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Wu S, Yuan H, Fan H, Xu Y, Liu Z, Wu X, Wu M, Zhang X, Shi T, Zhang T. Evolutionary characteristics and immune mutation of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b among intravenous drug users in mainland, China. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:209-217. [PMID: 35075775 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, especially subtype 1b. To better control hepatitis C, insights into the characteristics of dynamic spread and genomic mutations are urgently needed. We retrieved sequences of HCV-1b NS5B among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and general people (Non-IDUs) in China from 2000 to 2011 in NCBI. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were used to evaluate the transmission dynamics of HCV-1b. Non-synonymous substitutions were detected to illustrate immune adaptation. Evolutionary history demonstrated that HCV-1b effective population size experienced a sharp increase in 1990. HCV-1b sequences among IDUs had a higher estimated evolutionary rate (5.7185 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year) than overall (7.7332 × 10-4 ). 105/136 (77.2%) of HCV-1b sequences clustered into 38 networks. The average non-synonymous HCV-1b immune epitopes among IDUs were 0.211, higher than non-IDUs, especially in the HLA-A*02 molecular recognition region. All of these posed significant challenges for the prevention and treatment of HCV. Heterogeneity and genetic linkages of HCV-1b suggest that evolutionary surveillance of HCV in cities in east-central China and among IDUs could not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Shanghai, China.,Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Yiwu, China
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2
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Jiang Y, Zhang L, Hou Z, Tu A, Qiao R, Dai C, Yao N, Du X, Xu Y, Tan J. Prevalence of Different Genotypes of HIV-1 in Injection Drug Users in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:240-257. [PMID: 31538898 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190919115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1981, an increasing trend in HIV has been observed for transmission via injection drug users (IDUs), sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The IDUs are blamed for early increases in HIV-positive cases in China. OBJECTIVE HIV genotypes of IDUs were comprehensively analysed to trace the source and relationships of the AIDS epidemic in China. METHODS Relevant databases written in English and Chinese were searched. Overall, 7,149 publications were identified in six databases. After screening 7,104 articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 2,765 cases were finally identified. A meta-analysis was conducted using R MATLAB software, RevMan and SPSS. Subgroup analyses focused on time frame, region, and location of different genotypes of IDUs in China. RESULTS There were five dominant HIV-1 genotypes among the 2,765 IDU cases. The proportions of CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF08_BC, subtype B/B', and subtype C were 45.18% (95% CI: 33.55-57.08%), 16.00% (95% CI: 9.39-23.82%), 13.43% (95% CI: 7.32-20.84%), 3.58% (95% CI: 1.52-6.24%), and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.04-2.43%), respectively. HIV genotypes transmitted among IDUs in China are primarily CRF07-BC, followed by CRF01-AE and CRF08-BC. Across the different time frames and regions, CRF07_BC was the most prevalent HIV-1 genotype among IDUs, while CRF08_BC was the most prevalent genotype in the southwest region. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that CRF07-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs from 1991 to 2015 in China, while CRF08-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs in southwestern China. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows evidence of the comprehensive prevalence of different genotypes, data and characteristics of HIV among IDUs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lincai Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zongjie Hou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Aixia Tu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruijuan Qiao
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ning Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gansu Gem Flower Hospital, Lanzhou, 730060, China
| | - Xiufen Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaning Xu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiying Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Wang M, Liao Q, Xu R, Song D, Huang J, You Q, Shan Z, Huang K, Rong X, Fu Y. Hepatitis C virus 3b strains in injection drug users in Guangdong Province, China, may have originated in Yunnan Province. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1761-1770. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Changes in the distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes and their association with shifts in transmission routes in Henan, China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-017-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Chen WT, Shiu C, Yang JP, Li CSR, Wang K, Zhang L, Zhang J, Bao M, Aung MN, Chen LC, Zhao H, Lu H. Substance use, anxiety, and self-management efficacy in HIV-positive individuals: A mediation analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018; 23:408-414. [PMID: 30906222 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Context In China, the social stigma of both substance use and HIV remains major barriers. HIV+ individuals have been demonstrated to have higher psychosocial distress in the literature. To ensure quality of life among HIV+ Chinese individuals, self-efficacy in HIV-related management including substance use and anxiety is the key to suppress viral load and maintain healthy lives. Objectives We examine the mediation relationship among substance use, anxiety, and self-management efficacy. Method A cross-sectional study design was used. 137 HIV+ individuals were recruited from two premier Chinese hospitals: Beijing's Ditan Hospital and Shanghai's Public Health Clinic Center (SPHCC). Results HIV+ substance users had significantly lower HIV-management efficacy and higher anxiety scores. About a third of the relations between substance use and anxiety was mediated by HIV-management self-efficacy. Those who used substances in the previous week had higher anxiety levels suggesting the presence of a recent effect. Their higher levels of anxiety could be largely explained by their lower HIV-management efficacy. Conclusion It is useful for healthcare providers to assess substance use behaviors in HIV+ individuals as well as provide support in managing anxiety in this population. Meanwhile, enhancing self-management efficacy to ensure healthy lifestyles may support achieving optimal lives with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ti Chen
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chengshi Shiu
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joyce P Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Chiang-Shan Ray Li
- Psychiatry and of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Kerong Wang
- Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijuan Bao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Li-Chen Chen
- National Cheng Kung University, School of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ghori NUH, Shafique A, Hayat MQ, Anjum S. The Phylogeographic and Spatiotemporal Spread of HCV in Pakistani Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164265. [PMID: 27764129 PMCID: PMC5072696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is the most prevalent human pathogen in Pakistan and is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in infected patients. It has shifted from being hypo-endemic to being hyper-endemic. There was no information about the origin and evolution of the local variants. Here we use newly developed phyloinformatic methods of sequence analysis to conduct the first comprehensive investigation of the evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. Considering evolutionary rate and molecular-clock hypothesis in context, we reconstructed the spatiotemporal spread of HCV in the whole territory of its circulation using a combination of Bayesian MCMC methods utilizing all sequences available in GenBank. Comparative analysis were performed and were addressed. Whole genome and individual gene analysis have shown that sub-types 1a, 1b and 3a are recognized as epidemic strains and are distributed globally. Here we confirm that the origin of HCV 3a genotypes is in South Asia and HCV has evolved in the region to become stably adapted to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Ul-Huda Ghori
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Atif Shafique
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Hayat
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Anjum
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University Of Hail, PO Box 2440, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Wan Z, Chen Q, Chen X, Duo L, Li P, Zheng YT, Zhang C. HCV Diversity among Chinese and Burmese IDUs in Dehong, Yunnan, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163062. [PMID: 27657722 PMCID: PMC5033387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV transmission is closely associated with drug-trafficking routes in China. Dehong, a prefecture of Yunnan, is the important trade transfer station linking Southeast Asia and China, as well as the drug-trafficking channel linking “Golden triangle” and other regions of China and surrounding countries. In this study, we investigated the HCV genotype diversity among IDUs in Dehong based on 259 HCV positive samples from 118 Chinese and 141 Burmese IDUs. HCV genotypes were determined based on the phylogenies of C/E2 and NS5B genomic sequences. Six HCV subtypes, including 1a, 1b, 3a, 3b, 6n and 6u, were detected. Interestingly, 4 HCV sequences from Burmese IDUs did not cluster with any known HCV subtypes, but formed a well-supported independent clade in the phylogenetic trees of both C/E2 and NS5B, suggesting a potential new HCV subtype circulating in Dehong. Subtype 3b was the predominant subtype, followed by subtypes 6n and 6u. Comparison showed that Dehong had a unique pattern of HCV subtype distribution, obviously different from other regions of China. In particular, HCV subtypes 6u and the potential new HCV subtype had a relatively high prevalence in Dehong, but were rarely detected in other regions of China. There was no significant difference in HCV subtype distribution between Burmese and Chinese IDUs. Few HCV sequences from Burmese and Chinese IDUs clustered together to form transmission clusters. Furthermore, about half of HCV sequences from Burmese IDUs formed small transmission clusters, significantly higher than that from Chinese IDUs (p<0.01). These suggest that the Chinese and Burmese IDUs were relatively isolated from each other in injection drug use behavior and the Burmese IDUs might prefer to inject drugs themselves together. The unique genotype distribution and complex diversity of genotype 6 among IDUs may be associated with the special geographical position of Dehong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Wan
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Lin Duo
- The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Peilu Li
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (YZ)
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (YZ)
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8
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Jiao Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Li L, Liu J, Bar KJ, Wei H, Hu Y, Huang P, Zeng Z, Jiang S, Du J, Shao Y, Metzger D, Li S, Ma L. Hepatitis C Virus Subtype and Evolution Characteristic Among Drug Users, Men Who Have Sex With Men, and the General Population in Beijing, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2688. [PMID: 26871798 PMCID: PMC4753893 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the current molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and evaluate the evolutionary patterns of HCV subtypes in Beijing, China, among different subpopulations.The whole blood samples and behavioral data were collected from a total of 10,354 subjects, including drug users (DUs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and the general population, in Beijing from 2010 to 2011. Samples were tested for HCV infection using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR. All viremic subjects were then sequenced by nested PCR over core/E1 and NS5B regions. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis was performed by BEAST software.In total, 217 subjects (2.1%) were tested positive for HCV by antibody or vRNA-based testing. HCV prevalence rates for DUs, MSM, and the general population were 26.2%, 0.54%, and 0.37%, respectively. The 156 HCV RNA-positive samples were sequenced. Nine HCV genotypes, including 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6n, 6u and 6v, were detected. The most prevalent subtypes were 3b (36.09%), 1b (32.54%), and 3a (16.57%). Bayesian evolutionary analysis estimated that the time of introduction of subtype 1b into Beijing was 2004 (95% CI: 1997.7, 2007.7), with subtypes 3a and 3b being introduced later in 2006. Evolutionary analyses further suggested that subtype 1b from Beijing and Shanghai were closely related, whereas subtype 3a sequences were more similar with sequences from Yunnan, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Jiangsu. Subtype 3b sequences were closely related to those from Yunnan, Guangdong, and Hong Kong.Thus, the current HCV epidemic in Beijing is complex, heavily affecting DUs, and involving multiple genotypes that likely spread from different regions in China with its large migrant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) (YJ, YS, LM), Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China (YJ, XZ, CW, LL, JL, YH, PH, ZZ, SJ, SL); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (KJB, DM); Institute of Pathogen Biology and AIDS Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (HW); and National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China (JD)
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9
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Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, Luo H, Dai J, Song L, Yang C, Mei J, Yang L, Dong L, Jia M, Lu L. Multiple Introduction and Naturally Occuring Drug Resistance of HCV among HIV-Infected Intravenous Drug Users in Yunnan: An Origin of China's HIV/HCV Epidemics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142543. [PMID: 26562015 PMCID: PMC4642981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in China historically stemmed from intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Yunnan. Due to a shared transmission route, hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-1 co-infection is common. Here, we investigated HCV genetic characteristics and baseline drug resistance among HIV-infected IDUs in Yunnan. Methods Blood samples of 432 HIV-1/HCV co-infected IDUs were collected from January to June 2014 in six prefectures of Yunnan Province. Partial E1E2 and NS5B genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic, evolutionary and genotypic drug resistance analyses were performed. Results Among the 293 specimens successfully genotyped, seven subtypes were identified, including subtypes 3b (37.9%, 111/293), 3a (21.8%, 64/293), 6n (14.0%, 41/293), 1b (10.6%, 31/293), 1a (8.2%, 24/293), 6a (5.1%, 15/293) and 6u (2.4%, 7/293). The distribution of HCV subtypes was mostly related to geographic location. Subtypes 3b, 3a, and 6n were detected in all six prefectures, however, the other four subtypes were detected only in parts of the six prefectures. Phylogeographic analyses indicated that 6n, 1a and 6u originated in the western prefecture (Dehong) and spread eastward and showed genetic relatedness with those detected in Burmese. However, 6a originated in the southeast prefectures (Honghe and Wenshan) bordering Vietnam and was transmitted westward. These subtypes exhibited different evolutionary rates (between 4.35×10−4 and 2.38×10−3 substitutions site-1 year-1) and times of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA, between 1790.3 and 1994.6), suggesting that HCV was multiply introduced into Yunnan. Naturally occurring resistance-associated mutations (C316N, A421V, C445F, I482L, V494A, and V499A) to NS5B polymerase inhibitors were detected in direct-acting antivirals (DAAs)-naïve IDUs. Conclusion This work reveals the temporal-spatial distribution of HCV subtypes and baseline HCV drug resistance among HIV-infected IDUs in Yunnan. The findings enhance our understanding of the characteristics and evolution of HCV in IDUs and are valuable for developing HCV prevention and management strategies for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Huichao Chen
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Chaojun Yang
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Jingyuan Mei
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Lijuan Dong
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Manhong Jia
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (LL)
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, 650022, China
- College of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (LL)
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10
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Qi Y, Chen Q, Hao F, Wan Z, Guo H, Lu R, Mao L, Du H, Lu J, Zhang C. Subtype distribution of hepatitis C virus in Jiangsu, China. J Med Virol 2015; 88:498-505. [PMID: 26288243 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution varied by regions and transmission modes. In this study, we investigated HCV genotype distribution in five cities of Jiangsu, China, all of which are located in the Yangtze River Delta Region. A total of 363 samples were collected during 2011-2012. C/E2 and NS5B fragments of HCV were amplified using a multiple RT-nested PCR strategy and subjected to sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed for HCV genotyping. Among 106 PCR positive cases, HCV subtypes 1a (0.9%), 1b (61.3%), 2a (15.1%), 3a (4.7%), 3b (9.4%), 6a (6.6%), and 6n (1.9%) were detected. Together with our previous data, we found that HCV subtypes were more among injection drug users (IDUs) (nine) than among general population (GP) (six), and the most common subtype among GP was 1b (73.9%), followed by 2a (14.5%), while the top four common subtypes among IDUs were 3a, 1b, 3b, and 6a, with similar prevalence rates (24.4%, 22.7%, 20.9%, and 17.4%, respectively). There were nine HCV subtypes prevalent among IDUs in Jiangsu, more than those in Xinjiang, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hong Kong. The top four common subtypes among IDUs in Jiangsu covered all the two most common HCV subtypes (except 6n subtype) observed in six targeted provinces/region. These results suggested that Jiangsu may be an important gathering place for various HCV subtypes and the gathering may be involved in the large scale of population migration from other regions of China to Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinle Qi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Hao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Zhenjiang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Du
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Pathogen Diagnostic Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Drug Use and HIV Infection Status of Detainees in Re-Education through Labour Camps in Guangxi Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4502-19. [PMID: 25915836 PMCID: PMC4454922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study describes HIV disease burden and patterns of drug use before and during incarceration among detainees in Re-education-Through-Labour-Camps (RTLCs) in China. A cross-sectional survey of 576 men and 179 women from three RTLCs was conducted in Guangxi Province, China. Over three-quarters of study participants were detained due to drug-related offences. Over half of the women (n = 313, 54.3%) and two-thirds of men (n = 119, 66.5%) had been previously been incarcerated in a compulsory detoxification treatment centre (CDTC), and around one-third (men n = 159, 27.6%; women n = 50, 27.9%) in a RTLC. Of those surveyed, 49 men (8.5%) and one (0.6%) woman reported ever using drugs while in a CDTC and/or RTLC. Previous incarceration in CDTCs and RTLCs were associated with HIV infection among both male (OR = 2.15 [1.11–4.15]) and female (OR = 3.87 [1.86–9.04]) detainees. Being married/cohabiting with a partner (OR = 0.53, [0.30–0.93]) and being employed (OR = 0.46, [0.22–0.95]) were associated with a reduced odds of HIV infection among male detainees. A significant proportion of RTLC detainees had a history of drug use and a limited number of inmates had used illegal substances whilst in custody. Repeat incarcerations in CDTCs/RTLCs were associated with higher risks of HIV infection.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Drug abuse has resulted in a huge burden on public health and the economy in China. Since the reemergence of drug abuse in China in the 1980s, the number of drug addicts has increased dramatically, especially the proportion of users of synthetic drugs, such as amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS). Further, the proportion of opiate addicts has decreased among the new initiates. This review describes the new pattern of drug abuse and the resultant intervention strategy in China. RECENT FINDINGS The demographics regarding drug abuse in China point to a trend of younger users, and indicate that Internet and telephone are facilitating drug trafficking. Furthermore, polydrug use is common. Many heroin addicts have used ATS and other synthetic drugs, and some synthetic drug abusers have used opiate drugs too. HIV infection and psychosis comorbidity are primarily associated with drug abuse in China. SUMMARY Although opiate drug use and its associated harm have been controlled effectively in some areas, the synthetic drugs and new designer drugs have complicated the drug abuse scene. A national system of management and intervention for synthetic drugs and associated diseases urgently needs to be established in China.
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Rao H, Wei L, Lopez-Talavera JC, Shang J, Chen H, Li J, Xie Q, Gao Z, Wang L, Wei J, Jiang J, Sun Y, Yang R, Li H, Zhang H, Gong Z, Zhang L, Zhao L, Dou X, Niu J, You H, Chen Z, Ning Q, Gong G, Wu S, Ji W, Mao Q, Tang H, Li S, Wei S, Sun J, Jiang J, Lu L, Jia J, Zhuang H. Distribution and clinical correlates of viral and host genotypes in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:545-53. [PMID: 24090188 PMCID: PMC4272577 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is relatively frequent in China. This study investigated the clinical, demographic, and viral and host genetic characteristics that may influence disease manifestations and clinical management. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, treatment-naïve Han ethnic adults with recently confirmed chronic HCV infection were enrolled at 28 hospitals across China. HCV genotype and host interleukin 28B (IL28B) genotypes were determined and compared with patient demographic parameters and medical status. RESULTS Among the 997 HCV-positive patients analyzed, 56.8% were infected with HCV genotype 1b, followed in prevalence by genotypes 2, 3, and 6, with substantial regional variation. Overall, 84.1% of patients were IL28B genotype CC (rs12979860), with little regional variation. Cirrhosis was reported in 10.1% of patients and was significantly associated with hepatitis B virus coinfection, low HCV viral load, low serum alanine aminotransferase, high serum aspartate aminotransferase, diabetes, and high pickled food consumption. Medical procedures were common transmission risk factors; however, lifestyle-associated risk factors, including intravenous drug abuse and tattoos or piercings, were more common in patients with HCV genotype 3 or 6. CONCLUSIONS Most HCV-infected Han Chinese patients were IL28B genotype CC (rs12979860). HCV genotypes varied by geographic region, and disease characteristics differed according to HCV genotype. Relatively frequent detection of advanced liver disease may reflect limitations on access to antiviral therapy, and suggests that greater awareness of factors that influence HCV-associated disease may help avoid clinical complications and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Rao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver DiseaseBeijing, China
| | | | - Jia Shang
- Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Shanghai Ruijin HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Jia Wei
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Jianning Jiang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Fourth Military Medical University, Tangdu HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Bristol-Myers SquibbWallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- People's Hospital of Hubei Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lunli Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Longfeng Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoguang Dou
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Hong You
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College ZheJiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Gong
- Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Shuhuan Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Ningxia People's HospitalYinchuan, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Southwest HospitalChongqing, China
| | | | - Shuchen Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jiaji Jiang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China
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Wang L, Wei X, Wang X, Li J, Li H, Jia W. Long-term effects of methadone maintenance treatment with different psychosocial intervention models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87931. [PMID: 24498406 PMCID: PMC3912169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the long-term effects of different psychosocial intervention models in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Xi'an China. Patients from five MMT clinics were divided into three groups receiving MMT only, MMT with counseling psychology (CP) or MMT with contingency management (CM). A five-year follow-up was carried out with daily records of medication, monthly random urine morphine tests, and tests for anti-HIV and anti-HCV every six months. Drug use behavior was recorded six months after initial recruitment using a survey. Adjusted RRs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using an unconditional logistic regression model or a Cox proportional hazard model. A total of 2662 patients were recruited with 797 in MMT, 985 in MMT with CP, and 880 in MMT with CM. Following six months of treatment, the injection rates of MMT with CP and MMT with CM groups were significantly lower than that of MMT (5.1% and 6.9% vs. 16.3%, x² = 47.093 and 29.908, respectively; P<0.05). HIV incidences for MMT, MMT with CP and MMT with CM at the five year follow-up were 20.09, 0.00 and 10.02 per ten thousand person-years, respectively. HCV incidences were 18.35, 4.42 and 6.61 per hundred person-years, respectively, demonstrating that CP and CM were protective factors for HCV incidence (RR = 0.209 and 0.414, with range of 0.146-0.300 and 0.298-0.574, respectively). MMT supplemented with CP or CM can reduce heroin use and related risk behaviors, thereby reducing the incidence of HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueliang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinsong Li
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengxin Li
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Methadone Maintenance Therapy Clinic, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hepatitis C virus genotype diversity among intravenous drug users in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82598. [PMID: 24358211 PMCID: PMC3866230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, high proportions (15.6%–98.7%) of intravenous drug users (IDUs) in China were found to be positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Yunnan Province is located in southwestern China and borders one of the world's most important opium-producing regions, thus it is an important drug trafficking route to other regions of China. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we assessed 100 HCV-positive plasma samples from IDUs who were enrolled through the Kunming Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012. HCV C/E1 fragments were PCR-amplified and sequenced. We identified eight HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6n, 6u and 6v), of which genotype 6 was most predominant (frequency, 47%) followed by genotypes 3 (41%) and 1 (12%). HCV subtypes 6n (30%) and 3b (29%) were most common and were identified in 59% of the IDUs. We compared HCV genotypes among IDUs in Yunnan Province with those from other regions and found that the distribution patterns of HCV genotypes in Yunnan Province were similar to those in southern China, but different from those in eastern China. However, the distribution patterns of HCV subtypes varied among Yunnan Province and southern China, despite the shared similar genotypes. A comparison of the current data with those previously reported showed that the frequency of HCV genotype 6 increased from 25% to 47% within 5 years, especially subtypes 6a (5% to 15%) and 6n (11.2% to 30%). In contrast, the frequencies of subtypes 3b and 1b decreased by almost 50% within 5 years. Conclusion/Significance Our results provided further information to support the assertion that drug trafficking routes influence HCV transmission patterns among IDUs in Yunnan Province. The frequency of HCV genotypes and subtypes changed rapidly among IDUs in Yunnan Province and subtypes 6a and 6n may have originated in Vietnam and Myanmar, respectively.
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Chang YJ, Hsieh J, Peng CY, Li J, Hser YI. HIV and HCV Serostatus and Knowledge Among Patients in Urban Versus Rural Methadone Maintenance Clinics in Kunming. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042613511438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among urban and rural methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients and to examine differences in knowledge of HIV and HCV among this population. We compared 147 MMT patients attending urban versus rural clinics in Kunming, Yunnan, China, concerning their serostatus and knowledge of HIV and HCV. The rates of HIV and HCV seropositive status were higher among rural patients. Both urban and rural patients showed limited HIV and HCV knowledge. Recent opioid injection and geographic area were strong predictors of HIV and HCV serostatus. The lack of knowledge of HIV and HCV among both urban and rural MMT patients suggests the need to strengthen current HIV and HCV education programs in MMT clinics. In addition, prevention programs should take into consideration geographic characteristics of the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie Hsieh
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Peng
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, Kunming, China
| | - Yih-Ing Hser
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yen YF, Yen MY, Su LW, Li LH, Chuang P, Jiang XR, Deng CY. Prevalences and associated risk factors of HCV/HIV co-infection and HCV mono-infection among injecting drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program in Taipei, Taiwan. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1066. [PMID: 23227904 PMCID: PMC3534443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injecting drug users (IDUs) in Taiwan contributed significantly to an HIV/AIDS epidemic in 2005. In addition, studies that identified risk factors of HCV/HIV co-infection among IDUs were sparse. This study aimed to identify risk factors of HCV/HIV co-infection and HCV mono-infection, as compared with seronegativity, among injecting drug users (IDUs) at a large methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) in Taipei, Taiwan. METHODS Data from enrollment interviews and HCV and HIV testing completed by IDUs upon admission to the Taipei City Hospital MMTP from 2006-2010 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. HCV and HIV testing was repeated among re-enrollees whose HCV or HIV test results were negative at the preceding enrollment. Backward stepwise multinomial logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with HCV/HIV co-infection and HCV mono-infection. RESULTS Of the 1,447 IDUs enrolled, the prevalences of HCV/HIV co-infection, HCV mono-infection, and HIV mono-infection were 13.1%, 78.0%, and 0.4%, respectively. In backward stepwise multinomial regression analysis, after controlling for potential confounders, syringe sharing in the 6 months before MMTP enrollment was significantly positively associated with HCV/HIV co-infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=27.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.30-57.76). Incarceration was also significantly positively associated with HCV/HIV co-infection (AOR=2.01, 95% CI 1.71-2.37) and HCV mono-infection (AOR=1.77, 95% CI 1.52-2.06), whereas smoking amphetamine in the 6 months before MMTP enrollment was significantly inversely associated with HCV/HIV co-infection (AOR=0.44, 95% CI 0.25-0.76) and HCV mono-infection (AOR=0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.75). HCV seroincidence was 45.25/100 person-years at risk (PYAR; 95% CI 24.74-75.92/100 PYAR) and HIV seroincidence was 0.53/100 PYAR (95% CI 0.06-1.91/100 PYAR) among re-enrolled IDUs who were HCV- or HIV-negative at the preceding enrollment. CONCLUSIONS IDUs enrolled in Taipei MMTPs had very high prevalences of HCV/HIV co-infection and HCV mono-infection. Interventions such as expansion of syringe exchange programs and education regarding HCV/HIV prevention should be implemented for this high-risk group of drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Feng Yen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Yong Yen
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Wen Su
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Huei Li
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peing Chuang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Ru Jiang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yeh Deng
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Ni-Long Street, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tian D, Li L, Liu Y, Li H, Xu X, Li J. Different HCV genotype distributions of HIV-infected individuals in Henan and Guangxi, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50343. [PMID: 23226265 PMCID: PMC3511438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to shared transmission routes, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with hepatotoxicity, leading to the negative effects on patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. In order to provide valuable information for HCV management in this particular population, we investigated the HCV genotypes in HIV-infected individuals from Henan and Guangxi, the two provinces with the most HIV-infected cases in China. Methods Individuals, who acquired HIV infection through various risk routes, were recruited from Henan and Guangxi. Test of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) was conducted, and detection of HCV RNA was performed by PCR amplification. HCV subtypes were determined by direct sequencing of amplicons, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results We recruited a total of 1,112 HIV-infected people in this present study. Anti-HCV was detected from 218 (50.1%) patients from Henan and 81 (12.0%) patients from Guangxi, respectively. The highest prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection was observed from FBDs (former blood donors) (87.2%) in Henan and IDUs (intravenous drug users) (81.8%) in Guangxi, respectively. The seroprevalence rate of HCV among people with sexual contact was significantly higher in Henan than in Guangxi (18.7% vs. 3.5%, P<0.05). The positive rate of HCV RNA in Henan and Guangxi was 30.6% (133/435) and 11.2% (76/677), respectively. Moreover, we found that 20 anti-HCV negative samples were HCV positive by PCR amplification. HCV subtype 1b (52.7%) was predominant in Henan, followed by subtype 2a (41.9%). The most frequently detected subtypes in Guangxi were 6a (35.6%) and 3b (32.9%). Conclusion The HCV genotype distributions were different in HIV-infected people from Henan and Guangxi. HIV/HCV co-infection was not only linked to the transmission routes, but also associated with the geographic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanping Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XYX); (JYL)
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XYX); (JYL)
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Ye Y, Yan YS, Chen G, Yan PP, Zheng WX, Deng YQ, Yang XH, Wu SL, Zhang ZS. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among different groups of people in the province of Fujian, China. Arch Virol 2012; 158:611-8. [PMID: 23132411 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can provide valuable information for prognosis and treatment duration prediction. To explore the genetic diversity of HCV in Fujian Province, China, 112, 104 and 48 anti-HCV-positive serum samples were collected from volunteer blood donors, IDUs and patients, respectively, from Jan 2008 to Dec 2008 and were genotyped through sequence analysis, followed by phylogenetic analysis in the C/E1 and NS5B regions. Genotypes could be determined for 85.61 and 84.85 % of samples in the C/E1 and NS5B region, respectively. 6a was the most prevalent subtype, which accounted for 42.04 and 43.75 % in the C/E1 and NS5B region, respectively. Mixed infection and potential recombination were detected in this study. Kappa tests indicated that similar results were obtained by two genotyping methods targeting the C/E1 and NS5B regions. The differences in the main prevalent subtype between the three target groups suggest diversity of HCV prevalence in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350004 Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Wu F, Peng CY, Jiang H, Zhang R, Zhao M, Li J, Hser YI. Methadone maintenance treatment in China: perceived challenges from the perspectives of service providers and patients. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012; 35:206-12. [PMID: 22997278 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fds079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has recently adopted methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) as a national strategy to address the problem of drug abuse and related public health issues such as HIV and HCV infections. However, low enrollment and retention rates suggest that barriers may exist in MMT utilization. This study examined both patients' perceptions and service providers' perceptions of challenges in MMT implementation in China. METHODS Four focus groups were conducted in two Chinese cities, Shanghai and Kunming, to explore the perceived and experienced barriers in MMT participation in China. All focus group discussions with participants were audio taped and transcribed. Atlas.ti 5.1 was used to analyze data. RESULTS Service providers and patient participants reported positive experiences (e.g. effects of MMT in curbing withdrawal symptoms) but also expressed concerns about side effects and continued heroin use during MMT. They also identified barriers in participating and remaining in MMT, including affordability (fee requirement), acceptability (methadone as a substitution, dose, long-term nature), accommodation and accessibility (inconvenient operation hours, lack of transferability to other MMT clinics during travel) and competition between public health and public security. CONCLUSIONS The present findings have implications for reconsidering the current MMT policies and practices in order to improve access, utilization and, ultimately, the effectiveness of MMT in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 200, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and HCV Infection Among Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Users in 6 Provinces in China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60:438-46. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31825694f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Complex patterns of HCV epidemic in Suzhou: evidence for dual infection and HCV recombination in East China. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:207-12. [PMID: 22595306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV transmission is closely associated with injection drug use (IDU), and co-circulation of multiple subtypes has been found among injection drug users (IDUs) in China. OBJECTIVES To investigate HCV subtype characterizations among IDUs and general population (GP) in Suzhou, a city at the important "Hu-ning" transportation line. STUDY DESIGN During January 2010 to May 2011, 123 HCV positive plasma from IDUs and 131 stored HCV positive sera from general individuals were collected in Suzhou. HCV C/E2 and NS5B fragments were amplified using a new multiple RT-nested PCR strategy and subsequent sequenced. Genotypes were characterized by phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Eight HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6n, and 6u) were detected among Suzhou IDUs, and six subtypes (1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a and 6n) among GP. HCV subtype distribution is distinct between IDUs and GP. Interestingly, we detected discrepancy of genotyping results between C/E2 and NS5B regions in one general individual, indicating the presence of HCV intersubtype recombinant in China. The recombinant belongs to a 3a/1b recombinant. We also detected dual infections in one general individual and two IDUs. They include dual infections between 1b and 3a, 3a and 6a, and two distinct lineages of 3b. CONCLUSIONS Complex patterns of HCV epidemic among IDUs, as well as GP, in Suzhou, might imply a spread of HCV from IDUs to GP. The finding of one HCV 3a/1b intersubtype recombinant might represent the first report of HCV recombination in China.
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D1/NMDA receptors and concurrent methamphetamine+ HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:599-608. [PMID: 22552781 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactive effects of HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine (METH) abuse in producing cognitive dysfunction represent a serious medical problem; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this interactive neurotoxicity remain elusive. In this study, we report that a combination of low, sub-toxic doses of METH + HIV-1 Tat 1-86 B, but not METH + HIV-1 gp120, directly induces death of rodent midbrain neurons in vitro. The effects of D1- and NMDA-receptor specific antagonists (SCH23390 and MK-801, respectively) on the neurotoxicity of different doses of METH or HIV-1 Tat alone and on the METH + HIV-1Tat interaction in midbrain neuronal cultures suggest that the induction of the cell death cascade by METH and Tat requires both dopaminergic (D1) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signaling. This interactive METH+Tat neurotoxicity does not occur in cultures of hippocampal neurons, which are predominately glutamatergic, express very low levels of dopamine receptors, and have no functional dopamine transporter (DAT). Thus, the presence of a subpopulation of neurons capable of dopamine release/uptake is essential for METH+Tat induction of the cell death cascade. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that METH and HIV-1 Tat disrupt the normal conjunction of signaling between D1 and NMDA receptors, resulting in neural dysfunction and death.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Western countries is high and is associated with lower quality of life and reduces the effectiveness of treatment programs. The aim of this study is to provide a review about psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs in Asia and Africa, where HIV prevalence is high and still increasing. RECENT FINDINGS Studies focusing on psychiatric comorbidity in Asia and Africa are scarce. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity is comparable with the prevalence in western countries. Psychiatric disorders can occur before or during drug abuse and are also associated with substance abuse and physical comorbidity and its treatments. Childhood trauma followed by post-traumatic disorders is a significant risk factor for substance abuse. Psychiatric co-occurring disorders influence the adherence to the physical and drug use treatment. Evidence-based treatment for psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs is still limited. SUMMARY A better understanding of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in IDUs and its impact on the overall treatments is growing. However, more studies focusing on the treatment for psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs in Asia and Africa are needed.
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Zhang L, Wilson DP. Trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China: implications for surveillance and population health policy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31076. [PMID: 22359565 PMCID: PMC3281048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975-1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Fu Y, Qin W, Cao H, Xu R, Tan Y, Lu T, Wang H, Tong W, Rong X, Li G, Yuan M, Li C, Abe K, Lu L, Chen G. HCV 6a prevalence in Guangdong province had the origin from Vietnam and recent dissemination to other regions of China: phylogeographic analyses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28006. [PMID: 22253686 PMCID: PMC3253785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently in China, HCV 6a infection has shown a fast increase among patients and blood donors, possibly due to IDU linked transmission. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS We recruited 210 drug users in Shanwei city, Guangdong province. Among them, HCV RNA was detected in 150 (71.4%), both E1 and NS5B genes were sequenced in 136, and 6a genotyped in 70. Of the 6a sequences, most were grouped into three clusters while 23% represent emerging strains. For coalescent analysis, additional 6a sequences were determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 donors from 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs from Liuzhou City in Guangxi Province. Phylogeographic analyses indicated that Vietnam could be the origin of 6a in China. The Guangxi Province, which borders Vietnam, could be the first region to accept 6a for circulation. Migration from Yunnan, which also borders Vietnam, might be equally important, but it was only detected among IDUs in limited regions. From Guangxi, 6a could have further spread to Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan, and Hubei provinces. However, evidence showed that only in Guangdong has 6a become a local epidemic, making Guangdong the second source region to disseminate 6a to the other 12 provinces. With a rate of 2.737×10⁻³ (95% CI: 1.792×10⁻³ to 3.745×10⁻³), a Bayesian Skyline Plot was portrayed. It revealed an exponential 6a growth during 1994-1998, while before and after 1994-1998 slow 6a growths were maintained. Concurrently, 1994-1998 corresponded to a period when contaminated blood transfusion was common, which caused many people being infected with HIV and HCV, until the Chinese government outlawed the use of paid blood donations in 1998. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With an origin from Vietnam, 6a has become a local epidemic in Guangdong Province, where an increasing prevalence has subsequently led to 6a spread to many other regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshui Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weibing Qin
- Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Vaccine Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ru Xu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teng Lu
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hongren Wang
- The Vaccine Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wangxia Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Li
- The Vaccine Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Manqiong Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Viral Oncology Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Viral Oncology Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kenji Abe
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Viral Oncology Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guihua Chen
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Phylogeographic analyses reveal a crucial role of Xinjiang in HIV-1 CRF07_BC and HCV 3a transmissions in Asia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23347. [PMID: 21858079 PMCID: PMC3155551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background China faces an increasing prevalence of two HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) 07_BC and 08_BC. Both CRFs_BC were previously demonstrated to originate in Yunnan and spread to Liaoning from Yunnan via injection drug use (IDU) in China. Supposing it is true, we are unable to answer why only CRF07_BC, rather than both CRFs_BC together, was transmitted to Xinjiang. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the phylogeography of CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC using multiple HIV-1 genomic regions with Bayesian phylogeography method. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed that all CRF07_BC sequences were divided into two clades, Yunnan and Xinjiang, and all strains from other regions of mainland China clustered within the Xinjiang clade. Significant geographic diffusion links of Xinjiang with other regions (including Liaoning, Beijing, Jiangsu and Guangdong) were supported by Bayes factor tests. The temporal dynamics analyses showed that CRF07_BC spread from Xinjiang to Liaoning in 1996.10, and to Jiangsu in 2000.9. The analyses of CRF08_BC not only confirmed the previous conclusion on temporal and spatial dynamics of CRF08_BC, but also indicated that the CRF08_BC strains from Guangdong and Shanghai originated from Yunnan. The analyses of HCV 3a showed that it was introduced into Xinjiang in the early 1980s, and spread from Xinjiang to Yunnan in 1990.10 and to Jiangsu in 1999.2, and further from Yunnan to Guangxi in 1995.3. The temporal and spatial dynamics of HCV 3a were similar to some extent to that of HIV-1 CRF07_BC and/or CRF08_BC, suggesting a possible association in migration patterns between HCV and HIV-1 through IDU. In addition, HCV 3a spread from Xinjiang to Pakistan, implying a drug trafficking route linking them. Conclusions/Significance Xinjiang, as the most important transfer station for drug trafficking from Golden Crescent to other regions of China, plays a very crucial role in the transmission of viruses (e.g., HIV-1 and HCV) through IDU in Asia.
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High Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus Among Injection Drug Users in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 22:77-83. [PMID: 23637507 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The constant increase in the number of drug users and rapidly spread of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among drug users result in a serious public health problem in China. To investigate HCV prevalence among drug users in Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu, China, 207 drug users from Zhenjiang were enrolled in this study during 2009 and the prevalence of HCV, HIV and syphilis infection were detected. HCV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) was 81.6%, significantly higher than that (22.9%) among oral drug users (P < 0.001), suggesting a strong association of HCV infection with injection drug use (IDU). Most drug users were more than 25 years old (89.2%), single (60.5%, including single and divorced/widowed), and had a history of drug abuse over 6 years (92.9%). HCV prevalence among drug users with middle (72.6%) or high (83.8%) school diplomas was significantly higher than that among those with lower (46.9%) education level (P = 0.007). HCV prevalence among IDUs did not obviously change along with the increase in duration of drug use and in frequency of injection per day, suggesting less association of HCV infection with both variables. These results suggest that most Chinese addicts might start drug use after their middle/high school education. To reduce drug use and to prevent HIV and HCV transmission via IDU, large-scale drug prevention educations should be urgently conducted in all China's middle and high schools.
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Zhang C, Wu N, Liu J, Ge Q, Huang Y, Ren Q, Feng Q, He G. HCV subtype characterization among injection drug users: implication for a crucial role of Zhenjiang in HCV transmission in China. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16817. [PMID: 21304823 PMCID: PMC3033423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HCV transmission is closely associated with drug-trafficking routes in China. However, the transmission route of HCV in Eastern China remains unclear. Here, we investigate the role of Zhenjiang city of Jiangsu province, an important transportation hub linking Shanghai with other regions of China, in HCV transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 141 whole blood samples were collected from injection drug users (IDUs) in Zhenjiang and then tested for HCV infection. Of them, 115 HCV positive plasmas were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-PCR amplification, and sequencing. The subtype characterization and the evolutionary origin of HCV strains circulating in Zhenjiang were determined using polygenetic or phylogeographic analyses. Seven HCV subtypes 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6e and 6n were detected among Zhenjiang IDUs, showing a complex HCV epidemic. The most predominant subtypes were 3a (38%) and 1b (26.8%). Among these subtypes, subtypes 3b, 6n and 6e originated from Southwestern China (i.e., Yunnan and/or Guangxi), subtypes 2a and 6a from Southern China (i.e., Guangdong), subtype 1b from Central (i.e., Henan) and Northwestern (i.e., Xinjiang) China, and subtype 3a from Southwestern (i.e., Yunnan) and Northwestern (i.e., Xinjiang) China. From Zhenjiang, subtypes 1b and 2a were further spread to Eastern (i.e., Shanghai) and Northern (i.e., Beijing) China, respectively. Conclusions/Significance The mixing of seven HCV subtypes in Zhenjiang from all quarters of China indicates that as an important middle station, Zhenjiang plays a crucial role in HCV transmission, just as it is important in population migration between other regions of China and Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid augments morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:369-73. [PMID: 20555252 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833c7ce5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments were performed to study the effects of immune challenge on the rewarding properties of opiates. Intraperitoneal injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C, 1 mg/kg) was used to trigger an immune challenge. Conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats trained with alternating subcutaneous injections of morphine (5 mg/kg) and saline was used to assess the rewarding effect of morphine. Poly I:C administered before CPP training had no effects on CPP acquisition. Poly I:C administered during CPP training enhanced CPP acquisition. Poly I:C administered after morphine-induced CPP acquisition retarded CPP extinction. These results show that the immune challenge by Poly I:C augmented morphine CPP in rats depending on the onset time of the challenge. The findings suggest that immune challenge may enhance the rewarding properties of opiates.
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Chen L, Zhai H, Lu L, Chen S, Ning Y, Wang W. Effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:341-4. [PMID: 20974220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are frequently found in opioid addicts, subjecting them to immune challenge. However, the effects of immune challenge on opioid withdrawal are not fully understood. In the present study, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2mg/kg polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C, a viral mimetic) for 3 days to induce an immune challenge, followed by subcutaneous injection of morphine 3 times per day for 3 days to induce morphine dependence. Withdrawal was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist. The results showed that Poly I:C pretreatment did not alter body weight loss, jumping behavior, or locomotion during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In contrast, Poly I:C pretreatment significantly increased immobility time in the tail suspension test. Our findings suggest that Poly I:C-induced immune challenge has no effects on acute physical opioid withdrawal symptoms but facilitates depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neuropharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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