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Wang S, Girardello M, Zhang W. Potential and progress of studying mountain biodiversity by means of butterfly genetics and genomics. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:292-301. [PMID: 37302475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are rich in biodiversity, and butterflies are species-rich and have a good ecological and evolutionary research foundation. This review addresses the potential and progress of studying mountain biodiversity using butterflies as a model. We discuss the uniqueness of mountain ecosystems, factors influencing the distribution of mountain butterflies, representative genetic and evolutionary models in butterfly research, and evolutionary studies of mountain biodiversity involving butterfly genetics and genomics. Finally, we demonstrate the necessity of studying mountain butterflies and propose future perspectives. This review provides insights for studying the biodiversity of mountain butterflies as well as a summary of research methods for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Marco Girardello
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Portugal
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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2
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Sonne J, Rahbek C. Idiosyncratic patterns of local species richness and turnover define global biodiversity hotspots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313106121. [PMID: 38190521 PMCID: PMC10801871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountains are global biodiversity hotspots, owing to a combination of high local species richness and turnover in species composition. Typically, the highest local richness and turnover levels are implicitly assumed to converge in the same mountain regions, resulting in extraordinary species richness at regional to global scales. We investigated this untested assumption using high-resolution distribution data for all 9,788 bird species found in 134 mountain regions worldwide. Contrary to expectations, the mountain regions with the highest local richness differed from those with the highest species turnover. This finding reflects dissimilarities in the regions' climates and habitat compositions. Forest habitats and humid tropical climates characterize the mountain regions with the highest local richness. In contrast, mountain regions with the highest turnover are generally colder with drier climates and have mostly open habitat types. The highest local species richness and turnover levels globally converge in only a few mountain regions with the greatest climate volumes and topographic heterogeneity, resulting in the most prominent global hotspots for avian biodiversity. These results underline that species-richness hotspots in tropical mountains arise from idiosyncratic levels of local species richness and turnover, a pattern that traditional analyses of overall regional species richness do not detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2100, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2100, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, AscotSL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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3
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Novella-Fernandez R, Brandl R, Pinkert S, Zeuss D, Hof C. Seasonal variation in dragonfly assemblage colouration suggests a link between thermal melanism and phenology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8427. [PMID: 38114459 PMCID: PMC10730518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenology, the seasonal timing of life events, is an essential component of diversity patterns. However, the mechanisms involved are complex and understudied. Body colour may be an important factor, because dark-bodied species absorb more solar radiation, which is predicted by the Thermal Melanism Hypothesis to enable them to thermoregulate successfully in cooler temperatures. Here we show that colour lightness of dragonfly assemblages varies in response to seasonal changes in solar radiation, with darker early- and late-season assemblages and lighter mid-season assemblages. This finding suggests a link between colour-based thermoregulation and insect phenology. We also show that the phenological pattern of dragonfly colour lightness advanced over the last decades. We suggest that changing seasonal temperature patterns due to global warming together with the static nature of solar radiation may drive dragonfly flight periods to suboptimal seasonal conditions. Our findings open a research avenue for a more mechanistic understanding of phenology and spatio-phenological impacts of climate warming on insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Novella-Fernandez
- Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany.
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Zeuss
- Department of Geography-Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Department of Global Change Ecology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Coelho MTP, Barreto E, Rangel TF, Diniz-Filho JAF, Wüest RO, Bach W, Skeels A, McFadden IR, Roberts DW, Pellissier L, Zimmermann NE, Graham CH. The geography of climate and the global patterns of species diversity. Nature 2023; 622:537-544. [PMID: 37758942 PMCID: PMC10584679 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate's effect on global biodiversity is typically viewed through the lens of temperature, humidity and resulting ecosystem productivity1-6. However, it is not known whether biodiversity depends solely on these climate conditions, or whether the size and fragmentation of these climates are also crucial. Here we shift the common perspective in global biodiversity studies, transitioning from geographic space to a climate-defined multidimensional space. Our findings suggest that larger and more isolated climate conditions tend to harbour higher diversity and species turnover among terrestrial tetrapods, encompassing more than 30,000 species. By considering both the characteristics of climate itself and its geographic attributes, we can explain almost 90% of the variation in global species richness. Half of the explanatory power (45%) may be attributed either to climate itself or to the geography of climate, suggesting a nuanced interplay between them. Our work evolves the conventional idea that larger climate regions, such as the tropics, host more species primarily because of their size7,8. Instead, we underscore the integral roles of both the geographic extent and degree of isolation of climates. This refined understanding presents a more intricate picture of biodiversity distribution, which can guide our approach to biodiversity conservation in an ever-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Túlio P Coelho
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael O Wüest
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelmine Bach
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Skeels
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian R McFadden
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David W Roberts
- Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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5
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Dunne EM, Thompson SED, Butler RJ, Rosindell J, Close RA. Mechanistic neutral models show that sampling biases drive the apparent explosion of early tetrapod diversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1480-1489. [PMID: 37500908 PMCID: PMC10482683 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of deep-time biodiversity typically rely on statistical methods to mitigate the impacts of sampling biases in the fossil record. However, these methods are limited by the spatial and temporal scale of the underlying data. Here we use a spatially explicit mechanistic model, based on neutral theory, to test hypotheses of early tetrapod diversity change during the late Carboniferous and early Permian, critical intervals for the diversification of vertebrate life on land. Our simulations suggest that apparent increases in early tetrapod diversity were not driven by local endemism following the 'Carboniferous rainforest collapse'. Instead, changes in face-value diversity can be explained by variation in sampling intensity through time. Our results further demonstrate the importance of accounting for sampling biases in analyses of the fossil record and highlight the vast potential of mechanistic models, including neutral models, for testing hypotheses in palaeobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Dunne
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Samuel E D Thompson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard J Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Roger A Close
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Rosas MR, Segovia RA, Guerrero PC. Climatic Niche Dynamics of the Astereae Lineage and Haplopappus Species Distribution following Amphitropical Long-Distance Dispersal. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2721. [PMID: 37514335 PMCID: PMC10383874 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) displays an American Amphitropical Disjunction. To understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics associated with a long-distance dispersal event and subsequent colonization of extratropical South America, we compared the climatic and geographic distributions of South American species with their closest North American relatives, focusing on the diverse South American Astereae genus, Haplopappus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two South American genera are closely related to seven North American genera. The climatic niche overlap (D = 0.5) between South and North America exhibits high stability (0.89), low expansion (0.12), and very low unfilling (0.04). The distribution of the North American species predicted the climatic and geographic space occupied by the South American species. In central Chile, Haplopappus showed a non-random latitudinal gradient in species richness, with Mediterranean climate variables mainly explaining the variation. Altitudinal patterns indicated peak richness at 600 m, declining at lower and higher elevations. These findings support climatic niche conservatism in shaping Haplopappus species distribution and diversity. Two major endemism zones were identified in central Chile and the southern region, with a transitional zone between Mediterranean and Temperate macro-bioclimates. Our results indicate strong niche conservatism following long-distance dispersal and slight niche expansion due to unique climatic variables in each hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R Rosas
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile.cl), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Segovia
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile.cl), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
| | - Pablo C Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile.cl), Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepcion 4030000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 7800003, Chile
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7
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Qian H, Zhang J, Jiang M. Global patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of flowering plants: Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:265-271. [PMID: 37397596 PMCID: PMC10311147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Species diversity of angiosperms (flowering plants) varies greatly among regions. Geographic patterns of variation in species diversity are shaped by the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, using a comprehensive data set for regional angiosperm floras across the world, we show geographic patterns of taxonomic (species) diversity, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic dispersion, and phylogenetic deviation (i.e., phylogenetic diversity after accounting for taxonomic diversity) across the world. Phylogenetic diversity is strongly and positively correlated with taxonomic diversity; as a result, geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across the world are highly similar. Areas with high taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in tropical regions whereas areas with low taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in temperate regions, particularly in Eurasia and North America, and in northern Africa. Similarly, phylogenetic dispersion is, in general, higher in tropical regions and lower in temperate regions. However, the geographic pattern of phylogenetic deviation differs substantially from those of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion. As a result, hotspots and coldspots of angiosperm diversity identified based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion are incongruent with those identified based on phylogenetic deviations. Each of these metrics may be considered when selecting areas to be protected for their biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meichen Jiang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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8
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Sonne J, Dalsgaard B, Borregaard MK, Kennedy J, Fjeldså J, Rahbek C. Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221102. [PMID: 35975440 PMCID: PMC9382217 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive). Although this hypothesis refers to processes operating at the scale of valleys, it remains supported primarily by patterns generated from coarse-scale distribution data. Using high-resolution occurrence and phylogenetic data on Andean hummingbirds, we find that old and young endemic species are not spatially aggregated. The young endemic species tend to have non-overlapping distributions scattered along the Andean treeline, a long and narrow habitat where populations easily become fragmented. By contrast, the old endemic species have more aggregated distributions, but mainly within pockets of cloud forests at lower elevations than the young endemic species. These findings contradict the premise that biogeographical cradles and museums should overlap in valley systems where pockets of stable climate persist through periods of climate change. Instead, Andean biodiversity hotspots may derive from large-scale fluctuating climate complexity in conjunction with local-scale variability in available area and habitat connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael K. Borregaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Kennedy
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Zoological Museum of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Zoological Museum of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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9
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Kennerley JA, Somveille M, Hauber ME, Richardson NM, Manica A, Feeney WE. The overlooked complexity of avian brood parasite-host relationships. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1889-1904. [PMID: 35763605 PMCID: PMC9543277 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between avian brood parasites and their hosts are widely recognised as model systems for studying coevolution. However, while most brood parasites are known to parasitise multiple species of host and hosts are often subject to parasitism by multiple brood parasite species, the examination of multispecies interactions remains rare. Here, we compile data on all known brood parasite-host relationships and find that complex brood parasite-host systems, where multiple species of brood parasites and hosts coexist and interact, are globally commonplace. By examining patterns of past research, we outline the disparity between patterns of network complexity and past research emphases and discuss factors that may be associated with these patterns. Drawing on insights gained from other systems that have embraced a multispecies framework, we highlight the potential benefits of considering brood parasite-host interactions as ecological networks and brood parasitism as a model system for studying multispecies interactions. Overall, our results provide new insights into the diversity of these relationships, highlight the stark mismatch between past research efforts and global patterns of network complexity, and draw attention to the opportunities that more complex arrangements offer for examining how species interactions shape global patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Somveille
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William E Feeney
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Starnberg, Germany
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10
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Yao H, Wang P, Davison G, Wang Y, McGowan PJK, Wang N, Xu J. How do Snow Partridge ( Lerwa lerwa) and Tibetan Snowcock ( Tetraogallus tibetanus) coexist in sympatry under high-elevation conditions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18331-18341. [PMID: 35003676 PMCID: PMC8717327 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has the highest elevations of all biodiversity hotspots. Difficulties involved in fieldwork at high elevations cause challenges in researching mechanisms facilitating species coexistence. Herein, we investigated Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa) and Tibetan Snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus), the only two endemic Galliformes on the QTP, to understand species coexistence patterns and determine how they live in sympatry for the first time. We assembled occurrence data, estimated habitat suitability differences and the underlying factors between two species at different scales using ecological niche models. Niche overlap tests were used to investigate whether niche differences between these species allow for their coexistence. We found that elevation was the most important factor determining habitat suitability for both species. At the meso-scale, two species have similar ecological niches with their suitable habitats lying predominantly along ridge crests. However, ridge crests were more influential for habitat suitability by L. lerwa than for that of T. tibetanus because the latter species ranges further afield than ridge crests. Thus, differences in habitat suitability between these species lead to habitat partitioning, which allows stable coexistence. At the macro-scale, temperature and precipitation were major factors influencing habitat suitability differences between these species. Tetraogallus tibetanus extended into the hinterland of the QTP and occurred at higher elevations, where colder and drier alpine conditions are commonplace. Conversely, L. lerwa occurred along the southeastern margin of the QTP with a lower snow line, an area prone to rainy and humid habitats. Niche overlap analysis showed that habitat suitability differences between these species are not driven by niche differentiation. We concluded that the coexistence of these two pheasants under high-elevation conditions could be an adaption to different alpine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yao
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Geoffrey Davison
- National Biodiversity CentreNational Parks BoardSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biological and Environment SciencesAlabama Agricultural and Mechanical UniversityHuntsvilleAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Nan Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiliang Xu
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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11
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Pandey B, Pan K, Dakhil MA, Liao Z, Timilsina A, Khanal M, Zhang L. Contrasting Gymnosperm Diversity Across an Elevation Gradient in the Ecoregion of China: The Role of Temperature and Productivity. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.679439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The species richness–climate relationship is a significant concept in determining the richness patterns and predicting the cause of its distribution. The distribution range of species and climatic variables along elevation have been used in evaluating the elevational diversity gradients (EDG). However, the species richness of gymnosperms along elevation and its driving factors in large geographic areas are still unknown. Here, we aimed at evaluating the EDG of gymnosperms in the ecoregions of China. We divided the geographical region of China into 34 ecoregions and determine the richness pattern of gymnosperm taxa along elevation gradients. We demonstrated the richness patterns of the 237-gymnosperm (219 threatened, 112 endemic, 189 trees, and 48 shrubs) taxa, roughly distributed between 0 and 5,300 m (above sea level) in China. As possible determinants of richness patterns, annual mean temperature (TEMP), annual precipitation (PPT), potential evapotranspiration (PET), net primary productivity (SNPP), aridity index (AI), temperature seasonality (TS), and precipitation seasonality (PS) are the major predictor variables driving the EDG in plants. We used the species interpolation method to determine the species richness at each elevation band. To evaluate the richness pattern of gymnosperms in an ecoregion, generalized additive modeling and structural equation modeling were performed. The ecoregions in the southern part of China are rich in gymnosperm species, where three distinct richness patterns—(i) hump-shaped, (ii) monotonic increase, and (iii) monotonic decline—were noticed in China. All climatic variables have a significant effect on the richness pattern of gymnosperms; however, TEMP, SNPP, TS, and PS explained the highest deviance in diversity-rich ecoregions of China. Our results suggests that the highest number of gymnosperms species was found in the southwestern and Taiwan regions of China distributed at the 1,600- and 2,800-m elevation bands. These regions could be under severe stress in the near future due to expected changes in precipitation pattern and increase of temperature due to climate change. Thus, our study provided evidence of the species–climate relationship that can support the understanding of future conservation planning of gymnosperms.
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12
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Siqueira CC, Vrcibradic D, Almeida‐Gomes M, Rocha CFD. Assessing the importance of reproductive modes for the evaluation of altitudinal distribution patterns in tropical frogs. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Siqueira
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Davor Vrcibradic
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mauricio Almeida‐Gomes
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico D. Rocha
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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13
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Grzywacz B, Skórka P. Genome size versus geographic range size in birds. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10868. [PMID: 33614292 PMCID: PMC7881720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do some species occur in small, restricted areas, while others are distributed globally? Environmental heterogeneity increases with area and so does the number of species. Hence, diverse biotic and abiotic conditions across large ranges may lead to specific adaptations that are often linked to a species' genome size and chromosome number. Therefore, a positive association between genome size and geographic range is anticipated. Moreover, high cognitive ability in organisms would be favored by natural selection to cope with the dynamic conditions within large geographic ranges. Here, we tested these hypotheses in birds-the most mobile terrestrial vertebrates-and accounted for the effects of various confounding variables, such as body mass, relative brain mass, and geographic latitude. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic confirmatory path analysis, we demonstrated that range size is positively associated with bird genome size but probably not with chromosome number. Moreover, relative brain mass had no effect on range size, whereas body mass had a possible weak and negative effect, and range size was larger at higher geographic latitudes. However, our models did not fully explain the overall variation in range size. Hence, natural selection may impose larger genomes in birds with larger geographic ranges, although there may be additional explanations for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grzywacz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Skórka
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Tagliacollo VA, Dagosta FCP, Pinna MD, Reis RE, Albert JS. Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The IUCN Red List (RL) provides high-quality conservation assessments for individual species, yet the rate and scale of environmental deterioration globally challenges the conservation community to develop expedited methods for risk assessment. Here we compare threat assessments for 3,001 species of Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) in the IUCN–RL using readily accessible data types as proxies for extinction risk: geographic range, elevation, and species publication date. Furthermore, using geographic and taxonomic data alone, we generated preliminary conservation assessments for 2,334 NFF species currently awaiting IUCN assessment, identifying an additional 671 NFF species as potentially threatened. This number of potentially threatened species represents an increase of 59% over the number of species currently assigned to threat categories by the IUCN–RL. These results substantially expand the number of threatened NFF species from 422 currently on the IUCN RL to 1,093 species as threatened or potentially threatened, representing about 18% of all NFF species. Extinction risk is greater in species with smaller geographic ranges, which inhabit upland rivers, and which were described more recently. We propose the Central and Southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield as priorities in the upcoming IUCN RL assessment of NFF species conservation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mário de Pinna
- 1 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto E. Reis
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Kerr JT. Racing against change: understanding dispersal and persistence to improve species' conservation prospects. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202061. [PMID: 33234075 PMCID: PMC7739496 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is contributing to the widespread redistribution, and increasingly the loss, of species. Geographical range shifts among many species were detected rapidly after predictions of the potential importance of climate change were specified 35 years ago: species are shifting their ranges towards the poles and often to higher elevations in mountainous areas. Early tests of these predictions were largely qualitative, though extraordinarily rapid and broadly based, and statistical tests distinguishing between climate change and other global change drivers provided quantitative evidence that climate change had already begun to cause species’ geographical ranges to shift. I review two mechanisms enabling this process, namely development of approaches for accounting for dispersal that contributes to range expansion, and identification of factors that alter persistence and lead to range loss. Dispersal in the context of range expansion depends on an array of processes, like population growth rates in novel environments, rates of individual species movements to new locations, and how quickly areas of climatically tolerable habitat shift. These factors can be tied together in well-understood mathematical frameworks or modelled statistically, leading to better prediction of extinction risk as climate changes. Yet, species' increasing exposures to novel climate conditions can exceed their tolerances and raise the likelihood of local extinction and consequent range losses. Such losses are the consequence of processes acting on individuals, driven by factors, such as the growing frequency and severity of extreme weather, that contribute local extinction risks for populations and species. Many mechanisms can govern how species respond to climate change, and rapid progress in global change research creates many opportunities to inform policy and improve conservation outcomes in the early stages of the sixth mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Kerr
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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16
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Bakalin VA, Klimova KG, Nguyen VS. A review of Calypogeia (Marchantiophyta) in the eastern Sino-Himalaya and Meta-Himalaya based mostly on types. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 153:111-154. [PMID: 32765183 PMCID: PMC7381485 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.153.52920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Himalayan Range, Hengduan Mountains and the complex of smaller ranges from Hengduan southward to northern Indochina is one of the taxonomic hotspots of Calypogeia in Asia and the world. Two main circumstances hamper the understanding of taxonomic diversity of the genus in this area: the absence of recent and detailed descriptions and identification keys and the necessity of studying fresh material with surviving oil bodies in leaf cells. This study resulted in 1) eleven species confirmed for this vast land, 2) seven more taxa recorded but likely based on identification mistakes and 3) fourteen more taxa that are not yet recorded but may be expected in the area. All these taxa are discussed, and most of them are illustrated and described based on the types; an identification key is provided. The occurrence of North Holarctic taxa is hardly probable in the Sino-Himalaya, whereas new records of taxa known from the southern half of the Japanese Archipelago, Taiwan and southeastern mainland China are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A. Bakalin
- Botanical Garden-Institute, Vladivostok, RussiaBotanical Garden-InstituteVladivostokRussia
| | - Ksenia G. Klimova
- Botanical Garden-Institute, Vladivostok, RussiaBotanical Garden-InstituteVladivostokRussia
| | - Van Sinh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, VietnamUniversity of Science and TechnologyHa NoiVietnam
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17
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Genetic Diversity and Range Dynamics of Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus under Different Climate Change Scenarios. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Research Highlights: The effects of climate change on habitat loss, range shift and/or genetic impoverishment of mid-elevation plants has received less attention compared to alpine species. Moreover, genetic diversity patterns of mountain forest herbaceous species have scarcely been explored in the Balkans. In this context, our study is the first that aims to examine Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus, a medicinal plant endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Background and Objectives: We compare its genetic diversity and structure along the continuous mountain range of western Greece with the topographically less structured mountains of eastern Greece, and predict its present and future habitat suitability, using several environmental variables. Materials and Methods: Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers were used to genotype 80 individuals from 8 populations, covering almost the species’ entire distribution range in Greece. We investigated the factors shaping its genetic composition and driving its current and future distribution. Results: High gene diversity (0.2239–0.3319), moderate population differentiation (0.0317–0.3316) and increased gene flow (Nm = 1.3098) was detected. According to any GCM/RCP/climate database combination, Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus is projected to lose a significant portion of its current distribution by 2070 and follow a trend towards genetic homogenization. Conclusions: Populations exhibit in terms of genetic structure a west–east genetic split, which becomes more evident southwards. This is mainly due to geographic/topographic factors and their interplay with Quaternary climatic oscillations, and to environmental constraints, which may have a negative impact on the species’ future distribution and genetic composition. Pindos mountain range seems to buffer climate change effects and will probably continue to host several populations. On the other hand, peripheral populations have lower genetic diversity compared to central populations, but still hold significant evolutionary potential due to the private alleles they maintain.
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Daru BH, Farooq H, Antonelli A, Faurby S. Endemism patterns are scale dependent. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2115. [PMID: 32355257 PMCID: PMC7192928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of endemism are important in biogeography because they capture facets of biodiversity not represented elsewhere. However, the scales at which they are relevant to research and conservation are poorly analysed. Here, we calculate weighted endemism (WE) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) separately for all birds and amphibians across the globe. We show that scale dependence is widespread for both indices and manifests across grain sizes, spatial extents and taxonomic treatments. Variations in taxonomic opinions-whether species are treated by systematic 'lumping' or 'splitting'-can profoundly affect the allocation of WE hotspots. Global patterns of PE can provide insights into complex evolutionary processes but this congruence is lost at the continental to country extents. These findings are explained by environmental heterogeneity at coarser grains, and to a far lesser extent at finer resolutions. Regardless of scale, we find widespread deficits of protection for endemism hotspots. Our study presents a framework for assessing areas for conservation that are robust to assumptions on taxonomy, spatial grain and extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, 78412, TX, USA.
| | - Harith Farooq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Faculty of Natural Sciences at Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Bertolino S, Sciandra C, Bosso L, Russo D, Lurz PW, Di Febbraro M. Spatially explicit models as tools for implementing effective management strategies for invasive alien mammals. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bertolino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Sciandra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy
| | - Luciano Bosso
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Portici (Na) Italy
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Portici (Na) Italy
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Peter W.W. Lurz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Mirko Di Febbraro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università del Molise Pesche (Isernia) Italy
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20
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Lyu Y, Wang X, Luo J. Geographic patterns of insect diversity across China's nature reserves: The roles of niche conservatism and range overlapping. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3305-3317. [PMID: 32273988 PMCID: PMC7141035 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Insects are the most species-rich clade in the world, but the broad-scale diversity pattern and the potential drivers have not been well documented for the clade as a whole. We aimed to examine the relative roles of contemporary and historical climate, niche conservatism, range overlapping, and other environmental factors on geographic patterns of species richness and phylogenetic structure, for insects across China. LOCATION China. METHODS We collected insect data from 184 nature reserves and examined geographic patterns of species richness and mean root distance (MRD, a metric of the evolutionary development of assemblages) for different biogeographic affinities (Palearctic, Oriental, and widespread species) and for clades originated during the warm and cold geohistorical periods ("warm clades" and "cold clades," respectively). We related richness and MRD to contemporary and historical climate, area, habitat heterogeneity, and human disturbance to evaluate their relative importance. RESULTS Total species richness revealed a hump-shaped latitudinal pattern, peaking between 30°~35°N. Richness patterns differed markedly among evolutionary groups: Oriental species richness decreased significantly with higher latitude but Palearctic species increased, while other groups again peaked between 30°~35°N. The range overlapping of different biogeographic groups in midlatitudes may be an important contributor to humped latitudinal richness patterns. MRD was positively related to latitude and increased more rapidly for "warm clades" than "cold clades." Historical climate factors (especially winter coldness) were among the strongest predictors for both richness and phylogenetic patterns, for each evolutionary group, suggesting the strong influence of niche conservatism. CONCLUSIONS The hump-shaped latitudinal pattern of insect richness in China is mainly shaped by niche conservatism and range overlapping, supplemented by habitat heterogeneity and contemporary climate. The role of niche conservatism and range overlapping may have been overlooked if only total species richness was analyzed, suggesting the importance of examining different evolutionary groups separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Lyu
- College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiangping Wang
- College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Juchun Luo
- College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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21
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Dispersion fields reveal the compositional structure of South American vertebrate assemblages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 31980659 PMCID: PMC6981175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of continental patterns in species richness continue to spur heated discussion. Hypotheses based on ambient energy have dominated the debate, but are increasingly being challenged by hypotheses that model richness as the overlap of species ranges, ultimately controlled by continental range dynamics of individual species. At the heart of this controversy lies the question of whether species richness of individual grid cells is controlled by local factors, or reflects larger-scale spatial patterns in the turnover of species’ ranges. Here, we develop a new approach based on assemblage dispersion fields, formed by overlaying the geographic ranges of all species co-occurring in a grid cell. We created dispersion fields for all tetrapods of South America, and characterized the orientation and shape of dispersion fields as a vector field. The resulting maps demonstrate the existence of macro-structures in the turnover of biotic similarity at continental scale that are congruent among vertebrate classes. These structures underline the importance of continental-scale processes for species richness in individual assemblages. Ecologists continue to debate whether local species assemblages result from habitat filtering or from turnover among the regional species pool. Here the authors develop a “dispersion field” method to mapping species range overlaps, showing that regional turnover processes are key to local assembly.
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22
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Marathe A, Priyadarsanan DR, Krishnaswamy J, Shanker K. Spatial and climatic variables independently drive elevational gradients in ant species richness in the Eastern Himalaya. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227628. [PMID: 31940414 PMCID: PMC6961925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevational gradients are considered important for understanding causes behind gradients in species richness due to the large variation in climate and habitat within a small spatial extent. Geometric constraints are thought to interact with environmental variables and influence elevational patterns in species richness. However, the geographic setting of most mountain ranges, particularly continuity with low elevation areas may reduce the effect of geometric constraints at lower elevations. In the present study, we test the effects of climatic gradients and continuity with the low elevation plains of the eastern Himalayan mountain range on patterns of species richness. We studied species richness of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on an elevational gradient between 600m and 2400m in the Eastern Himalaya–part of Himalaya biodiversity hotspot. Ants were sampled in nine elevational bands of 200m with four transects in each band using pitfall and Winkler traps. We used regression models to identify the most important environmental variables that predict species richness and used constrained null models to test the effects of contiguity between the mountain range and plains. We find a monotonic decline in species richness of ants with elevation. Temperature was a more important predictor of species richness than habitat complexity. Geometric constraints model weighted by temperature with a soft lower boundary and hard upper boundary best explained the species richness pattern. This suggests that a combination of climate and geometric constraints drive the elevational species richness patterns of ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Marathe
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Srirampura, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jagdish Krishnaswamy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Srirampura, Bangalore, India
| | - Kartik Shanker
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Srirampura, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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23
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Rahbek C, Borregaard MK, Antonelli A, Colwell RK, Holt BG, Nogues-Bravo D, Rasmussen CMØ, Richardson K, Rosing MT, Whittaker RJ, Fjeldså J. Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes. Science 2019; 365:1114-1119. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mountain regions are unusually biodiverse, with rich aggregations of small-ranged species that form centers of endemism. Mountains play an array of roles for Earth’s biodiversity and affect neighboring lowlands through biotic interchange, changes in regional climate, and nutrient runoff. The high biodiversity of certain mountains reflects the interplay of multiple evolutionary mechanisms: enhanced speciation rates with distinct opportunities for coexistence and persistence of lineages, shaped by long-term climatic changes interacting with topographically dynamic landscapes. High diversity in most tropical mountains is tightly linked to bedrock geology—notably, areas comprising mafic and ultramafic lithologies, rock types rich in magnesium and poor in phosphate that present special requirements for plant physiology. Mountain biodiversity bears the signature of deep-time evolutionary and ecological processes, a history well worth preserving.
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24
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Rahbek C, Borregaard MK, Colwell RK, Dalsgaard B, Holt BG, Morueta-Holme N, Nogues-Bravo D, Whittaker RJ, Fjeldså J. Humboldt’s enigma: What causes global patterns of mountain biodiversity? Science 2019; 365:1108-1113. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mountains contribute disproportionately to the terrestrial biodiversity of Earth, especially in the tropics, where they host hotspots of extraordinary and puzzling richness. With about 25% of all land area, mountain regions are home to more than 85% of the world’s species of amphibians, birds, and mammals, many entirely restricted to mountains. Biodiversity varies markedly among these regions. Together with the extreme species richness of some tropical mountains, this variation has proven challenging to explain under traditional climatic hypotheses. However, the complex climatic characteristics of rugged mountain regions differ fundamentally from those of lowland regions, likely playing a key role in generating and maintaining diversity. With ongoing global changes in climate and land use, the role of mountains as refugia for biodiversity may well come under threat.
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25
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Spatio-temporal climate change contributes to latitudinal diversity gradients. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1419-1429. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Duclos TR, DeLuca WV, King DI. Direct and indirect effects of climate on bird abundance along elevation gradients in the Northern Appalachian mountains. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Duclos
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - William V. DeLuca
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - David I. King
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Amherst Massachusetts
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27
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Velasco JA, Poe S, González-Salazar C, Flores-Villela O. Solitary ecology as a phenomenon extending beyond insular systems: exaptive evolution in Anolis lizards. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190056. [PMID: 31113308 PMCID: PMC6548730 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms driving phenotypic evolution have been of interest to biologists since Darwin. Ecological release-wherein adaptive evolution occurs following relaxation of constraining selective pressures-and environmental filtering-wherein exaptive traits allow colonization of a new area-have been studied in several insular cases. Anolis lizards, which may exist in solitude or sympatry with multiple congeners, are an excellent system for evaluating whether ecological release and environmental filtering are associated with phenotypic shifts across phylogenetic and geographical scales. Insular solitary Anolis exhibit phenotypic differentiation in body size and sexual size dimorphism-SSD-through exaptive and adaptive evolution, respectively. But, the generality of these effects has not yet been addressed. Here, we analyse the evolution of body size and SSD relative to sympatry in mainland Anolis. We found that mainland species co-occurring with few congeners exhibit uniform body size and greater SSD relative to other random mainland assemblages, consistent with the insular solitary pattern. The locations of evolutionary shifts for both traits do not coincide with evolutionary transitions to decreased levels of sympatry. These results are consistent with exaptive environmental filtering but not adaptive ecological release. Future studies should be conducted at local scales to evaluate the role of these factors in the evolution of solitary existence in mainland and island species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián A. Velasco
- Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Constantino González-Salazar
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad C3, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, CBS Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México 52006, Mexico
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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28
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Zhang JT, Wang C. Are Food and Habitat Resources Key Factors Determining Bird Species Richness at Broad Landscape-Scale in the Mainland of China? RUSS J ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413618060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Cadena CD, Pérez-emán JL, Cuervo AM, Céspedes LN, Epperly KL, Klicka JT. Extreme genetic structure and dynamic range evolution in a montane passerine bird: implications for tropical diversification. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Pérez-emán
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Colección Ornitológica Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Andrés M Cuervo
- Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura N Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kevin L Epperly
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John T Klicka
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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30
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Monadjem A, Kane A, Taylor P, Richards LR, Hall G, Woodborne S. Morphology and stable isotope analysis demonstrate different structuring of bat communities in rainforest and savannah habitats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180849. [PMID: 30662720 PMCID: PMC6304110 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bats play important ecological roles in tropical systems, yet how these communities are structured is still poorly understood. Our study explores the structure of African bat communities using morphological characters to define the morphospace occupied by these bats and stable isotope analysis to define their dietary niche breadth. We compared two communities, one in rainforest (Liberia) and one in savannah (South Africa), and asked whether the greater richness in the rainforest was due to more species 'packing' into the same morphospace and trophic space than bats from the savannah, or some other arrangement. In the rainforest, bats occupied a larger area in morphospace and species packing was higher than in the savannah; although this difference disappeared when comparing insectivorous bats only. There were also differences in morphospace occupied by different foraging groups (aerial, edge, clutter and fruitbat). Stable isotope analysis revealed that the range of δ 13C values was almost double in rainforest than in savannah indicating a greater range of utilization of basal C3 and C4 resources in the former site, covering primary productivity from both these sources. The ranges in δ 15N, however, were similar between the two habitats suggesting a similar number of trophic levels. Niche breadth, as defined by either standard ellipse area or convex hull, was greater for the bat community in rainforest than in savannah, with all four foraging groups having larger niche breadths in the former than the latter. The higher inter-species morphospace and niche breadth in forest bats suggest that species packing is not necessarily competitive. By employing morphometrics and stable isotope analysis, we have shown that the rainforest bat community packs more species in morphospace and uses a larger niche breadth than the one in savannah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Monadjem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adam Kane
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Taylor
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Biological Sciences Building, South Ring Road, Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 3630, South Africa
| | - Leigh R. Richards
- Durban Natural Science Museum, PO Box 4085, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Grant Hall
- iThemba LABS, Private Bag 11, WITS 2050, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stephan Woodborne
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- iThemba LABS, Private Bag 11, WITS 2050, Pretoria, South Africa
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31
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Neeson TM, Doran PJ, Ferris MC, Fitzpatrick KB, Herbert M, Khoury M, Moody AT, Ross J, Yacobson E, McIntyre PB. Conserving rare species can have high opportunity costs for common species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3862-3872. [PMID: 29654612 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conservation practitioners face difficult choices in apportioning limited resources between rare species (to ensure their existence) and common species (to ensure their abundance and ecosystem contributions). We quantified the opportunity costs of conserving rare species of migratory fishes in the context of removing dams and retrofitting road culverts across 1,883 tributaries of the North American Great Lakes. Our optimization models show that maximizing total habitat gains across species can be very efficient in terms of benefits achieved per dollar spent, but disproportionately benefits common species. Conservation approaches that target rare species, or that ensure some benefits for every species (i.e., complementarity) enable strategic allocation of resources among species but reduce aggregate habitat gains. Thus, small habitat gains for the rarest species necessarily come at the expense of more than 20 times as much habitat for common ones. These opportunity costs are likely to occur in many ecosystems because range limits and conservation costs often vary widely among species. Given that common species worldwide are declining more rapidly than rare ones within major taxa, our findings provide incentive for triage among multiple worthy conservation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Neeson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | | | - Michael C Ferris
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kimberly B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | | | | | - Allison T Moody
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jared Ross
- The Nature Conservancy, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Peter B McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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32
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Rangel TF, Edwards NR, Holden PB, Diniz-Filho JAF, Gosling WD, Coelho MTP, Cassemiro FAS, Rahbek C, Colwell RK. Modeling the ecology and evolution of biodiversity: Biogeographical cradles, museums, and graves. Science 2018; 361:361/6399/eaar5452. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual processes shaping geographical patterns of biodiversity are increasingly understood, but their complex interactions on broad spatial and temporal scales remain beyond the reach of analytical models and traditional experiments. To meet this challenge, we built a spatially explicit, mechanistic simulation model implementing adaptation, range shifts, fragmentation, speciation, dispersal, competition, and extinction, driven by modeled climates of the past 800,000 years in South America. Experimental topographic smoothing confirmed the impact of climate heterogeneity on diversification. The simulations identified regions and episodes of speciation (cradles), persistence (museums), and extinction (graves). Although the simulations had no target pattern and were not parameterized with empirical data, emerging richness maps closely resembled contemporary maps for major taxa, confirming powerful roles for evolution and diversification driven by topography and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago F. Rangel
- Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Neil R. Edwards
- School of Environment, Earth, and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Philip B. Holden
- School of Environment, Earth, and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - William D. Gosling
- School of Environment, Earth, and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco Túlio P. Coelho
- Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A. S. Cassemiro
- Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ictiologia, Limnologia e Aquicultura. Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Robert K. Colwell
- Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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33
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Kim JY, Lee S, Shin MS, Lee CH, Seo C, Eo SH. Altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness and density in relation to climate, habitat heterogeneity, and migration influence in a temperate montane forest (South Korea). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4857. [PMID: 29844993 PMCID: PMC5970552 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altitudinal patterns in the population ecology of mountain bird species are useful for predicting species occurrence and behavior. Numerous hypotheses about the complex interactions among environmental factors have been proposed; however, these still remain controversial. This study aimed to identify the altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness or density and to test the hypotheses that climate, habitat heterogeneity (horizontal and vertical), and heterospecific attraction in a temperate forest, South Korea. We conducted a field survey of 142 plots at altitudes between 200 and 1,400 m a.s.l in the breeding season. A total of 2,771 individuals from 53 breeding bird species were recorded. Altitudinal patterns of species richness and density showed a hump-shaped pattern, indicating that the highest richness and density could be observed at moderate altitudes. Models constructed with 13 combinations of six variables demonstrated that species richness was positively correlated with vertical and horizontal habitat heterogeneity. Density was positively correlated with vertical, but not horizontal habitat heterogeneity, and negatively correlated with migratory bird ratio. No significant relationships were found between spring temperature and species richness or density. Therefore, the observed patterns in species richness support the hypothesis that habitat heterogeneity, rather than climate, is the main driver of species richness. Also, neither habitat heterogeneity nor climate hypotheses fully explains the observed patterns in density. However, vertical habitat heterogeneity does likely help explain observed patterns in density. The heterospecific attraction hypothesis did not apply to the distribution of birds along the altitudinal gradient. Appropriate management of vertical habitat heterogeneity, such as vegetation cover, should be maintained for the conservation of bird diversity in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Kim
- Division of Ecosystem Services and Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea.,Department of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Division of Basic Ecology, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Man-Seok Shin
- Division of Ecosystem Services and Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Basic Ecology, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Changwan Seo
- Division of Ecological Survey Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Eo
- Department of Forest Resources, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea
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Santillán V, Quitián M, Tinoco BA, Zárate E, Schleuning M, Böhning-Gaese K, Neuschulz EL. Spatio-temporal variation in bird assemblages is associated with fluctuations in temperature and precipitation along a tropical elevational gradient. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196179. [PMID: 29746478 PMCID: PMC5945003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of species assemblages is a main challenge in ecology. The mechanisms that shape species assemblages and their temporal fluctuations along tropical elevational gradients are particularly poorly understood. Here, we examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of bird assemblages along an elevational gradient in Ecuador. We conducted bird point counts at three elevations (1000, 2000 and 3000 m) on 18 1-ha plots and repeated the sampling eight times over two years (216 hours in total). For each plot, we obtained data of monthly temperatures and precipitation and recorded the overall resource availability (i.e., the sum of flower, fruit, and invertebrate resources). As expected, bird richness decreased from low to high elevations. Moreover, we found a significant decrease in bird abundance and richness and an increase in evenness between the most and least humid season at each of the three elevations. Climatic factors were more closely related to these temporal fluctuations than local resource availability. While temperature had significant positive effects on the abundance of birds at mid and high elevations, precipitation negatively affected bird abundance at low and mid elevations. Our study highlights that bird assemblages along tropical elevational gradients can show pronounced seasonal fluctuations. In particular, low temperatures and high precipitation seem to impose important constraints on birds. We conclude that potential changes in climate, due to global warming, are likely to affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of bird assemblages along tropical elevational gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Santillán
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Escuela de Biología, Ecología y Gestión, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta Quitián
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Boris A. Tinoco
- Escuela de Biología, Ecología y Gestión, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Edwin Zárate
- Escuela de Biología, Ecología y Gestión, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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35
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Somveille M, Rodrigues ASL, Manica A. Energy efficiency drives the global seasonal distribution of birds. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:962-969. [PMID: 29735990 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The uneven distribution of biodiversity on Earth is one of the most general and puzzling patterns in ecology. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, based on evolutionary processes or on constraints related to geography and energy. However, previous studies investigating these hypotheses have been largely descriptive due to the logistical difficulties of conducting controlled experiments on such large geographical scales. Here, we use bird migration-the seasonal redistribution of approximately 15% of bird species across the world-as a natural experiment for testing the species-energy relationship, the hypothesis that animal diversity is driven by energetic constraints. We develop a mechanistic model of bird distributions across the world, and across seasons, based on simple ecological and energetic principles. Using this model, we show that bird species distributions optimize the balance between energy acquisition and energy expenditure while taking into account competition with other species. These findings support, and provide a mechanistic explanation for, the species-energy relationship. The findings also provide a general explanation of migration as a mechanism that allows birds to optimize their energy budget in the face of seasonality and competition. Finally, our mechanistic model provides a tool for predicting how ecosystems will respond to global anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Somveille
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ana S L Rodrigues
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Laiolo P, Pato J, Obeso JR. Ecological and evolutionary drivers of the elevational gradient of diversity. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1022-1032. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Laiolo
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO, CSIC, PA); Oviedo University; 33600 Mieres Spain
| | - Joaquina Pato
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO, CSIC, PA); Oviedo University; 33600 Mieres Spain
| | - José Ramón Obeso
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO, CSIC, PA); Oviedo University; 33600 Mieres Spain
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37
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Ayers CA, Armsworth PR, Brosi BJ. Statistically testing the role of individual learning and decision-making in trapline foraging. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Ayers
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Paul R Armsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Berry J Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, GA, USA
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38
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Lu LM, Mao LF, Yang T, Ye JF, Liu B, Li HL, Sun M, Miller JT, Mathews S, Hu HH, Niu YT, Peng DX, Chen YH, Smith SA, Chen M, Xiang KL, Le CT, Dang VC, Lu AM, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Li JH, Chen ZD. Evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China. Nature 2018; 554:234-238. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Velasco JA, Villalobos F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Algar AC, Flores-Villela O, KÖhler G, Poe S, Martinez-Meyer E. Climatic and evolutionary factors shaping geographical gradients of species richness in Anolis lizards. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Velasco
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil
| | | | - Adam C Algar
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Sir Clive Granger Building, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Gunther KÖhler
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Enrique Martinez-Meyer
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF and Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, AC, Villahermosa, Mexico
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40
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Mastretta-Yanes A, Xue AT, Moreno-Letelier A, Jorgensen TH, Alvarez N, Piñero D, Emerson BC. Long-term in situ persistence of biodiversity in tropical sky islands revealed by landscape genomics. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:432-448. [PMID: 29226496 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tropical mountains are areas of high species richness and endemism. Two historical phenomena may have contributed to this: (i) fragmentation and isolation of habitats may have promoted the genetic differentiation of populations and increased the possibility of allopatric divergence and speciation and (ii) the mountain areas may have allowed long-term population persistence during global climate fluctuations. These two phenomena have been studied using either species occurrence data or estimating species divergence times. However, only few studies have used intraspecific genetic data to analyse the mechanisms by which endemism may emerge at the microevolutionary scale. Here, we use landscape analysis of genomic SNP data sampled from two high-elevation plant species from an archipelago of tropical sky islands (the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt) to test for population genetic differentiation, synchronous demographic changes and habitat persistence. We show that genetic differentiation can be explained by the degree of glacial habitat connectivity among mountains and that mountains have facilitated the persistence of populations throughout glacial/interglacial cycles. Our results support the ongoing role of tropical mountains as cradles for biodiversity by uncovering cryptic differentiation and limits to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- CONACYT - CONABIO, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, México, DF, México
| | - Alexander T Xue
- Department of Biology, City College and Graduate Center of City, University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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41
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Marshall L, Biesmeijer JC, Rasmont P, Vereecken NJ, Dvorak L, Fitzpatrick U, Francis F, Neumayer J, Ødegaard F, Paukkunen JPT, Pawlikowski T, Reemer M, Roberts SPM, Straka J, Vray S, Dendoncker N. The interplay of climate and land use change affects the distribution of EU bumblebees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:101-116. [PMID: 28805965 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees in Europe have been in steady decline since the 1900s. This decline is expected to continue with climate change as the main driver. However, at the local scale, land use and land cover (LULC) change strongly affects the occurrence of bumblebees. At present, LULC change is rarely included in models of future distributions of species. This study's objective is to compare the roles of dynamic LULC change and climate change on the projected distribution patterns of 48 European bumblebee species for three change scenarios until 2100 at the scales of Europe, and Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg (BENELUX). We compared three types of models: (1) only climate covariates, (2) climate and static LULC covariates and (3) climate and dynamic LULC covariates. The climate and LULC change scenarios used in the models include, extreme growth applied strategy (GRAS), business as might be usual and sustainable European development goals. We analysed model performance, range gain/loss and the shift in range limits for all bumblebees. Overall, model performance improved with the introduction of LULC covariates. Dynamic models projected less range loss and gain than climate-only projections, and greater range loss and gain than static models. Overall, there is considerable variation in species responses and effects were most pronounced at the BENELUX scale. The majority of species were predicted to lose considerable range, particularly under the extreme growth scenario (GRAS; overall mean: 64% ± 34). Model simulations project a number of local extinctions and considerable range loss at the BENELUX scale (overall mean: 56% ± 39). Therefore, we recommend species-specific modelling to understand how LULC and climate interact in future modelling. The efficacy of dynamic LULC change should improve with higher thematic and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, current broad scale representations of change in major land use classes impact modelled future distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Marshall
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus C Biesmeijer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology and Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems (LEPPS/EIB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Libor Dvorak
- Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně, Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic
| | - Una Fitzpatrick
- National Biodiversity Data Centre, Beechfield House, Carriganore WIT West Campus, County Waterford, Ireland
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Unit of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Frode Ødegaard
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Juho P T Paukkunen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tadeusz Pawlikowski
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Menno Reemer
- European Invertebrate Survey (EIS), Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart P M Roberts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Vray
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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42
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Using a Macroecological Approach to Study Geographic Range, Abundance and Body Size in the Fossil Record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s1089332600001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Macroecology is a rapidly growing sub-discipline within ecology that is concerned with characterizing statistical patterns of species' abundance, distribution and diversity at spatial and temporal scales typically ignored by traditional ecology. Both macroecology and paleoecology are concerned with answering similar questions (e.g., understanding the factors that influence geographic ranges, or the way that species assemble into communities). As such, macroecological methods easily lend themselves to many paleoecological questions. Moreover, it is possible to estimate the variables of interest to macroecologists (e.g., body size, geographic range size, abundance, diversity) using fossil data. Here we describe the measurement and estimation of the variables used in macroecological studies and potential biases introduced by using fossil data. Next we describe the methods used to analyze macroecological patterns and briefly discuss the current understanding of these patterns. This chapter is by no means an exhaustive review of macroecology and its methods. Instead, it is an introduction to macroecology that we hope will spur innovation in the application of macroecology to the study of the fossil record.
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Sonne J, Martín González AM, Maruyama PK, Sandel B, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Schleuning M, Abrahamczyk S, Alarcón R, Araujo AC, Araújo FP, Mendes de Azevedo S, Baquero AC, Cotton PA, Ingversen TT, Kohler G, Lara C, Guedes Las-Casas FM, Machado AO, Machado CG, Maglianesi MA, Moura AC, Nogués-Bravo D, Oliveira GM, Oliveira PE, Ornelas JF, Rodrigues LDC, Rosero-Lasprilla L, Rui AM, Sazima M, Timmermann A, Varassin IG, Wang Z, Watts S, Fjeldså J, Svenning JC, Rahbek C, Dalsgaard B. High proportion of smaller ranged hummingbird species coincides with ecological specialization across the Americas. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2512. [PMID: 26842573 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities that experience stable climate conditions have been speculated to preserve more specialized interspecific associations and have higher proportions of smaller ranged species (SRS). Thus, areas with disproportionally large numbers of SRS are expected to coincide geographically with a high degree of community-level ecological specialization, but this suggestion remains poorly supported with empirical evidence. Here, we analysed data for hummingbird resource specialization, range size, contemporary climate, and Late Quaternary climate stability for 46 hummingbird-plant mutualistic networks distributed across the Americas, representing 130 hummingbird species (ca 40% of all hummingbird species). We demonstrate a positive relationship between the proportion of SRS of hummingbirds and community-level specialization, i.e. the division of the floral niche among coexisting hummingbird species. This relationship remained strong even when accounting for climate, furthermore, the effect of SRS on specialization was far stronger than the effect of specialization on SRS, suggesting that climate largely influences specialization through species' range-size dynamics. Irrespective of the exact mechanism involved, our results indicate that communities consisting of higher proportions of SRS may be vulnerable to disturbance not only because of their small geographical ranges, but also because of their high degree of specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Ana M Martín González
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute of Plant Biodiversity, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Systematic Botany, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich 107, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alarcón
- Biology Program, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Andréa C Araujo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle P Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea C Baquero
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Peter A Cotton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Glauco Kohler
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Km 10.5 Autopista Tlaxcala-San Martín Texmelucan, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana O Machado
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia -UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Machado
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900, Brazil
| | - María Alejandra Maglianesi
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alan Cerqueira Moura
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), San José, Costa Rica
| | - David Nogués-Bravo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Genilda M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia -UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera antigua aCoatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Licléia da Cruz Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Department of Zoology, ICB, Minas Gerais Federal University, PO Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Liliana Rosero-Lasprilla
- Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Ana Maria Rui
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capao do Leao, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Timmermann
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Stella Watts
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Northampton, Avenue Campus, St George's Avenue, Northampton NN2 6JD, UK
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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Carpio AJ, Barasona JA, Guerrero-Casado J, Oteros J, Tortosa FS, Acevedo P. An assessment of conflict areas between alien and native species richness of terrestrial vertebrates on a macro-ecological scale in a Mediterranean hotspot. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Carpio
- Department of Zoology; University of Cordoba; Córdoba Spain
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS, CSIC); Córdoba Spain
| | - J. A. Barasona
- SABIO group; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; UCLM-CSIC-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - J. Guerrero-Casado
- Department of Zoology; University of Cordoba; Córdoba Spain
- Universidad Técnica de Manabí; Portoviejo Ecuador
| | - J. Oteros
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Center; Munich Germany
| | - F. S. Tortosa
- Department of Zoology; University of Cordoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - P. Acevedo
- SABIO group; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; UCLM-CSIC-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
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Carrara R, San Blas G, Agrain F, Roig-Juñent S. Towards biodiversity hotspots effective for conserving mammals with small geographic ranges. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Villalobos F, Carotenuto F, Raia P, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence and phylogenetic structure within species ranges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150220. [PMID: 26977061 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co-occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs allow investigation of the role of historical processes--speciation, extinction and dispersal--in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent, mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Francesco Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - José Alexandre F Diniz-Filho
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Chaverri G, Garin I, Alberdi A, Jimenez L, Castillo-Salazar C, Aihartza J. Unveiling the Hidden Bat Diversity of a Neotropical Montane Forest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162712. [PMID: 27706168 PMCID: PMC5051729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountain environments, characterized by high levels of endemism, are at risk of experiencing significant biodiversity loss due to current trends in global warming. While many acknowledge their importance and vulnerability, these ecosystems still remain poorly studied, particularly for taxa that are difficult to sample such as bats. Aiming to estimate the amount of cryptic diversity among bats of a Neotropical montane cloud forest in Talamanca Range—south-east Central America—, we performed a 15-night sampling campaign, which resulted in 90 captured bats belonging to 8 species. We sequenced their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and screened their inter- and intraspecific genetic variation. Phylogenetic relations with conspecifics and closely related species from other geographic regions were established using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, as well as median-joining haplotype networks. Mitochondrial lineages highly divergent from hitherto characterized populations (> 9% COI dissimilarity) were found in Myotis oxyotus and Hylonycteris underwoodi. Sturnira burtonlimi and M. keaysi also showed distinct mitochondrial structure with sibling species and/or populations. These results suggest that mountains in the region hold a high degree of endemicity potential that has previously been ignored in bats. They also warn of the high extinction risk montane bats may be facing due to climatic change, particularly in isolated mountain systems like Talamanca Range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inazio Garin
- Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, The Basque Country
| | - Antton Alberdi
- Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, The Basque Country
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lide Jimenez
- Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, The Basque Country
| | | | - Joxerra Aihartza
- Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, The Basque Country
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48
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Hewitt JE, Thrush SF, Ellingsen KE. The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:1080-1088. [PMID: 26991595 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space-time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi E Hewitt
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11115, Hamilton, 3251, New Zealand.
| | - Simon F Thrush
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kari E Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
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49
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Prevedello JA, Gotelli NJ, Metzger JP. A stochastic model for landscape patterns of biodiversity. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A. Prevedello
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo 05508 900 Brazil
| | | | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo 05508 900 Brazil
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50
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Taheri S, Naimi B, Araújo MB. Did British breeding birds move north in the late 20th century? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40665-016-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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