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Hurtado P, Aragón G, Vicente M, Dalsgaard B, Krasnov BR, Calatayud J. Generalism in species interactions is more the consequence than the cause of ecological success. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1602-1611. [PMID: 39060479 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Generalism in resource use is commonly considered a critical driver of population success, species distribution and extinction risk. This idea can be questioned as generalism may be a result rather than the cause of species abundance and range size. We tested these contrasting causal hypotheses focusing on host use in three databases encompassing approximately 44,000 mutualistic (hummingbird-plant), commensalistic (lichen-plant) and parasitic (flea-mammal) interactions in 617 ecological communities across the Americas and Eurasia. Across all interaction types, our analyses indicated that range size and abundance influence the probability of encountering hosts and set the arena for species to express generalism potentials or adapt to new hosts. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that generalism is a consequence of species ecological success. This highlights the importance of ecological opportunity in driving species characteristics considered key for their survival and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hurtado
- DIFAR, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Aragón
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Vicente
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Cazabonne J, Walker AK, Lesven J, Haelewaters D. Singleton-based species names and fungal rarity: Does the number really matter? IMA Fungus 2024; 15:7. [PMID: 38504339 PMCID: PMC10953280 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the least known organisms on earth, with an estimated number of species between 1.5 and 10 million. This number is expected to be refined, especially with increasing knowledge about microfungi in undersampled habitats and increasing amounts of data derived from environmental DNA sequencing. A significant proportion of newly generated sequences fail to match with already named species, and thus represent what has been referred to as fungal "dark taxa". Due to the challenges associated with observing, identifying, and preserving sporophores, many macro- and microfungal species are only known from a single collection, specimen, isolate, and/or sequence-a singleton. Mycologists are consequently used to working with "rare" sequences and specimens. However, rarity and singleton phenomena lack consideration and valorization in fungal studies. In particular, the practice of publishing new fungal species names based on a single specimen remains a cause of debate. Here, we provide some elements of reflection on this issue in the light of the specificities of the fungal kingdom and global change context. If multiple independent sources of data support the existence of a new taxon, we encourage mycologists to proceed with formal description, irrespective of the number of specimens at hand. Although the description of singleton-based species may not be considered best practice, it does represent responsible science in the light of closing the Linnean biodiversity shortfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cazabonne
- Ecology Research Group of Abitibi RCM, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC, J9T 2L8, Canada.
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Allison K Walker
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Lesven
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
- Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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3
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Malanoski CM, Farnsworth A, Lunt DJ, Valdes PJ, Saupe EE. Climate change is an important predictor of extinction risk on macroevolutionary timescales. Science 2024; 383:1130-1134. [PMID: 38452067 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is increasing rapidly and already impacting biodiversity. Despite its importance in future projections, understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which climate mediates extinction remains limited. We present an integrated approach examining the role of intrinsic traits versus extrinsic climate change in mediating extinction risk for marine invertebrates over the past 485 million years. We found that a combination of physiological traits and the magnitude of climate change is necessary to explain marine invertebrate extinction patterns. Our results suggest that taxa previously identified as extinction resistant may still succumb to extinction if the magnitude of climate change is great enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper M Malanoski
- Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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4
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Chen K, Wang B, Chen C, Zhou G. The relationship between niche breadth and phylogenetic characteristics of eight species of rhubarb on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Asia. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11040. [PMID: 38435020 PMCID: PMC10904883 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between spatial distribution and phylogeny has been widely debated in recent decades. To understand biogeographic and evolutionary history relationships and to explore the interspecific similarities and phylogenetic correlations of niche characteristics, we collected and recorded all distribution points for eight species of rhubarb on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, used different methods to describe the ecological niche, and explored the relationship between phylogeny, ecological niche, and distribution range. The results reveal that: (1) the ranges of optimal environmental variables for species with close kinship are not exactly the same, ecologically similar species are not necessarily sister species, and the overlap of rhubarb has no significant correlation with phylogeny. Therefore, the impact of ecological dimensions on species formation is greater than that of geographical latitude for the eight species of rhubarb. (2) Among the eight species of rhubarb, the breadth of ecological niche is positively correlated with the current suitable habitat area and negatively correlated with fluctuations in future suitable habitat area. In the future, except for Rheum tanguticum and Rheum palmatum, the suitable planting areas for the other six species of rhubarb will decrease as greenhouse gas emissions concentrations and time increase. Therefore, species with smaller ecological niches are at a greater risk of habitat loss compared to species with larger ecological niches. (3) In both existing and future distribution prediction models of rhubarb, we observed that both the widely distributed Rheum spiciforme and the niche narrow Rheum nobile, all eight species of rhubarb are present in the Hengduan Mountains, based on our analysis, we propose that the Hengduan Mountains should be regarded as a priority conservation area for rhubarb, to preserve the species' biodiversity. Our study lays the groundwork for identifying evolutionary trends in ecological specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Wang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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5
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Sanchez L, Loiseau N, Edgar GJ, Hautecoeur C, Leprieur F, Manel S, McLean M, Stuart-Smith RD, Velez L, Mouillot D. Rarity mediates species-specific responses of tropical reef fishes to protection. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14418. [PMID: 38532624 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the most widely applied tool for marine biodiversity conservation, yet many gaps remain in our understanding of their species-specific effects, partly because the socio-environmental context and spatial autocorrelation may blur and bias perceived conservation outcomes. Based on a large data set of nearly 3000 marine fish surveys spanning all tropical regions of the world, we build spatially explicit models for 658 fish species to estimate species-specific responses to protection while controlling for the environmental, habitat and socio-economic contexts experienced across their geographic ranges. We show that the species responses are highly variable, with ~40% of fishes not benefitting from protection. When investigating how traits influence species' responses, we find that rare top-predators and small herbivores benefit the most from MPAs while mid-trophic level species benefit to a lesser extent, and rare large herbivores experience adverse effects, indicating potential trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Sanchez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cyril Hautecoeur
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Manel
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew McLean
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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6
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Finnegan S, Harnik PG, Lockwood R, Lotze HK, McClenachan L, Kahanamoku SS. Using the Fossil Record to Understand Extinction Risk and Inform Marine Conservation in a Changing World. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:307-333. [PMID: 37683272 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-021723-095235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term effects of ongoing global environmental change on marine ecosystems requires a cross-disciplinary approach. Deep-time and recent fossil records can contribute by identifying traits and environmental conditions associated with elevated extinction risk during analogous events in the geologic past and by providing baseline data that can be used to assess historical change and set management and restoration targets and benchmarks. Here, we review the ecological and environmental information available in the marine fossil record and discuss how these archives can be used to inform current extinction risk assessments as well as marine conservation strategies and decision-making at global to local scales. As we consider future research directions in deep-time and conservationpaleobiology, we emphasize the need for coproduced research that unites researchers, conservation practitioners, and policymakers with the communities for whom the impacts of climate and global change are most imminent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Finnegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; ,
| | - Paul G Harnik
- Department of Earth and Environmental Geosciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA;
| | - Rowan Lockwood
- Department of Geology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA;
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;
| | - Loren McClenachan
- Department of History and School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Sara S Kahanamoku
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; ,
- Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
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7
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Monarrez PM, Heim NA, Payne JL. Reduced strength and increased variability of extinction selectivity during mass extinctions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230795. [PMID: 37771968 PMCID: PMC10523066 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Two of the traits most often observed to correlate with extinction risk in marine animals are geographical range and body size. However, the relative effects of these two traits on extinction risk have not been investigated systematically for either background times or during mass extinctions. To close this knowledge gap, we measure and compare extinction selectivity of geographical range and body size of genera within five classes of benthic marine animals across the Phanerozoic using capture-mark-recapture models. During background intervals, narrow geographical range is strongly associated with greater extinction probability, whereas smaller body size is more weakly associated with greater extinction probability. During mass extinctions, the association between geographical range and extinction probability is reduced in every class and fully eliminated in some, whereas the association between body size and extinction probability varies in strength and direction across classes. While geographical range is universally the stronger predictor of survival during background intervals, variation among classes during mass extinction suggests a fundamental shift in extinction processes during these global catastrophes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Monarrez
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noel A. Heim
- Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Payne
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Huang S, Edie SM, Collins KS, Crouch NMA, Roy K, Jablonski D. Diversity, distribution and intrinsic extinction vulnerability of exploited marine bivalves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4639. [PMID: 37582749 PMCID: PMC10427664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bivalves are important components of ecosystems and exploited by humans for food across the world, but the intrinsic vulnerability of exploited bivalve species to global changes is poorly known. Here, we expand the list of shallow-marine bivalves known to be exploited worldwide, with 720 exploited bivalve species added beyond the 81 in the United Nations FAO Production Database, and investigate their diversity, distribution and extinction vulnerability using a metric based on ecological traits and evolutionary history. The added species shift the richness hotspot of exploited species from the northeast Atlantic to the west Pacific, with 55% of bivalve families being exploited, concentrated mostly in two major clades but all major body plans. We find that exploited species tend to be larger in size, occur in shallower waters, and have larger geographic and thermal ranges-the last two traits are known to confer extinction-resistance in marine bivalves. However, exploited bivalve species in certain regions such as the tropical east Atlantic and the temperate northeast and southeast Pacific, are among those with high intrinsic vulnerability and are a large fraction of regional faunal diversity. Our results pinpoint regional faunas and specific taxa of likely concern for management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M A Crouch
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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9
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Kottillil S, Rao C, Bowen BW, Shanker K. Phylogeography of sharks and rays: a global review based on life history traits and biogeographic partitions. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15396. [PMID: 37283899 PMCID: PMC10239618 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable research exists on the life history traits, evolutionary history, and environmental factors that shape the population genetic structure of marine organisms, including sharks and rays. Conservation concerns are particularly strong for this group as they are highly susceptible to anthropogenic stressors due to a combination of life history traits including late maturity and low fecundity. Here, we provide a review and synthesis of the global phylogeography of sharks and rays. We examined existing data for 40 species of sharks belonging to 17 genera and 19 species of rays belonging to 11 genera. Median joining haplotype networks were constructed for each species for the mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI), and an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) was conducted to understand patterns of genetic diversity and structure across the three major ocean basins-the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Haplotype networks showed very shallow coalescence in most species, a finding previously reported for marine teleosts. Star topologies were predominant among sharks while complex mutational topologies predominated among rays, a finding we attribute to extremely limited dispersal in the early life history of rays. Population structuring varied amongst species groups, apparently due to differences in life history traits including reproductive philopatry, site fidelity, pelagic habitat, migratory habits, and dispersal ability. In comparison to reef-associated and demersal species, pelagic and semi pelagic species showed lower levels of structure between and within ocean basins. As expected, there is variation between taxa and groups, but there are also some broad patterns that can guide management and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kottillil
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Energy and Environment, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan Rao
- Dakshin Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Brian W. Bowen
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Kartik Shanker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Dakshin Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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10
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Maciel EA, Martins VF, Torres RR, Martins FR. How do intrinsic and extrinsic causes interact in the extinction vulnerability of South American savanna shrub and tree species? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118256. [PMID: 37247542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although a growing body of literature recognises the importance of rarity for biodiversity conservation, it is unclear how the interaction of different forms of rarity, extrinsic causes of extinction, and protection affect species' vulnerability. Here we addressed the extinction vulnerability of 2203 shrub and tree species of the South American savanna (SAS). For this, species were attributed a form of rarity, a synergistic risk index (SRI), and a protection index (PI). The SRI combines three extrinsic causes of extinction (climate hazard, fire frequency, and human footprint). The PI is the ratio between the number of a species occurrences within protected areas and the total number of occurrences in the SAS. By combining the SRI and PI, we classified common and rare species into five vulnerability classes. Some regions of the SAS show high values of climate hazard, fire frequency, human footprint, and SRI. Each extrinsic cause of extinction is differently distributed across the SAS and shows no or low spatial congruence with the SRI. Many species show a low ratio of occurrences within PAs, which in combination with high SRI results in high vulnerability to extinction. Surprisingly, the number of common species in the higher vulnerability classes is higher than of rare species. Common and rare species in different vulnerability classes occur in somewhat different locations across the SAS and mainly constitute spatially incongruent centres with high species richness. Given our results, we propose that strategies for the effective conservation of SAS species are challenging and must be carefully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton A Maciel
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Forni Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Natural Sciences, Maths, and Education, Centre for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Anhanguera, SP 330, Km 174, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Rodrigues Torres
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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11
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Foster WJ, Allen BJ, Kitzmann NH, Münchmeyer J, Rettelbach T, Witts JD, Whittle RJ, Larina E, Clapham ME, Dunhill AM. How predictable are mass extinction events? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221507. [PMID: 36938535 PMCID: PMC10014245 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many modern extinction drivers are shared with past mass extinction events, such as rapid climate warming, habitat loss, pollution and invasive species. This commonality presents a key question: can the extinction risk of species during past mass extinction events inform our predictions for a modern biodiversity crisis? To investigate if it is possible to establish which species were more likely to go extinct during mass extinctions, we applied a functional trait-based model of extinction risk using a machine learning algorithm to datasets of marine fossils for the end-Permian, end-Triassic and end-Cretaceous mass extinctions. Extinction selectivity was inferred across each individual mass extinction event, before testing whether the selectivity patterns obtained could be used to 'predict' the extinction selectivity exhibited during the other mass extinctions. Our analyses show that, despite some similarities in extinction selectivity patterns between ancient crises, the selectivity of mass extinction events is inconsistent, which leads to a poor predictive performance. This lack of predictability is attributed to evolution in marine ecosystems, particularly during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, associated with shifts in community structure alongside coincident Earth system changes. Our results suggest that past extinctions are unlikely to be informative for predicting extinction risk during a projected mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany J. Allen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Computational Evolution Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niklas H. Kitzmann
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)—Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jannes Münchmeyer
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geoscience, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tabea Rettelbach
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James D. Witts
- Bristol Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ekaterina Larina
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew E. Clapham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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12
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Singh P, Lu W, Lu Z, Jost AB, Lau K, Bachan A, van de Schootbrugge B, Payne JL. Reduction in animal abundance and oxygen availability during and after the end-Triassic mass extinction. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:175-192. [PMID: 36329603 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The end-Triassic biodiversity crisis was one of the most severe mass extinctions in the history of animal life. However, the extent to which the loss of taxonomic diversity was coupled with a reduction in organismal abundance remains to be quantified. Further, the temporal relationship between organismal abundance and local marine redox conditions is lacking in carbonate sections. To address these questions, we measured skeletal grain abundance in shallow-marine limestones by point counting 293 thin sections from four stratigraphic sections across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in the Lombardy Basin and Apennine Platform of western Tethys. Skeletal abundance decreased abruptly across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in all stratigraphic sections. The abundance of skeletal organisms remained low throughout the lower-middle Hettangian strata and began to rebound during the late Hettangian and early Sinemurian. A two-way ANOVA indicates that sample age (p < .01, η2 = 0.30) explains more of the variation in skeletal abundance than the depositional environment or paleobathymetry (p < .01, η2 = 0.15). Measured I/Ca ratios, a proxy for local shallow-marine redox conditions, show this same pattern with the lowest I/Ca ratios occurring in the early Hettangian. The close correspondence between oceanic water column oxygen levels and skeletal abundance indicates a connection between redox conditions and benthic organismal abundance across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. These findings indicate that the end-Triassic mass extinction reduced not only the biodiversity but also the carrying capacity for skeletal organisms in early Hettangian ecosystems, adding to evidence that mass extinction of species generally leads to mass rarity among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulkit Singh
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wanyi Lu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zunli Lu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Adam B Jost
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Chen C, Jefferson TA, Chen B, Wang Y. Geographic range size, water temperature, and extrinsic threats predict the extinction risk in global cetaceans. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6541-6555. [PMID: 36008887 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that cetaceans provide significant ecological contributions to the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems, many are highly endangered with nearly one-third of species assessed as threatened with extinction. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have explicitly examined the patterns and processes of extinction risk and threats for this taxon, and even less between the two subclades (Mysticeti and Odontoceti). To fill this gap, we compiled a dataset of six intrinsic traits (active region, geographic range size, body weight, diving depth, school size, and reproductive cycle), six environmental factors relating to sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration, and two human-related threat indices that are commonly recognized for cetaceans. We then employed phylogenetic generalized least squares models and model selection to identify the key predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans, as well as in the two subclades. We found that geographic range size, sea surface temperature, and human threat index were the most important predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans and in odontocetes. Interestingly, maximum body weight was positively associated with the extinction risk in mysticetes, but negatively related to that for odontocetes. By linking seven major threat types to extinction risk, we further revealed that fisheries bycatch was the most common threat, yet the impacts of certain threats could be overestimated when considering all species rather than just threatened ones. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts should focus on small-ranged cetaceans and species living in warmer waters or under strong anthropogenic pressures. Moreover, further studies should consider the threatened status of species when superimposing risk maps and quantifying risk severity. Finally, we emphasize that mysticetes and odontocetes should be conserved with different strategies, because their extinction risk patterns and major threat types are considerably different. For instance, large-bodied mysticetes and small-ranged odontocetes require special conservation priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwu Chen
- Laboratory of Island Biogeography and Conservation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Bingyao Chen
- Laboratory of Island Biogeography and Conservation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Laboratory of Island Biogeography and Conservation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Banker RMW, Dineen AA, Sorman MG, Tyler CL, Roopnarine PD. Beyond functional diversity: The importance of trophic position to understanding functional processes in community evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.983374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem structure—that is the species present, the functions they represent, and how those functions interact—is an important determinant of community stability. This in turn affects how ecosystems respond to natural and anthropogenic crises, and whether species or the ecological functions that they represent are able to persist. Here we use fossil data from museum collections, literature, and the Paleobiology Database to reconstruct trophic networks of Tethyan paleocommunities from the Anisian and Carnian (Triassic), Bathonian (Jurassic), and Aptian (Cretaceous) stages, and compare these to a previously reconstructed trophic network from a modern Jamaican reef community. We generated model food webs consistent with functional structure and taxon richnesses of communities, and compared distributions of guild level parameters among communities, to assess the effect of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution on ecosystem dynamics. We found that the trophic space of communities expanded from the Anisian to the Aptian, but this pattern was not monotonic. We also found that trophic position for a given guild was subject to variation depending on what other guilds were present in that stage. The Bathonian showed the lowest degree of trophic omnivory by top consumers among all Mesozoic networks, and was dominated by longer food chains. In contrast, the Aptian network displayed a greater degree of short food chains and trophic omnivory that we attribute to the presence of large predatory guilds, such as sharks and bony fish. Interestingly, the modern Jamaican community appeared to have a higher proportion of long chains, as was the case in the Bathonian. Overall, results indicate that trophic structure is highly dependent on the taxa and ecological functions present, primary production experienced by the community, and activity of top consumers. Results from this study point to a need to better understand trophic position when planning restoration activities because a community may be so altered by human activity that restoring a species or its interactions may no longer be possible, and alternatives must be considered to restore an important function. Further work may also focus on elucidating the precise roles of top consumers in moderating network structure and community stability.
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15
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Cú-Vizcarra JD, Villalobos F, MacSwiney G. MC, Sosa VJ, Bolívar-Cimé B. The agony of choice: Species richness and range size in the determination of hotspots for the conservation of phyllostomid bats. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Miranda Cebrián H, Font X, Roquet C, Pizarro Gavilán M, García MB. Phylogenetic patterns of rarity and vulnerability in the flora of a temperate mountain range. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Font
- Plant Biodiversity Resource Centre, Univ. of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Roquet
- Dept de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal I Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
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17
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Global variation in diversification rate and species richness are unlinked in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120662119. [PMID: 35767644 PMCID: PMC9271200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120662119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species richness varies immensely around the world. Variation in the rate of diversification (speciation minus extinction) is often hypothesized to explain this pattern, while alternative explanations invoke time or ecological carrying capacities as drivers. Focusing on seed plants, the world's most important engineers of terrestrial ecosystems, we investigated the role of diversification rate as a link between the environment and global species richness patterns. Applying structural equation modeling to a comprehensive distribution dataset and phylogenetic tree covering all circa 332,000 seed plant species and 99.9% of the world's terrestrial surface (excluding Antarctica), we test five broad hypotheses postulating that diversification serves as a mechanistic link between species richness and climate, climatic stability, seasonality, environmental heterogeneity, or the distribution of biomes. Our results show that the global patterns of species richness and diversification rate are entirely independent. Diversification rates were not highest in warm and wet climates, running counter to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, one of the dominant explanations for global gradients in species richness. Instead, diversification rates were highest in edaphically diverse, dry areas that have experienced climate change during the Neogene. Meanwhile, we confirmed climate and environmental heterogeneity as the main drivers of species richness, but these effects did not involve diversification rates as a mechanistic link, calling for alternative explanations. We conclude that high species richness is likely driven by the antiquity of wet tropical areas (supporting the "tropical conservatism hypothesis") or the high ecological carrying capacity of warm, wet, and/or environmentally heterogeneous environments.
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18
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Massamba-N'Siala G, Reygondeau G, Simonini R, Cheung WWL, Prevedelli D, Calosi P. Integrating laboratory experiments and biogeographic modelling approaches to understand sensitivity to ocean warming in rare and common marine annelids. Oecologia 2022; 199:453-470. [PMID: 35689680 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among ectotherms, rare species are expected to have a narrower thermal niche breadth and reduced acclimation capacity and thus be more vulnerable to global warming than their common relatives. To assess these hypotheses, we experimentally quantified the thermal sensitivity of seven common, uncommon, and rare species of temperate marine annelids of the genus Ophryotrocha to assess their vulnerability to ocean warming. We measured the upper and lower limits of physiological thermal tolerance, survival, and reproductive performance of each species along a temperature gradient (18, 24, and 30 °C). We then combined this information to produce curves of each species' fundamental thermal niche by including trait plasticity. Each thermal curve was then expressed as a habitat suitability index (HSI) and projected for the Mediterranean Sea and temperate Atlantic Ocean under a present day (1970-2000), mid- (2050-2059) and late- (2090-2099) 21st Century scenario for two climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Rare and uncommon species showed a reduced upper thermal tolerance compared to common species, and the niche breadth and acclimation capacity were comparable among groups. The simulations predicted an overall increase in the HSI for all species and identified potential hotspots of HSI decline for uncommon and rare species along the warm boundaries of their potential distribution, though they failed to project the higher sensitivity of these species into a greater vulnerability to ocean warming. In the discussion, we provide some caveats on the implications of our results for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Massamba-N'Siala
- Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada.
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE-CNRS), UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Mills Godwin Building 110, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - G Reygondeau
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Global Fisheries Cluster, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Simonini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via campi 213, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - W W L Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Global Fisheries Cluster, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - D Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via campi 213, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - P Calosi
- Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
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19
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Kajihara KT, Egan CP, Swift SOI, Wall CB, Muir CD, Hynson NA. Core arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are predicted by their high abundance-occupancy relationship while host-specific taxa are rare and geographically structured. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1464-1476. [PMID: 35218016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Habitat restoration may depend on the recovery of plant microbial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but this requires a better understanding of the rules that govern their community assembly. We examined the interactions of soil and host-associated AM fungal communities between remnant and restored patches of subtropical montane forests. While AM fungal richness did not differ between habitat types, community membership did and was influenced by geography, habitat and host. These differences were largely driven by rare host-specific AM fungi that displayed near-complete turnover between forest types, while core AM fungal taxa were highly abundant and ubiquitous. The bipartite networks in the remnant forest were more specialized and hosts more specific than in the restored forest. Host-associated AM fungal communities nested within soil communities in both habitats, but only significantly so in the restored forest. Our results provide evidence that restored and remnant forests harbour the same core fungal symbionts, while rare host-specific taxa differ, and that geography, host identity and taxonomic resolution strongly affect the observed distribution patterns of these fungi. We suggest that host-specific interactions with AM fungi, as well as spatial processes, should be explicitly considered to effectively re-establish target host and symbiont communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie T Kajihara
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Cameron P Egan
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, 1000 KLO Road, Kelowna, BC, VIY 4X8, Canada
| | - Sean O I Swift
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Christopher B Wall
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher D Muir
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Nicole A Hynson
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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20
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Mathon L, Marques V, Mouillot D, Albouy C, Andrello M, Baletaud F, Borrero-Pérez GH, Dejean T, Edgar GJ, Grondin J, Guerin PE, Hocdé R, Juhel JB, Kadarusman, Maire E, Mariani G, McLean M, Polanco F. A, Pouyaud L, Stuart-Smith RD, Sugeha HY, Valentini A, Vigliola L, Vimono IB, Pellissier L, Manel S. Cross-ocean patterns and processes in fish biodiversity on coral reefs through the lens of eDNA metabarcoding. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220162. [PMID: 35440210 PMCID: PMC9019517 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing speed and magnitude of global change threaten the world's biodiversity and particularly coral reef fishes. A better understanding of large-scale patterns and processes on coral reefs is essential to prevent fish biodiversity decline but it requires new monitoring approaches. Here, we use environmental DNA metabarcoding to reconstruct well-known patterns of fish biodiversity on coral reefs and uncover hidden patterns on these highly diverse and threatened ecosystems. We analysed 226 environmental DNA (eDNA) seawater samples from 100 stations in five tropical regions (Caribbean, Central and Southwest Pacific, Coral Triangle and Western Indian Ocean) and compared those to 2047 underwater visual censuses from the Reef Life Survey in 1224 stations. Environmental DNA reveals a higher (16%) fish biodiversity, with 2650 taxa, and 25% more families than underwater visual surveys. By identifying more pelagic, reef-associated and crypto-benthic species, eDNA offers a fresh view on assembly rules across spatial scales. Nevertheless, the reef life survey identified more species than eDNA in 47 shared families, which can be due to incomplete sequence assignment, possibly combined with incomplete detection in the environment, for some species. Combining eDNA metabarcoding and extensive visual census offers novel insights on the spatial organization of the richest marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mathon
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ. Réunion, UNC, CNRS, Q1 IFREMER, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Virginie Marques
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Camille Albouy
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), IFREMER, INRAE, Institut Agro - Agrocampus Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Marco Andrello
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institute for the study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the marine environment, National Research Council (CNR-IAS), Rome, Italy
| | - Florian Baletaud
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ. Réunion, UNC, CNRS, Q1 IFREMER, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- SOPRONER, groupe GINGER, 98000 Noumea, New Caledonia, France
| | - Giomar H. Borrero-Pérez
- Programa de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marinos, Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras- INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | | | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | - Régis Hocdé
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Kadarusman
- Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong, KKD BP Sumberdaya Genetik, Konservasi dan Domestikasi, Papua Barat, Indonesia
| | - Eva Maire
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Gael Mariani
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew McLean
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NSB3H4R2, Canada
| | - Andrea Polanco F.
- Programa de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marinos, Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras- INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Laurent Pouyaud
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rick D. Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hagi Yulia Sugeha
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia
| | | | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ. Réunion, UNC, CNRS, Q1 IFREMER, Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Indra B. Vimono
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
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21
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Boyd JN, Odell J, Cruse‐Sanders J, Rogers W, Anderson JT, Baskauf C, Brzyski J. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity elucidate rarity and vulnerability of an endangered riparian plant. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nagel Boyd
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee USA
| | - Jared Odell
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee USA
| | - Jennifer Cruse‐Sanders
- Department of Genetics Odum School of Ecology, Davison Life Sciences, University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Will Rogers
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee USA
- State Botanical Garden of Georgia University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Jill T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee USA
- Department of Genetics Odum School of Ecology, Davison Life Sciences, University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- State Botanical Garden of Georgia University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Carol Baskauf
- Department of Biology Austin Peay State University Clarksville Tennessee USA
| | - Jessica Brzyski
- Department of Biology Seton Hill University Greensburg Pennsylvania USA
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22
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Miranda Cebrián H, Font X, Roquet C, Pizarro Gavilán M, García MB. Assessing the vulnerability of habitats through plant rarity patterns in the Pyrenean range. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Miranda Cebrián
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC) Zaragoza Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain
| | - Xavier Font
- Plant Biodiversity Resource Center, University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Roquet
- Facultat de Biociències, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal I Ecologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
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23
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Pironon S, Gómez D, Font X, García MB. Living at the limit in the Pyrenees: Peripheral and endemic plants are rare but underrepresented in protection lists. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Gómez
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE‐CSIC) Jaca Spain
| | - Xavier Font
- Plant Biodiversity Resource Centre University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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24
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Greenberg DA, Pyron RA, Johnson LGW, Upham NS, Jetz W, Mooers AØ. Evolutionary legacies in contemporary tetrapod imperilment. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2464-2476. [PMID: 34510687 PMCID: PMC9048422 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Tree of Life will be irrevocably reshaped as anthropogenic extinctions continue to unfold. Theory suggests that lineage evolutionary dynamics, such as age since origination, historical extinction filters and speciation rates, have influenced ancient extinction patterns - but whether these factors also contribute to modern extinction risk is largely unknown. We examine evolutionary legacies in contemporary extinction risk for over 4000 genera, representing ~30,000 species, from the major tetrapod groups: amphibians, birds, turtles and crocodiles, squamate reptiles and mammals. We find consistent support for the hypothesis that extinction risk is elevated in lineages with higher recent speciation rates. We subsequently test, and find modest support for, a primary mechanism driving this pattern: that rapidly diversifying clades predominantly comprise range-restricted, and extinction-prone, species. These evolutionary patterns in current imperilment may have important consequences for how we manage the erosion of biological diversity across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A. Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Liam G. W. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan S. Upham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arne Ø. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Swope SM, Soto TY, Rahman-Khan Arana N. Historic DNA reveals genetic consequences of fragmentation in an endangered, endemic mustard. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morphological response accompanying size reduction of belemnites during an Early Jurassic hyperthermal event modulated by life history. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14480. [PMID: 34262074 PMCID: PMC8280180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common responses of marine ectotherms to rapid warming is a reduction in body size, but the underlying reasons are unclear. Body size reductions have been documented alongside rapid warming events in the fossil record, such as across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary (PToB) event (~ 183 Mya). As individuals grow, parallel changes in morphology can indicate details of their ecological response to environmental crises, such as changes in resource acquisition, which may anticipate future climate impacts. Here we show that the morphological growth of a marine predator belemnite species (extinct coleoid cephalopods) changed significantly over the PToB warming event. Increasing robustness at different ontogenetic stages likely results from indirect consequences of warming, like resource scarcity or hypercalcification, pointing toward varying ecological tolerances among species. The results of this study stress the importance of taking life history into account as well as phylogeny when studying impacts of environmental stressors on marine organisms.
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28
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Nunes CA, Barlow J, França F, Berenguer E, Solar RRC, Louzada J, Leitão RP, Maia LF, Oliveira VHF, Braga RF, Vaz‐de‐Mello FZ, Sayer EJ. Functional redundancy of Amazonian dung beetles confers community‐level resistance to primary forest disturbance. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Alencar Nunes
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- MCTIC/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, Pará Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ricardo R. C. Solar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
| | - Rafael P. Leitão
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Laís F. Maia
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Victor H. F. Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fagundes Braga
- Unidade Divinópolis Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Divinópolis, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Fernando Z. Vaz‐de‐Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Emma J. Sayer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancon, Panama City Panama
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29
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Jones NP, Kabay L, Semon Lunz K, Gilliam DS. Temperature stress and disease drives the extirpation of the threatened pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, in southeast Florida. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14113. [PMID: 34238939 PMCID: PMC8266880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare species population dynamics can elucidate the resilience of an ecosystem. On coral reefs, climate change and local anthropogenic stressors are threatening stony coral persistence, increasing the need to assess vulnerable species locally. Here, we monitored the threatened pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, population in southeast Florida, USA, in relation to consecutive heat stress events in 2014 and 2015. In the fall of each year, D. cylindrus colonies bleached following intense thermal stress and by June 2020 all monitored colonies died from a white-syndrome type disease. This resulted in the ecological extinction of D. cylindrus in the Southeast Florida Coral Reef Ecosystem Conservation Area (ECA). White-syndrome type disease was first seen in February 2014 on four colonies (19% prevalence) near the major international port, Port Everglades and disease prevalence peaked in fall 2015 (58%). Disease prevalence increased with maximum water temperature, while disease related mortality increased with mean water temperature. Our findings suggest that thermal stress exacerbated underlying stony coral disease, resulting in an outbreak contributing to the ecological extirpation of D. cylindrus in the ECA. We suggest that stony coral resilience is severely compromised by chronic environmental disturbance which hinders community recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Jones
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Dania Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Lystina Kabay
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Dania Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - David S Gilliam
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Dania Beach, FL, USA
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30
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Abstract
Cultural diversity is disappearing quickly. Whilst a phylogenetic approach makes explicit the continuous extinction of cultures, and the generation of new ones, cultural evolutionary changes such as the rise of agriculture or more recently colonisation can cause periods of mass cultural extinction. At the current rate, 90% of languages will become extinct or moribund by the end of this century. Unlike biological extinction, cultural extinction does not necessarily involve genetic extinction or even deaths, but results from the disintegration of a social entity and discontinuation of culture-specific behaviours. Here we propose an analytical framework to examine the phenomenon of cultural extinction. When examined over millennia, extinctions of cultural traits or institutions can be studied in a phylogenetic comparative framework that incorporates archaeological data on ancestral states. Over decades or centuries, cultural extinction can be studied in a behavioural ecology framework to investigate how the fitness consequences of cultural behaviours and population dynamics shift individual behaviours away from the traditional norms. Frequency-dependent costs and benefits are key to understanding both the origin and the loss of cultural diversity. We review recent evolutionary studies that have informed cultural extinction processes and discuss avenues of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Zhang
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1H 0BW, UK
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31
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Gudžinskas Z, Taura L. Scirpus radicans (Cyperaceae), a newly-discovered native species in Lithuania: population, habitats and threats. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e65674. [PMID: 33859513 PMCID: PMC8044064 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e65674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unrecorded native species, Scirpus radicans (Cyperaceae), was discovered in the southern part of Lithuania in 2020. Although this species has a large distribution area in other parts of Eurasia, it is currently recognised as threatened in many European countries. Recordings of S. radicans in Lithuania had been expected, as these plants do occur or have been reported to occur in neighbouring regions. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of S. radicans in southern Lithuania, to determine the occupied areas and the size of populations, to study their capacity of vegetative reproduction, their habitats and associated plant communities, as well as to perform an assessment of the species' conservation status within the country. We studied S. radicans populations at two sites on the shores of Lake Pabezninkai and of Lake Netečius in the Varėna District (southern Lithuania), from August to October 2020. A total of 993 individuals of S. radicans were counted and their stands comprised 0.73 ha. The density of individuals in the studied plots ranged from 0.02 to 0.78 plants/m2. Only 0.5% of individuals at Lake Pabezninkai and 20.7% of individuals at Lake Netečius were at the stage of generative reproduction. Individuals at the stage of vegetative reproduction comprised 56.4%, whereas generative individuals amounted to 1.7% of all studied plants. One to seven stolons developed per plant and the mean number of rosettes per stolon was 2.8 ± 1.2. Potentially, a total of ca. 2860 rosettes could be expected from all individuals of the studied plots, but the actual realised rate of vegetative reproduction is unknown. A more detailed study of the reproductive capacities of S. radicans would be required for better understanding the causes of the lately observed decrease of this species in most of the countries of Central Europe. Our analysis of the associated plant communities has enabled us to confirm the presence of a Scirpetus radicantis Nowiński 1930 association previously not recorded in Lithuania. By assessing S. radicans in accordance with the IUCN Criteria, we conclude that this species should be classified as endangered (EN) in Lithuania. Based on this assessment, we propose to include this species on the list of legally protected species of Lithuania. Conservation of shallow lakes with sandy or muddy shores and with significant natural fluctuations of the water level is the main measure for ensuring the survival of S. radicans, as well as other rare and endangered species adapted to such a type of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigmantas Gudžinskas
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, Lithuania Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Laurynas Taura
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, Lithuania Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany Vilnius Lithuania
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. McClain
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) Chauvin LA USA
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33
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Mathes GH, van Dijk J, Kiessling W, Steinbauer MJ. Extinction risk controlled by interaction of long-term and short-term climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:304-310. [PMID: 33462487 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Assessing extinction risk from climate drivers is a major goal of conservation science. Few studies, however, include a long-term perspective of climate change. Without explicit integration, such long-term temperature trends and their interactions with short-term climate change may be so dominant that they blur or even reverse the apparent direct relationship between climate change and extinction. Here we evaluate how observed genus-level extinctions of arthropods, bivalves, cnidarians, echinoderms, foraminifera, gastropods, mammals and reptiles in the geological past can be predicted from the interaction of long-term temperature trends with short-term climate change. We compare synergistic palaeoclimate interaction (a short-term change on top of a long-term trend in the same direction) to antagonistic palaeoclimate interaction such as long-term cooling followed by short-term warming. Synergistic palaeoclimate interaction increases extinction risk by up to 40%. The memory of palaeoclimate interaction including the climate history experienced by ancestral lineages can be up to 60 Myr long. The effect size of palaeoclimate interaction is similar to other key factors such as geographic range, abundance or clade membership. Insights arising from this previously unknown driver of extinction risk might attenuate recent predictions of climate-change-induced biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor H Mathes
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany. .,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Jeroen van Dijk
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kiessling
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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34
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Darroch SAF, Fraser D, Casey MM. The preservation potential of terrestrial biogeographic patterns. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202927. [PMID: 33622123 PMCID: PMC7935024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction events in the geological past are similar to the present-day biodiversity crisis in that they have a pronounced biogeography, producing dramatic changes in the spatial distributions of species. Reconstructing palaeobiogeographic patterns from fossils therefore allows us to examine the long-term processes governing the formation of regional biotas, and potentially helps build spatially explicit models for future biodiversity loss. However, the extent to which biogeographic patterns can be preserved in the fossil record is not well understood. Here, we perform a suite of simulations based on the present-day distribution of North American mammals, aimed at quantifying the preservation potential of beta diversity and spatial richness patterns over extinction events of varying intensities, and after applying a stepped series of taphonomic filters. We show that taphonomic biases related to body size are the biggest barrier to reconstructing biogeographic patterns over extinction events, but that these may be compensated for by both the small mammal record preserved in bird castings, as well as range expansion in surviving species. Overall, our results suggest that the preservation potential of biogeographic patterns is surprisingly high, and thus that the fossil record represents an invaluable dataset recording the changing spatial distribution of biota over key intervals in Earth History.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A F Darroch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 5726 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Frankfurt 60325, Germany
| | - Danielle Fraser
- Department of Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, 240 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 2R1.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, DC 20560-0121, USA
| | - Michelle M Casey
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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35
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Tagliacollo VA, Dagosta FCP, Pinna MD, Reis RE, Albert JS. Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The IUCN Red List (RL) provides high-quality conservation assessments for individual species, yet the rate and scale of environmental deterioration globally challenges the conservation community to develop expedited methods for risk assessment. Here we compare threat assessments for 3,001 species of Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) in the IUCN–RL using readily accessible data types as proxies for extinction risk: geographic range, elevation, and species publication date. Furthermore, using geographic and taxonomic data alone, we generated preliminary conservation assessments for 2,334 NFF species currently awaiting IUCN assessment, identifying an additional 671 NFF species as potentially threatened. This number of potentially threatened species represents an increase of 59% over the number of species currently assigned to threat categories by the IUCN–RL. These results substantially expand the number of threatened NFF species from 422 currently on the IUCN RL to 1,093 species as threatened or potentially threatened, representing about 18% of all NFF species. Extinction risk is greater in species with smaller geographic ranges, which inhabit upland rivers, and which were described more recently. We propose the Central and Southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield as priorities in the upcoming IUCN RL assessment of NFF species conservation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mário de Pinna
- 1 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto E. Reis
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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36
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Global distribution and conservation status of ecologically rare mammal and bird species. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5071. [PMID: 33033235 PMCID: PMC7545165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying species that are both geographically restricted and functionally distinct, i.e. supporting rare traits and functions, is of prime importance given their risk of extinction and their potential contribution to ecosystem functioning. We use global species distributions and functional traits for birds and mammals to identify the ecologically rare species, understand their characteristics, and identify hotspots. We find that ecologically rare species are disproportionately represented in IUCN threatened categories, insufficiently covered by protected areas, and for some of them sensitive to current and future threats. While they are more abundant overall in countries with a low human development index, some countries with high human development index are also hotspots of ecological rarity, suggesting transboundary responsibility for their conservation. Altogether, these results state that more conservation emphasis should be given to ecological rarity given future environmental conditions and the need to sustain multiple ecosystem processes in the long-term.
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37
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Rare and common vertebrates span a wide spectrum of population trends. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4394. [PMID: 32879314 PMCID: PMC7468135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Earth’s biota is changing over time in complex ways. A critical challenge is to test whether specific biomes, taxa or types of species benefit or suffer in a time of accelerating global change. We analysed nearly 10,000 abundance time series from over 2000 vertebrate species part of the Living Planet Database. We integrated abundance data with information on geographic range, habitat preference, taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships, and IUCN Red List Categories and threats. We find that 15% of populations declined, 18% increased, and 67% showed no net changes over time. Against a backdrop of no biogeographic and phylogenetic patterning in population change, we uncover a distinct taxonomic signal. Amphibians were the only taxa that experienced net declines in the analysed data, while birds, mammals and reptiles experienced net increases. Population trends were poorly captured by species’ rarity and global-scale threats. Incorporation of the full spectrum of population change will improve conservation efforts to protect global biodiversity. Conservation biologists often assume that rare (or less abundant) species are more likely to be declining under anthropogenic change. Here, the authors synthesise population trend data for ~2000 animal species to show that population trends cover a wide spectrum of change from losses to gains, which are not related to species rarity.
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38
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Martins MJF, Hunt G, Thompson CM, Lockwood R, Swaddle JP, Puckett TM. Shifts in sexual dimorphism across a mass extinction in ostracods: implications for sexual selection as a factor in extinction risk. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200730. [PMID: 32811315 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection often favours investment in expensive sexual traits that help individuals compete for mates. In a rapidly changing environment, however, allocation of resources to traits related to reproduction at the expense of those related to survival may elevate extinction risk. Empirical testing of this hypothesis in the fossil record, where extinction can be directly documented, is largely lacking. The rich fossil record of cytheroid ostracods offers a unique study system in this context: the male shell is systematically more elongate than that of females, and thus the sexes can be distinguished, even in fossils. Using mixture models to identify sex clusters from size and shape variables derived from the digitized valve outlines of adult ostracods, we estimated sexual dimorphism in ostracod species before and after the Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction in the United States Coastal Plain. Across this boundary, we document a substantial shift in sexual dimorphism, driven largely by a pronounced decline in the taxa with dimorphism indicating both very high and very low male investment. The shift away from high male investment, which arises largely from evolutionary changes within genera that persist through the extinction, parallels extinction selectivity previously documented during the Late Cretaceous under a background extinction regime. Our results suggest that sexual selection and the allocation of resources towards survival versus reproduction may be an important factor for species extinction during both background and mass extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gene Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carmi Milagros Thompson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rowan Lockwood
- Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - John P Swaddle
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - T Markham Puckett
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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39
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Darroch SAF, Casey MM, Antell GS, Sweeney A, Saupe EE. High Preservation Potential of Paleogeographic Range Size Distributions in Deep Time. Am Nat 2020; 196:454-471. [PMID: 32970459 DOI: 10.1086/710176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReconstructing geographic range sizes from fossil data is a crucial tool in paleoecology, elucidating macroecological and macroevolutionary processes. Studies examining links between range size and extinction risk may also offer a predictive tool for identifying species most vulnerable in the "sixth mass extinction." However, the extent to which paleogeographic ranges can be recorded reliably in the fossil record is unknown. We perform simulation-based extinction experiments to examine (1) the fidelity of paleogeographic range size preservation in deep time, (2) the relative performance of different methods for reconstructing range size, and (3) the reliability of detecting patterns of extinction "selectivity" on range size. Our results suggest both that relative paleogeographic range size can be consistently reconstructed and that selectivity patterns on range size can be preserved under many extinction intensities, even when sedimentary rocks are scarce. By identifying patterns of selectivity across Earth's history, paleontologists can thus augment neontological work that aims to predict and prevent extinctions of living species. Last, we find that introducing "false extinctions" in the fossil record can produce spurious range-selectivity signals. Errors in the temporal ranges of species may pose a larger barrier to reconstructing range size-extinction risk signals than the spatial distribution of fossiliferous sediments.
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40
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Song H, Huang S, Jia E, Dai X, Wignall PB, Dunhill AM. Flat latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17578-17583. [PMID: 32631978 PMCID: PMC7395496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918953117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is recognized as one of the most pervasive, global patterns of present-day biodiversity. However, the controlling mechanisms have proved difficult to identify because many potential drivers covary in space. The geological record presents a unique opportunity for understanding the mechanisms which drive the LDG by providing a direct window to deep-time biogeographic dynamics. Here we used a comprehensive database containing 52,318 occurrences of marine fossils to show that the shape of the LDG changed greatly during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction from showing a significant tropical peak to a flattened LDG. The flat LDG lasted for the entire Early Triassic (∼5 My) before reverting to a modern-like shape in the Middle Triassic. The environmental extremes that prevailed globally, especially the dramatic warming, likely induced selective extinction in low latitudes and accumulation of diversity in high latitudes through origination and poleward migration, which combined together account for the flat LDG of the Early Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enhao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Dunhill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
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41
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Albouy C, Delattre V, Donati G, Frölicher TL, Albouy-Boyer S, Rufino M, Pellissier L, Mouillot D, Leprieur F. Global vulnerability of marine mammals to global warming. Sci Rep 2020; 10:548. [PMID: 31953496 PMCID: PMC6969058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extinctions due to climate change are still uncommon, they might surpass those caused by habitat loss or overexploitation over the next few decades. Among marine megafauna, mammals fulfill key and irreplaceable ecological roles in the ocean, and the collapse of their populations may therefore have irreversible consequences for ecosystem functioning and services. Using a trait-based approach, we assessed the vulnerability of all marine mammals to global warming under high and low greenhouse gas emission scenarios for the middle and the end of the 21st century. We showed that the North Pacific Ocean, the Greenland Sea and the Barents Sea host the species that are most vulnerable to global warming. Future conservation plans should therefore focus on these regions, where there are long histories of overexploitation and there are high levels of current threats to marine mammals. Among the most vulnerable marine mammals were several threatened species, such as the North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) and the dugong (Dugong dugon), that displayed unique combinations of functional traits. Beyond species loss, we showed that the potential extinctions of the marine mammals that were most vulnerable to global warming might induce a disproportionate loss of functional diversity, which may have profound impacts on the future functioning of marine ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Albouy
- IFREMER, unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes, cedex 3, France.
| | | | - Giulia Donati
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Marta Rufino
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,CCMAR, The Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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42
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Smits P, Finnegan S. How predictable is extinction? Forecasting species survival at million-year timescales. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190392. [PMID: 31679499 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A tenet of conservation palaeobiology is that knowledge of past extinction patterns can help us to better predict future extinctions. Although the future is unobservable, we can test the strength of this proposition by asking how well models conditioned on past observations would have predicted subsequent extinction events at different points in the geological past. To answer this question, we analyse the well-sampled fossil record of Cenozoic planktonic microfossil taxa (Foramanifera, Radiolaria, diatoms and calcareous nanoplankton). We examine how extinction probability varies over time as a function of species age, time of observation, current geographical range, change in geographical range, climate state and change in climate state. Our models have a 70-80% probability of correctly forecasting the rank order of extinction risk for a random out-of-sample species pair, implying that determinants of extinction risk have varied only modestly through time. We find that models which include either historical covariates or account for variation in covariate effects over time yield equivalent forecasts, but a model including both is overfit and yields biased forecasts. An important caveat is that human impacts may substantially disrupt range-risk dynamics so that the future will be less predictable than it has been in the past. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The past is a foreign country: how much can the fossil record actually inform conservation?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smits
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seth Finnegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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43
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Abstract
Rare species tend to be especially sensitive to habitat disturbance, making them important conservation targets. Thus, rarity patterns might be an important guide to conservation efforts. Rabinowitz’s approach defines rarity using a combination of geographical range, habitat specificity, and local abundance, and is frequently used in conservation prioritization. Herein, we use Rabinowitz’s approach to classify the New World (NW) pitvipers (family Viperidae) regarding rarity. We tested whether body size and latitude could predict rarity, and we compared rarity patterns with extinction risk assessments and other prioritization methods in order to detect rare species not classified as threatened or prioritized. Most NW pitvipers have large geographical ranges, high local abundances, and narrow habitat breadths. There are 11.8% of NW pitviper species in the rarest category and they occur along the Pacific coast of Mexico, in southern Central America, in the Andean region of Ecuador, and in eastern Brazil. Rarity in NW pitvipers is inversely related to latitude but is not related to body size. Our results indicate that additional species of NW pitvipers are threatened and/or should be prioritized for conservation. Combining complementary approaches to detect rare and threatened species may substantially improve our knowledge on the conservation needs of NW pitvipers.
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Lamothe KA, Alofs KM, Jackson DA, Somers KM. Functional diversity and redundancy of freshwater fish communities across biogeographic and environmental gradients. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl A. Lamothe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Karen M. Alofs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Donald A. Jackson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Keith M. Somers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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Tietje M, Rödel MO. Evaluating the predicted extinction risk of living amphibian species with the fossil record. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1135-1142. [PMID: 29790283 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bridging the gap between the fossil record and conservation biology has recently become of great interest. The enormous number of documented extinctions across different taxa can provide insights into the extinction risk of living species. However, few studies have explored this connection. We used generalised boosted modelling to analyse the impact of several traits that are assumed to influence extinction risk on the stratigraphic duration of amphibian species in the fossil record. We used this fossil-calibrated model to predict the extinction risk for living species. We observed a high consensus between our predicted species durations and the current IUCN Red List status of living amphibian species. We also found that today's Data Deficient species are mainly predicted to experience short durations, hinting at their likely high threat status. Our study suggests that the fossil record can be a suitable tool for the evaluation of current taxa-specific Red Listing status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tietje
- Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Taylor JD, Glover EA. Hanging on — lucinid bivalve survivors from the Paleocene and Eocene in the western Indian Ocean (Bivalvia: Lucinidae). ZOOSYSTEMA 2018. [DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2018v40a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD (United Kingdom) j.taylor@nh
| | - Emily A. Glover
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD (United Kingdom) j.taylor@nh
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47
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Vermeij GJ, Grosberg RK. Rarity and persistence. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:3-8. [PMID: 29110416 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rarity is a population characteristic that is usually associated with a high risk of extinction. We argue here, however, that chronically rare species (those with low population densities over many generations across their entire ranges) may have individual-level traits that make populations more resistant to extinction. The major obstacle to persistence at low density is successful fertilisation (union between egg and sperm), and chronically rare species are more likely to survive when (1) fertilisation occurs inside or close to an adult, (2) mate choice involves long-distance signals, (3) adults or their surrogate gamete dispersers are highly mobile, or (4) the two sexes are combined in a single individual. In contrast, external fertilisation and wind- or water-driven passive dispersal of gametes, or sluggish or sedentary adult life habits in the absence of gamete vectors, appear to be incompatible with sustained rarity. We suggest that the documented increase in frequency of these traits among marine genera over geological time could explain observed secular decreases in rates of background extinction. Unanswered questions remain about how common chronic rarity actually is, which traits are consistently associated with chronic rarity, and how chronically rare species are distributed among taxa, and among the world's ecosystems and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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48
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Jablonski D. Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions. Evol Biol 2017; 44:451-475. [PMID: 29142334 PMCID: PMC5661022 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to macroevolution require integration of its two fundamental components, within a hierarchical framework. Following a companion paper on the origin of variation, I here discuss sorting within an evolutionary hierarchy. Species sorting-sometimes termed species selection in the broad sense, meaning differential origination and extinction owing to intrinsic biological properties-can be split into strict-sense species selection, in which rate differentials are governed by emergent, species-level traits such as geographic range size, and effect macroevolution, in which rates are governed by organism-level traits such as body size; both processes can create hitchhiking effects, indirectly causing the proliferation or decline of other traits. Several methods can operationalize the concept of emergence, so that rigorous separation of these processes is increasingly feasible. A macroevolutionary tradeoff, underlain by the intrinsic traits that influence evolutionary dynamics, causes speciation and extinction rates to covary in many clades, resulting in evolutionary volatility of some clades and more subdued behavior of others; the few clades that break the tradeoff can achieve especially prolific diversification. In addition to intrinsic biological traits at multiple levels, extrinsic events can drive the waxing and waning of clades, and the interaction of traits and events are difficult but important to disentangle. Evolutionary trends can arise in many ways, and at any hierarchical level; descriptive models can be fitted to clade trajectories in phenotypic or functional spaces, but they may not be diagnostic regarding processes, and close attention must be paid to both leading and trailing edges of apparent trends. Biotic interactions can have negative or positive effects on taxonomic diversity within a clade, but cannot be readily extrapolated from the nature of such interactions at the organismic level. The relationships among macroevolutionary currencies through time (taxonomic richness, morphologic disparity, functional variety) are crucial for understanding the nature of evolutionary diversification. A novel approach to diversity-disparity analysis shows that taxonomic diversifications can lag behind, occur in concert with, or precede, increases in disparity. Some overarching issues relating to both the origin and sorting of clades and phenotypes include the macroevolutionary role of mass extinctions, the potential differences between plant and animal macroevolution, whether macroevolutionary processes have changed through geologic time, and the growing human impact on present-day macroevolution. Many challenges remain, but progress is being made on two of the key ones: (a) the integration of variation-generating mechanisms and the multilevel sorting processes that act on that variation, and (b) the integration of paleontological and neontological approaches to historical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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49
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Terry RC. Isotopic niche variation from the Holocene to today reveals minimal partitioning and individualistic dynamics among four sympatric desert mice. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:173-186. [PMID: 29048750 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Species interact with each other and their environment over a range of temporal scales, yet our understanding of resource partitioning and the mechanisms of species coexistence is largely restricted to modern time-scales of years to decades. Furthermore, the relative magnitudes of inter- vs. intraspecific variation in resource use are rarely considered, despite the potential for the latter to influence a species' ability to cope with changing environmental conditions. Modern desert rodent communities are thought to be strongly structured by competitive interactions, with niche partitioning of food resources hypothesized to explain the coexistence of multiple sympatric granivores. Yet the stability of niche dynamics over extended temporal scales within desert rodent communities is unknown. I examined the isotopic niche dynamics of four common sympatric desert mice (three granivores: Chaetodipus formosus, Perognathus longimembris and Reithrodontomys megalotis, and one omnivore: Peromyscus maniculatus) in the Smoke Creek Desert of northwestern Nevada using 13 C and 15 N isotopes obtained from "Modern" (2008-2013 CE), "Historical" (1989-2005 CE) and Holocene fossil specimens spanning the last c. 7,500 years. I found significant variation in niche position, niche breadth and interspecific niche overlap of these species through time. The niche breadth dynamics of the cricetids (P. maniculatus and R. megalotis) were positively correlated with one another, while the niche breadth dynamics of the heteromyid C. formosus were negatively correlated with those of all other species. Body size, dietary functional group, palaeoenvironmental trends and time-averaging provided little explanatory power. Importantly, Modern and Historical patterns of resource use and partitioning differed from Holocene baselines in terms of decreased niche overlap and in the absolute and relative position of each species' niche in at least one isotopic axis. These observations suggest that each species' resource use changed individualistically over the Holocene, hence niche dynamics are poorly explained by the hypothesis of temporally stable species interactions at millennial time-scales. Furthermore, changes to the resource base over the last century (likely due to the spread of invasive cheatgrass) may be increasing resource partitioning in the Modern, pushing species past their baseline ranges of resource use variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Terry
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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50
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Stern DB, Breinholt J, Pedraza‐Lara C, López‐Mejía M, Owen CL, Bracken‐Grissom H, Fetzner JW, Crandall KA. Phylogenetic evidence from freshwater crayfishes that cave adaptation is not an evolutionary dead-end. Evolution 2017; 71:2522-2532. [PMID: 28804900 PMCID: PMC5656817 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caves are perceived as isolated, extreme habitats with a uniquely specialized biota, which long ago led to the idea that caves are "evolutionary dead-ends." This implies that cave-adapted taxa may be doomed for extinction before they can diversify or transition to a more stable state. However, this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested in a phylogenetic framework with multiple independently evolved cave-dwelling groups. Here, we use the freshwater crayfish, a group with dozens of cave-dwelling species in multiple lineages, as a system to test this hypothesis. We consider historical patterns of lineage diversification and habitat transition as well as current patterns of geographic range size. We find that while cave-dwelling lineages have small relative range sizes and rarely transition back to the surface, they exhibit remarkably similar diversification patterns to those of other habitat types and appear to be able to maintain a diversity of lineages through time. This suggests that cave adaptation is not a "dead-end" for freshwater crayfish, which has positive implications for our understanding of biodiversity and conservation in cave habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Stern
- Computational Biology InstituteThe George Washington UniversityAshburnVirginia 20147
| | - Jesse Breinholt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Carlos Pedraza‐Lara
- Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Marilú López‐Mejía
- Lab. Biología Evolutiva y Genética de PoblacionesUniversidad de Quintana RooCozumelMéxico
| | - Christopher L. Owen
- Computational Biology InstituteThe George Washington UniversityAshburnVirginia 20147
| | | | - James W. Fetzner
- Section of Invertebrate ZoologyCarnegie Museum of Natural HistoryPittsburghPennsylvania 15213‐4080
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology InstituteThe George Washington UniversityAshburnVirginia 20147
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, U.S. National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of Columbia 20013
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