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Araus JL, Gascón M, Ros-Sabé E, Piqué R, Rezzouk FZ, Aguilera M, Voltas J, Peña-Chocarro L, Pérez-Jordà G, Terradas X, Palomo A, Ferrio JP, Antolín F. Isotope and morphometrical evidence reveals the technological package associated with agriculture adoption in western Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401065121. [PMID: 39074289 PMCID: PMC11317590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401065121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to reconstruct the environmental conditions and the crop management practices and plant characteristics when agriculture appeared in western Europe. We analyzed oak charcoal and a large number of cereal caryopsides recovered from La Draga (Girona, Spain), an early (5300 to 4800 cal. BC) agricultural site from the Iberian Peninsula. The carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) values of oak, the dominant forest species in the region, indicates prevalence of a wet climate at the site. Further, we reconstructed crop management conditions, achievable yield, and crop characteristics through the analysis of Δ13C, nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N), nitrogen content, and the reconstructed weight of wheat and barley caryopsides, following protocols developed by our team [Araus et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3953 (2014)] and comparison of these parameters with present-day organic agriculture in the region. In parallel, a regional perspective was achieved through the study of wheat and barley grains of seventeen Neolithic sites from the western Mediterranean. The results suggest that rather than small-garden cultivation, a more extensive agriculture was practiced under good water availability and moderate manuring. Moreover, results from La Draga evidence that grain weight and spike morphology were comparable to contemporary cereals. Growing conditions and the prevalence of improved crop traits indicate that agriculture was fairly consolidated at the time it reached the western edge of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Araus
- Section of Plant Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona08028, Spain
- Centre of Research in Agrotechnology (AGROTECNIO), Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascón
- Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Eva Ros-Sabé
- Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Raquel Piqué
- Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Fatima Z. Rezzouk
- Section of Plant Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona08028, Spain
- Centre of Research in Agrotechnology (AGROTECNIO), Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, Universitat de Lleida and Joint Research Unit Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia - Centre of Research in Agrotechnology (CTFC-AGROTECNIO), Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, Universitat de Lleida and Joint Research Unit Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia - Centre of Research in Agrotechnology (CTFC-AGROTECNIO), Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Leonor Peña-Chocarro
- Spanish National Research Council (Instituto de Historia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IH-CSIC), 28037Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillem Pérez-Jordà
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, Valncia46010, Spain
| | - Xavier Terradas
- Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Spanish National Research Council (Institución Milá y Fontanals de investigación en Humanidades - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IMF-CSIC), Barcelona08001, Spain
| | - Antoni Palomo
- Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Spanish National Research Council (Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Ferran Antolín
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4055, Switzerland
- Natural Sciences Unit, Scientific Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin14195, Germany
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Yang S, Sun X, Jin L, Zhang M. Inferring language dispersal patterns with velocity field estimation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:190. [PMID: 38167834 PMCID: PMC10761963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the spatial evolution of languages can deepen our understanding of the demic diffusion and cultural spread. However, the phylogeographic approach that is frequently used to infer language dispersal patterns has limitations, primarily because the phylogenetic tree cannot fully explain the language evolution induced by the horizontal contact among languages, such as borrowing and areal diffusion. Here, we introduce the language velocity field estimation, which does not rely on the phylogenetic tree, to infer language dispersal trajectories and centre. Its effectiveness and robustness are verified through both simulated and empirical validations. Using language velocity field estimation, we infer the dispersal patterns of four agricultural language families and groups, encompassing approximately 700 language samples. Our results show that the dispersal trajectories of these languages are primarily compatible with population movement routes inferred from ancient DNA and archaeological materials, and their dispersal centres are geographically proximate to ancient homelands of agricultural or Neolithic cultures. Our findings highlight that the agricultural languages dispersed alongside the demic diffusions and cultural spreads during the past 10,000 years. We expect that language velocity field estimation could aid the spatial analysis of language evolution and further branch out into the studies of demographic and cultural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoru Sun
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Long-term trends in human body size track regional variation in subsistence transitions and growth acceleration linked to dairying. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209482119. [PMID: 36649422 PMCID: PMC9942808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209482119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a reduction in stature between Mesolithic foragers and Neolithic farmers has been interpreted as reflective of declines in health, however, our current understanding of this trend fails to account for the complexity of cultural and dietary transitions or the possible causes of phenotypic change. The agricultural transition was extended in primary centers of domestication and abrupt in regions characterized by demic diffusion. In regions such as Northern Europe where foreign domesticates were difficult to establish, there is strong evidence for natural selection for lactase persistence in relation to dairying. We employ broad-scale analyses of diachronic variation in stature and body mass in the Levant, Europe, the Nile Valley, South Asia, and China, to test three hypotheses about the timing of subsistence shifts and human body size, that: 1) the adoption of agriculture led to a decrease in stature, 2) there were different trajectories in regions of in situ domestication or cultural diffusion of agriculture; and 3) increases in stature and body mass are observed in regions with evidence for selection for lactase persistence. Our results demonstrate that 1) decreases in stature preceded the origins of agriculture in some regions; 2) the Levant and China, regions of in situ domestication of species and an extended period of mixed foraging and agricultural subsistence, had stable stature and body mass over time; and 3) stature and body mass increases in Central and Northern Europe coincide with the timing of selective sweeps for lactase persistence, providing support for the "Lactase Growth Hypothesis."
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Crema ER, Stevens CJ, Shoda S. Bayesian analyses of direct radiocarbon dates reveal geographic variations in the rate of rice farming dispersal in prehistoric Japan. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9171. [PMID: 36129978 PMCID: PMC9491708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of rice farming during the first millennium BC was a turning point in Japanese prehistory, defining the subsequent cultural, linguistic, and genetic variation in the archipelago. Here, we use a suite of novel Bayesian techniques to estimate the regional rates of dispersal and arrival time of rice farming using radiocarbon dates on charred rice remains. Our results indicate substantial variations in the rate of dispersal of rice within the Japanese islands, hinting at the presence of a mixture of demic and cultural diffusion, geographic variations in the suitability of its cultivation, and the possible role of existing social networks in facilitating or hindering the adoption of the new subsistence economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico R. Crema
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris J. Stevens
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shinya Shoda
- Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Japan
- BioArCh, University of York, York, UK
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Human-Plant Coevolution: A modelling framework for theory-building on the origins of agriculture. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260904. [PMID: 36070287 PMCID: PMC9451104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestication of plants and the origin of agricultural societies has been the focus of much theoretical discussion on why, how, when, and where these happened. The ‘when’ and ‘where’ have been substantially addressed by different branches of archaeology, thanks to advances in methodology and the broadening of the geographical and chronological scope of evidence. However, the ‘why’ and ‘how’ have lagged behind, holding on to relatively old models with limited explanatory power. Armed with the evidence now available, we can return to theory by revisiting the mechanisms allegedly involved, disentangling their connection to the diversity of trajectories, and identifying the weight and role of the parameters involved. We present the Human-Plant Coevolution (HPC) model, which represents the dynamics of coevolution between a human and a plant population. The model consists of an ecological positive feedback system (mutualism), which can be reinforced by positive evolutionary feedback (coevolution). The model formulation is the result of wiring together relatively simple simulation models of population ecology and evolution, through a computational implementation in R. The HPC model captures a variety of potential scenarios, though which conditions are linked to the degree and timing of population change and the intensity of selective pressures. Our results confirm that the possible trajectories leading to neolithisation are diverse and involve multiple factors. However, simulations also show how some of those factors are entangled, what are their effects on human and plant populations under different conditions, and what might be the main causes fostering agriculture and domestication.
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Marciniak S, Bergey CM, Silva AM, Hałuszko A, Furmanek M, Veselka B, Velemínský P, Vercellotti G, Wahl J, Zariņa G, Longhi C, Kolář J, Garrido-Pena R, Flores-Fernández R, Herrero-Corral AM, Simalcsik A, Müller W, Sheridan A, Miliauskienė Ž, Jankauskas R, Moiseyev V, Köhler K, Király Á, Gamarra B, Cheronet O, Szeverényi V, Kiss V, Szeniczey T, Kiss K, Zoffmann ZK, Koós J, Hellebrandt M, Maier RM, Domboróczki L, Virag C, Novak M, Reich D, Hajdu T, von Cramon-Taubadel N, Pinhasi R, Perry GH. An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2106743119. [PMID: 35389750 PMCID: PMC9169634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106743119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ∼12,000 y B.P. This shift is hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a decline in physiological health as inferred from skeletal remains. Here, we consider osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to study human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared “predicted” genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and “achieved” adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements for 167 individuals across Europe spanning the Upper Paleolithic to Iron Age (∼38,000 to 2,400 B.P.). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of −3.82 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P = 0.040) and −2.21 cm shorter relative to post-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.068), with osteological vs. expected stature steadily increasing across the Copper (+1.95 cm relative to the Neolithic), Bronze (+2.70 cm), and Iron (+3.27 cm) Ages. These results were attenuated when we additionally accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation: for example, with Neolithic individuals −2.82 cm shorter than expected on average relative to pre-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.120). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of nonspecific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marciniak
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Christina M. Bergey
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854
| | - Ana Maria Silva
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde - CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
- Archeology Center of the University of Lisbon (UNIARQ), University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1600-214, Portugal
| | - Agata Hałuszko
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-139, Poland
- Archeolodzy.org Foundation, Wrocław 50-316, Poland
| | - Mirosław Furmanek
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-139, Poland
| | - Barbara Veselka
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Research Unit, Vrije Univeristeit Brussels, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Department of Art Studies and Archaeology, Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Vrije Univeristeit Brussels, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115-79, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Vercellotti
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Institute for Research and Learning in Archaeology and Bioarchaeology, Columbus, OH 43215
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institute for Scientific Archaeology, Working Group Palaeoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Gunita Zariņa
- Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia, Riga 1050, Latvia
| | - Cristina Longhi
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Jan Kolář
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice 252-43, Czech Republic
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno 602-00, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Garrido-Pena
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - Angela Simalcsik
- Olga Necrasov Center for Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch, Iasi 700481, Romania
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Orhei 3506, Republic of Moldova
| | - Werner Müller
- Laboratoire d'archéozoologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Alison Sheridan
- Department of Scottish History & Archaeology, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Scotland
| | - Žydrūnė Miliauskienė
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Jankauskas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University, Vilnius 01513, Lithuania
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kitti Köhler
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Király
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Beatriz Gamarra
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43003, Spain
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Vajk Szeverényi
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest 1097, Hungary
- Department of Archaeology, Déri Múzeum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1053, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kiss
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1053, Hungary
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | | | - Judit Koós
- Department of Archaeology, Herman Ottó Museum, Miskolc 3530, Hungary
| | | | - Robert M. Maier
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - László Domboróczki
- Department of Archaeology, István Dobó Castle Museum, Eger 3300, Hungary
| | - Cristian Virag
- Department of Archaeology, Satu Mare County Museum, Satu Mare 440031, Romania
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- The Max Planck–Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1053, Hungary
| | - Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261-0026
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - George H. Perry
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Advanced Studies, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
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Field Model-Based Cultural Diffusion Patterns and GIS Spatial Analysis Study on the Spatial Diffusion Patterns of Qijia Culture in China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cultural diffusion is one of the core issues among researchers in the field of cultural geography. This study aimed to examine the spatial diffusion patterns of the Qijia culture (QJC) to clarify the origin and formation process of Chinese field model-based cultural diffusion patterns (FM-CDP) and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis methods. It used the point data of Qijia cultural sites without time information and combined them with the relevant records of Qijia cultural and historical documents, as well as archaeological excavation materials. Starting with the spatial location information of cultural distribution, it comprehensively analysed the cultural hearth, regions, diffusion patterns, and diffusion paths. The results indicated the following. (1) The QJC’s heart is in the southeast of Gansu Province, where the Shizhaocun and Xishanping sites are distributed. (2) Five different levels of cultural regions were formed, which demonstrated different diffusion patterns at different regional scales. On a large regional scale, many cultural regions belong to relocation diffusion patterns. Meanwhile, at the small regional scale (in the Gansu–Qinghai region), there are two patterns of diffusion: expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion; however, the expansion diffusion pattern is the main one. (3) Based on the relationship between the QJC, altitude, and the water system, the culture also has the characteristics of diffusion to low altitude areas and a pattern of diffusion along water systems. (4) There is a circular structure of the core, periphery, and fringe regions of the QJC. Finally, (5) the dry and cold climate around 4000a B.P., the cultural exchange between Europe and the Asian continent (the introduction of barley, wheat, livestock and sheep, and copper smelting technology), and the war in the late Neolithic period were important factors affecting the diffusion of the QJC.
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Gregorio de Souza J, Noelli FS, Madella M. Reassessing the role of climate change in the Tupi expansion (South America, 5000-500 BP). J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210499. [PMID: 34610263 PMCID: PMC8492182 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of forest farmers across tropical lowland South America during the Late Holocene has long been connected to climate change. The more humid conditions established during the Late Holocene are assumed to have driven the expansion of forests, which would have facilitated the dispersal of cultures that practised agroforestry. The Tupi, a language family of widespread distribution in South America, occupies a central place in the debate. Not only are they one of the largest families in the continent, but their expansion from an Amazonian homeland has long been hypothesized to have followed forested environments wherever they settled. Here, we assess that hypothesis using a simulation approach. We employ equation-based and cellular automaton models, simulating demic-diffusion processes under two different scenarios: a null model in which all land cells can be equally settled, and an alternative model in which non-forested cells cannot be settled or delay the expansion. We show that including land cover as a constraint to movement results in a better approximation of the Tupi expansion as reconstructed by archaeology and linguistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gregorio de Souza
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Silva Noelli
- Centro de Arqueologia (UNIARQ), Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Madella
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Locarnini SA, Littlejohn M, Yuen LKW. Origins and Evolution of the Primate Hepatitis B Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653684. [PMID: 34108947 PMCID: PMC8180572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in the origins and subsequent evolution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has strengthened with the discovery of ancient HBV sequences in fossilized remains of humans dating back to the Neolithic period around 7,000 years ago. Metagenomic analysis identified a number of African non-human primate HBV sequences in the oldest samples collected, indicating that human HBV may have at some stage, evolved in Africa following zoonotic transmissions from higher primates. Ancestral genotype A and D isolates were also discovered from the Bronze Age, not in Africa but rather Eurasia, implying a more complex evolutionary and migratory history for HBV than previously recognized. Most full-length ancient HBV sequences exhibited features of inter genotypic recombination, confirming the importance of recombination and the mutation rate of the error-prone viral replicase as drivers for successful HBV evolution. A model for the origin and evolution of HBV is proposed, which includes multiple cross-species transmissions and favors subsequent recombination events that result in a pathogen and can successfully transmit and cause persistent infection in the primate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilly K W Yuen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Cultural diversity is disappearing quickly. Whilst a phylogenetic approach makes explicit the continuous extinction of cultures, and the generation of new ones, cultural evolutionary changes such as the rise of agriculture or more recently colonisation can cause periods of mass cultural extinction. At the current rate, 90% of languages will become extinct or moribund by the end of this century. Unlike biological extinction, cultural extinction does not necessarily involve genetic extinction or even deaths, but results from the disintegration of a social entity and discontinuation of culture-specific behaviours. Here we propose an analytical framework to examine the phenomenon of cultural extinction. When examined over millennia, extinctions of cultural traits or institutions can be studied in a phylogenetic comparative framework that incorporates archaeological data on ancestral states. Over decades or centuries, cultural extinction can be studied in a behavioural ecology framework to investigate how the fitness consequences of cultural behaviours and population dynamics shift individual behaviours away from the traditional norms. Frequency-dependent costs and benefits are key to understanding both the origin and the loss of cultural diversity. We review recent evolutionary studies that have informed cultural extinction processes and discuss avenues of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Zhang
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1H 0BW, UK
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11
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12
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Betti L, Beyer RM, Jones ER, Eriksson A, Tassi F, Siska V, Leonardi M, Maisano Delser P, Bentley LK, Nigst PR, Stock JT, Pinhasi R, Manica A. Climate shaped how Neolithic farmers and European hunter-gatherers interacted after a major slowdown from 6,100 BCE to 4,500 BCE. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:1004-1010. [PMID: 32632332 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Neolithic transition in Europe was driven by the rapid dispersal of Near Eastern farmers who, over a period of 3,500 years, brought food production to the furthest corners of the continent. However, this wave of expansion was far from homogeneous, and climatic factors may have driven a marked slowdown observed at higher latitudes. Here, we test this hypothesis by assembling a large database of archaeological dates of first arrival of farming to quantify the expansion dynamics. We identify four axes of expansion and observe a slowdown along three axes when crossing the same climatic threshold. This threshold reflects the quality of the growing season, suggesting that Near Eastern crops might have struggled under more challenging climatic conditions. This same threshold also predicts the mixing of farmers and hunter-gatherers as estimated from ancient DNA, suggesting that unreliable yields in these regions might have favoured the contact between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Betti
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Inter-Disciplinary Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
| | - Robert M Beyer
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eppie R Jones
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guys Hospital, London, UK.,cGEM, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Tassi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronika Siska
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michela Leonardi
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierpaolo Maisano Delser
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lily K Bentley
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip R Nigst
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jay T Stock
- PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Manica
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Gregorio de Souza J, Alcaina Mateos J, Madella M. Archaeological expansions in tropical South America during the late Holocene: Assessing the role of demic diffusion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232367. [PMID: 32339209 PMCID: PMC7185720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human expansions motivated by the spread of farming are one of the most important processes that shaped cultural geographies during the Holocene. The best known example of this phenomenon is the Neolithic expansion in Europe, but parallels in other parts of the globe have recently come into focus. Here, we examine the expansion of four archaeological cultures of widespread distribution in lowland South America, most of which originated in or around the Amazon basin and spread during the late Holocene with the practice of tropical forest agriculture. We analyze spatial gradients in radiocarbon dates of each culture through space-time regressions, allowing us to establish the most likely geographical origin, time and speed of expansion. To further assess the feasibility of demic diffusion as the process behind the archaeological expansions in question, we employ agent-based simulations with demographic parameters derived from the ethnography of tropical forest farmers. We find that, while some expansions can be realistically modeled as demographic processes, others are not easily explainable in the same manner, which is possibly due to different processes driving their dispersal (e.g. cultural diffusion) or problematic/incomplete archaeological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gregorio de Souza
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonas Alcaina Mateos
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Madella
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Racimo F, Woodbridge J, Fyfe RM, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Vander Linden M. The spatiotemporal spread of human migrations during the European Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8989-9000. [PMID: 32238559 PMCID: PMC7183159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European continent was subject to two major migrations of peoples during the Holocene: the northwestward movement of Anatolian farmer populations during the Neolithic and the westward movement of Yamnaya steppe peoples during the Bronze Age. These movements changed the genetic composition of the continent's inhabitants. The Holocene was also characterized by major changes in vegetation composition, which altered the environment occupied by the original hunter-gatherer populations. We aim to test to what extent vegetation change through time is associated with changes in population composition as a consequence of these migrations, or with changes in climate. Using ancient DNA in combination with geostatistical techniques, we produce detailed maps of ancient population movements, which allow us to visualize how these migrations unfolded through time and space. We find that the spread of Neolithic farmer ancestry had a two-pronged wavefront, in agreement with similar findings on the cultural spread of farming from radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites. This movement, however, did not have a strong association with changes in the vegetational landscape. In contrast, the Yamnaya migration speed was at least twice as fast and coincided with a reduction in the amount of broad-leaf forest and an increase in the amount of pasture and natural grasslands in the continent. We demonstrate the utility of integrating ancient genomes with archaeometric datasets in a spatiotemporal statistical framework, which we foresee will enable future studies of ancient populations' movements, and their putative effects on local fauna and flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jessie Woodbridge
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph M Fyfe
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Vander Linden
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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15
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Beyond broad strokes: sociocultural insights from the study of ancient genomes. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:355-366. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Ahedo V, Caro J, Bortolini E, Zurro D, Madella M, Galán JM. Quantifying the relationship between food sharing practices and socio-ecological variables in small-scale societies: A cross-cultural multi-methodological approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216302. [PMID: 31141510 PMCID: PMC6541262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a cross-cultural study of the relationship among the subsistence strategies, the environmental setting and the food sharing practices of 22 modern small-scale societies located in America (n = 18) and Siberia (n = 4). Ecological, geographical and economic variables of these societies were extracted from specialized literature and the publicly available D-PLACE database. The approach proposed comprises a variety of quantitative methods, ranging from exploratory techniques aimed at capturing relationships of any type between variables, to network theory and supervised-learning predictive modelling. Results provided by all techniques consistently show that the differences observed in food sharing practices across the sampled populations cannot be explained just by the differential distribution of ecological, geographical and economic variables. Food sharing has to be interpreted as a more complex cultural phenomenon, whose variation over time and space cannot be ascribed only to local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Ahedo
- Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Caro
- Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Débora Zurro
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Madella
- CaSEs—Culture and Socio-Ecological Systems research group, Departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milá y Fontanals–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain & Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - José Manuel Galán
- INSISOC, Área de Organización de Empresas, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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17
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Isern N, Fort J. Assessing the importance of cultural diffusion in the Bantu spread into southeastern Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215573. [PMID: 31067220 PMCID: PMC6506142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subsistence of Neolithic populations is based on agriculture, whereas that of previous populations was based on hunting and gathering. Neolithic spreads due to dispersal of populations are called demic, and those due to the incorporation of hunter-gatherers are called cultural. It is well-known that, after agriculture appeared in West Africa, it spread across most of subequatorial Africa. It has been proposed that this spread took place alongside with that of Bantu languages. In eastern and southeastern Africa, it is also linked to the Early Iron Age. From the beginning of the last millennium BC, cereal agriculture spread rapidly from the Great Lakes area eastwards to the East African coast, and southwards to northeastern South Africa. Here we show that the southwards spread took place substantially more rapidly (1.50–2.27 km/y) than the eastwards spread (0.59–1.27 km/y). Such a faster southwards spread could be the result of a stronger cultural effect. To assess this possibility, we compare these observed ranges to those obtained from a demic-cultural wave-of-advance model. We find that both spreads were driven by demic diffusion, in agreement with most archaeological, linguistic and genetic results. Nonetheless, the southwards spread seems to have indeed a stronger cultural component, which could lead support to the hypothesis that, at the southern areas, the interaction with pastoralist people may have played a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Isern
- Complex Systems Laboratory, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Fort
- Complex Systems Laboratory, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Variation at the FADS1/FADS2 gene cluster is functionally associated with differences in lipid metabolism and is often hypothesized to reflect adaptation to an agricultural diet. Here, we test the evidence for this relationship using both modern and ancient DNA data. We show that almost all the inhabitants of Europe carried the ancestral allele until the derived allele was introduced ∼8,500 years ago by Early Neolithic farming populations. However, we also show that it was not under strong selection in these populations. We find that this allele, and other proposed agricultural adaptations at LCT/MCM6 and SLC22A4, were not strongly selected until much later, perhaps as late as the Bronze Age. Similarly, increased copy number variation at the salivary amylase gene AMY1 is not linked to the development of agriculture although, in this case, the putative adaptation precedes the agricultural transition. Our analysis shows that selection at the FADS locus was not tightly linked to the initial introduction of agriculture and the Neolithic transition. Further, it suggests that the strongest signals of recent human adaptation in Europe did not coincide with the Neolithic transition but with more recent changes in environment, diet, or efficiency of selection due to increases in effective population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mathieson
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Unravelling biocultural population structure in 4th/3rd century BC Monterenzio Vecchio (Bologna, Italy) through a comparative analysis of strontium isotopes, non-metric dental evidence, and funerary practices. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193796. [PMID: 29590155 PMCID: PMC5874009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4th century BC marks the main entrance of Celtic populations in northern Italy. Their arrival has been suggested based on the presence of Celtic customs in Etruscan mortuary contexts, yet up to now few bioarchaeological data have been examined to support or reject the arrival of these newcomers. Here we use strontium isotopes, non-metric dental traits and funerary patterns to unravel the biocultural structure of the necropolis of Monterenzio Vecchio (Bologna, Italy). Subsamples of our total sample of 38 individuals were analyzed based on different criteria characterizing the following analyses: 1) strontium isotope analysis to investigate migratory patterns and provenance; 2) non-metric dental traits to establish biological relationships between Monterenzio Vecchio, 13 Italian Iron age necropolises and three continental and non-continental Celtic necropolises; 3) grave goods which were statistically explored to detect possible patterns of cultural variability. The strontium isotopes results indicate the presence of local and non-local individuals, with some revealing patterns of mobility. The dental morphology reveals an affinity between Monterenzio Vecchio and Iron Age Italian samples. However, when the Monterenzio Vecchio sample is separated by isotopic results into locals and non-locals, the latter share affinity with the sample of non-continental Celts from Yorkshire (UK). Moreover, systematic analyses demonstrate that ethnic background does not retain measurable impact on the distribution of funerary elements. Our results confirm the migration of Celtic populations in Monterenzio as archaeologically hypothesized on the basis of the grave goods, followed by a high degree of cultural admixture between exogenous and endogenous traits. This contribution shows that combining different methods offers a more comprehensive perspective for the exploration of biocultural processes in past and present populations.
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20
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Harris EE. Demic and cultural diffusion in prehistoric Europe in the age of ancient genomes. Evol Anthropol 2017; 26:228-241. [PMID: 29027332 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ancient genomes can help us detect prehistoric migrations, population contractions, and admixture among populations. Knowing the dynamics of demography is invaluable for understanding culture change in prehistory, particularly the roles played by demic and cultural diffusion in transformations of material cultures. Prehistoric Europe is a region where ancient genome analyses can help illuminate the interplay between demography and culture change. In Europe, there is more archeological evidence, in terms of detailed studies, radiometric dates, and explanatory hypotheses that can be evaluated, than in any other region of the world. Here I show some important ways that ancient genomes have given us insights into population movements in European prehistory. I also propose that studies might be increasingly focused on specific questions of culture change, for example in evaluating the makers of "transitional" industries as well as the origins of the Gravettian and spread of the Magdalenian. I also discuss genomic evidence supporting the large role that demic expansion has played in the Neolithization of Europe and the formation of the European population during the Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, Medical Arts Building, M-213, 222-05, 56th Avenue Bayside, NY, 1136411364.,Affiliated Researcher, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University
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21
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The ancient cline of haplogroup K implies that the Neolithic transition in Europe was mainly demic. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11229. [PMID: 28894281 PMCID: PMC5594011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a database with the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 513 Neolithic individuals, we quantify the space-time variation of the frequency of haplogroup K, previously proposed as a relevant Neolithic marker. We compare these data to simulations, based on a mathematical model in which a Neolithic population spreads from Syria to Anatolia and Europe, possibly interbreeding with Mesolithic individuals (who lack haplogroup K) and/or teaching farming to them. Both the data and the simulations show that the percentage of haplogroup K (%K) decreases with increasing distance from Syria and that, in each region, the %K tends to decrease with increasing time after the arrival of farming. Both the model and the data display a local minimum of the genetic cline, and for the same Neolithic regional culture (Sweden). Comparing the observed ancient cline of haplogroup K to the simulation results reveals that about 98% of farmers were not involved in interbreeding neither acculturation (cultural diffusion). Therefore, cultural diffusion involved only a tiny fraction (about 2%) of farmers and, in this sense, the most relevant process in the spread of the Neolithic in Europe was demic diffusion (i.e., the dispersal of farmers), as opposed to cultural diffusion (i.e., the incorporation of hunter-gatherers).
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22
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Bortolini E, Pagani L, Crema ER, Sarno S, Barbieri C, Boattini A, Sazzini M, da Silva SG, Martini G, Metspalu M, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Tehrani JJ. Inferring patterns of folktale diffusion using genomic data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9140-9145. [PMID: 28784786 PMCID: PMC5576778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614395114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observable patterns of cultural variation are consistently intertwined with demic movements, cultural diffusion, and adaptation to different ecological contexts [Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981) Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach; Boyd and Richerson (1985) Culture and the Evolutionary Process]. The quantitative study of gene-culture coevolution has focused in particular on the mechanisms responsible for change in frequency and attributes of cultural traits, the spread of cultural information through demic and cultural diffusion, and detecting relationships between genetic and cultural lineages. Here, we make use of worldwide whole-genome sequences [Pagani et al. (2016) Nature 538:238-242] to assess the impact of processes involving population movement and replacement on cultural diversity, focusing on the variability observed in folktale traditions (n = 596) [Uther (2004) The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson] in Eurasia. We find that a model of cultural diffusion predicted by isolation-by-distance alone is not sufficient to explain the observed patterns, especially at small spatial scales (up to [Formula: see text]4,000 km). We also provide an empirical approach to infer presence and impact of ethnolinguistic barriers preventing the unbiased transmission of both genetic and cultural information. After correcting for the effect of ethnolinguistic boundaries, we show that, of the alternative models that we propose, the one entailing cultural diffusion biased by linguistic differences is the most plausible. Additionally, we identify 15 tales that are more likely to be predominantly transmitted through population movement and replacement and locate putative focal areas for a set of tales that are spread worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Bortolini
- Complexity and Socio-Ecological Dynamics Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Institución Milá y Fontanals, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico R Crema
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DZ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessio Boattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Graça da Silva
- Institute for the Study of Literature and Tradition, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, New University of Lisbon, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gessica Martini
- Centre for the Coevolution of Biology and Culture, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Davide Pettener
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jamshid J Tehrani
- Centre for the Coevolution of Biology and Culture, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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23
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Saag L, Varul L, Scheib CL, Stenderup J, Allentoft ME, Saag L, Pagani L, Reidla M, Tambets K, Metspalu E, Kriiska A, Willerslev E, Kivisild T, Metspalu M. Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2185-2193.e6. [PMID: 28712569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming in Europe was brought upon by arrival of new people carrying novel material culture and genetic ancestry. The exact nature and scale of the transition-both material and genetic-varied in different parts of Europe [1-7]. Farming-based economies appear relatively late in Northeast Europe, and the extent to which they involve change in genetic ancestry is not fully understood due to the lack of relevant ancient DNA data. Here we present the results from new low-coverage whole-genome shotgun sequence data from five hunter-gatherers and five first farmers of Estonia whose remains date to 4,500 to 6,300 years before present. We find evidence of significant differences between the two groups in the composition of autosomal as well as mtDNA, X chromosome, and Y chromosome ancestries. We find that Estonian hunter-gatherers of Comb Ceramic culture are closest to Eastern hunter-gatherers, which is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers from the Baltics, who are close to Western hunter-gatherers [8, 9]. The Estonian first farmers of Corded Ware culture show high similarity in their autosomes with European hunter-gatherers, Steppe Eneolithic and Bronze Age populations, and European Late Neolithic/Bronze Age populations, while their X chromosomes are in addition equally closely related to European and Anatolian and Levantine early farmers. These findings suggest that the shift to intensive cultivation and animal husbandry in Estonia was triggered by the arrival of new people with predominantly Steppe ancestry but whose ancestors had undergone sex-specific admixture with early farmers with Anatolian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehti Saag
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Liivi Varul
- School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10120, Estonia
| | - Christiana Lyn Scheib
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
| | - Jesper Stenderup
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - Lauri Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Maere Reidla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Ene Metspalu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Aivar Kriiska
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
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Veermäe H, Patriarca M. Diffusion in the presence of a local attracting factor: Theory and interdisciplinary applications. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062116. [PMID: 28709306 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many complex diffusion processes the drift of random walkers is not caused by an external force, as in the case of Brownian motion, but by local variations of fitness perceived by the random walkers. In this paper, a simple but general framework is presented that describes such a type of random motion and may be of relevance in different problems, such as opinion dynamics, cultural spreading, and animal movement. To this aim, we study the problem of a random walker in d dimensions moving in the presence of a local heterogeneous attracting factor expressed in terms of an assigned position-dependent "attractiveness function." At variance with standard Brownian motion, the attractiveness function introduced here regulates both the advection and diffusion of the random walker, thus providing testable predictions for a specific form of fluctuation-relations. We discuss the relation between the drift-diffusion equation based on the attractiveness function and that describing standard Brownian motion, and we provide some explicit examples illustrating its relevance in different fields, such as animal movement, chemotactic diffusion, and social dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardi Veermäe
- NICPB-National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marco Patriarca
- NICPB-National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia
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Mörseburg A, Pagani L, Ricaut FX, Yngvadottir B, Harney E, Castillo C, Hoogervorst T, Antao T, Kusuma P, Brucato N, Cardona A, Pierron D, Letellier T, Wee J, Abdullah S, Metspalu M, Kivisild T. Multi-layered population structure in Island Southeast Asians. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1605-1611. [PMID: 27302840 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of human settlement in Southeast Asia has been complex and involved several distinct dispersal events. Here, we report the analyses of 1825 individuals from Southeast Asia including new genome-wide genotype data for 146 individuals from three Mainland Southeast Asian (Burmese, Malay and Vietnamese) and four Island Southeast Asian (Dusun, Filipino, Kankanaey and Murut) populations. While confirming the presence of previously recognised major ancestry components in the Southeast Asian population structure, we highlight the Kankanaey Igorots from the highlands of the Philippine Mountain Province as likely the closest living representatives of the source population that may have given rise to the Austronesian expansion. This conclusion rests on independent evidence from various analyses of autosomal data and uniparental markers. Given the extensive presence of trade goods, cultural and linguistic evidence of Indian influence in Southeast Asia starting from 2.5 kya, we also detect traces of a South Asian signature in different populations in the region dating to the last couple of thousand years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Pagani
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francois-Xavier Ricaut
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Eadaoin Harney
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom Hoogervorst
- Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tiago Antao
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pradiptajati Kusuma
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nicolas Brucato
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Cardona
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denis Pierron
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Letellier
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Joseph Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mait Metspalu
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
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