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Charney E. The "Golden Age" of Behavior Genetics? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1188-1210. [PMID: 35180032 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211041602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for genetic risk factors underlying the presumed heritability of all human behavior has unfolded in two phases. The first phase, characterized by candidate-gene-association (CGA) studies, has fallen out of favor in the behavior-genetics community, so much so that it has been referred to as a "cautionary tale." The second and current iteration is characterized by genome-wide association studies (GWASs), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability estimates, and polygenic risk scores. This research is guided by the resurrection of, or reemphasis on, Fisher's "infinite infinitesimal allele" model of the heritability of complex phenotypes, first proposed over 100 years ago. Despite seemingly significant differences between the two iterations, they are united in viewing the discovery of risk alleles underlying heritability as a matter of finding differences in allele frequencies. Many of the infirmities that beset CGA studies persist in the era of GWASs, accompanied by a host of new difficulties due to the human genome's underlying complexities and the limitations of Fisher's model in the postgenomics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Charney
- The Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University
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2
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The potential roles of genetic factors in predicting ageing-related cognitive change and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101402. [PMID: 34242808 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder of uncertain aetiology, although substantial research has been conducted to explore important factors related to risk of onset and progression. Both lifestyle (e.g., complex mental stimulation, vascular health) and genetic factors (e.g., APOE, BDNF, PICALM, CLU, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and other genes) have been associated with AD risk. Despite more than thirty years of genetic research, much of the heritability of AD is not explained by measured loci. This suggests that the missing heritability of AD might be potentially related to rare variants, gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, and potentially epigenetic modulators. Moreover, while ageing is the most substantial factor risk for AD, there are limited longitudinal studies examining the association of genetic factors with decline in cognitive function due to ageing and the preclinical stages of this condition. This review summarises findings from currently available research on the genetic factors of ageing-related cognitive change and AD and suggests some future research directions.
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Hirst RB, Jordan JT, Rose SMSF, Schneider L, Kawai M, Gould C, Anker L, Chick CF, Beaudreau S, Hallmayer J, O’Hara R. The 5-HTTLPR long allele predicts two-year longitudinal increases in cortisol and declines in verbal memory in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:982-988. [PMID: 32400901 PMCID: PMC7755300 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The short form or s-allele variant of the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), as compared with the long-form or l-allele variant, has been associated with the presence of cognitive dysfunction, and particularly memory impairment in older adults. This body of cross-sectional work has culminated in the hypothesis that presence of the s-allele predicts greater memory decline in older adults. Yet, to date, there are no longitudinal studies that have investigated this issue. METHODS/DESIGN Here, we examine 109 community-dwelling older adults (mean and SD of age = 70.7 ± 8.7 years) who underwent blood draw for genotyping, cognitive, and psychological testing at baseline, 12-, and 24-monthfollow-ups. RESULTS Multilevel modeling found that s-allele carriers (ss or ls) performed worse than ll homozygotes at baseline on delayed verbal recall. Yet, s-allele carriers' memory performance was stable over the two-yearfollow-up period, while l-allele homozygotes experienced significant memory decline. l-allele homozygote status was associated with both increased cortisol and decreased memory over time, resulting in attenuated verbal memory performance differences compared to s-allele carriers with age. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that presence of the 5-HTTLPRs-allele is a marker for memory decline in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:-, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna B. Hirst
- Palo Alto University,Corresponding author: Rayna B. Hirst, PhD, Palo Alto University, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, Ph. 650-417-2025,
| | - Joshua T. Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Logan Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Stanford/VA State of California, Alzheimer Disease Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System,Stanford University Sleep Center,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Makoto Kawai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Stanford/VA State of California, Alzheimer Disease Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System,Stanford University Sleep Center,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Christine Gould
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Lauren Anker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Christina F. Chick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Sherry Beaudreau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Ruth O’Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University,Stanford/VA State of California, Alzheimer Disease Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System,Sierra Pacific, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC): VISN 21: Sierra Pacific Network, Department of Veterans Affairs
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Veniaminova E, Cespuglio R, Chernukha I, Schmitt-Boehrer AG, Morozov S, Kalueff AV, Kuznetsova O, Anthony DC, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Metabolic, Molecular, and Behavioral Effects of Western Diet in Serotonin Transporter-Deficient Mice: Rescue by Heterozygosity? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32132889 PMCID: PMC7041415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced function of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is associated with increased susceptibility to anxiety and depression and with type-2 diabetes, which is especially true in older women. Preference for a "Western diet" (WD), enriched with saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugars, may aggravate these conditions. In previous studies, decreased glucose tolerance, central and peripheral inflammation, dyslipidemia, emotional, cognitive, and social abnormalities were reported in WD-fed young female mice. We investigated the metabolic, molecular, and behavioral changes associated with a 3-week-long dietary regime of either the WD or control diet in 12-month-old female mice with three different Sert genotypes: homozygous (Slc6a4) gene knockout (Sert -/-: KO), heterozygous (Sert +/-: HET), or wild-type mice (Sert +/+: WT). In the WT-WD and KO-WD groups, but not in HET-WD-fed mice, most of changes induced by the WD paralleled those found in the younger mice, including brain overexpression of inflammatory marker Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and impaired hippocampus-dependent performance in the marble test. However, the 12-month-old female mice became obese. Control diet KO mice exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent behaviors, increased brain expression of the serotonin receptors Htr2c and Htr1b, as well as increased Tlr4 and mitochondrial regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator-1a (Ppargc1a). Paradoxically, these, and other changes, were reversed in KO-WD mutants, suggesting a complex interplay between Sert deficiency and metabolic factors as well as potential compensatory molecular mechanisms that might be disrupted by the WD exposure. Most, but not all, of the changes in gene expression in the brain and liver of KO mice were not exhibited by the HET mice fed with either diet. Some of the WD-induced changes were similar in the KO-WD and HET-WD-fed mice, but the latter displayed a "rescued" phenotype in terms of diet-induced abnormalities in glucose tolerance, neuroinflammation, and hippocampus-dependent performance. Thus, complete versus partial Sert inactivation in aged mice results in distinct metabolic, molecular, and behavioral consequences in response to the WD. Our findings show that Sert +/- mice are resilient to certain environmental challenges and support the concept of heterosis as evolutionary adaptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, C. Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Irina Chernukha
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oxana Kuznetsova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Harris R, Van Roekel E, Lodder G, Bangee M, Maes M, Verhagen M. Loneliness across the life span. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:250-64. [PMID: 25910393 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615568999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most people have experienced loneliness and have been able to overcome it to reconnect with other people. In the current review, we provide a life-span perspective on one component of the evolutionary theory of loneliness-a component we refer to as the reaffiliation motive (RAM). The RAM represents the motivation to reconnect with others that is triggered by perceived social isolation. Loneliness is often a transient experience because the RAM leads to reconnection, but sometimes this motivation can fail, leading to prolonged loneliness. We review evidence of how aspects of the RAM change across development and how these aspects can fail for different reasons across the life span. We conclude with a discussion of age-appropriate interventions that may help to alleviate prolonged loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Qualter
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Janne Vanhalst
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Bolton, United Kingdom
| | - Eeske Van Roekel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerine Lodder
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Munirah Bangee
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Marlies Maes
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Verhagen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Garrett A, Gupta S, Reiss AL, Waring J, Sudheimer K, Anker L, Sosa N, Hallmayer JF, O'Hara R. Impact of 5-HTTLPR on hippocampal subregional activation in older adults. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e639. [PMID: 26393485 PMCID: PMC5068801 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) impacts performance on memory-related tasks and the hippocampal structures that subserve these tasks. The short (s) allele of 5-HTTLPR has been linked to greater susceptibility for impaired memory and smaller hippocampal volume compared to the long allele (l). However, previous studies have not examined the associations between 5-HTTLPR allele and activation in subregions of the hippocampus. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure activation in hippocampal and temporal lobe subregions in 36 elderly non-clinical participants performing a face-name encoding and recognition task. Although there were no significant differences in task performance between s allele carriers and l homozygotes, right CA1 and right parahippocampal activation during recognition errors was significantly greater in individuals bearing the s allele. In an exploratory analysis, we determined that these effects were more pronounced in s allele carriers with the apolipoprotein ɛ4 allele. Our results suggest that older individuals with the s allele inefficiently allocate neural resources while making errors in recognizing face-name associations, which could negatively impact memory performance during more challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garrett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A L Reiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Waring
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - K Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - L Anker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - N Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J F Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - R O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5485, USA. E-mail:
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7
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Ojeda DA, Perea CS, Suárez A, Niño CL, Gutiérrez RM, López-León S, Adan A, Arboleda H, Camargo A, Forero DA. Common functional polymorphisms in SLC6A4 and COMT genes are associated with circadian phenotypes in a South American sample. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:41-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resilience is proposed as a significant component of successful aging. Young adult carriers of the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) short(s) allele appear to have reduced resilience to stress. We examined whether the presence of the short allele was associated with poorer emotional resilience in older adults. METHODS In a cross-sectional study of 99 healthy, community-dwelling, older adults, we determined 5-HTTLPR genotype status and administered the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and self-reported measures of successful aging, cognition, and health. RESULTS There was no significant association between the 5-HTTLPR s allele and resilience. S allele carriers had worse cognition and self-report ratings of successful aging. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the impact of the 5-HTTLPR s allele on stress-related outcomes may attenuate with older age. However, s allele status appears to be a biomarker of poorer self-rated successful aging, and cognitive performance in older adults.
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9
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Kumsta R, Schlotz W, Lasky-Su J, Marco R, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Banaschewski T, Mueller U, Andreou P, Christiansen H, Gabriels I, Uebel H, Kuntsi J, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Anney R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Asherson P, Faraone SV. A functional variant of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) moderates impulsive choice in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys and siblings. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:230-6. [PMID: 21497794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive drive for immediate reward (IDIR) and delay aversion are dissociable elements of the preference for immediate over delayed rewards seen in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that IDIR would be associated with dopamine regulating genes and delay aversion would be associated with serotonin-regulating genes. METHODS Impulsive drive for immediate reward and delay aversion were measured in 459 male children and adolescents (328 ADHD and 131 unaffected siblings) with a laboratory choice task. The sample was genotyped for the 5HTT (SLC6A4) promoter serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region polymorphism and a DAT1 (SLC6A3) 40-base pair variable number tandem repeat located in the 3'-untranslated region of the gene. RESULTS There was no effect of dopamine transporter (DAT)1 on IDIR. As predicted, serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region s-allele carriers were more delay averse. This effect was driven by the s/l genotype in the ADHD group. These results were not altered by taking account of the rs25531 A/G single nucleotide polymorphism and were independent of age, IQ, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results support the genetic distinctiveness of IDIR and delay aversion in ADHD and implicate serotonin function in delay aversion. Possible explanations of the heterosis effect in the ADHD cases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Fiedorowicz JG, Hale N, Spector AA, Coryell WH. Neuroticism but not omega-3 fatty acid levels correlate with early responsiveness to escitalopram. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2010; 22:157-63. [PMID: 20680188 PMCID: PMC3035677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) levels and dimensional personality measures have been associated with major depression and the course of depressive illness. We sought to study the utility of O3FA levels and dimensional personality measures as predictors of early improvement with escitalopram. METHODS Twenty-four participants were enrolled in an open-label trial of escitalopram 10 mg/d for 4 weeks. Baseline erythrocyte O3 levels and dimensional personality assessments were obtained. RESULTS Using a conservative, intention-to-treat analysis, baseline neuroticism (r = -0.57; P = .007), as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory but not erythrocyte O3 levels, was correlated with improvements on escitalopram. A facet analysis of the neuroticism domain showed the relationship with antidepressant response to be focused on trait anxiety (r = -0.65; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Anxiety may have important prognostic implications on subsequent response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as escitalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess G Fiedorowicz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Vázquez-Bourgon J, Arranz MJ, Mata I, Pelayo-Terán JM, Pérez-Iglesias R, Medina-González L, Carrasco-Marín E, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and early response to antipsychotic treatment in first episode of psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175:189-94. [PMID: 20031235 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence suggesting that individual variability in antipsychotic treatment response could be genetically determined. Variations in several serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphisms have been associated with antipsychotic response among chronic patients with schizophrenia, although their implication in early response among first-episode patients remains unclear. Two polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene (a 44 bp insertion/deletion in the promoter region and the functional polymorphism rs25531) were genotyped in a sample of 147 drug-naïve patients experiencing a first episode of a non-affective psychosis. Early (6 weeks) response to antipsychotic treatment with haloperidol, olanzapine or risperidone was assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. No clear association was found between the rs25531 variant and treatment response. However, significant associations were observed between 5-HTT-LPR variants and early negative symptom response among first-episode patients with psychosis. Our results suggest a minor contribution to antipsychotic drug response of genetic alterations in the 5-HTT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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12
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Ohira H, Matsunaga M, Isowa T, Nomura M, Ichikawa N, Kimura K, Kanayama N, Murakami H, Osumi T, Konagaya T, Nogimori T, Fukuyama S, Shinoda J, Yamada J. Polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene modulates brain and physiological responses to acute stress in Japanese men. Stress 2009; 12:533-43. [PMID: 19658029 DOI: 10.3109/10253890902787826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A short (S) variant, compared to a long (L) variant, of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) has been related to emotional hyper-reactivity. We tested whether the 5HTTLPR could modulate acute stress responses in the brain and, the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems. Ten Japanese male participants carrying double copies of the S alleles and 10 Japanese males carrying S and L alleles conducted a mental arithmetic task, and their regional cerebral blood flow by (15)O positron emission tomography and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine parameters were measured. During the acute stress task, the participants with the SS alleles showed stronger reactivity in blood pressure and secretion of epinephrine, compared to the participants with the SL and LL alleles. Furthermore, the SS carriers showed greater activation in stress-related brain regions such as the hypothalamus, cerebellum, midbrain, and pulvinar compared to the SL and LL carriers during the acute stress task. The present findings indicated that the S allele of the 5HTTLPR is associated with greater brain and physiological reactivity to acute stress in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ohira
- Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Beevers CG, Ellis AJ, Wells TT, McGeary JE. Serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism and selective processing of emotional images. Biol Psychol 2009; 83:260-5. [PMID: 19715738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have now documented that the serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism predicts neural response to affective images in brain regions involved in the experience of emotion. However, the behavioral consequences of this genetic effect are less well known. The current study used eye-tracking methodology to examine how individuals genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR allocated their attention when simultaneously presented an array of positive and negative emotional scenes. Short 5-HTTLPR allele homozygotes displayed a bias to focus on positive images, particularly in the first half of the 30s trial. In contrast, long 5-HTTLPR allele homozygotes viewed the stimuli in a more evenhanded fashion. Thus, short 5-HTTLPR allele homozygotes may be attempting to regulate greater reactivity to negative stimuli by purposefully turning their attention towards positive stimuli. Although this sensitivity may have benefits under benign conditions, it may also increase vulnerability to affective disorders when cognitive resources needed to turn attention away from negative stimuli are compromised.
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