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Govindarajulu M, Patel MY, Wilder DM, Krishnan J, LaValle C, Pandya JD, Shear DA, Hefeneider SH, Long JB, Arun P. Upregulation of multiple toll-like receptors in ferret brain after blast exposure: potential targets for treatment. Neurosci Lett 2023; 810:137364. [PMID: 37391063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Although blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been designated as the signature injury of recent combat operations, its precise pathological mechanism(s) has not been identified thus far. Prior preclinical studies on bTBI demonstrated acute neuroinflammatory cascades which are known to be contributing to neurodegeneration. Danger-associated chemical patterns are released from the injured cells, which activate non-specific pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) leading to increased expression of inflammatory genes and release of cytokines. Upregulation of specific TLRs in the brain has been described as a mechanism of injury in diverse brain injury models unrelated to blast exposure. However, the expression profile of various TLRs in bTBI has not been investigated thus far. Hence, we have evaluated the expression of transcripts for TLR1-TLR10 in the brain of a gyrencephalic animal model of bTBI. We exposed ferrets to tightly coupled repeated blasts and determined the differential expression of TLRs (TLR1-10) by quantitative RT-PCR in multiple brain regions at 4 hr, 24 hr, 7 days and 28 days post-blast injury. The results obtained indicate that multiple TLRs are upregulated in the brain at 4 hr, 24 hr, 7 days and 28 days post-blast. Specifically, upregulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 was noted in different brain regions, suggesting that multiple TLRs might play a role in the pathophysiology of bTBI and that drugs that can inhibit multiple TLRs might have enhanced efficacy to attenuate brain damage and thereby improve bTBI outcome. Taken together, these results suggest that several TLRs are upregulated in the brain after bTBI and participate in the inflammatory response and thereby provide new insights into the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of multiple TLRs, including TLR2, 4 and 9, simultaneously might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mital Y Patel
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jishnu Krishnan
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Christina LaValle
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jignesh D Pandya
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Chen HD, Jiang MZ, Zhao YY, Li X, Lan H, Yang WQ, Lai Y. Effects of breviscapine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and intestinal flora imbalance by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115691. [PMID: 36087844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plant Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.,a Chinese herbal medicine with multiple pharmacological effects and clinical applications, has been traditionally used in the treatment of paralysis caused by stroke and joint pain from rheumatism by the Yi minority people of Southwest China for generations.However, its mechanism involves many factors and has not been fully clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY Taking intestinal flora as the target, the protective effect of extract(breviscapine) of E. breviscapus on cerebral ischemia and its possible mechanism were discussed from the perspective of brain inflammatory pathway and intestinal CYP3A4, which depends on intestinal flora. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we first verified the binding ability between major active ingredient of Erigeron breviscapus and the core target TLR4 protein by molecular docking using Vina software.We established a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.The neurological function of rats was scored by Bederson score table, the cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining, and the serum NSE level was detected by ELASA. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to detect the intestinal flora of rats in each group.The expression levels of cerebral TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and CYP3A4 mRNA and protein in different intestinal segments were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the model group, the neurological injury score, infarct volume and serum NSE concentration of breviscapine low, medium and high dose groups and nimodipine groups decreased significantly. Meanwhile, breviscapine could significantly reduce the expression level of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB in brain tissue and CYP3A4 in different intestinal segments of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, breviscapine also significantly ameliorated intestinal flora dysbiosis of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS Breviscapine can protect rats from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating intestinal flora, inhibiting brain TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and intestinal CYP3A4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan (Cultivation), Dali, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan (Cultivation), Dali, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan (Cultivation), Dali, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Lai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan (Cultivation), Dali, People's Republic of China.
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Shehjar F, Maktabi B, Rahman ZA, Bahader GA, James AW, Naqvi A, Mahajan R, Shah ZA. Stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapies: Update on recent developments. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105458. [PMID: 36460240 PMCID: PMC9839659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, a neurological disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, resulting in long-term disability in most survivors. Annual stroke costs in the United States alone were estimated at $46 billion recently. Stroke pathophysiology is complex, involving multiple causal factors, among which atherosclerosis, thrombus, and embolus are prevalent. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology are essential to understanding targeted drug development. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity and calcium overload, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors increase the chances of stroke manifolds. Once a patient encounters a stroke, complete restoration of motor ability and cognitive skills is often rare. Therefore, shaping therapeutic strategies is paramount for finding a viable therapeutic agent. Apart from tPA, an FDA-approved therapy that is applied in most stroke cases, many other therapeutic strategies have been met with limited success. Stroke therapies often involve a combination of multiple strategies to restore the patient's normal function. Certain drugs like Gamma-aminobutyric receptor agonists (GABA), Glutamate Receptor inhibitors, Sodium, and Calcium channel blockers, and fibrinogen-depleting agents have shown promise in stroke treatment. Recently, a drug, DM199, a recombinant (synthetic) form of a naturally occurring protein called human tissue kallikrein-1 (KLK1), has shown great potential in treating stroke with fewer side effects. Furthermore, DM199 has been found to overcome the limitations presented when using tPA and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Cell-based therapies like Neural Stem Cells, Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs) are also being explored as a treatment of choice for stroke. These therapeutic agents come with merits and demerits, but continuous research and efforts are being made to develop the best therapeutic strategies to minimize the damage post-stroke and restore complete neurological function in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shehjar
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Briana Maktabi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zainab A Rahman
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Antonisamy William James
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Naqvi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Reetika Mahajan
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Isosteviol attenuates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining intestinal barrier function through PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109532. [PMID: 36508925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic debilitating inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that is characterized by intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and excessive activation of the mucosal immune system. Isosteviol (IS) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate effects and mechanisms of IS against intestinal inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into Sham, IS, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and DSS + IS groups. In vivo colitis model was established using 3.0 % DSS. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-treated Caco-2 cells were used as an inflammatory model. Clinical characteristics, histological performance, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and intestinal barrier function were measured. In addition, activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1/protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB (PDK1/AKT/NF-κB) signaling pathway was determined by western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that IS mitigated DSS-induced colitis by reducing body weight loss, colonic shortening, and disease activity index score, and by inhibiting expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. IS restored impaired barrier function by regulating tight junctions and intestinal epithelial permeability. Furthermore, we found that IS ameliorated intestinal barrier injury by regulating PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IS attenuates experimental colitis by preserving intestinal barrier function, probably mediated by PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of IS as a therapeutic agent for IBD.
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhang M, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Li J, Lin Y. Effect of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids on Neurological Recovery via Ameliorating Apoptosis and Regulating the Activation and Polarization of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37478-37492. [PMID: 35951372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, as the most plentiful subtypes of glial cells, play an essential biphasic function in ischemic stroke (IS). However, although having beneficial effects on stroke via promoting nerve restoration and limiting lesion extension, astrocytes can unavoidably cause exacerbated brain damage due to their participation in the inflammatory response. Therefore, seeking an effective and safe drug/strategy for protecting and regulating astrocytes in stroke is urgent. Here, we employ tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) nanomaterials for astrocytes in stroke, considering their excellent biological properties and outstanding biosafety. In vitro, tFNA can inhibit calcium overload and ROS regeneration triggered by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), which provides a protective effect against astrocytic apoptosis. Furthermore, morphological changes such as hyperplasia and hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes are restrained, and the astrocytic polarization from the proinflammatory A1 phenotype to the neuroprotective A2 phenotype is facilitated by tFNA, which further alleviates cerebral infarct volume and facilitates the recovery of neurological function in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models. Moreover, the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway is downregulated by tFNA, which may be the potential mechanism of tFNA for protecting astrocytes in stroke. Collectively, we demonstrate that tFNA can effectively mediate astrocytic apoptosis, activation, and polarization to alleviate brain injury, which represents a potential intervention strategy for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Isosteviol Sodium (STVNA) Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 and GM-CSF in an In Vitro Murine Stroke Model of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091753. [PMID: 36145501 PMCID: PMC9505783 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early treatment with glucocorticoids could help reduce both cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, leading to improved clinical outcome after stroke. In our previous study, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) demonstrated neuroprotective effects in an in vitro stroke model, which utilizes oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Herein, we tested the hypothesis that STVNA can activate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) as previously published for T cells. STVNA exhibited no effects on transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, contrary to previous reports in Jurkat cells. However, similar to dexamethasone, STVNA inhibited inflammatory marker IL-6 as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion. Based on these results, STVNA proves to be beneficial as a possible prevention and treatment modality for brain ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction.
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Qin C, Yang S, Chu YH, Zhang H, Pang XW, Chen L, Zhou LQ, Chen M, Tian DS, Wang W. Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 35794095 PMCID: PMC9259607 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused primarily by an interruption in cerebral blood flow, which induces severe neural injuries, and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Thus, it is of great necessity to further detailly elucidate the mechanisms of ischemic stroke and find out new therapies against the disease. In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including cellular excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell death processes, and neuroinflammation. In the meantime, a plethora of signaling pathways, either detrimental or neuroprotective, are also highly involved in the forementioned pathophysiology. These pathways are closely intertwined and form a complex signaling network. Also, these signaling pathways reveal therapeutic potential, as targeting these signaling pathways could possibly serve as therapeutic approaches against ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke and categorize them based on the pathophysiological processes they participate in. Therapeutic approaches targeting these signaling pathways, which are associated with the pathophysiology mentioned above, are also discussed. Meanwhile, clinical trials regarding ischemic stroke, which potentially target the pathophysiology and the signaling pathways involved, are summarized in details. Conclusively, this review elucidated potential molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways underlying ischemic stroke, and summarize the therapeutic approaches targeted various pathophysiology, with particular reference to clinical trials and future prospects for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Pang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Clark A, Zelmanovich R, Vo Q, Martinez M, Nwafor DC, Lucke-Wold B. Inflammation and the role of infection: Complications and treatment options following neurotrauma. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 100:23-32. [PMID: 35381478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury can have devastating consequences for patients and extended hospital stays and recovery course. Recent data indicate that the initial insult causes profound changes to the immune system and leads to a pro-inflammatory state. This alteration in homeostasis predisposes patients to an increased risk of infection and underlying autoimmune conditions. Increased emphasis has been placed on understanding this process both in the clinical and preclinical literature. This review highlights the intrinsic inflammatory conditions that can occur within the initial hospital stay, discusses long-term immune consequences, highlights emerging treatment options, and delves into important pathways currently being investigated with preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Clark
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | | | - Quan Vo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Melanie Martinez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Divine C Nwafor
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Mirzaasgari Z, Gorji A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116153. [PMID: 34200356 PMCID: PMC8201279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of pathological conditions that temporarily or permanently affect the brain tissue mostly via the decrease of oxygen and glucose supply. TLRs have a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cascades following hypoxic-ischemic events and subsequently contribute to neuroprotective or detrimental effects of CVD-induced neuroinflammation. The TLR signaling pathway and downstream cascades trigger immune responses via the production and release of various inflammatory mediators. The present review describes the modulatory role of the TLR signaling pathway in the inflammatory responses developed following various CVDs and discusses the potential benefits of the modulation of different TLRs in the improvement of functional outcomes after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zahra Mirzaasgari
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1593747811, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-8355564; Fax: +49-251-8347479
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Ma X, Wang Y, Yin H, Hua L, Zhang X, Xiao J, Yuan Q, Wang S, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y. Down-regulated long non-coding RNA RMST ameliorates dopaminergic neuron damage in Parkinson's disease rats via regulation of TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:22-30. [PMID: 33933526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current treatment and prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not ideal. This study explored the mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST) in dopaminergic (DA) neuron damage in PD rats. METHODS PD rats were modeled and injected with RMST silence or overexpression vectors to figure out its roles in oxidative stress, the apoptosis of DA neurons in brain substantia nigra (SN), and neurobehavioral activities of PD rats. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), synaptophysin (SYN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (Iba-1) in SN were detected. RMST and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway-related factors were detected. RESULTS RMST expression in brain SN of rats, TLR2, TLR4 expression in neurons and NF-κB expression in cell nucleus were increased. Silenced RMST improved the neurobehavioral activities, depressed oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis, increased TH and SYN expression, and reduced the activation degree of glial cells in SN and the inflammatory response via reducing GFAP and Iba-1. Moreover, reduced RMST reduced TLR2 and TLR4 expression in neurons and NF-κB expression in cell nucleus in PD rats. CONCLUSION Inhibited RMST attenuates DA neuron damage in PD rats, which may be implicated with TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Ma
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Qilu Medical University, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Honglei Yin
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Hua
- Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhao Xiao
- Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, Henan, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Simiao Zhang
- Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, Henan, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Neurology Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Zibo 255300, Shandong, China; Neurology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, Henan, China.
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Abdul KSM, Faiz N, Jovanović A, Tan W. Isosteviol Protects H9c2 Cells Against Hypoxia-reoxygenation by Activating ERK1/2. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:73-77. [PMID: 33593268 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x21666210216122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the present study, we have investigated the cardioprotective properties of Isosteviol (STV) under conditions of hypoxia-reoxygenation and elucidated the underlying mechanism. BACKGROUND In our previous studies, we have determined that STV exhibits neuro- and cardio-protective properties. However, the mechanism underlying STV-induced cardioprotection has not yet been fully understood. METHODS All experiments were performed on rat heart embryonic H9c2 cell line. To induce hypoxia- reoxygenation, cells were exposed to 1% oxygen (in no glucose and no sodium pyruvate DMEM) following by reoxygenation (using fully supplemented MEM). Cells viability was tested by MTT assay, and protein levels were compared by Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of heart embryonic H9c2 cells with STV (10 μM) significantly increased the survival of cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. STV (10 μM) activated ERK1/2 and DRP1 in hypoxia-reoxygenation, but did not have any effects on ERK1/2 or DRP1 in normoxia. STV (10 μM) did not regulate CAMKII, AKT or AMPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Taken all together, our findings demonstrate that 1) STV protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia-reoxygenation and that 2) this effect is mediated via ERK1/2. The property of STV that selectively activates ERK1/2 in cells exposed to stress, but not in cells under non-stress conditions, makes this compound a promising candidate-drug for therapy against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja S M Abdul
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Neha Faiz
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Aleksandar Jovanović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Li L, Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:740-755. [PMID: 33039660 PMCID: PMC7543714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal cells that mediate innate immunity in the CNS. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed by astrocytes and microglia, sense pathogen-derived or endogenous ligands released by damaged cells and initiate the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-characterized family of PRRs. The contribution of microglial TLR signaling to CNS pathology has been extensively investigated. Even though astrocytes assume a wide variety of key functions, information about the role of astroglial TLRs in CNS disease and injuries is limited. Because astrocytes display heterogeneity and exhibit phenotypic plasticity depending on the effectors present in the local milieu, they can exert both detrimental and beneficial effects. TLRs are modulators of these paradoxical astroglial properties. The goal of the current review is to highlight the essential roles played by astroglial TLRs in CNS infections, injuries and diseases. We discuss the contribution of astroglial TLRs to host defense as well as the dissemination of viral and bacterial infections in the CNS. We examine the link between astroglial TLRs and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and present evidence showing the pivotal influence of astroglial TLR signaling on sterile inflammation in CNS injury. Finally, we define the research questions and areas that warrant further investigations in the context of astrocytes, TLRs, and CNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Li
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F. Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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13
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Rösing N, Salvador E, Güntzel P, Kempe C, Burek M, Holzgrabe U, Soukhoroukov V, Wunder C, Förster C. Neuroprotective Effects of Isosteviol Sodium in Murine Brain Capillary Cerebellar Endothelial Cells (cerebEND) After Hypoxia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573950. [PMID: 33192319 PMCID: PMC7655651 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It damages neurons and other supporting cellular elements in the brain. However, the impairment is not only confined to the region of assault but the surrounding area as well. Besides, it also brings about damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in turn leads to microvascular failure and edema. Hence, this necessitates an on-going, continuous search for intervention strategies and effective treatment. Of late, the natural sweetener stevioside proved to exhibit neuroprotective effects and therapeutic benefits against cerebral ischemia-induced injury. Its injectable formulation, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) also demonstrated favorable results. Nonetheless, its effects on the BBB have not yet been investigated to date. As such, this present study was designed to assess the effects of STVNA in our in vitro stroke model of the BBB.The integrity and permeability of the BBB are governed and maintained by tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as claudin-5 and occludin. Our data show increased claudin-5 and occludin expression in oxygen and glucose (OGD)-deprived murine brain capillary cerebellar endothelial cells (cerebEND) after STVNa treatment. Likewise, the upregulation of the transmembrane protein integrin-αv was also observed. Finally, cell volume was reduced with the simultaneous administration of STVNA and OGD in cerebEND cells. In neuropathologies such as stroke, the failure of cell volume control is a major feature leading to loss of cells in the penumbra as well as adverse outcomes. Our initial findings, therefore, point to the neuroprotective effects of STVNA at the BBB in vitro, which warrant further investigation for a possible future clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rösing
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellaine Salvador
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Güntzel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kempe
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Soukhoroukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wunder
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carola Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Zheng L, Tang X, Lu M, Sun S, Xie S, Cai J, Zan J. microRNA-421-3p prevents inflammatory response in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through targeting m6A Reader YTHDF1 to inhibit p65 mRNA translation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106937. [PMID: 32890792 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death globally, and inflammation is considered as a vital contributor to the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Recently, microRNA-421-3p-derived macrophages is found to promote motor function recovery in spinal cord injury. Here, we explored whether microRNA-421-3p is involved in inflammation responses during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its molecular mechanism. METHODS An in vivo experimental animal model of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in vitro model of microglial subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used. The effects of microRNA-421-3p on cerebral I/R injury and its underlying mechanism were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, RNA immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, luciferase reporter assay, and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS We find that microRNA-421-3p is significantly decreased in cerebral I/R injury in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of microRNA-421-3p evidently suppresses pro-inflammatory factor expressions and inhibits NF-κB p65 protein expression and nuclear translocation in BV2 microglia cells treated with OGD/R. However, microRNA-421-3p neither promotes p65 mRNA expression, nor affects p65 mRNA or protein stability. Moreover, we find the m6A 'reader' protein YTH domain family protein 1 (YTHDF1) is the specific target of microRNA-421-3p, and YTHDF1 specifically binds to the m6a site of p65 mRNA to promote its translation. CONCLUSION microRNA-421-3p prevents inflammatory response in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through targeting YTHDF1 to inhibit p65 mRNA translation. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Xialin Tang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Minyi Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuangxi Sun
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510310, China.
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15
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in Dentate Gyrus of Rats. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9814978. [PMID: 32879625 PMCID: PMC7448220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9814978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was not clear how and whether neural stem cells (NSCs) responded to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the inflammatory environment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The current study investigated the correlation of TLR2 and NSC proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) using the TBI model of rats. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to observe the expression of BrdU, nestin, and TLR2 in the DG in morphology. Proliferating cells in the DG were labelled by thymidine analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Three-labelled BrdU, nestin, and DAPI was used for the identification of newly generated NSCs. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to observe the expression of TLR2 from the level of protein and mRNA. We observed that BrdU+/nestin+/DAPI+ cells accounted for 84.30% ± 6.54% among BrdU+ cells; BrdU+ and nestin+ cells in the DG were also TLR2+ cells. BrdU+ cells and the expression of TLR2 (both protein and mRNA levels) both elevated immediately at 6 hours (h), 24 h, 3 days (d), and 7 d posttrauma and peaked in 3 d. Results indicated that TLR2 was expressed on proliferating cells in the DG (NSCs possibly) and there was a potential correlation between increased TLR2 and proliferated NSCs after TBI. Taken together, these findings suggested that TLR2 was involved in endogenous neurogenesis in the DG after TBI.
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16
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VX765 Attenuates Pyroptosis and HMGB1/TLR4/NF- κB Pathways to Improve Functional Outcomes in TBI Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7879629. [PMID: 32377306 PMCID: PMC7181015 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7879629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to temporary or permanent damage to brain function caused by penetrating objects or blunt force trauma. TBI activates inflammasome-mediated pathways and other cell death pathways to remove inactive and damaged cells, however, they are also harmful to the central nervous system. The newly discovered cell death pattern termed pyroptosis has become an area of interest. It mainly relies on caspase-1-mediated pathways, leading to cell death. Methods Our research focus is VX765, a known caspase-1 inhibitor which may offer neuroprotection after the process of TBI. We established a controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model and then controlled the degree of pyroptosis in TBI with VX765. The effects of caspase-1 inhibition on inflammatory response, pyroptosis, blood-brain barrier (BBB), apoptosis, and microglia activation, in addition to neurological deficits, were investigated. Results We found that TBI led to NOD-like receptors (NLRs) as well as absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in the damaged cerebral cortex. VX765 curbed the expressions of indispensable inflammatory subunits (caspase-1 as well as key downstream proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-18). It also inhibited gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage and apoptosis-associated spot-like protein (ASC) oligomerization in the injured cortex. In addition to the above, VX765 also inhibited the inflammatory activity of the high-mobility cassette -1/Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kappa B) pathway. By inhibiting pyroptosis and inflammatory mediator expression, we demonstrated that VX765 can decrease blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, apoptosis, and microglia polarization to exhibit its neuroprotective effects. Conclusion In conclusion, VX765 can counteract neurological damage after TBI by reducing pyroptosis and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway activities. VX765 may have a good therapeutic effect on TBI.
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17
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Lu MY, Wu JR, Liang RB, Wang YP, Zhu YC, Ma ZT, Zhang H, Zan J, Tan W. Upregulation of miR-219a-5p Decreases Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vitro by Targeting Pde4d. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104801. [PMID: 32249206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability and death globally. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in the development and pathogenesis of the nervous system. However, the exact function and mechanism of miRNAs have not been fully elucidated about brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS In this study, we explored the neuroprotective effects of miR-219a-5p on brain using an in vitro ischemia model (mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells treated with oxyglucose deprivation and reperfusion), and in vivo cerebral I/R model in mice. Western blot assay and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction were used to check the expression of molecules involved. Flow cytometry and cholecystokinin were used to examine cell apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS Our research shows that miR-219a-5p gradually decreases in cerebral I/R models in vivo and in vitro. In vitro I/R, we find that miR-219a-5p mimics provided evidently protection for cerebral I/R damage, as shown by increased cell viability and decreased the release of LDH and cell apoptosis. Mechanically, our findings indicate that miR-219a-5p binds to cAMP specific 3', 5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) mRNA in the 3'-UTR region, which subsequently leads to a decrease in Pde4d expression in I/R N2a cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new ideas for the study of the mechanism of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and lay the foundation for further research on the treatment of brain I/R injury. Upregulation of miR-219a-5p decreases cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting Pde4d in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Rong Wu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Bing Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Peng Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Cai Zhu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ting Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Guan X, Kang J, Wang X, Liu Q, Li D, Xu H, Tao Z, Deng Y. Atorvastatin inhibits renal inflammatory response induced by calcium oxalate crystals via inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1065-1074. [PMID: 32083808 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the renal protective effect of atorvastatin (ATV) on the kidney inflammation induced by calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. A cell model of cell-crystal interactions and a rat model of CaOx kidney stone were established. The expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3, and cleaved caspase-1 in cells and rat kidney tissues were detected using Western blot, immunohistochemical, and/or immunofluorescence. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium were measured. The secreted levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were examined by ELISA. The serum levels of creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. von Kossa staining was used for the evaluation of renal lens deposition. The CaOx model group showed significantly decreased SOD level; increased concentrations of MDA; ROS and LDH; elevated expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3, and cleaved caspase-1; and the elevated release of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF- α as compared to the control group. The treatment with ATV significantly inhibited the formation of CaOx kidney stone by increasing the level of SOD; downregulating MDA, ROS, and LDH; inhibiting the expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3 and cleaved caspase-1; and blocking the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the serum levels of CRE and BUN, and the intrarenal crystal deposition were also significantly decreased in ATV-treated rats. In summary, oxidative stress, TLR4/NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are involved in renal inflammatory responses induced by CaOx crystals. ATV treatment significantly suppressed oxidative stress, inhibited the activation of TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways, and decreased the release of inflammatory mediators, thereby ameliorating CaOx crystal-induced damage and crystal deposition in HK-2 cells and rat kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Juening Kang
- Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Derong Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwei Tao
- Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaoliang Deng
- Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Lin QM, Tang XH, Lin SR, Chen BD, Chen F. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates overexpression of inflammatory mediators in rat brain after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:324-331. [PMID: 31552906 PMCID: PMC6905325 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves neurological function after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment on expression profiles of multiple cytokines in the brain after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiac arrest was induced in rats by asphyxia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated 6 minutes after cardiac arrest. One hour after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rats were injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (control) or 1 × 106 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the tail vein. Serum S100B levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neurological deficit scores were evaluated to assess brain damage at 3 days after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Serum S100B levels were remarkably decreased and neurological deficit scores were obviously improved in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group. Brains were isolated from the rats and expression levels of 90 proteins were determined using a RayBio Rat Antibody Array, to investigate the cytokine profiles. Brain levels of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, macrophage-derived chemokine, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were decreased ≥ 1.5-fold, while levels of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 were increased ≥ 1.5-fold in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the control group. Donor mesenchymal stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence to determine their distribution in the damaged brain, and were primarily observed in the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates brain damage induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, possibly via regulation of inflammatory mediators. This experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian Medical University, China in January 2016 (approval No. 2016079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xia-Hong Tang
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi-Rong Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ben-Dun Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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20
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Chen Y, Beng H, Su H, Han F, Fan Z, Lv N, Jovanović A, Tan W. Isosteviol prevents the development of isoprenaline‑induced myocardial hypertrophy. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1932-1942. [PMID: 31545484 PMCID: PMC6777692 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isosteviol sodium (STVNa), which is a derivate of the natural sweet-tasting glycoside stevioside, has recently been developed and it has been determined that this compound exhibits neuro- and cardio-protective properties. In the current study, whether STVNa interferes with the development of cardiac hypertrophy, which is induced by isoprenaline (Iso), was investigated in an experimental rat model. Rats were treated with a vehicle (0.9% NaCl; control), isoprenaline (Iso; 5 mg/kg) or Iso (5 mg/kg) with STVNa (4 mg/kg; Iso + STVNa). Cardiomyocytes were isolated using enzymatic dissociation and were treated with 5 µM Iso for 24 h and co-treated with 5 µM STVNa. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA expression was determined using PCR analysis. Cell surface area, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Ca2+ and contractile function were examined using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The current study demonstrated that STVNa inhibited Iso-induced cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting cardiomyocyte size. STVNa significantly reduced cell surface area and decreased BNP mRNA expression in ventricular cardiomyocyte Iso-induced hypertrophy. STVNa was also revealed to restore ΔΨm and reduce ROS generation and intracellular Ca2+ concentration when compared with the Iso-treated group. Additionally, STVNa preserved Ca2+ transients in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that STVNa protects against Iso-induced myocardial hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress, restoring ΔΨm and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxu Chen
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Beng
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Fuping Han
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Fan
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Nanying Lv
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
| | - Aleksandar Jovanović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY‑1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P.R. China
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Zhang H, Lu M, Zhang X, Kuai Y, Mei Y, Tan Q, Zhong K, Sun X, Tan W. Isosteviol Sodium Protects against Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Polarization via Disruption of GAS5/miR-146a-5p sponge. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12221. [PMID: 31434993 PMCID: PMC6704123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that transforming microglia phenotype from pro-inflammation of M1 phenotype to anti-inflammation and tissue-repairing M2 phenotype may be an effective therapeutic strategy for preventing ischemic stroke brain injury. Isosteviol Sodium (STV-Na) has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent in cerebral ischemia model, although its effect on microglial polarization and chronic recovery after stroke is not clear. Here, we demonstrated that STV-Na treatment significantly reduced cerebral ischemic damage at both acute and chronic time points. STV-Na has a profound regulatory effect on microglia response after stroke. It can promote M2 polarization and inhibit microglia-mediated inflammation (M1) response following stroke in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we also found that Growth Arrest-Specific 5 (GAS5) altered OGD/R-induced microglial activation by increasing Notch1 expression via miR-146a-5p, the mRNA level of GAS5 and the protein level of Notch1 in vivo and in vitro, were discovered that both downgraded with STV-Na. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that STV-Na exerted neuroprotective effects by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization in ischemic stroke via the GAS5/miR-146a-5p sponge. These findings provide new evidence that targeting STV-Na could be a treatment for the prevention of stroke-related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihe Kuai
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailun Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Synthesis of Isosteviol analogues as potential protective agents against Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in zebrafish embryos. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1705-1709. [PMID: 31129053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful anthracycline antibiotic agent which is widely used to treat various types of cancers. Despite efficacy, it displays severe cardiotoxic side effects. Discovery of novel and effective protective agents against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been a subject of great interest. Herein, we report the synthesis of two series of analogues of Isosteviol (ISV) 1 with modifications at C-16, C-19 positions as the first series and at C-15, C-16 positions as the other series. Interestingly second series analogues have shown a potential protective effect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos in vivo. Further, we have demonstrated that the synthesized new analogues of ISV, prevented the morphological distortions caused due to DOX cardiotoxicity in zebrafish heart and the associated cardiac impairments.
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Zhong KL, Lu MY, Liu F, Mei Y, Zhang XJ, Zhang H, Zan J, Sun XO, Tan W. Isosteviol Sodium Protects Neural Cells Against Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis Through Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 28:175-184. [PMID: 30539754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevioside, isolated from the herb Stevia rebaudiana, has been widely used as a food sweetener all over the world. Isosteviol Sodium (STV-Na), an injectable formulation of isosteviol sodium salt, has been proved to possess much greater solubility and bioavailability and exhibit protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury in vivo by inhibiting neuron apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects STV-Na are still not completely known. In the present study, we investigated the effects of STV-Na on neuronal cell death caused by hypoxia in vitro and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS We used cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to expose mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells to hypoxic conditions in vitro. RESULTS Our results showed that pretreatment with STV-Na (20 μM) significantly attenuated the decrease of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release and cell apoptosis under conditions of CoCl2-induced hypoxia. Meanwhile, STV-Na pretreatment significantly attenuated the upregulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and reactive oxygen species production, and inhibited mitochondrial depolarization in N2a cells under conditions of CoCl2-induced hypoxia. Furthermore, STV-Na pretreatment significantly downregulated expressions of nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalings in N2a cells under conditions of CoCl2-induced hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, STV-Na protects neural cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis through inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Yi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ju Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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