disease in Ocular Motility and Visual Perception: A Narrative Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:436-446. [PMID: 34779338 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.2002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease generating a progressive neuronal loss as well as cognitive deficiencies. This disease can be accompanied by ocular manifestations, including alterations in ocular motility and visual perception. The aim of the current review article was to collect all the information about these alterations and to analyze if there is scientific evidence supporting the potential use of these changes as biomarkers of the disease. METHODS A bibliographic search was performed using two different databases, Pubmed and Google Scholar, as well as a search of material in non-peer reviewed journals about Alzheimer's and Neurology. A total of 227 articles were found in the initial search, but only 76 were included considering their relevance according to the purpose of the reviewResults: This narrative review describes the findings obtained in this area to this date, confirming that deficiencies in saccades is the most common condition among AD patients. Furthermore, other visual alterations have also been reported in these patients, including a compromise of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, fluctuations of colour vision, stereopsis impairment and visual field losses. Likewise, other complex visuo-spatial and visuo-perceptual impairments can be present. More studies are still needed to understand better what type of changes occurs in ocular alignment, binocularity, and fixation pattern in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS AD is associated to visual perception and ocular motility alterations. All the scientific information found in this review should be considered as a guide for designing future studies and to define adequate clinical protocols for the visual evaluation of patients with AD, considering the cognitive limitations that are normally present in this type of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Almario
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Punto Óptico, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante, Spain
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Hanazuka Y, Futamura A, Hirata S, Midorikawa A, Ono K, Kawamura M. The Eyes Are More Eloquent Than Words: Anticipatory Looking as an Index of Event Memory in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:642464. [PMID: 34721250 PMCID: PMC8555693 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.642464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder in which individuals experience a difficulty in maintaining event memory for when, where, who, and what. However, verbal deficiency, one of the other symptoms of AD, may prevent a precise diagnosis of event memory because existing tests are based on verbal instructions by the tester and verbal response from patient. Therefore, non-verbal methods are essential to evaluate event memory in AD. The present study, using eye tracking, investigated whether AD patients deployed anticipatory looking to target acts related to future events based on previous experience when an identical video was presented to them twice. The results revealed the presence of anticipatory looking, although AD patients were unable to verbally report the content of the video. Our results illustrate that AD patients have a one-time event memory better than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hanazuka
- Institute of Cultural Science, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Futamura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Midorikawa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kawamura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Okusawa Hospital and Clinics, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Jang H, Soroski T, Rizzo M, Barral O, Harisinghani A, Newton-Mason S, Granby S, Stutz da Cunha Vasco TM, Lewis C, Tutt P, Carenini G, Conati C, Field TS. Classification of Alzheimer's Disease Leveraging Multi-task Machine Learning Analysis of Speech and Eye-Movement Data. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:716670. [PMID: 34616282 PMCID: PMC8488259 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.716670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that results in impaired performance in multiple cognitive domains. Preclinical changes in eye movements and language can occur with the disease, and progress alongside worsening cognition. In this article, we present the results from a machine learning analysis of a novel multimodal dataset for AD classification. The cohort includes data from two novel tasks not previously assessed in classification models for AD (pupil fixation and description of a pleasant past experience), as well as two established tasks (picture description and paragraph reading). Our dataset includes language and eye movement data from 79 memory clinic patients with diagnoses of mild-moderate AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or subjective memory complaints (SMC), and 83 older adult controls. The analysis of the individual novel tasks showed similar classification accuracy when compared to established tasks, demonstrating their discriminative ability for memory clinic patients. Fusing the multimodal data across tasks yielded the highest overall AUC of 0.83 ± 0.01, indicating that the data from novel tasks are complementary to established tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeju Jang
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Soroski
- Vancouver Stroke Program and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matteo Rizzo
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oswald Barral
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anuj Harisinghani
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sally Newton-Mason
- Vancouver Stroke Program and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Saffrin Granby
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Caitlin Lewis
- Vancouver Stroke Program and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pavan Tutt
- Vancouver Stroke Program and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Carenini
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cristina Conati
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thalia S Field
- Vancouver Stroke Program and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Comparison of Saccadic Eye Movements Among the High-tension Glaucoma, Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma, and Normal-tension Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:e76-e82. [PMID: 33394842 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS Saccadic eye movements were compared between high-tension glaucoma (HTG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Saccades were differently affected between the subtypes of primary glaucoma. AIM The aim of the study was to compare saccadic eye movements in eyes with HTG, PACG, and NTG. METHODS Saccadic eye movements were recorded using the eye tracker Eyelink-1000 in 52 participants: 15 HTG, 14 PACG, 8 NTG, and 15 normal controls. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmic and visual field examination. Prosaccades were measured using the gap paradigm. Prosaccades were measured at 3 target eccentricities (5-, 7-, and 10-degree eccentricity). All prosaccade targets were projected outside the area of visual field defect. Saccade latency, average and peak velocity, and amplitude difference of the saccades were compared between glaucoma subtypes. RESULTS The mean±SD age was lesser in controls compared with glaucoma (P=0.02). The mean age in all the glaucoma subtypes was comparable (P=0.92). The average mean deviation in PACG (-16.66±6.69 dB) was worse (P=0.01) than in HTG (-11.56±6.08 dB) and NTG (-9.55±3.96 dB). The latencies were delayed, average and peak velocities were reduced, and saccades were hypometric in glaucoma compared with controls (P<0.01). Between subtypes, the differences in latency (P<0.01), peak velocity (P=0.02), and amplitude (P=0.02) were significant. Saccadic eye movements were significantly different in NTG compared with other glaucoma subtypes (post hoc analysis; latency (HTG vs. NTG; P<0.01, HTG vs. PACG; P=0.01), peak velocity (HTG vs. NTG; P=0.02) and amplitude difference (HTG vs. NTG; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Saccadic eye movement parameters were differently affected among the glaucoma subtypes. Saccadic parameters were more affected in NTG.
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19
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Walz JA, Mani R, Alnawmasi MM, Khuu SK. Visuospatial Attention Allocation as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:675376. [PMID: 34354575 PMCID: PMC8329082 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.675376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is defined by changes in brain function resulting from external forces acting on the brain and is typically characterized by a host of physiological and functional changes such as cognitive deficits including attention problems. In the present study, we focused on the effect of TBI on the ability to allocate attention in vision (i.e., the use of endogenous and exogenous visual cues) by systematically reviewing previous literature on the topic. We conducted quantitative synthesis of 16 selected studies of visual attention following TBI, calculating 80 effect size estimates. The combined effect size was large (g = 0.79, p < 0.0001) with medium heterogeneity (I2 = 68.39%). Subgroup analyses revealed an increase in deficit with moderate-to-severe and severe TBI as compared to mild TBI [F(2, 76) = 24.14, p < 0.0001]. Task type was another key source of variability and subgroup analyses indicated that higher order attention processes were severely affected by TBI [F(2, 77) = 5.66, p = 0.0051). Meta-regression analyses revealed significant improvement in visual attention deficit with time [p(mild) = 0.031, p(moderate-to-severe) = 0.002, p(severe) < 0.0001]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that visual attention is affected by TBI and that regular assessment of visual attention, using a systematic attention allocation task, may provide a useful clinical measure of cognitive impairment and change after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Walz
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Revathy Mani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed M Alnawmasi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Puyo L, David C, Saad R, Saad S, Gautier J, Sahel JA, Borderie V, Paques M, Atlan M. Laser Doppler holography of the anterior segment for blood flow imaging, eye tracking, and transparency assessment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4478-4495. [PMID: 34457427 PMCID: PMC8367265 DOI: 10.1364/boe.425272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Laser Doppler holography (LDH) is a full-field blood flow imaging technique able to reveal human retinal and choroidal blood flow with high temporal resolution. We here report on using LDH in the anterior segment of the eye without making changes to the instrument. Blood flow in the bulbar conjunctiva and episclera as well as in corneal neovascularization can be effectively imaged. We additionally demonstrate simultaneous holographic imaging of the anterior and posterior segments by simply adapting the numerical propagation distance to the plane of interest. We used this feature to track the movements of the retina and pupil with high temporal resolution. Finally, we show that the light backscattered by the retina can be used for retro-illumination of the anterior segment. Hence digital holography can reveal opacities caused by absorption or diffusion in the cornea and eye lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Puyo
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck. Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clémentine David
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Rana Saad
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
| | - Sami Saad
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Josselin Gautier
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Borderie
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Michael Atlan
- Paris Eye Imaging, France
- Institut Langevin, CNRS, PSL University, ESPCI Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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A link between synaptic plasticity and reorganization of brain activity in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013962118. [PMID: 33431672 PMCID: PMC7826364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013962118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between synaptic plasticity and reorganization of brain activity in health and disease remains a scientific challenge. We examined this question in Parkinson's disease (PD) where functional up-regulation of postsynaptic D2 receptors has been documented while its significance at the neural activity level has never been identified. We investigated cortico-subcortical plasticity in PD using the oculomotor system as a model to study reorganization of dopaminergic networks. This model is ideal because this system reorganizes due to frontal-to-parietal shifts in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity. We tested the prediction that functional activation plasticity is associated with postsynaptic dopaminergic modifications by combining positron emission tomography/functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate striatal postsynaptic reorganization of dopamine D2 receptors (using 11C-raclopride) and neural activation in PD. We used covariance (connectivity) statistics at molecular and functional levels to probe striato-cortical reorganization in PD in on/off medication states to show that functional and molecular forms of reorganization are related. D2 binding across regions defined by prosaccades showed increased molecular connectivity between both caudate/putamen and hyperactive parietal eye fields in PD in contrast with frontal eye fields in controls, in line with the shift model. Concerning antisaccades, parietal-striatal connectivity dominated in again in PD, unlike frontal regions. Concerning molecular-BOLD covariance, a striking sign reversal was observed: PD patients showed negative frontal-putamen functional-molecular associations, consistent with the reorganization shift, in contrast with the positive correlations observed in controls. Follow-up analysis in off-medication PD patients confirmed the negative BOLD-molecular correlation. These results provide a link among BOLD responses, striato-cortical synaptic reorganization, and neural plasticity in PD.
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22
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Moser C, Schmitt L, Schmidt J, Fairchild A, Klusek J. Response Inhibition Deficits in Women with the FMR1 Premutation are Associated with Age and Fall Risk. Brain Cogn 2020; 148:105675. [PMID: 33387817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One in 113-178 females worldwide carry a premutation allele on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation is linked to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments, although the phenotype is not fully understood, particularly with respect to age effects. This study sought to define oculomotor response inhibition skills in women with the FMR1 premutation and their association with age and fall risk. We employed an antisaccade eye-tracking paradigm to index oculomotor inhibition skills in 35 women with the FMR1 premutation and 28 control women. The FMR1 premutation group exhibited longer antisaccade latency and reduced accuracy relative to controls, indicating deficient response inhibition skills. Longer response latency was associated with older age in the FMR1 premutation and was also predictive of fall risk. Findings highlight the utility of the antisaccade paradigm for detecting early signs of age-related executive decline in the FMR1 premutation, which is related to fall risk. Findings support the need for clinical prevention efforts to decrease and delay the trajectory of age-related executive decline in women with the FMR1 premutation during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Moser
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Lyndsay Schmitt
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Joseph Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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Jiang J, Yan Z, Sheng C, Wang M, Guan Q, Yu Z, Han Y, Jiang J. A Novel Detection Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients Based on Eye Movement and Electroencephalogram. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:389-399. [PMID: 31594231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting subtle changes in visual attention from electroencephalography (EEG) and the perspective of eye movement in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients can be of great significance in screening early Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a large population at primary care. OBJECTIVE We proposed an automatic, non-invasive, and quick MCI detection approach based on multimodal physiological signals for clinical decision-marking. METHODS The proposed model recruited 152 patients with MCI and 184 healthy elderly controls (HC) who underwent EEG and eye movement signal recording under a visual stimuli task, as well as other neuropsychological assessments. Forty features were extracted from EEG and eye movement signals by linear and nonlinear analysis. The features related to MCI were selected by logistic regression analysis. To evaluate the efficacy of this MCI detection approach, we applied the same procedures to achieve the Clinical model, EEG model, Eye movement model, EEG+ Clinical model, Eye movement+ Clinical model, and Combined model, and compared the classification accuracy between the MCI and HC groups with the above six models. RESULTS After the penalization of logistic regression analysis, five features from EEG and eye movement features exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05). In the classification experiment, the combined model resulted in the best accuracy. The average accuracy for the Clinical/EEG/Eye movement/EEG+ Clinical/Eye movement+ Clinical/Combined model was 68.69%, 61.79%, 73.13%, 69.46%, 75.61%, and 81.51%, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the proposed MCI detection tool has the potential to screen MCI patients from HCs and may be a powerful tool for personalized precision MCI screening in the large-scale population under primary care condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglan Guan
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jiehui Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Bartuzel MM, Wróbel K, Tamborski S, Meina M, Nowakowski M, Dalasiński K, Szkulmowska A, Szkulmowski M. High-resolution, ultrafast, wide-field retinal eye-tracking for enhanced quantification of fixational and saccadic motion. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3164-3180. [PMID: 32637248 PMCID: PMC7316009 DOI: 10.1364/boe.392849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel, noninvasive retinal eye-tracking system capable of detecting eye displacements with an angular resolution of 0.039 arcmin and a maximum velocity of 300°/s across an 8° span. Our system is designed based on a confocal retinal imaging module similar to a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. It utilizes a 2D MEMS scanner ensuring high image frame acquisition frequencies up to 1.24 kHz. In contrast with leading eye-tracking technology, we measure the eye displacements via the collection of the observed spatial excursions for all the times corresponding a full acquisition cycle, thus obviating the need for both a baseline reference frame and absolute spatial calibration. Using this approach, we demonstrate the precise measurement of eye movements with magnitudes exceeding the spatial extent of a single frame, which is not possible using existing image-based retinal trackers. We describe our retinal tracker, tracking algorithms and assess the performance of our system by using programmed artificial eye movements. We also demonstrate the clinical capabilities of our system with in vivo subjects by detecting microsaccades with angular extents as small as 0.028°. The rich kinematic ocular data provided by our system with its exquisite degree of accuracy and extended dynamic range opens new and exciting avenues in retinal imaging and clinical neuroscience. Several subtle features of ocular motion such as saccadic dysfunction, fixation instability and abnormal smooth pursuit can be readily extracted and inferred from the measured retinal trajectories thus offering a promising tool for identifying biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases associated with these ocular symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M. Bartuzel
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
- Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Krystian Wróbel
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Szymon Tamborski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Michał Meina
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
- AM2M Ltd. L.P., Mickiewicza 7/17, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Szkulmowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
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25
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Borm CDJM, Smilowska K, de Vries NM, Bloem BR, Theelen T. How I do it: The Neuro-Ophthalmological Assessment in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:427-435. [PMID: 30958314 PMCID: PMC6597980 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual disorders like double vision, dry eyes, and visual field deficits are common but frequently missed in Parkinson’s disease. Here, we aim to increase awareness for these visual disorders in Parkinson patients by discussing several common problems that can be easily diagnosed using comprehensive history taking and a basic neuro-ophthalmological examination. We offer practical guidance for the patient interview and physical exam that can facilitate a timelier recognition of visual disorders. Such recognition has immediate therapeutic relevance, because Parkinson patients are strongly dependent on an adequate vision, for example to optimally benefit from visual cueing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn D J M Borm
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Smilowska
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M de Vries
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Theelen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sun Y, Xie X, Xu Y, Wang C, Kong X. Preliminary study of abnormalities in saccade dynamics in patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2303-2309. [PMID: 32104298 PMCID: PMC7027310 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between hyperthyroidism and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by examining saccade dynamics to identify defects in eye tracking in patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage and sensitive indicators that discriminated eye tracking ability in hyperthyroidism. A total of 33 outpatients with hyperthyroidism and 26 healthy controls participated in visually guided saccade (VGS) analysis. Patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into groups based on their medication status (medicated vs. unmedicated). Main sequence analysis was performed to identify differences in peak velocity and duration, and a general linear model (GLM) was used to identify differences in latency, peak acceleration and peak deceleration among the groups. The present study compared differences in the Spearman's correlation coefficient of the duration of saccades and the acceleration asymmetric index (RAD) among the groups. Vmax values (Vmax was the asymptotic value of the PV of saccades of large amplitude) were significantly different between the healthy control and unmedicated-hyperthyroidism groups. The results of the GLM-based analysis indicated no significant differences in saccade latency among the three groups. Peak acceleration was significantly different between the healthy control and unmedicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P<0.01). Peak deceleration was significantly different between the healthy control, unmedicated- and medicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P<0.01). RAD was significantly different between the healthy control and medicated-hyperthyroidism groups (P=0.004). The results of the present study suggested that patients with hyperthyroidism with no pre-existing eye damage exhibited significantly altered saccade dynamics during VGS. Therefore, RAD may be used as an indicator to monitor the level of eye movement coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- Laboratory of Brain Stimulation and Biological Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong 516001, P.R. China
| | - Yongxia Xu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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One‑carbon metabolism factor MTHFR variant is associated with saccade latency in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2. J Neurol Sci 2020; 409:116586. [PMID: 31812845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to a CAG-repeat expansion. This work is intended to identify modifiers of the clinical phenotype in SCA2, following up on recent genome-wide association analyses that demonstrated the prominent role of DNA-damage repair and methylation for the severity and progression of polyglutamine diseases. In particular, we assessed the impact of MTHFR as rate-limiting enzyme in DNA methylation pathways, which modulates cerebellar neurotransmission and motor neuron atrophy. METHODS A sample of 166 Cuban SCA2 patients and of 130 healthy subjects from the same geographical and ethnic background was selected. The ATXN2 CAG repeat length was determined by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two amino acid substitutions known to decrease the enzyme activity of MTHFR, encoded by C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, were assessed by PCR/RFLP. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for C677T or A1298C alleles or genotype frequencies between cases and controls, confirming that disease risk in SCA2 does not depend on MTHFR activity. However, MTHFR A1298C genotypes showed a significant association with saccade latency. CONCLUSIONS \MTHFR A1298C polymorphism is associated with saccade latency in SCA2 patients, but not with disease risk, age at onset or maximal saccade velocity. These results provide evidence that folate-mediated one‑carbon metabolism might be important in the physiopathology of SCA2.
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28
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Pagida MA, Konstantinidou AE, Chrysanthou-Piterou MA, Patsouris ES, Panayotacopoulou MT. Apoptotic Markers in the Midbrain of the Human Neonate After Perinatal Hypoxic/Ischemic Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:86-101. [PMID: 31803912 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous postmortem studies on neonates with neuropathological injury of perinatal hypoxia/ischemia (PHI) showed a dramatic reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase expression (dopamine synthesis enzyme) in substantia nigra (SN) neurons, with reduction of their cellular size. In order to investigate if the above observations represent an early stage of SN degeneration, we immunohistochemically studied the expression of cleaved caspase-3 (CCP3), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and DNA fragmentation by using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin 3'-end-labeling (TUNEL) technique in the SN of 22 autopsied neonates (corrected age ranging from 34 to 46.5 gestational weeks), in relation to the severity/duration of PHI injury, as estimated by neuropathological criteria. No CCP3-immunoreactive neurons and a limited number of apoptotic TUNEL-positive neurons with pyknotic characteristics were found in the SN. Nuclear AIF staining was revealed only in few SN neurons, indicating the presence of early signs of AIF-mediated degeneration. By contrast, motor neurons of the oculomotor nucleus showed higher cytoplasmic AIF expression and nuclear translocation, possibly attributed to the combined effect of developmental processes and increased oxidative stress induced by antemortem and postmortem factors. Our study indicates the activation of AIF, but not CCP3, in the SN and oculomotor nucleus of the human neonate in the developmentally critical perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna A Pagida
- 1st Department of Psychiatry (MPag, MC-P, MPan); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Histochemistry, University Mental Health Research Institute (MPag, MC-P, MPan); and 1st Department of Pathology (AK, EP), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia E Konstantinidou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry (MPag, MC-P, MPan); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Histochemistry, University Mental Health Research Institute (MPag, MC-P, MPan); and 1st Department of Pathology (AK, EP), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita A Chrysanthou-Piterou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry (MPag, MC-P, MPan); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Histochemistry, University Mental Health Research Institute (MPag, MC-P, MPan); and 1st Department of Pathology (AK, EP), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios S Patsouris
- 1st Department of Psychiatry (MPag, MC-P, MPan); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Histochemistry, University Mental Health Research Institute (MPag, MC-P, MPan); and 1st Department of Pathology (AK, EP), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria T Panayotacopoulou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry (MPag, MC-P, MPan); Laboratory of Neurobiology and Histochemistry, University Mental Health Research Institute (MPag, MC-P, MPan); and 1st Department of Pathology (AK, EP), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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29
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Imaoka Y, Flury A, de Bruin ED. Assessing Saccadic Eye Movements With Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality Technology. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:572938. [PMID: 33093838 PMCID: PMC7527608 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.572938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As our society is ageing globally, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming a relevant issue. Assessment of saccadic eye movement could provide objective values to help to understand the symptoms of disorders. HTC Corporation launched a new virtual reality (VR) headset, VIVE Pro Eye, implementing an infrared-based eye tracking technique together with VR technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the device can be used as an assessment tool of saccadic eye movement and to investigate the technical features of eye tracking. We developed a measurement system of saccadic eye movement with a simple VR environment on Unity VR design platform, following an internationally proposed standard saccade measurement protocol. We then measured the saccadic eye movement of seven healthy young adults to analyze the oculo-metrics of latency, peak velocity, and error rate of pro- and anti-saccade tasks: 120 trials in each task. We calculated these parameters based on the saccade detection algorithm that we have developed following previous studies. Consequently, our results revealed latency of 220.40 ± 43.16 ms, peak velocity of 357.90 ± 111.99°/s, and error rate of 0.24 ± 0.41% for the pro-saccade task, and latency of 343.35 ± 76.42 ms, peak velocity of 318.79 ± 116.69°/s, and error rate of 0.66 ± 0.76% for the anti-saccade task. In addition, we observed pupil diameter of 4.30 ± 1.15 mm (left eye) and 4.29 ± 1.08 mm (right eye) for the pro-saccade task, and of 4.21 ± 1.04 mm (left eye) and 4.22 ± 0.97 mm (right eye) for the anti-saccade task. Comparing between the descriptive statistics of previous studies and our results suggests that VIVE Pro Eye can function as an assessment tool of saccadic eye movement since our results are in the range of or close to the results of previous studies. Nonetheless, we found technical limitations especially about time-related measurement parameters. Further improvements in software and hardware of the device and measurement protocol, and more measurements with diverse age-groups and people with different health conditions are warranted to enhance the whole assessment system of saccadic eye movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Imaoka
- Motor Control & Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Flury
- Motor Control & Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Motor Control & Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Abstract
Recent applications of eye tracking for diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of therapy in age-related neurological or psychological deficits have been reviewed. The review is focused on active aging, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The potential impacts and current limitations of using characterizing features of eye movements and pupillary responses (oculometrics) as objective biomarkers in the context of aging are discussed. A closer look into the findings, especially with respect to cognitive impairments, suggests that eye tracking is an invaluable technique to study hidden aspects of aging that have not been revealed using any other noninvasive tool. Future research should involve a wider variety of oculometrics, in addition to saccadic metrics and pupillary responses, including nonlinear and combinatorial features as well as blink- and fixation-related metrics to develop biomarkers to trace age-related irregularities associated with cognitive and neural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Z Marandi
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg E 9220, Denmark
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31
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Vaca-Palomares I, Brien DC, Coe BC, Ochoa-Morales A, Martínez-Ruano L, Munoz DP, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Implicit learning impairment identified via predictive saccades in Huntington's disease correlates with extended cortico-striatal atrophy. Cortex 2019; 121:89-103. [PMID: 31550618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to anticipate events and execute motor commands prior to a sensory event is an essential capability for human's everyday life. This implicitly learned anticipatory behavior depends on the past performance of repeated sensorimotor interactions timed with external cues. This kind of predictive behavior has been shown to be compromised in neurological disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), in which neural atrophy includes key cortical and basal ganglia regions. To investigate the neural basis of the anticipatory behavioral deficits in HD we used a predictive-saccade paradigm that requires predictive control to generate saccades in a metronomic temporal pattern. This is ideal because the integrity of the oculomotor network that includes the striatum and prefrontal, parietal, occipital and temporal cortices can be analyzed using structural MRI. Our results showed that the HD patients had severe predictive saccade deficits (i.e., an inability to reduce saccade reaction time in predictive condition), which are accentuated in patients with more severe motor deterioration. Structural imaging analyses revealed that these anticipatory deficits correlated with grey-matter atrophy in frontal, parietal-occipital and striatal regions. These findings indicate that the predictive saccade control deficits in HD are related to an extended cortico-striatal atrophy. This suggests that eye movement measurement could be a reliable marker of the progression of cognitive deficits in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vaca-Palomares
- Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Ochoa-Morales
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velasco Suarez", CDMX, Mexico
| | - Leticia Martínez-Ruano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velasco Suarez", CDMX, Mexico
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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Borm CDJM, Werkmann M, Visser F, Peball M, Putz D, Seppi K, Poewe W, Notting IC, Vlaar A, Theelen T, Hoyng C, Bloem BR, de Vries NM. Towards seeing the visual impairments in Parkinson's disease: protocol for a multicentre observational, cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:141. [PMID: 31238904 PMCID: PMC6591947 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visual disorders are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) but their exact frequency and severity are unknown. Good visual functioning is crucial for patients with PD, because of their need to compensate for loss of automated motor control and their postural instability, forcing patients to guide their movements visually. Here, we describe the study design of a cross-sectional, multi-centre study aiming to: (1) validate the Visual Impairment screening questionnaire (VIPD-Q, which aims to identify PD patients who should be referred to an ophthalmologist for further assessment); (2) study the prevalence of visual disorders in PD; (3) study the severity and clinical impact of different types of visual disorders in PD; and (4) explore treatment options for ophthalmologic disorders in PD, as a basis for future guideline development. Methods This study consists of two phases. In phase one, 750 PD patients and 250 healthy controls will be recruited to complete the VIPD-Q. In phase two, a subgroup of responders (n = 100) (with the highest and lowest scores on the VIPD-Q) will be invited for an extensive neurological and ophthalmological assessment. The in-depth ophthalmologic examination will serve as the “gold standard” for validating the VIPD-Q. Moreover, these assessments will be used to study associations between visual disorders and clinical presentation, in order to gain more insight in their clinical impact. Discussion Our study will heighten the awareness of visual problems in PD and offers a robust starting point to systematically approach this subject. In current daily practice, the association between visual problems and PD is far from obvious to both patients and clinicians. Consequently, patients may not adequately report visual problems themselves, while clinicians miss potentially treatable visual disorders. Routinely asking patients to complete a simple screening questionnaire could be an easy solution leading to timely identification of visual problems, tailored treatment, restored mobility, greater independence and improved quality of life. Trial registration Dutch Trial Registration, NL7421, Registered on 4 December 2018 – Retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-019-1365-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn D J M Borm
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, Donders institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mario Werkmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Femke Visser
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouw Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Peball
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diana Putz
- Department of ophthalmology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irene C Notting
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Vlaar
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouw Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Theelen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Hoyng
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, Donders institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M de Vries
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, Donders institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Camacho PB, Carbonari R, Shen S, Zadikoff C, Kramer AF, López-Ortiz C. Voluntary Saccade Training Protocol in Persons With Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:77. [PMID: 31024292 PMCID: PMC6459894 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Voluntary saccade function gradually decreases during both the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and neurologically healthy adult aging. Voluntary saccades display decreased length and increased saccade latency, duration, and the number of compensatory saccades in aging and PD. Saccades serve as the key eye movement for maintaining salient features of the visual environment on the high visual acuity fovea of the retina. Abnormal saccade behavior has been associated with freezing of gait in PD. We have not identified any studies that have investigated improvement in voluntary saccade function using voluntary saccade training. Objective: We report an experimental protocol that tests a training paradigm following the principle of specificity to improve voluntary saccade velocity and amplitude, while decreasing latency and the number of compensatory saccades. Methods: Persons with PD (n = 22) and persons with no known neurological disorders (n = 22) between the ages of 40 and 65 years will be recruited. In a randomized-block study design, all participants will perform voluntary saccades to targets in eight cardinal and intercardinal directions. In each of the eight sessions during the four-week intervention period, participants will train at three target amplitudes. Participants will perform 40 trials for each amplitude block, consisting of five randomly presented repetitions for each direction. Voluntary and reflexive saccades will be recorded pre- and post-intervention, along with clinical mobility assessment using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Mobility scores, the amplitude, latency, and duration of the first saccade, and the number of saccades to reach the fixation target will be analyzed using an ANOVA of mixed effects. Discussion: This protocol holds promise as a potential method to improve voluntary saccade function in persons with PD. Should persons with PD not improve on any outcome following the intervention, this lack of response may support the use of saccade assessment as a response biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. Trial Registration: This protocol was retrospectively registered at ISRCTN (ISRCTN.com) since July 25, 2018. The first participant was recruited March 12, 2016. The protocol identifier is 17784042. Descriptive Title: A two-arm, pre/post-protocol to compare the effects of a four-week voluntary saccade training intervention in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy adults aged forty years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Camacho
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ronald Carbonari
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sa Shen
- Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Cindy Zadikoff
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Citlali López-Ortiz
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Joffrey Ballet Academy, The Official School of the Joffrey Ballet, Chicago, IL, United States
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Sabel BA, Flammer J, Merabet LB. Residual vision activation and the brain-eye-vascular triad: Dysregulation, plasticity and restoration in low vision and blindness - a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 36:767-791. [PMID: 30412515 PMCID: PMC6294586 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vision loss due to ocular diseases such as glaucoma, optic neuropathy, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy, are generally considered an exclusive affair of the retina and/or optic nerve. However, the brain, through multiple indirect influences, has also a major impact on functional visual impairment. Such indirect influences include intracerebral pressure, eye movements, top-down modulation (attention, cognition), and emotionally triggered stress hormone release affecting blood vessel dysregulation. Therefore, vision loss should be viewed as the result of multiple interactions within a “brain-eye-vascular triad”, and several eye diseases may also be considered as brain diseases in disguise. While the brain is part of the problem, it can also be part of the solution. Neuronal networks of the brain can “amplify” residual vision through neuroplasticity changes of local and global functional connectivity by activating, modulating and strengthening residual visual signals. The activation of residual vision can be achieved by different means such as vision restoration training, non-invasive brain stimulation, or blood flow enhancing medications. Modulating brain functional networks and improving vascular regulation may offer new opportunities to recover or restore low vision by increasing visual field size, visual acuity and overall functional vision. Hence, neuroscience offers new insights to better understand vision loss, and modulating brain and vascular function is a promising source for new opportunities to activate residual vision to achieve restoration and recovery to improve quality of live in patients suffering from low vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lotfi B Merabet
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Laboratory for Visual Neuroplasticity, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Blignaut P, van Rensburg EJ, Oberholzer M. Visualization and quantification of eye tracking data for the evaluation of oculomotor function. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01127. [PMID: 30705982 PMCID: PMC6348242 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor dysfunction may originate from physical, physiological or psychological causes and may be a marker for schizophrenia or other disorders. Observational tests for oculomotor dysfunction are easy to administer, but are subjective and transient, and it is difficult to quantify deviations. To date, video-based eye tracking systems have not provided a contextual overview of gaze data that integrates the eye video recording with the stimulus and gaze data together with quantitative feedback of metrics in relation to typical values. A system was developed with an interactive timeline to allow the analyst to scroll through a recording frame-by-frame while comparing data from three different sources. The visual and integrated nature of the analysis allows localisation and quantification of saccadic under- and overshoots as well as determination of the frequency and amplitude of catch-up and anticipatory saccades. Clinicians will be able to apply their expertise to diagnose disorders based on abnormal patterns in the gaze plots. They can use the line charts to quantify deviations from benchmark values for reaction time, saccadic accuracy and smooth pursuit gain. A clinician can refer to the eye video at any time to confirm that observed deviations originated from gaze behaviour and not from systemic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Blignaut
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, South Africa
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Bellet ME, Bellet J, Nienborg H, Hafed ZM, Berens P. Human-level saccade detection performance using deep neural networks. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:646-661. [PMID: 30565968 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00601.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades are ballistic eye movements that rapidly shift gaze from one location of visual space to another. Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings is important not only for studying the neural mechanisms underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive processes, but also as a clinical and diagnostic tool. However, automatically detecting saccades can be difficult, particularly when such saccades are generated in coordination with other tracking eye movements, like smooth pursuits, or when the saccade amplitude is close to eye tracker noise levels, like with microsaccades. In such cases, labeling by human experts is required, but this is a tedious task prone to variability and error. We developed a convolutional neural network to automatically detect saccades at human-level accuracy and with minimal training examples. Our algorithm surpasses state of the art according to common performance metrics and could facilitate studies of neurophysiological processes underlying saccade generation and visual processing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings can be a difficult task, but it is a necessary first step in many applications. We present a convolutional neural network that can automatically identify saccades with human-level accuracy and with minimal training examples. We show that our algorithm performs better than other available algorithms, by comparing performance on a wide range of data sets. We offer an open-source implementation of the algorithm as well as a web service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bellet
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Joachim Bellet
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience , Tübingen , Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Hendrikje Nienborg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ziad M Hafed
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience , Tübingen , Germany
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Srivastava A, Ahmad OF, Pacia CP, Hallett M, Lungu C. The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion. J Mov Disord 2018; 11:93-106. [PMID: 30086615 PMCID: PMC6182301 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Omar F Ahmad
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Pham Pacia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Codrin Lungu
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nij Bijvank JA, Petzold A, Balk LJ, Tan HS, Uitdehaag BMJ, Theodorou M, van Rijn LJ. A standardized protocol for quantification of saccadic eye movements: DEMoNS. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200695. [PMID: 30011322 PMCID: PMC6047815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative saccadic testing is a non-invasive method of evaluating the neural networks involved in the control of eye movements. The aim of this study is to provide a standardized and reproducible protocol for infrared oculography measurements of eye movements and analysis, which can be applied for various diseases in a multicenter setting. METHODS Development of a protocol to Demonstrate Eye Movement Networks with Saccades (DEMoNS) using infrared oculography. Automated analysis methods were used to calculate parameters describing the characteristics of the saccadic eye movements. The two measurements of the subjects were compared with descriptive and reproducibility statistics. RESULTS Infrared oculography measurements of all subjects were performed using the DEMoNS protocol and various saccadic parameters were calculated automatically from 28 subjects. Saccadic parameters such as: peak velocity, latency and saccade pair ratios showed excellent reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.9). Parameters describing performance of more complex tasks showed moderate to good reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficients 0.63-0.78). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a standardized and transparent protocol for measuring and analyzing saccadic eye movements in a multicenter setting. The DEMoNS protocol details outcome measures for treatment trial which are of excellent reproducibility. The DEMoNS protocol can be applied to the study of saccadic eye movements in various neurodegenerative and motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Nij Bijvank
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - A. Petzold
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. J. Balk
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. S. Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. M. J. Uitdehaag
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Theodorou
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. J. van Rijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam UMC - VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Qiu L, Yan H, Zhu R, Yan J, Yuan H, Han Y, Yue W, Tian L, Zhang D. Correlations between exploratory eye movement, hallucination, and cortical gray matter volume in people with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:226. [PMID: 30005610 PMCID: PMC6045825 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread cortical gray matter alternations in people with schizophrenia are correlated with both psychotic symptoms and cognitive/behavioral abnormalities, including the impairments of exploratory eye movement (EEM). Particularly, the loss of gray matter density is specifically related to deficits of the responsive search score (RSS) of EEM in schizophrenia. It is unknown, however, whether the schizophrenia-related RSS deficits are associated with certain psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations. METHODS In 33 participants with schizophrenia, the measurement of EEM, assessment of the hallucination severity using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical gray matter volume (GMV) were conducted to investigate the relationships between the RSS of EEM, symptom severity, and GMV. In 29 matched healthy controls, the measurement of EEM and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical GMV were also conducted to investigate the relationship between the RSS of EEM and GMV. RESULTS In participants with schizophrenia, the hallucination severity was significantly negatively correlated with both the RSS and the GMV of a large number of brain regions in the frontal, temporal, parietal, orbitofrontal, calcarine, cingulate, and insular cortices, and rolandic operculum, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and thalamus. Also in participants with schizophrenia, the RSS was significantly positively correlated with the GMV in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), left superior frontal cortex (SFG), bilateral precentral gyri, bilateral postcentral gyri, and bilateral middle frontal cortices. More importantly, the GMV of the SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere was not only significantly negatively correlated with the hallucination severity but also significantly positively correlated with the RSS. No significant correlation could be revealed between the RSS and the GMV of any brain regions in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS There was a significantly negative association between the hallucination severity and the RSS of EEM, suggesting that the RSS may be a potential biomarker for predicting the hallucination severity of schizophrenia. Also, the GMV of the left SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus may be the common substrates underlying both hallucination induction and the RSS in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qiu
- 0000 0000 9490 772Xgrid.186775.aDepartment of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China ,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Risheng Zhu
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Huishu Yuan
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4The Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Han
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
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40
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Mani R, Asper L, Khuu SK. Deficits in saccades and smooth-pursuit eye movements in adults with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1315-1336. [PMID: 29913089 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1483030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a review of literature and quantify the effect that traumatic brain injury (TBI) has on oculomotor functions (OM). METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted from papers that objectively measured saccades and smooth-pursuit eye movements in mild and severe TBI. RESULTS The overall impact of TBI on OM functions was moderate and significant with an effect size of 0.42 from 181 OM case-control comparisons. The heterogeneity, determined using the random effect model, was found to be significant (Q (180) = 367, p < 0.0001, I2 = 51) owing to the variety of OM functions (reflexive saccades, antisaccades, memory-guided saccades, self-paced saccades and pursuits) measured and varying post-injury periods.The overall effect on OM functions were similar in mild and severe TBI despite differences in combined effect size of various OM functions. OM functions involving complex cognitive skills such as antisaccades (in mild and severe TBI) and memory-guided saccades (in mild TBI) were the most adversely affected, suggesting that OM deficits may be associated with cognitive deficits in TBI. CONCLUSION TBI often results in long-standing OM deficits. Experimental measures of OM assessment reflect neural integrity and may provide a sensitive and objective biomarker to detect OM deficits following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Mani
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , The University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Lisa Asper
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , The University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , The University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney , Australia
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Beltrán J, García-Vázquez MS, Benois-Pineau J, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Dartigues JF. Computational Techniques for Eye Movements Analysis towards Supporting Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2676409. [PMID: 29887912 PMCID: PMC5985110 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2676409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An opportune early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) would help to overcome symptoms and improve the quality of life for AD patients. Research studies have identified early manifestations of AD that occur years before the diagnosis. For instance, eye movements of people with AD in different tasks differ from eye movements of control subjects. In this review, we present a summary and evolution of research approaches that use eye tracking technology and computational analysis to measure and compare eye movements under different tasks and experiments. Furthermore, this review is targeted to the feasibility of pioneer work on developing computational tools and techniques to analyze eye movements under naturalistic scenarios. We describe the progress in technology that can enhance the analysis of eye movements everywhere while subjects perform their daily activities and give future research directions to develop tools to support early AD diagnosis through analysis of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beltrán
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CITEDI, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
- CONACYT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Gorges M, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Structural and Functional Brain Mapping Correlates of Impaired Eye Movement Control in Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Systems-Based Concept. Front Neurol 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29867729 PMCID: PMC5949537 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the human oculomotor system by eye movement recordings provides an approach to behavior and its alterations in disease. The neurodegenerative process underlying parkinsonian syndromes, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multisystem atrophy (MSA) changes structural and functional brain organization, and thus affects eye movement control in a characteristic manner. Video-oculography has been established as a non-invasive recording device for eye movements, and systematic investigations of eye movement control in a clinical framework have emerged as a functional diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Disease-specific brain atrophy in parkinsonian syndromes has been reported for decades, these findings were refined by studies utilizing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and task-based/task-free functional MRI—both MRI techniques revealed disease-specific patterns of altered structural and functional brain organization. Here, characteristic disturbances of eye movement control in parkinsonian syndromes and their correlations with the structural and functional brain network alterations are reviewed. On this basis, we discuss the growing field of graph-based network analysis of the structural and functional connectome as a promising candidate for explaining abnormal phenotypes of eye movement control at the network level, both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gorges
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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43
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Consensus Paper: Neurophysiological Assessments of Ataxias in Daily Practice. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:628-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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FitzGerald JJ, Lu Z, Jareonsettasin P, Antoniades CA. Quantifying Motor Impairment in Movement Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:202. [PMID: 29695949 PMCID: PMC5904266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently the assessment of many movement disorders has relied on clinical rating scales that despite careful design are inherently subjective and non-linear. This makes accurate and truly observer-independent quantification difficult and limits the use of sensitive parametric statistical methods. At last, devices capable of measuring neurological problems quantitatively are becoming readily available. Examples include the use of oculometers to measure eye movements and accelerometers to measure tremor. Many applications are being developed for use on smartphones. The benefits include not just more accurate disease quantification, but also consistency of data for longitudinal studies, accurate stratification of patients for entry into trials, and the possibility of automated data capture for remote follow-up. In this mini review, we will look at movement disorders with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease, describe some of the limitations of existing clinical evaluation tools, and illustrate the ways in which objective metrics have already been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J FitzGerald
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongjiao Lu
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Prem Jareonsettasin
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Exeter College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chrystalina A Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rigas I, Friedman L, Komogortsev O. Study of an Extensive Set of Eye Movement Features: Extraction Methods and Statistical Analysis. J Eye Mov Res 2018; 11. [PMID: 33828682 PMCID: PMC7722561 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.11.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a study of an extensive set of 101 categories of eye movement features
from three types of eye movement events: fixations, saccades, and post-saccadic oscillations.
We present a unified framework of methods for the extraction of features that describe
the temporal, positional and dynamic characteristics of eye movements. We perform
statistical analysis of feature values by employing eye movement data from a normative
population of 298 subjects, recorded during a text reading task. We present overall
measures for the central tendency and variability of feature values, and we quantify the
test-retest reliability of features using either the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (for
normally distributed and normalized features) or Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (for
non-normally distributed features). Finally, for the case of normally distributed and normalized
features we additionally perform factor analysis and provide interpretations of the
resulting factors. The presented methods and analysis can provide a valuable tool for
researchers in various fields that explore eye movements, such as in behavioral studies,
attention and cognition research, medical research, biometric recognition, and humancomputer
interaction.
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OSCANN: Technical Characterization of a Novel Gaze Tracking Analyzer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020522. [PMID: 29425134 PMCID: PMC5855867 DOI: 10.3390/s18020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eye-movement analysis has grown exponentially in recent decades. The reason is that abnormalities in oculomotor movements are usually symptoms of injuries in the nervous system. This paper presents a novel regulated solution named OSCANN. OSCANN aims at providing an innovative tool for the control, management and visualization of oculomotor neurological examinations. This solution utilizes an eye-tracker sensor based on video electro-oculography (VOG) technology to capture eye movements and store them in video files. Such a sensor can store images at a rate of 100 frames per second. A characterization study was performed using twenty-two volunteers (13 male, 9 female, ages 22–45 years, mean 29.3 years, SD = 6.7) to assess the accuracy and precision specifications of OSCANN during oculomotor movement analysis. The accuracy was evaluated based on the offset, whereas precision was estimated with Root Means Square (RMS). Such a study reported values lower than 0.4∘ and 0.03∘ of accuracy and precision, respectively. These results suggest that OSCANN can be considered as a powerful tool to measure oculomotor movement alterations involved in some neurological disease progression.
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Regional microstructural damage and patterns of eye movement impairment: a DTI and video-oculography study in neurodegenerative parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol 2017; 264:1919-1928. [PMID: 28762086 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic alterations of eye movement control are a common feature of neurodegenerative parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Regional microstructural alterations as assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been reported in PD, PSP, and MSA. Therefore, we investigated the specific association between eye movement disturbances and microstructural impairment in these diseases. Video-oculographic recordings of smooth pursuit and visually guided reactive saccades as well as fractional anisotropy (FA) maps computed from whole-brain DTI data were analyzed for 36 PD, 30 PSP, 18 MSA patients, and 23 matched healthy control subjects. In PSP, peak eye velocity was pathologically slowed compared to controls (p < 0.001) and correlated significantly with microstructural impairment in the midbrain (p < 0.001, corrected). Smooth pursuit eye movements were substantially disturbed in MSA mainly by characteristic 'catch-up' saccades resulting in significantly reduced pursuit gain (p < 0.001, corrected), and the shape of saccadized pursuit in MSA was significantly correlated with FA reductions in the middle cerebral peduncle (p < 0.001, FDR corrected). The prevalence of saccadic intrusions as a measure for inhibitory control was significantly increased in PD compared with controls (p < 0.001), but was uncorrelated with FA in cortical and subcortical white matter. Eye movement disturbances in PSP and MSA-but not in PD-are associated with diagnosis-specific regional microstructural alterations in the white matter. The non-invasive quantified oculomotor function analysis can give clues to the underlying structural connectivity network pathology and underpins its role as a technical marker in PSP and MSA.
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Vaca-Palomares I, Coe BC, Brien DC, Campos-Romo A, Munoz DP, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Voluntary saccade inhibition deficits correlate with extended white-matter cortico-basal atrophy in Huntington's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017. [PMID: 28649493 PMCID: PMC5472191 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit automatic versus voluntary saccade commands in demanding situations can be impaired in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD). These deficits could result from disruptions in the interaction between basal ganglia and the saccade control system. To investigate voluntary oculomotor control deficits related to the cortico-basal circuitry, we evaluated early HD patients using an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade task that requires flexible executive control to generate either an automatic response (look at a peripheral visual stimulus) or a voluntary response (look away from the stimulus in the opposite direction). The impairments of HD patients in this task are mainly attributed to degeneration in the striatal medium spiny neurons leading to an over-activation of the indirect-pathway thorough the basal ganglia. However, some studies have proposed that damage outside the indirect-pathway also contribute to executive and saccade deficits. We used the interleaved pro- and anti-saccade task to study voluntary saccade inhibition deficits, Voxel-based morphometry and Tract-based spatial statistic to map cortico-basal ganglia circuitry atrophy in HD. HD patients had voluntary saccade inhibition control deficits, including increased regular-latency anti-saccade errors and increased anticipatory saccades. These deficits correlated with white-matter atrophy in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, anterior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. These findings suggest that cortico-basal ganglia white-matter atrophy in HD, disrupts the normal connectivity in a network controlling voluntary saccade inhibitory behavior beyond the indirect-pathway. This suggests that in vivo measures of white-matter atrophy can be a reliable marker of the progression of cognitive deficits in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Aurelio Campos-Romo
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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Vintonyak O, Gorges M, Müller HP, Pinkhardt EH, Ludolph AC, Huppertz HJ, Kassubek J. Patterns of Eye Movement Impairment Correlate with Regional Brain Atrophy in Neurodegenerative Parkinsonism. NEURODEGENER DIS 2017; 17:117-126. [PMID: 28268209 DOI: 10.1159/000454880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One common feature of neurodegenerative parkinsonism including Parkinson's disease (PD), multisystem atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is altered eye movement control. Characteristic regional structural atrophy patterns in MRI can be observed in PD, MSA, and PSP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between eye movement disturbances and regional brain atrophy in patients with PD, MSA, and PSP. METHODS High-resolution 3-dimensional T1-weighted MRI images and video-oculographic recordings (EyeLink®) were obtained from 39 PD, 32 PSP, and 18 MSA patients and 24 matched healthy control subjects. Automatic regional volumetric assessment was performed using atlas-based volumetry (ABV). RESULTS The prevalence of saccadic intrusions as a measure of inhibitory control was significantly increased in PD patients compared to controls (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with whole brain volume, cerebral brain volume, and occipital lobe volume (p = 0.0057, p = 0.0049, and p = 0.0059, respectively; all p values are false discovery rate corrected). In MSA, smooth pursuit was disturbed by characteristic "catch-up" saccades (p < 0.001) and it was significantly correlated with cerebellar volume (p = 0.004) and pontine volume (p < 0.001). The hallmark of PSP was pathologically slowed vertical peak eye velocities (p < 0.001); the lower the peak eye velocity, the more marked midbrain atrophy (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Foci of regional atrophy correlated with disease-specific eye movement alterations in all investigated parkinsonian syndromes. Oculomotor impairment in PD, predominantly the result of executive dysfunction, was linked to cerebral atrophy. Impairment in the corresponding oculomotor pathways was associated with atrophy of pontocerebellar oculomotor structures in MSA and midbrain atrophy in PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vintonyak
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Ocular and visual disorders in Parkinson's disease: Common but frequently overlooked. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 40:1-10. [PMID: 28284903 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often compensate for their motor deficits by guiding their movements visually. A wide range of ocular and visual disorders threatens the patients' ability to benefit optimally from visual feedback. These disorders are common in patients with PD, yet they have received little attention in both research and clinical practice, leading to unnecessary - but possibly treatable - disability. Based on a literature search covering 50 years, we review the range of ocular and visual disorders in patients with PD, and classify these according to anatomical structures of the visual pathway. We discuss six common disorders in more detail: dry eyes; diplopia; glaucoma and glaucoma-like visual problems; impaired contrast and colour vision; visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments; and visual hallucinations. In addition, we review the effects of PD-related pharmacological and surgical treatments on visual function, and we offer practical recommendations for clinical management. Greater awareness and early recognition of ocular and visual problems in PD might enable timely instalment of tailored treatments, leading to improved patient safety, greater independence, and better quality of life.
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