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Hwang ZA, Li CW, Hsu AL, Wu CW, Chan WP, Huang MC. Assessment of resting cerebral perfusion between methamphetamine-associated psychosis and schizophrenia through arterial spin labeling MRI. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01857-1. [PMID: 38970667 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical manifestations of methamphetamine (METH)-associated psychosis (MAP) and acute paranoid schizophrenia (SCZ) are similar. This study aims to assess regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in individuals who use METH and in those with SCZ using the MRI arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique. METHODS We prospectively recruited 68 participants and divided them into four groups: MAP (N = 15), SCZ (N = 13), METH users with no psychosis (MNP; N = 22), and normal healthy controls (CRL; N = 18). We measured rCBF using an MRI three-dimensional pseudo-continuous ASL sequence. Clinical variables were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Group-level rCBF differences were analyzed using a two-sample t-test. RESULTS Decreased rCBF was found in the precuneus, premotor cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and thalamus in the MNP group compared with the CRL group. The MAP group had significantly decreased rCBF in the precuneus, hippocampus, anterior insula, inferior temporal gyrus, inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, and superior occipital gyrus compared with the MNP group. Increased rCBF in the precuneus and premotor cortex was seen in the MAP group compared with the SCZ group. rCBF in the precuneus and premotor cortex significantly correlated negatively with the PANSS but correlated positively with BACS scores in the MAP and SCZ groups. CONCLUSION METH exposure was associated with decreased rCBF in the precuneus and premotor cortex. Patients with MAP exhibited higher rCBF than those with SCZ, implying preserved insight and favorable outcomes. rCBF can therefore potentially serve as a diagnostic approach to differentiate patients with MAP from those with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-An Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- GE Healthcare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hsu
- Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Changwei W Wu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing P Chan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Addiction Sciences, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Yan P, Li N, Ma M, Liu Z, Yang H, Li J, Wan C, Gao S, Li S, Zheng L, Waddington JL, Xu L, Zhen X. Hypoxia-inducible factor upregulation by roxadustat attenuates drug reward by altering brain iron homoeostasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:355. [PMID: 37718358 PMCID: PMC10505610 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder remains a major challenge, with an enduring need to identify and evaluate new, translational targets for effective treatment. Here, we report the upregulation of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression by roxadustat (Rox), a drug developed for renal anemia that inhibits HIF prolyl hydroxylase to prevent degradation of HIF-1α, administered either systemically or locally into selected brain regions, suppressed morphine (Mor)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). A similar effect was observed with methamphetamine (METH). Moreover, Rox also inhibited the expression of both established and reinstated Mor-CPP and promoted the extinction of Mor-CPP. Additionally, the elevation of HIF-1α enhanced hepcidin/ferroportin 1 (FPN1)-mediated iron efflux and resulted in cellular iron deficiency, which led to the functional accumulation of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in plasma membranes due to iron deficiency-impaired ubiquitin degradation. Notably, iron-deficient mice generated via a low iron diet mimicked the effect of Rox on the prevention of Mor- or METH-CPP formation, without affecting other types of memory. These data reveal a novel mechanism for HIF-1α and iron involvement in substance use disorder, which may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of drug abuse. The findings also repurpose Rox by suggesting a potential new indication for the treatment of substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huicui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jinnan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Chunlei Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuliu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Longtai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - John L Waddington
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Hall N, Dao N, Hewett C, Oberle S, Minagar A, Lamon K, Ford C, Blough BE, Alexander JS, Murnane KS. Methamphetamine and Designer Stimulants Modulate Tonic Human Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Contractility: Relevance to Drug-Induced Neurovascular Stress. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:144-154. [PMID: 37092527 PMCID: PMC10123609 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To avoid criminal prosecution, clandestine chemists produce designer stimulants that mimic the pharmacological and psychoactive effects of conventional stimulants, such as methamphetamine. Following persistent or high-dose exposure, both acute vasoconstriction and loss of vascular homeostasis are reported dangers of conventional stimulants, and designer stimulants may pose even greater dangers. To compare the effects of a conventional stimulant and two designer stimulants on vascular contraction, this study examined the direct effects of 1,3-benzodioxolylbutanamine (BDB) and N-butylpentylone in comparison to methamphetamine on the function of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMCs). HBVSMCs suspended in collagen gels were exposed to varying concentrations of each drug, and the degree of constriction was assessed over one week. The MTT assay was used to measure the impact of the three drugs on the cellular metabolic activity as a marker of cellular toxicity. The highest concentration tested of either methamphetamine or N-butylpentylone produced a loss of HBVSMC contractility and impaired cellular metabolism. BDB showed a similar pattern of effects, but, uniquely, it also induced vasoconstrictive effects at substantially lower concentrations. Each drug produced direct effects on HBVSMC contraction that may be a mechanism by which the cardiovascular system is damaged following high-dose or persistent exposure, and this could be exacerbated by any sympathomimetic effects of these compounds in whole organisms. BDB appears to impact HBVSMC function in ways distinct from methamphetamine and N-butylpentylone, which may present unique dangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hall
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Nhi Dao
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA 71101, USA
| | - Cameron Hewett
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sara Oberle
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA 71101, USA
| | - Andrew Minagar
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA 71101, USA
| | - Kariann Lamon
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Carey Ford
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - J. Steven Alexander
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Kevin S. Murnane
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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4
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Kuebler IRK, Jolton JA, Hermreck C, Hubbard NA, Wakabayashi KT. Contrasting dose-dependent effects of acute intravenous methamphetamine on lateral hypothalamic extracellular glucose dynamics in male and female rats. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:819-836. [PMID: 36043803 PMCID: PMC9529272 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00257.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the brain's primary energetic resource. The brain's use of glucose is dynamic, balancing delivery from the neurovasculature with local metabolism. Although glucose metabolism is known to differ in humans with and without methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), it is unknown how central glucose regulation changes with acute methamphetamine experience. Here, we determined how intravenous methamphetamine regulates extracellular glucose levels in a brain region implicated in MUD-like behavior, the lateral hypothalamus (LH). We measured extracellular LH glucose in awake adult male and female drug-naive Wistar rats using enzyme-linked amperometric glucose biosensors. Changes in LH glucose were monitored during a single session after: 1) natural nondrug stimuli (novel object presentation and a tail-touch), 2) increasing cumulative doses of intravenous methamphetamine (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg), and 3) an injection of 60 mg of glucose. We found second-scale fluctuations in LH glucose in response to natural stimuli that differed by both stimulus type and sex. Although rapid, second-scale changes in LH glucose during methamphetamine injections were variable, slow, minute-scale changes following most injections were robust and resulted in a reduction in LH glucose levels. Dose and sex differences at this timescale indicated that female rats may be more sensitive to the impact of methamphetamine on central glucose regulation. These findings suggest that the effects of MUD on healthy brain function may be linked to how methamphetamine alters extracellular glucose regulation in the LH and point to possible mechanisms by which methamphetamine influences central glucose metabolism more broadly.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Enzyme-linked glucose biosensors were used to monitor lateral hypothalamic (LH) extracellular fluctuations during nondrug stimuli and intravenous methamphetamine injections in drug-naive awake male and female rats. Second-scale glucose changes occurred after nondrug stimuli, differing by modality and sex. Robust minute-scale decreases followed most methamphetamine injections. Sex differences at the minute-scale indicate female central glucose regulation is more sensitive to methamphetamine effects. We discuss likely mechanisms underlying these fluctuations, and their implications in methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R K Kuebler
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Joshua A Jolton
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Chase Hermreck
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas A Hubbard
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ken T Wakabayashi
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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5
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Cheng AYT, Stubbs JL, Barr AM, Gicas KM, Su W, Thornton AE, Lang DJ, Hamzah Y, Leonova O, MacEwan WG, Rauscher A, Honer WG, Panenka WJ. Risk factors for hippocampal cavities in a marginally housed population. Hippocampus 2022; 32:567-576. [PMID: 35702814 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cavities in the hippocampus are morphological variants of uncertain significance. Aberrant neurodevelopment along with vascular and inflammatory etiologies have been proposed. We sought to characterize these cavities and their potential risk factors in a marginally housed population, with high rates of viral infection, addiction, and mental illness. (1) The volume of hippocampal cavities (HCavs) is greater in this highly multimorbid population compared to the general population. (2) Conventional vascular risk factors such as greater age and systolic blood pressure are associated with higher HCav volume. (3) Nonprescribed substance-related risk factors such as stimulant use or dependence, and smoking are associated with increased HCav volume independent of vascular risk factors. This is a retrospective analysis of an ongoing prospective study. We analyzed baseline data, including medical history, physical exam, psychiatric diagnosis, and MRI from a total of 375 participants. Hippocampal cavities were defined as spaces isointense to CSF on T1 MRI sequences, bounded on all sides by hippocampal tissue, with a volume of at least 1 mm3 . Risk factors were evaluated using negative binomial multiple regression. Stimulant use was reported by 87.3% of participants, with stimulant dependence diagnosed in 83.3% of participants. Prevalence of cavities was 71.6%, with a mean total bilateral HCav volume of 13.89 mm3 . On average, a 1 mmHg greater systolic blood pressure was associated with a 2.17% greater total HCav volume (95% CI = [0.57%, 3.79%], p = .0076), while each cigarette smoked per day trended toward a 2.69% greater total HCav volume (95% CI = [-0.87%, 5.54%], p = .058). A diagnosis of stimulant dependence was associated with a 95.6% greater total HCav volume (95% CI = [5.39%, 263.19%], p = .0335). Hypertension and diagnosis of stimulant dependence were associated with a greater total volume of HCav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y T Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacob L Stubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M Gicas
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allen E Thornton
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Donna J Lang
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasmin Hamzah
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olga Leonova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William G MacEwan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Neuropsychiatry Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Perez FA, Blythe S, Wouldes T, McNamara K, Black KI, Oei JL. Prenatal methamphetamine-impact on the mother and child-a review. Addiction 2022; 117:250-260. [PMID: 33830539 DOI: 10.1111/add.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is the second most commonly used illicit drug in the world, after cannabis. There are limited data on the outcomes of pregnant MA users but there is rapidly emerging evidence to suggest that they are more vulnerable, marginalized and impoverished compared with other drug-using mothers. MA use during pregnancy is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes and significantly higher rates of co-existing health and psychosocial problems. Newborn infants exposed to MA are at increased risk of perinatal complications, present differently at birth to infants exposed to other drugs of dependency such as opioids and have poorer neurological adaptation and feeding difficulties. Sparse literature from neuroimaging and cohort studies suggests that the neurocognitive deficits in MA exposed children persist, even into adulthood. Current clinical practice guidelines for the care of substance exposed pregnant women are opioid-centric with little attention paid to the consequences of prenatal MA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Anne Perez
- Department of Newborn Care, The Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Stacy Blythe
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University.,Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Trecia Wouldes
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly McNamara
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sidney, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New SouthWales, Sidney, Australia
| | - Kirsten I Black
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sidney, Australia
| | - Ju Lee Oei
- Department of Newborn Care, The Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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7
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Persons AL, Bradaric BD, Kelly LP, Kousik SM, Graves SM, Yamamoto BK, Napier TC. Gut and brain profiles that resemble pre-motor and early-stage Parkinson's disease in methamphetamine self-administering rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108746. [PMID: 34098381 PMCID: PMC8483557 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine is a potent psychomotor stimulant, and methamphetamine abusers are up to three times more likely to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) later in life. Prodromal PD may involve gut inflammation and the accumulation of toxic proteins that are transported from the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system to mediate, in part, the degeneration of dopaminergic projections. We hypothesized that self-administration of methamphetamine in rats produces a gut and brain profile that mirrors pre-motor and early-stage PD. METHODS Rats self-administered methamphetamine in daily 3 h sessions for two weeks. Motor function was assessed before self-administration, during self-administration and throughout the 56 days of forced abstinence. Assays for pathogenic markers (tyrosine hydroxylase, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), α-synuclein) were conducted on brain and gut tissue collected at one or 56 days after cessation of methamphetamine self-administration. RESULTS Motor deficits emerged by day 14 of forced abstinence and progressively worsened up to 56 days of forced abstinence. In the pre-motor stage, we observed increased immunoreactivity for GFAP and α-synuclein within the ganglia of the myenteric plexus in the distal colon. Increased α-synuclein was also observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta. At 56 days, GFAP and α-synuclein normalized in the gut, but the accumulation of nigral α-synuclein persisted, and the dorsolateral striatum exhibited a significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase. CONCLUSION The pre-motor profile is consistent with gut inflammation and gut/brain α-synuclein accumulation associated with prodromal PD and the eventual development of the neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Brinda D. Bradaric
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Health Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Leo P. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sharanya M. Kousik
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Steven M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Bryan K. Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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8
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Labazi H, Nilsen M, MacLean MR. Sex-dependent right ventricular hypertrophic gene changes after methamphetamine treatment in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174066. [PMID: 33789156 PMCID: PMC8111419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and subsequent right ventricular failure. A recent clinical study demonstrated that female sex is a major risk factor for MA-induced PAH. The mechanisms associated with increased prevalence and severity of MA-induced PAH in females are still unclear. We hypothesized that MA may promote changes in gene expression in the right ventricle contributing to the development and/or worsening of PAH in females. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were treated with either MA or vehicle. Right and left ventricular systolic pressures (RVSP and LVSP, respectively) were assessed and tissue samples were collected for gene expression and histology. LVSP and RVSP were not affected by MA in either males or females. Right ventricular hypertrophy was significantly increased by MA in females but it was not affected by MA in males. In the female mice, MA-induced right ventricular hypertrophy was associated with increased expression of brain natriuretic peptide gene and members of the TGF-β receptor signaling pathway such as TGF-β receptor-1, smad3 and smad7. In male mice, there were no changes in right ventricular gene expression. Our results suggest that MA caused right ventricular hypertrophy in female mice, but not in males and that this was associated with an increase in hypertrophic genes. The right ventricular hypertrophy was not dependent on increased RVSP suggesting a direct effect of MA on the right ventricle. If this translates to PAH patients, it might explain the poor outcome observed in MA-associated female PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Labazi
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences and College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Margaret Nilsen
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences and College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences and College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Rodriguez EA, Yamamoto BK. Toxic Effects of Methamphetamine on Perivascular Health: Co-morbid Effects of Stress and Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:2092-2107. [PMID: 34344290 PMCID: PMC9185763 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse presents a global problem and commonly occurs with stress and/or alcohol use disorders. Regardless, the biological causes and consequences of these comorbidities are unclear. Whereas the mechanisms of Meth, stress, and alcohol abuse have been examined individually and well-characterized, these processes overlap significantly and can impact the neural and peripheral consequences of Meth. This review focuses on the deleterious cardio- and cerebrovascular effects of Meth, stress, alcohol abuse, and their comorbid effects on the brain and periphery. Points of emphasis are on the composition of the blood-brain barrier and their effects on the heart and vasculature. The autonomic nervous system, inflammation, and oxidative stress are specifically highlighted as common mediators of the toxic consequences to vascular and perivascular health. A significant portion of the Meth abusing population also presents with stress and alcohol use disorders, prompting a need to understand the mechanisms underlying their comorbidities. Little is known about their possible convergent effects. Therefore, the purpose of this critical review is to identify shared mechanisms of Meth, chronic stress, and alcohol abuse that contributes to the dysfunction of vascular health and underscores the need for studies that directly address their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryan K. Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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10
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Ohene-Nyako M, Persons AL, Napier TC. Hippocampal blood-brain barrier of methamphetamine self-administering HIV-1 transgenic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:416-429. [PMID: 32725911 PMCID: PMC9949894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection reduces plasma viral load and prolongs life. However, the brain is a viral reservoir, and pathologies such as cognitive decline and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption persist. Methamphetamine abuse is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Methamphetamine and HIV toxic proteins can disrupt the BBB, but it is unclear if there exists a common pathway by which HIV proteins and methamphetamine induce BBB damage. Also unknown are the BBB effects imposed by chronic exposure to HIV proteins in the comorbid context of chronic methamphetamine abuse. To evaluate these scenarios, we trained HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg rats to self-administer methamphetamine using a 21-day paradigm that produced an equivalency dose range at the low end of the amounts self-titrated by humans. Markers of BBB integrity were measured for the hippocampus, a brain region involved in cognitive function. Outcomes revealed that tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and occludin, were reduced in Tg rats independent of methamphetamine, and this co-occurred with increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, albumin (indicating barrier breakdown) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9; indicating barrier matrix disruption); reductions in GFAP (indicating astrocytic dysfunction); and microglial activation (indicating inflammation). Evaluations of markers for two signaling pathways that regulate MMP-9 transcription, NF-κB and ERK/∆FosB revealed an overall genotype effect for NF-κB. Methamphetamine did not alter measurements from Tg rats, but in non-Tg rats, methamphetamine reduced occludin and GFAP, and increased MMP-9 and NF-κB. Study outcomes suggest that BBB dysregulation resulting from chronic exposure to HIV-1 proteins or methamphetamine both involve NF-κB/MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Clasen MM, Riley AL, Davidson TL. Hippocampal-Dependent Inhibitory Learning and Memory Processes in the Control of Eating and Drug Taking. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2334-2352. [PMID: 32026771 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200206091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As manifestations of excessive and uncontrolled intake, obesity and drug addiction have generated much research aimed at identifying common neuroadaptations that could underlie both disorders. Much work has focused on changes in brain reward and motivational circuitry that can overexcite eating and drug-taking behaviors. We suggest that the regulation of both behaviors depends on balancing excitation produced by stimuli associated with food and drug rewards with the behavioral inhibition produced by physiological "satiety" and other stimuli that signal when those rewards are unavailable. Our main hypothesis is that dysregulated eating and drug use are consequences of diet- and drug-induced degradations in this inhibitory power. We first outline a learning and memory mechanism that could underlie the inhibition of both food and drug-intake, and we describe data that identifies the hippocampus as a brain substrate for this mechanism. We then present evidence that obesitypromoting western diets (WD) impair the operation of this process and generate pathophysiologies that disrupt hippocampal functioning. Next, we present parallel evidence that drugs of abuse also impair this same learning and memory process and generate similar hippocampal pathophysiologies. We also describe recent findings that prior WD intake elevates drug self-administration, and the implications of using drugs (i.e., glucagon-like peptide- 1 agonists) that enhance hippocampal functioning to treat both obesity and addiction are also considered. We conclude with a description of how both WD and drugs of abuse could initiate a "vicious-cycle" of hippocampal pathophysiology and impaired hippocampal-dependent behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Clasen
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, United States
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
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12
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Ferreira C, Almeida C, Tenreiro S, Quintas A. Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10060086. [PMID: 32545328 PMCID: PMC7344445 DOI: 10.3390/life10060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is currently the most rapid growing neurodegenerative disease and over the past generation, its global burden has more than doubled. The onset of PD can arise due to environmental, sporadic or genetic factors. Nevertheless, most PD cases have an unknown etiology. Chemicals, such as the anthropogenic pollutant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amphetamine-type stimulants, have been associated with the onset of PD. Conversely, cannabinoids have been associated with the treatment of the symptoms'. PD and medical cannabis is currently under the spotlight, and research to find its benefits on PD is on-going worldwide. However, the described clinical applications and safety of pharmacotherapy with cannabis products are yet to be fully supported by scientific evidence. Furthermore, the novel psychoactive substances are currently a popular alternative to classical drugs of abuse, representing an unknown health hazard for young adults who may develop PD later in their lifetime. This review addresses the neurotoxic and neuroprotective impact of illicit substance consumption in PD, presenting clinical evidence and molecular and cellular mechanisms of this association. This research area is utterly important for contemporary society since illicit drugs' legalization is under discussion which may have consequences both for the onset of PD and for the treatment of its symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário–Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, P-4200–319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Almeida
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Sandra Tenreiro
- CEDOC–Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário–Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kevil CG, Goeders NE, Woolard MD, Bhuiyan MS, Dominic P, Kolluru GK, Arnold CL, Traylor JG, Orr AW. Methamphetamine Use and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1739-1746. [PMID: 31433698 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While the opioid epidemic has garnered significant attention, the use of methamphetamines is growing worldwide independent of wealth or region. Following overdose and accidents, the leading cause of death in methamphetamine users is cardiovascular disease, because of significant effects of methamphetamine on vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerotic plaque formation, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. In this review, we examine the current literature on methamphetamine-induced changes in cardiovascular health, discuss the potential mechanisms regulating these varied effects, and highlight our deficiencies in understanding how to treat methamphetamine-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kevil
- From the Departments of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., G.K.K., J.G.T., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Cell Biology and Anatomy (C.G.K., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience (N.E.G.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Microbiology and Immunology (M.D.W.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- From the Departments of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., G.K.K., J.G.T., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Paari Dominic
- Medicine (P.D., C.L.A.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- From the Departments of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., G.K.K., J.G.T., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Connie L Arnold
- Medicine (P.D., C.L.A.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - James G Traylor
- From the Departments of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., G.K.K., J.G.T., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- From the Departments of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., G.K.K., J.G.T., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Cellular and Molecular Physiology (C.G.K., M.S.B., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Cell Biology and Anatomy (C.G.K., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
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14
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Yan P, Xu D, Ji Y, Yin F, Cui J, Su R, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wei S, Lai J. LiCl Pretreatment Ameliorates Adolescent Methamphetamine Exposure-Induced Long-Term Alterations in Behavior and Hippocampal Ultrastructure in Adulthood in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:303-316. [PMID: 30649326 PMCID: PMC6441133 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent methamphetamine exposure causes a broad range of neurobiological deficits in adulthood. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is involved in various cognitive and behavioral processes associated with methamphetamine exposure. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor lithium chloride on adolescent methamphetamine exposure-induced long-term alterations in emotion, cognition, behavior, and molecule and hippocampal ultrastructure in adulthood. METHODS A behavioral test battery was used to investigate the protective effects of lithium chloride on adolescent methamphetamine exposure-induced long-term emotional, cognitive, and behavioral impairments in mice. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Electron microscopy was used to analyze changes in synaptic ultrastructure in the dorsal hippocampus. Locomotor sensitization with a methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) challenge was examined 80 days after adolescent methamphetamine exposure. RESULTS Adolescent methamphetamine exposure induced long-term alterations in locomotor activity, novel spatial exploration, and social recognition memory; increases in glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in dorsal hippocampus; and decreases in excitatory synapse density and postsynaptic density thickness in CA1. These changes were ameliorated by lithium chloride pretreatment. Adolescent methamphetamine exposure-induced working memory deficits in Y-maze spontaneous alternation test and anxiety-like behavior in elevated-plus maze test spontaneously recovered after long-term methamphetamine abstinence. No significant locomotor sensitization was observed after long-term methamphetamine abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Hyperactive glycogen synthase kinase-3β contributes to adolescent chronic methamphetamine exposure-induced behavioral and hippocampal impairments in adulthood. Our results suggest glycogen synthase kinase-3β may be a potential target for the treatment of deficits in adulthood associated with adolescent methamphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Yin
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Wei
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shuguang Wei, PhD, College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China (); and Jianghua Lai, PhD, College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China ()
| | - Jianghua Lai
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shuguang Wei, PhD, College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China (); and Jianghua Lai, PhD, College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China ()
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15
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Natarajan R, Mitchell CM, Harless N, Yamamoto BK. Cerebrovascular Injury After Serial Exposure to Chronic Stress and Abstinence from Methamphetamine Self-Administration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10558. [PMID: 30002494 PMCID: PMC6043597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular damage caused by either exposure to stress or the widely abused drug, methamphetamine (Meth) is known but stress and drug abuse frequently occur in tandem that may impact their individual cerebrovascular effects. This study examined their co-morbid cerebrovascular effects during abstinence from self-administered Meth after the exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Exposure to CUS prior to unrestricted Meth self-administration had no effect on Meth intake in rats; however, the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the breakdown of cell-matrix adhesion protein β-dystroglycan in isolated cerebral cortical capillaries were increased after 3 days of abstinence and persisted for 7 days. These changes preceded decreases in occludin, a key structural protein component of the blood-brain barrier. The decrease in occludin was blocked by the COX-2 specific inhibitor nimesulide treatment during abstinence from Meth. The changes in COX-2, β-dystroglycan, and occludin were only evident following the serial exposure to stress and Meth but not after either one alone. These results suggest that stress and voluntary Meth intake can synergize and disrupt cerebrovasculature in a time-dependent manner during abstinence from chronic stress and Meth. Furthermore, COX-2 inhibition may be a viable pharmacological intervention to block vascular changes after Meth exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive MS A401, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Carmen M Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive MS A401, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nicole Harless
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine 3000 Arlington Avenue MS 1007, Toledo, OH, 43614, Spain
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive MS A401, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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16
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Moshiri M, Hosseiniyan SM, Moallem SA, Hadizadeh F, Jafarian AH, Ghadiri A, Hoseini T, Seifi M, Etemad L. The effects of vitamin B 12 on the brain damages caused by methamphetamine in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:434-438. [PMID: 29796230 PMCID: PMC5960763 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.23362.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful stimulant drug that directly affects the brain and induces neurological deficits. B12 is a water-soluble vitamin (vit) that is reported to attenuate neuronal degeneration. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effect of vitamin B12 on METH’s neurodegenerative changes. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 6 animals received METH (10 mg/kg, interaperitoneally (IP)) four times with a 2 hr interval. Thirty mins before METH administration, vit B12 (1 mg/kg) or normal saline were injected IP. Animals were sacrificed 3 days after the last administration. Caspase proteins levels were measured by Western blotting. Also, samples were examined by TUNEL assay to detect the presence of DNA fragmentation. Reduced glutathione (GSH) was also determined by the Ellman method. Results: The pathological findings showed that vit B12 attenuates the gliosis induced by METH. Vit B12 administration also significantly decreased the apoptotic index in the striatum and the cerebral cortex (P<0.001). It also reduced caspase markers compared to the control (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Interestingly, co-administration of METH and Vit B12 elevates the levels of GSH in both regions of the brain and returned it to normal levels compared to the METH group. Conclusion: The current study suggests that parenteral vit B12 at safe doses may be a promising treatment for METH-induced brain damage via inhibition of neuron apoptosis and increasing the reduced GSH level. Research focusing on the mechanisms involved in the protective responses of vit B12 can be helpful in providing a novel therapeutic agent against METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseiniyan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahl Al Bayt, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ameneh Ghadiri
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Toktam Hoseini
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Seifi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Persons AL, Bradaric BD, Dodiya HB, Ohene-Nyako M, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A, Shaikh M, Napier TC. Colon dysregulation in methamphetamine self-administering HIV-1 transgenic rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190078. [PMID: 29293553 PMCID: PMC5749763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity and function of the gut is impaired in HIV-infected individuals, and gut pathogenesis may play a role in several HIV-associated disorders. Methamphetamine is a popular illicit drug abused by HIV-infected individuals. However, the effect of methamphetamine on the gut and its potential to exacerbate HIV-associated gut pathology is not known. To shed light on this scenario, we evaluated colon barrier pathology in a rat model of the human comorbid condition. Intestinal barrier integrity and permeability were assessed in drug-naïve Fischer 344 HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg rats, and in Tg and non-Tg rats instrumented with jugular cannulae trained to self-administer methamphetamine or serving as saline-yoked controls. Intestinal permeability was determined by measuring the urine content of orally gavaged sugars. Intestinal barrier integrity was evaluated by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence of colon claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), two major tight junction proteins that regulate gut epithelial paracellular permeability. Both non-Tg and Tg rats self-administered moderate amounts of methamphetamine. These amounts were sufficient to increase colon permeability, reduce protein level of claudin-1, and reduce claudin-1 and ZO-1 immunofluorescence in Tg rats relative to non-Tg rats. Methamphetamine decreased tight junction immunofluorescence in non-Tg rats, with a similar, but non-significant trend observed in Tg rats. However, the effect of methamphetamine on tight junction proteins was subthreshold to gut leakiness. These findings reveal that both HIV-1 proteins and methamphetamine alter colon barrier integrity, and indicate that the gut may be a pathogenic site for these insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brinda D. Bradaric
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Hemraj B. Dodiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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18
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Gonçalves J, Leitão RA, Higuera-Matas A, Assis MA, Coria SM, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Ambrosio E, Silva AP. Extended-access methamphetamine self-administration elicits neuroinflammatory response along with blood-brain barrier breakdown. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:306-317. [PMID: 28237710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that can lead to neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. Several studies have explored the central impact of METH use, but the mechanism(s) underlying blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and associated neuroinflammatory processes after chronic METH consumption are still unclear. Important findings in the field are mainly based on in vitro approaches and animal studies using an acute METH paradigm, and not much is known about the neurovascular alterations under a chronic drug use. Thus, the present study aimed to fill this crucial gap by exploring the effect of METH-self administration on BBB function and neuroinflammatory responses. Herein, we observed an increase of BBB permeability characterized by Evans blue and albumin extravasation in the rat hippocampus and striatum triggered by extended-access METH self-administration followed by forced abstinence. Also, there was a clear structural alteration of blood vessels showed by the down-regulation of collagen IV staining, which is an important protein of the endothelial basement membrane, together with a decrease of intercellular junction protein levels, namely claudin-5, occludin and vascular endothelial-cadherin. Additionally, we observed an up-regulation of vascular cell and intercellular adhesion molecule, concomitant with the presence of T cell antigen CD4 and tissue macrophage marker CD169 in the brain parenchyma. Rats trained to self-administer METH also presented a neuroinflammatory profile characterized by microglial activation, astrogliosis and increased pro-inflammatory mediators, namely tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukine-1 beta, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Overall, our data provide new insights into METH abuse consequences, with a special focus on neurovascular dysfunction and neuroinflammatory response, which may help to find novel approaches to prevent or diminish brain dysfunction triggered by this overwhelming illicit drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo A Leitão
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Santiago M Coria
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Weaver J, Burks SR, Liu KJ, Kao JPY, Rosen GM. In vivo EPR oximetry using an isotopically-substituted nitroxide: Potential for quantitative measurement of tissue oxygen. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 271:68-74. [PMID: 27567323 PMCID: PMC5266518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Variations in brain oxygen (O2) concentration can have profound effects on brain physiology. Thus, the ability to quantitate local O2 concentrations noninvasively in vivo could significantly enhance understanding of several brain pathologies. However, quantitative O2 mapping in the brain has proven difficult. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of nitroxides are sensitive to molecular O2 and can be used to estimate O2 concentrations in aqueous media. We recently synthesized labile-ester-containing nitroxides, such as 3-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl (nitroxide 4), which accumulate in cerebral tissue after in situ hydrolysis, and thus enable spatial mapping of O2 concentrations in the mouse brain by EPR imaging. In an effort to improve O2 quantitation, we prepared 3-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetra((2)H3)methyl-1-(3,4,4-(2)H3,1-(15)N)pyrrolidinyloxyl (nitroxide 2), which proved to be a more sensitive probe than its normo-isotopic version for quantifying O2 in aqueous solutions of various O2 concentrations. We now demonstrate that this isotopically substituted nitroxide is ∼2-fold more sensitive in vivo than the normo-isotopic nitroxide 4. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo EPR spectral-spatial imaging results with nitroxide 2 demonstrate significant improvement in resolution, reconstruction and spectral response to local O2 concentrations in cerebral tissue. Thus, isotopic-substituted nitroxides, such as 2, are excellent sensors for in vivo O2 quantitation in tissues, such as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weaver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Scott R Burks
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Center for EPR Imaging In Vivo Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Center for EPR Imaging In Vivo Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Gerald M Rosen
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Center for EPR Imaging In Vivo Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Inhibition by ketamine and amphetamine analogs of the neurogenic nitrergic vasodilations in porcine basilar arteries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Taheri S, Xun Z, See RE, Joseph JE, Reichel CM. Cocaine and methamphetamine induce opposing changes in BOLD signal response in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1642:497-504. [PMID: 27103569 PMCID: PMC4899179 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies in psychostimulant addicts have reported functional neural activity changes in brain regions involved in relapse. However, the difference between the effects of the psychostimulants methamphetamine and cocaine on neuronal activity in a similar setting not been clarified. Since studies in humans are limited by the inability to study the initial impact of psychostimulant drugs, we addressed this issue in a rat model. OBJECTIVE Here, we report methamphetamine and cocaine-induced blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal change using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in rats receiving drug for the first time during the imaging session. METHODS Twenty-three male Long Evans rats underwent fMRI imaging and received an intravenous infusion of methamphetamine, cocaine, or saline. Anatomical and pharmacological fMRI (pfMRI) were performed on a 7T BioSpec dedicated research MR scanner under isoflurane gas (1.5-2%). After collecting baseline data for 10min, rats received drug over the next 10min for a total 40min scan time. Data were then preprocessed and statistically analyzed in anatomically defined regions of interest (ROIs) that have been implicated in persistent drug seeking and relapse. RESULTS Methamphetamine during the imaging session resulted in a sustained negative BOLD signal change in key regions of the relapse circuit, except for the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, cocaine evoked a positive or unchanged BOLD signal in these same regions. In all of the investigated ROIs, there were no changes in BOLD signal following saline. CONCLUSION Acute methamphetamine and cocaine have distinct patterns of functional activity as measured by pfMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33612
| | - Zhu Xun
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| | - Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
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22
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Northrop NA, Halpin LE, Yamamoto BK. Peripheral ammonia and blood brain barrier structure and function after methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:18-26. [PMID: 26972828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An effect of the widely abuse psychostimulant, methamphetamine (Meth), is blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption; however, the mechanism by which Meth causes BBB disruption remains unclear. Recently it has been shown that Meth produces liver damage and consequent increases in plasma ammonia. Ammonia can mediate oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are known to cause BBB disruption. Therefore, the current studies examined the role of peripheral ammonia in Meth-induced disruption of BBB structure and function. A neurotoxic Meth regimen (10 mg/kg, ip, q 2 h, ×4) administered to rats increased plasma ammonia and active MMP-9 in the cortex 2 h after the last Meth injection, compared to saline treated rats. At 24 h after Meth treatment, decreased immunoreactivity of BBB structural proteins, occludin and claudin-5, and increased extravasation of 10,000 Da FITC-dextran were observed, as compared to saline controls. Pretreatment with lactulose (5.3 g/kg, po, q 12 h), a drug that remains in the lumen of the intestine and promotes ammonia excretion, prevented the Meth-induced increases in plasma ammonia. These results were paralleled by the prevention of decreases in BBB structural proteins, increases in extravasation of 10,000 Da FITC-dextran and increases in active MMP-9. The results indicate that Meth-induced increases in ammonia produce BBB disruption and suggest that MMP-9 activation mediates the BBB disruption. These findings identify a novel mechanism of Meth-induced BBB disruption that is mediated by plasma ammonia and are the first to identify a peripheral contribution to Meth-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Northrop
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Laura E Halpin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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23
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Sajja RK, Rahman S, Cucullo L. Drugs of abuse and blood-brain barrier endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the role of oxidative stress. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:539-54. [PMID: 26661236 PMCID: PMC4794105 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulants and nicotine are the most widely abused drugs with a detrimental impact on public health globally. While the long-term neurobehavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations are well documented with chronic use of methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine, emerging human and experimental studies also suggest an increasing incidence of neurovascular complications associated with drug abuse. Short- or long-term administration of psychostimulants or nicotine is known to disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity/function, thus leading to an increased risk of brain edema and neuroinflammation. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to underlie drug abuse-induced BBB dysfunction suggesting a central and unifying role for oxidative stress in BBB endothelium and perivascular cells. This review discusses drug-specific effects of methamphetamine, cocaine, and tobacco smoking on brain microvascular crisis and provides critical assessment of oxidative stress-dependent molecular pathways focal to the global compromise of BBB. Additionally, given the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis in drug abusers, we have summarized the synergistic pathological impact of psychostimulants and HIV infection on BBB integrity with an emphasis on unifying role of endothelial oxidative stress. This mechanistic framework would guide further investigations on specific molecular pathways to accelerate therapeutic approaches for the prevention of neurovascular deficits by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Sajja
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Seo JW, Jones SM, Hostetter TA, Iliff JJ, West GA. Methamphetamine induces the release of endothelin. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:170-8. [PMID: 26568405 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a potent psychostimulant drug of abuse that increases release and blocks reuptake of dopamine, producing intense euphoria, factors that may contribute to its widespread abuse. It also produces severe neurotoxicity resulting from oxidative stress, DNA damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, microgliosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Intracerebral hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke have been reported after intravenous and oral abuse of methamphetamine. Several studies have shown that methamphetamine causes vasoconstriction of vessels. This study investigates the effect of methamphetamine on endothelin-1 (ET-1) release in mouse brain endothelial cells by ELISA. ET-1 transcription as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and transcription were measured following methamphetamine treatment. We also examine the effect of methamphetamine on isolated cerebral arteriolar vessels from C57BL/6 mice. Penetrating middle cerebral arterioles were cannulated at both ends with a micropipette system. Methamphetamine was applied extraluminally, and the vascular response was investigated. Methamphetamine treatment of mouse brain endothelial cells resulted in ET-1 release and a transient increase in ET-1 message. The activity and transcription of eNOS were only slightly enhanced after 24 hr of treatment with methamphetamine. In addition, methamphetamine caused significant vasoconstriction of isolated mouse intracerebral arterioles. The vasoconstrictive effect of methamphetamine was attenuated by coapplication of the endothelin receptor antagonist PD145065. These findings suggest that vasoconstriction induced by methamphetamine is mediated through the endothelin receptor and may involve an endothelin-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woo Seo
- Neurotrauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | - Susan M Jones
- Neurotrauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Mohammad Ahmadi Soleimani S, Ekhtiari H, Cadet JL. Drug-induced neurotoxicity in addiction medicine: From prevention to harm reduction. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:19-41. [PMID: 26806769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is considered as a major cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Most drugs of abuse have nonnegligible neurotoxic effects many of which are primarily mediated by several dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems. Although many researchers have investigated the medical and cognitive consequences of drug abuse, the neurotoxicity induced by these drugs still requires comprehensive attention. The science of neurotoxicity promises to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies for brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease. However, its clinical applications for addiction medicine remain to be defined adequately. This chapter reviews the most commonly discussed mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity induced by common drugs of abuse including amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and alcohol. In addition, the known factors that trigger and/or predispose to drug-induced neurotoxicity are discussed. These factors include drug-related, individual-related, and environmental insults. Moreover, we introduce some of the potential pharmacological antineurotoxic interventions deduced from experimental animal studies. These interventions involve various targets such as dopaminergic system, mitochondria, cell death signaling, and NMDA receptors, among others. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of addicted patients who might benefit from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammad Ahmadi Soleimani
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Gupta R, Kim C, Agarwal N, Lieber B, Monaco EA. Understanding the Influence of Parkinson Disease on Adolf Hitler's Decision-Making during World War II. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:1447-52. [PMID: 26093359 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies and a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. Common symptoms of PD include a reduction in control of voluntary movements, rigidity, and tremors. Such symptoms are marked by a severe deterioration in motor function. The causes of PD in many cases are unknown. PD has been found to be prominent in several notable people, including Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany and Führer of Nazi Germany during World War II. It is believed that Adolf Hitler suffered from idiopathic PD throughout his life. However, the effect of PD on Adolf Hitler's decision making during World War II is largely unknown. Here we examine the potential role of PD in shaping Hitler's personality and influencing his decision-making. We purport that Germany's defeat in World War II was influenced by Hitler's questionable and risky decision-making and his inhumane and callous personality, both of which were likely affected by his condition. Likewise his paranoid disorder marked by intense anti-Semitic beliefs influenced his treatment of Jews and other non-Germanic peoples. We also suggest that the condition played an important role in his eventual political decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Gupta
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher Kim
- Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Bryan Lieber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Edward A Monaco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Turowski P, Kenny BA. The blood-brain barrier and methamphetamine: open sesame? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:156. [PMID: 25999807 PMCID: PMC4419855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical and electrical microenvironment of neurons within the central nervous system is protected and segregated from the circulation by the vascular blood–brain barrier. This barrier operates on the level of endothelial cells and includes regulatory crosstalk with neighboring pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Within this neurovascular unit, the endothelial cells form a formidable, highly regulated barrier through the presence of inter-endothelial tight junctions, the absence of fenestrations, and the almost complete absence of fluid-phase transcytosis. The potent psychostimulant drug methamphetamine transiently opens the vascular blood–brain barrier through either or both the modulation of inter-endothelial junctions and the induction of fluid-phase transcytosis. Direct action of methamphetamine on the vascular endothelium induces acute opening of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, striatal effects of methamphetamine and resultant neuroinflammatory signaling can indirectly lead to chronic dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier may exacerbate the neuronal damage that occurs during methamphetamine abuse. However, this process also constitutes a rare example of agonist-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the adjunctive use of methamphetamine may present an opportunity to enhance delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the underlying neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Turowski
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London, UK
| | - Bridget-Ann Kenny
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London, UK
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28
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Northrop NA, Yamamoto BK. Methamphetamine effects on blood-brain barrier structure and function. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:69. [PMID: 25788874 PMCID: PMC4349189 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a widely abuse psychostimulant. Traditionally, studies have focused on the neurotoxic effects of Meth on monoaminergic neurotransmitter terminals. Recently, both in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated the effects of Meth on the BBB and found that Meth produces a decrease in BBB structural proteins and an increase in BBB permeability to various molecules. Moreover, preclinical studies are validated by clinical studies in which human Meth users have increased concentrations of toxins in the brain. Therefore, this review will focus on the structural and functional disruption of the BBB caused by Meth and the mechanisms that contribute to Meth-induced BBB disruption. The review will reveal that the mechanisms by which Meth damages dopamine and serotonin terminals are similar to the mechanisms by which the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged. Furthermore, this review will cover the factors that are known to potentiate the effects of Meth (McCann et al., 1998) on the BBB, such as stress and HIV, both of which are co-morbid conditions associated with Meth abuse. Overall, the goal of this review is to demonstrate that the scope of damage produced by Meth goes beyond damage to monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems to include BBB disruption as well as provide a rationale for investigating therapeutics to treat Meth-induced BBB disruption. Since a breach of the BBB can have a multitude of consequences, therapies directed toward the treatment of BBB disruption may help to ameliorate the long-term neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits produced by Meth and possibly even Meth addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Northrop
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, OH, USA
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29
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Bowyer JF, Hanig JP. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: Implications of the effects produced in brain vasculature and peripheral organs to forebrain neurotoxicity. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:172-82. [PMID: 27626044 PMCID: PMC5008711 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.982049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of amphetamine- (AMPH) and methamphetamine- (METH) induced hyperthermia on vasculature, peripheral organs and peripheral immune system are discussed. Hyperthermia alone does not produce amphetamine-like neurotoxicity but AMPH and METH exposures that do not produce hyperthermia (≥40°C) are minimally neurotoxic. Hyperthermia likely enhances AMPH and METH neurotoxicity directly through disruption of protein function, ion channels and enhanced ROS production. Forebrain neurotoxicity can also be indirectly influenced through the effects of AMPH- and METH- induced hyperthermia on vasculature. The hyperthermia and the hypertension produced by high doses amphetamines are a primary cause of transient breakdowns in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in concomitant regional neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in laboratory animals. This BBB breakdown can occur in the amygdala, thalamus, striatum, sensory and motor cortex and hippocampus. Under these conditions, repetitive seizures greatly enhance neurodegeneration in hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. Even when the BBB is less disrupted, AMPH- or METH- induced hyperthermia effects on brain vasculature may play a role in neurotoxicity. In this case, striatal and cortical vascular function are adversely affected, and even greater ROS, immune and damage responses are seen in the meninges and cortical surface vasculature. Finally, muscle and liver damage and elevated cytokines in blood can result when amphetamines produce hyperthermia. Proteins, from damaged muscle may activate the peripheral immune system and exacerbate liver damage. Liver damage can further increase cytokine levels, immune system activation and increase ammonia levels. These effects could potentially enhance vascular damage and neurotoxicity.
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Kousik SM, Napier TC, Ross RD, Sumner DR, Carvey PM. Dopamine receptors and the persistent neurovascular dysregulation induced by methamphetamine self-administration in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:432-9. [PMID: 25185214 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently abstinent methamphetamine (Meth) abusers showed neurovascular dysregulation within the striatum. The factors that contribute to this dysregulation and the persistence of these effects are unclear. The current study addressed these knowledge gaps. First, we evaluated the brains of rats with a history of Meth self-administration following various periods of forced abstinence. Micro-computed tomography revealed a marked reduction in vessel diameter and vascular volume uniquely within the striatum between 1 and 28 days after Meth self-administration. Microvessels showed a greater impairment than larger vessels. Subsequently, we determined that dopamine (DA) D2 receptors regulated Meth-induced striatal vasoconstriction via acute noncontingent administration of Meth. These receptors likely regulated the response to striatal hypoxia, as hypoxia inducible factor 1α was elevated. Acute Meth exposure also increased striatal levels of endothelin receptor A and decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Collectively, the data provide novel evidence that Meth-induced striatal neurovascular dysregulation involves DA receptor signaling that results in vasoconstriction via endothelin receptor A and nitric oxide signaling. As these effects can lead to hypoxia and trigger neuronal damage, these findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the selective striatal toxicity observed in the brains of Meth-abusing humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya M Kousik
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - T Celeste Napier
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul M Carvey
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Kousik SM, Carvey PM, Napier TC. Methamphetamine self-administration results in persistent dopaminergic pathology: implications for Parkinson's disease risk and reward-seeking. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2707-14. [PMID: 24890790 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse may be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD); a problematic event as approximately 33 million people abuse Meth worldwide. The current study determined if a mild form of PD-like nigrostriatal pathology occurred following forced abstinence in Meth self-administering rats. The average daily intake of self-administered Meth was 3.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg/3 h over 14 sessions. Subsequently, animals were killed and the brains harvested at 1, 7, 28 or 56 days of abstinence. Post mortem, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining in the dorsal striatum progressively decreased throughout abstinence, reaching a 50% loss at 56 days. In the substantia nigra, there was marked reduction of TH+ cells, and Fluorogold (retrograde tracer) transport from the striatum to the nigra, at 28 and 56 days after Meth. Thus, Meth-induced progressive nigrostriatal damage occurred retrogradely, similar to PD pathology. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway [i.e. ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)], critical for Meth-induced reward, was also evaluated. TH immunostaining was decreased in the NAc-core at 28 and 56 days of forced abstinence, while staining in the dorsomedial NAc-shell was preserved. Accordingly, TH+ cell loss was evident in the lateral VTA, the origin of projections to the NAc-core, but not the medial VTA where NAc-shell projections originate. Thus, after Meth-taking ceased, a time-dependent, progressive degeneration occurred within nigrostriatal projections that eventually engulfed lateral mesolimbic projections. This pathological pattern is consistent with a trajectory for developing PD; therefore, these findings provide preclinical support for Meth abuse to increase vulnerability to developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya M Kousik
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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In vivo evidence of methamphetamine induced attenuation of brain tissue oxygenation as measured by EPR oximetry. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 275:73-8. [PMID: 24412707 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of methamphetamine (METH) is a major and significant societal problem in the US, as a number of studies have suggested that METH is associated with increased cerebrovascular events, hemorrhage or vasospasm. Although cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in METH-induced toxicity are not completely understood, changes in brain O₂ may play an important role and contribute to METH-induced neurotoxicity including dopaminergic receptor degradation. Given that O₂ is the terminal electron acceptor for many enzymes that are important in brain function, the impact of METH on brain tissue pO₂ in vivo remains largely uncharacterized. This study investigated striatal tissue pO₂ changes in male C57BL/6 mice (16-20 g) following METH administration using EPR oximetry, a highly sensitive modality to measure pO₂ in vivo, in situ and in real time. We demonstrate that 20 min after a single injection of METH (8 mg/kg i.v.), the striatal pO₂ was reduced to 81% of the pretreatment level and exposure to METH for 3 consecutive days further attenuated striatal pO₂ to 64%. More importantly, pO₂ did not recover fully to control levels even 24 h after administration of a single dose of METH and continual exposure to METH exacerbates the condition. We also show a reduction in cerebral blood flow associated with a decreased brain pO₂ indicating an ischemic condition. Our findings suggests that administration of METH can attenuate brain tissue pO₂, which may lead to hypoxic insult, thus a risk factor for METH-induced brain injury and the development of stroke in young adults.
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Groman SM, Morales AM, Lee B, London ED, Jentsch JD. Methamphetamine-induced increases in putamen gray matter associate with inhibitory control. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:527-38. [PMID: 23748383 PMCID: PMC3770792 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Problematic drug use is associated with difficulty in exerting self-control over behaviors, and this difficulty may be a consequence of atypical morphometric characteristics that are exhibited by drug-experienced individuals. The extent to which these structural abnormalities result from drug use or reflect neurobiological risk factors that predate drug use, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to determine how methamphetamine affects corticostriatal structure and how drug-induced changes relate to alterations in inhibitory control. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance images and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, assessing dopamine D₂-like receptor and transporter availability, were acquired in monkeys trained to acquire, retain, and reverse three-choice visual discrimination problems before and after exposure to an escalating dose regimen of methamphetamine (or saline, as a control). Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare changes in corticostriatal gray matter between methamphetamine- and saline-exposed monkeys. The change in gray matter before and after the dosing regimen was compared to the change in the behavioral performance and in dopaminergic markers measured with PET. RESULTS Methamphetamine exposure, compared to saline, increased gray matter within the right putamen. These changes were positively correlated with changes in performance of methamphetamine-exposed monkeys in the reversal phase, and were negatively correlated with alterations in D₂-like receptor and DAT availability. CONCLUSIONS The results provide the first evidence that exposure to a methamphetamine dosing regimen that resembles human use alters the structural integrity of the striatum and that gray-matter abnormalities detected in human methamphetamine users are due, at least in part, to the pharmacological effects of drug experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica M. Morales
- Department of Psychiatry & Bio-behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Buyean Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Bio-behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry & Bio-behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - James David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Psychiatry & Bio-behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Correspondence should be sent to: J. David Jentsch () UCLA Department of Psychology PO Box 951563 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
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Toborek M, Seelbach MJ, Rashid CS, András IE, Chen L, Park M, Esser KA. Voluntary exercise protects against methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress in brain microvasculature and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:22. [PMID: 23799892 PMCID: PMC3698182 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no effective therapeutic intervention developed targeting cerebrovascular toxicity of drugs of abuse, including methamphetamine (METH). We hypothesize that exercise protects against METH-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by enhancing the antioxidant capacity of cerebral microvessels and modulating caveolae-associated signaling. Mice were subjected to voluntary wheel running for 5 weeks resembling the voluntary pattern of human exercise, followed by injection with METH (10 mg/kg). The frequency, duration, and intensity of each running session were monitored for each mouse via a direct data link to a computer and the running data are analyzed by Clock lab™ Analysis software. Controls included mice sedentary that did not have access to running wheels and/or injections with saline. RESULTS METH induced oxidative stress in brain microvessels, resulting in up regulation of caveolae-associated NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, and phosphorylation of mitochondrial protein 66Shc. Treatment with METH disrupted also the expression and colocalization of tight junction proteins. Importantly, exercise markedly attenuated these effects and protected against METH-induced disruption of the BBB integrity. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate that exercise is an important modifiable behavioral factor that can protect against METH-induced cerebrovascular toxicity. These findings may provide new strategies in preventing the toxicity of drug of abuse.
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Stoesz BM, Hare JF, Snow WM. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying affiliative social behavior: insights from comparative research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012. [PMID: 23182913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are intensely social animals, and healthy social relationships are vital for proper mental health (see Lim and Young, 2006). By using animal models, the behavior, mental, and physiological processes of humans can be understood at a level that cannot be attained by studying human behavior and the human brain alone. The goals of this review are threefold. First, we define affiliative social behavior and describe the primary relationship types in which affiliative relationships are most readily observed--the mother-infant bond and pair-bonding. Second, we summarize neurophysiological studies that have investigated the role of neurohypophyseal nanopeptides (oxytocin and vasopressin) and the catecholamine dopamine in regulating affiliative social behavior and the implications of said research for our understanding of human social behavior. Finally, we discuss the merits and limitations of the using a comparative approach to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying human affiliative social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Stoesz
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.
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Northrop NA, Yamamoto BK. Persistent neuroinflammatory effects of serial exposure to stress and methamphetamine on the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:951-68. [PMID: 22833424 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity have traditionally focused on monoaminergic terminal damage while more recent studies have found that stress exacerbates these damaging effects of Meth. Similarities that exist between the mechanisms that cause monoaminergic terminal damage in response to stress and Meth and those capable of producing a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) suggest that the well-known high co-morbidity of stress and Meth could produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruption. The current studies examined the role of neuroinflammation in mediating the effects of exposure to chronic stress and/or Meth on BBB structure and function. Rats were pre-exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and/or challenged with Meth. Twenty-four hours after the treatment of Meth in rats pre-exposed to CUS, occludin and claudin-5 immunoreactivity were decreased while truncation of β-dystroglycan, as well as FITC-dextran and water extravasation was increased. All changes other than β-dystroglycan and edema persisted 7 days later, occurred with increases in GFAP and COX-2, and were blocked by ketoprofen after Meth treatment. In addition, persistent increases in FITC-dextran extravasation were prevented by treatment with an EP1 receptor antagonist after Meth exposure. The results indicate that CUS and Meth synergize to produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruptions that are mediated by cyclooxygenase and protracted increases in inflammation. These results suggest that stress and Meth can synergize to produce a long-lasting vulnerability of the brain to subsequent environmental insults resulting from the persistent breach of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Northrop
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Kousik SM, Napier TC, Carvey PM. The effects of psychostimulant drugs on blood brain barrier function and neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:121. [PMID: 22754527 PMCID: PMC3386512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a highly dynamic interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. The BBB is comprised of a number of components and is part of the larger neuro(glio)vascular unit. Current literature suggests that psychostimulant drugs of abuse alter the function of the BBB which likely contributes to the neurotoxicities associated with these drugs. In both preclinical and clinical studies, psychostimulants including methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and nicotine, produce BBB dysfunction through alterations in tight junction protein expression and conformation, increased glial activation, increased enzyme activation related to BBB cytoskeleton remodeling, and induction of neuroinflammatory pathways. These detrimental changes lead to increased permeability of the BBB and subsequent vulnerability of the brain to peripheral toxins. In fact, abuse of these psychostimulants, notably methamphetamine and cocaine, has been shown to increase the invasion of peripheral bacteria and viruses into the brain. Much work in this field has focused on the co-morbidity of psychostimulant abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As psychostimulants alter BBB permeability, it is likely that this BBB dysfunction results in increased penetration of the HIV virus into the brain thus increasing the risk of and severity of neuro AIDS. This review will provide an overview of the specific changes in components within the BBB associated with psychostimulant abuse as well as the implications of these changes in exacerbating the neuropathology associated with psychostimulant drugs and HIV co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya M Kousik
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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