1
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Fronhofer EA, Bonte D, Bestion E, Cote J, Deshpande JN, Duncan AB, Hovestadt T, Kaltz O, Keith SA, Kokko H, Legrand D, Malusare SP, Parmentier T, Saade C, Schtickzelle N, Zilio G, Massol F. Evolutionary ecology of dispersal in biodiverse spatially structured systems: what is old and what is new? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230142. [PMID: 38913061 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a well-recognized driver of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, and simultaneously an evolving trait. Dispersal evolution has traditionally been studied in single-species metapopulations so that it remains unclear how dispersal evolves in metacommunities and metafoodwebs, which are characterized by a multitude of species interactions. Since most natural systems are both species-rich and spatially structured, this knowledge gap should be bridged. Here, we discuss whether knowledge from dispersal evolutionary ecology established in single-species systems holds in metacommunities and metafoodwebs and we highlight generally valid and fundamental principles. Most biotic interactions form the backdrop to the ecological theatre for the evolutionary dispersal play because interactions mediate patterns of fitness expectations across space and time. While this allows for a simple transposition of certain known principles to a multispecies context, other drivers may require more complex transpositions, or might not be transferred. We discuss an important quantitative modulator of dispersal evolution-increased trait dimensionality of biodiverse meta-systems-and an additional driver: co-dispersal. We speculate that scale and selection pressure mismatches owing to co-dispersal, together with increased trait dimensionality, may lead to a slower and more 'diffuse' evolution in biodiverse meta-systems. Open questions and potential consequences in both ecological and evolutionary terms call for more investigation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel A Fronhofer
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 , Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Elvire Bestion
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UAR 2029 , Moulis F-09200, France
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, UMR 5174, 118 route de Narbonne , Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Jhelam N Deshpande
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Alison B Duncan
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Thomas Hovestadt
- Department Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Sally A Keith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UAR 2029 , Moulis F-09200, France
| | - Sarthak P Malusare
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 , Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Institute of Complex Systems, and Institute of Life, Earth, and the Environment, University of Namur , Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Camille Saade
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE , Montpellier 34095, France
| | - François Massol
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille , Lille 59000, France
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2
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Zhu C, Dalsgaard B, Li W, Gonçalves F, Vollstädt MGR, Ren P, Zhang X, Shao J, Ding P, Si X. Generalist and topologically central avian frugivores promote plant invasion unequally across land-bridge islands. Ecology 2024; 105:e4216. [PMID: 38037487 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds facilitates plant invasions, but it is poorly known how invasive plants integrate into native communities in fragmented landscapes. We surveyed plant-frugivore interactions, including an invasive plant (Phytolacca americana), on 22 artificial land-bridge islands (fragmented forests) in the Thousand Island Lake, China. Focusing on frugivory interactions that may lead to seed dispersal, we built ecological networks of studied islands both at the local island (community) and at landscape (metacommunity) levels. On islands with P. americana, we found that P. americana impacted local avian frugivory networks more on islands with species-poor plant communities and on isolated islands. Moreover, as P. americana interacted mainly with local core birds (generalists), this indicates reduced seed dispersal of native plants on invaded islands. At the landscape level, P. americana had established strong interactions with generalist birds that largely maintain seed-dispersal functions across islands, as revealed by their topologically central roles both in the regional plant-bird trophic network and in the spatial metanetwork. This indicates that generalist frugivorous birds may have facilitated the dispersal of P. americana across islands, making P. americana well integrated into the plant-frugivore mutualistic metacommunity. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the impact of plant invasion is context-dependent and that generalist native frugivores with high dispersal potential may accelerate plant invasion in fragmented landscapes. These findings highlight the importance of taking the functional roles of animal mutualists and habitat fragmentation into account when managing plant invasions and their impact on native communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wande Li
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian G R Vollstädt
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Junjie Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingfeng Si
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Blake S, Cabrera F, Rivas‐Torres G, Deem SL, Nieto‐Claudin A, Zahawi RA, Bastille‐Rousseau G. Invasion by Cedrela odorata threatens long distance migration of Galapagos tortoises. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10994. [PMID: 38357592 PMCID: PMC10864728 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive alien species are among the most pervasive threats to biodiversity. Invasive species can cause catastrophic reductions in populations of native and endemic species and the collapse of ecosystem function. A second major global conservation concern is the extirpation of large-bodied mobile animals, including long-distance migrants, which often have keystone ecological roles over extensive spatial extents. Here, we report on a potentially catastrophic synergy between these phenomena that threatens the endemic biota of the Galapagos Archipelago. We used GPS telemetry to track 140 migratory journeys by 25 Western Santa Cruz Island Galapagos tortoises. We plotted the spatial interaction between tortoise migrations and recently established non-native forest dominated by the invasive tree Cedrela odorata (Cedrela forest). We qualified (a) the proportion of migratory journeys that traversed Cedrela forest, and (b) the probability that this observed pattern occurred by chance. Tortoise migrations were overwhelmingly restricted to small corridors between Cedrela forest blocks, indicating clear avoidance of those blocks. Just eight of 140 migrations traversed extensive Cedrela stands. Tortoises avoid Cedrela forest during their migrations. Further expansion of Cedrela forest threatens long-distance migration and population viability of critically endangered Galapagos tortoises. Applied research to determine effective management solutions to mitigate Cedrela invasion is a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Blake
- Department of BiologySaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Max Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany
- WildCare InstituteSaint Louis ZooSaint LouisMissouriUSA
- Charles Darwin FoundationPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador
| | | | - Gonzalo Rivas‐Torres
- Ecuador Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales and Galapagos Academic Institute for the Arts and SciencesUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- GeographyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sharon L. Deem
- Charles Darwin FoundationPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador
- Institute for Conservation MedicineSaint Louis ZooSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ainoa Nieto‐Claudin
- Charles Darwin FoundationPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador
- Institute for Conservation MedicineSaint Louis ZooSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Rakan A. Zahawi
- Charles Darwin FoundationPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
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4
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Qashqaei AT, Ghaedi Z, Coogan SCP. Diet composition of omnivorous Mesopotamian spiny-tailed lizards ( Saara loricata) in arid human-altered landscapes of Southwest Iran. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9783. [PMID: 36744080 PMCID: PMC9889844 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mesopotamian spiny-tailed lizard, Saara loricata, is one of the largest lizard species in the Middle East. Here, we report on the diet of the lizard and their potential role in seed dispersal in Southwestern Iran. We analyzed lizard fecal pellet groups (n = 124) for their food item composition and seed content. We calculated the relative frequency of occurrence (FO%), relative volume (V%), and importance value (IV%) for each food item. Moreover, the number of seeds of each plant food item was counted. Our findings reveal the first solid evidence of omnivorous behavior in the lizard. In total, 16 plant food items and 14 animal food items were identified. Herbaceous plants (IV = 110.2%) and invertebrates (4.8%) were the most important food groups. The plant food items with the highest FO% were Poaceae (56.4%), Centaurea sp. (43.5%), and Medicago polymorpha (27.4%); and the V% for these items were 53.6%, 30.9%, and 13.1%, respectively. Most of the seeds that were consumed by lizards were from Poaceae (547 seeds; 47.81%) and Fabaceae (285 seeds; 24.91%). We also found that each individual lizard could play an equal role in the seed dispersal of all plant families identified. Previous studies show that plant species density and richness are important features for the burrow site selection of Mesopotamian spiny-tailed lizard. This study highlights the potential role of lizards in influencing the vegetation communities around their burrows through seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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5
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Fernández‐Palacios JM, Schrader J, de Nascimento L, Irl SDH, Sánchez‐Pinto L, Otto R. Are plant communities on the Canary Islands resistant to plant invasion? DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández‐Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
| | - Julian Schrader
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
| | - Severin D. H. Irl
- Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography Goethe‐ University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Otto
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
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6
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Rumeu B, González‐Varo JP, de Castro C, López‐Orta A, Illera JC, Miñarro M, García D. Increasing efficiency and reducing bias in the sampling of seed–dispersal interactions based on mist‐netted birds. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rumeu
- Depto de Biología – IVAGRO, Univ. de Cádiz Puerto Real Spain
| | | | - Cristina de Castro
- Depto de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Univ. de Oviedo) and: Inst. Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princ. Asturias) Mieres Spain
| | - Antonio López‐Orta
- Inst. Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princ. Asturias), Univ. de Oviedo Mieres Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Inst. Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princ. Asturias), Univ. de Oviedo Mieres Spain
| | - Marcos Miñarro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA) Villaviciosa Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Depto de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Univ. de Oviedo) and: Inst. Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princ. Asturias) Mieres Spain
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7
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Mapping the spatial distribution and canopy cover of Lantana camara in the Zaka district of Zimbabwe. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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8
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Costa A, Heleno R, Dufrene Y, Huckle E, Gabriel R, Harrison X, Schabo DG, Farwig N, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN. Seasonal variation in impact of non‐native species on tropical seed dispersal networks. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Costa
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associated Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Eleanor Huckle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Gabriel
- Seychelles Parks and Gardens Authority Mahé Seychelles
| | - Xavier Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
| | - Dana G. Schabo
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology University of Marburg Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology University of Marburg Germany
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn United Kingdom
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9
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Sinnott‐Armstrong MA, Ogawa Y, van de Kerkhof GT, Vignolini S, Smith SD. Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural colour in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:898-906. [PMID: 35590489 PMCID: PMC9328138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of plant colours are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but colouration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e. structural colours) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara and compare it with a similar structure in Viburnum tinus fruits. We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy (EM), serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy and optical simulations to characterise the photonic structure in L. strigocamara. We also examine the development of the structure during maturation. We found that the structural colour derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of c.105 nm that form a plate-like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The materials used are likely to be lipid polymers. Lantana strigocamara is the second origin of a lipid-based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure in Viburnum tinus. Chemical differences between the lipids in L. strigocamara and those of V. tinus suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signalling function of structural colours in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A. Sinnott‐Armstrong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado‐BoulderBoulderCO80309USA
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAVGrenoble38000France
| | | | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Stacey D. Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado‐BoulderBoulderCO80309USA
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10
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Ruzi SA, Suarez AV. Seed fate in ant‐mediated dispersal: Seed dispersal effectiveness in the
Ectatomma ruidum
(Formicidae)—
Zanthoxylum ekmanii
(Rutaceae) system. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina A. Ruzi
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Andrew V. Suarez
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign Champaign Illinois USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, and Department of Entomology University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign Champaign Illinois USA
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11
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Warrington S, Ellis AG, Keet JH, Le Roux JJ. How does familiarity in rhizobial interactions impact the performance of invasive and native legumes? NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.72.79620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutualisms can be disrupted when non-native plants are introduced into novel environments, potentially impacting their establishment success. Introduced species can reassemble mutualisms by forming novel associations with resident biota or by maintaining familiar associations when they are co-introduced with their mutualists. Invasive Australian Acacia species in South Africa have formed nitrogen-fixing rhizobium mutualisms using both pathways.
Here we examined the contributions of novel vs familiar rhizobial associations to the performance of Acacia saligna across different soils within South Africa’s Core Cape Subregion (CCR), and the concomitant impacts of exotic rhizobia on the endemic legume, Psoralea pinnata. We grew each legume with and without Australian Bradyrhizobium strains across various CCR soil types in a glasshouse. We identified root nodule rhizobium communities associating with seedlings grown in each treatment combination using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
Our results show that different CCR soils affected growth performances of seedlings for both species while the addition of Australian bradyrhizobia affected growth performances of A. saligna, but not P. pinnata. NGS data revealed that each legume associated mostly with their familiar rhizobial partners, regardless of soil conditions or inoculum treatment. Acacia saligna predominantly associated with Australian bradyrhizobia, even when grown in soils without inoculum, while P. pinnata largely associated with native South African Mesorhizobium strains.
Our study suggests that exotic Australian bradyrhizobia are already present and widespread in pristine CCR soils, and that mutualist limitation is not an impediment to further acacia invasion in the region. The ability of P. pinnata to sanction Australian Bradyrhizobium strains suggests that this species may be a good candidate for restoration efforts following the removal of acacias in CCR habitats.
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12
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Cannibalism in Microlophus Lizards. J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/20-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Bulgarella M, Lincango MP, Lahuatte PF, Oliver JD, Cahuana A, Ramírez IE, Sage R, Colwitz AJ, Freund DA, Miksanek JR, Moon RD, Causton CE, Heimpel GE. Persistence of the invasive bird-parasitic fly Philornis downsi over the host interbreeding period in the Galapagos Islands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2325. [PMID: 35149738 PMCID: PMC8837626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasites of seasonally available hosts must persist through times of the year when hosts are unavailable. In tropical environments, host availability is often linked to rainfall, and adaptations of parasites to dry periods remain understudied. The bird-parasitic fly Philornis downsi has invaded the Galapagos Islands and is causing high mortality of Darwin's finches and other bird species, and the mechanisms by which it was able to invade the islands are of great interest to conservationists. In the dry lowlands, this fly persists over a seven-month cool season when availability of hosts is very limited. We tested the hypothesis that adult flies could survive from one bird-breeding season until the next by using a pterin-based age-grading method to estimate the age of P. downsi captured during and between bird-breeding seasons. This study showed that significantly older flies were present towards the end of the cool season, with ~ 5% of captured females exhibiting estimated ages greater than seven months. However, younger flies also occurred during the cool season suggesting that some fly reproduction occurs when host availability is low. We discuss the possible ecological mechanisms that could allow for such a mixed strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bulgarella
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - M Piedad Lincango
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paola F Lahuatte
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan D Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Cahuana
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Ismael E Ramírez
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Roxanne Sage
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alyssa J Colwitz
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Deborah A Freund
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - James R Miksanek
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Roger D Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Charlotte E Causton
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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14
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Long-term dynamics of the network structures in seed dispersal associated with fluctuations in bird migration and fruit abundance patterns. Oecologia 2022; 198:457-470. [PMID: 35112172 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In temperate zones, seed-dispersal networks by migratory birds are formed on long time scale. In mid-October from 2005 to 2016, to explore the dynamics of the network structures, we examined interannual variability of fruit abundance, bird migration, and seed-dispersal networks in central Japan. For 12 years, the fruit abundance exhibited a remarkable fluctuation across years, with the number of fruiting plants and matured fruits fluctuating repeatedly every other year, leading to the periodic fluctuations. The abundance of migratory birds was also fluctuated. According to the abundance of fruits and migratory birds, the 12 years was classified into three types: frugivores and fruits were abundant, frugivores were abundant but fruits were scarce, and frugivores were scarce. The seed-dispersal networks were investigated by collecting faeces and vomits of migrants. Of the 6652 samples collected from 15 bird species, 1671 (25.1%) included seeds from 60 plant species. Main dispersers were composed of Turdus pallidus, T. obscurus, and Zosterops japonicus. The network structures were almost nested for 12 years. Specifically, the nested structure was developed in years when fruit abundance was low. GLM analyses showed the abundance of migrants, particularly T. pallidus and T. obscurus, had strong positive effects on nested structure. It may be caused by the fact the two Turdus species were more frequently functioning as generalist dispersers when fruit abundance was lower. Our study suggested fruit abundance and foraging behaviour of frugivores determine the network structures of seed dispersal on long time scale.
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Moorhouse‐Gann RJ, Vaughan IP, Cole NC, Goder M, Tatayah V, Jones CG, Mike D, Young RP, Bruford MW, Rivers MC, Hipperson H, Russo IM, Stanton DWG, Symondson WOC. Impacts of herbivory by ecological replacements on an island ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J. Moorhouse‐Gann
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal & Plant Sciences Sheffield UK
| | | | - Nik C. Cole
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Vacoas Mauritius
| | | | | | - Carl G. Jones
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Vacoas Mauritius
| | | | - Richard P. Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey
| | | | | | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal & Plant Sciences Sheffield UK
| | | | - David W. G. Stanton
- Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- Queen Mary University of London School of Biological and Chemical Sciences London UK
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16
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Florencio M, Patiño J, Nogué S, Traveset A, Borges PAV, Schaefer H, Amorim IR, Arnedo M, Ávila SP, Cardoso P, de Nascimento L, Fernández-Palacios JM, Gabriel SI, Gil A, Gonçalves V, Haroun R, Illera JC, López-Darias M, Martínez A, Martins GM, Neto AI, Nogales M, Oromí P, Rando JC, Raposeiro PM, Rigal F, Romeiras MM, Silva L, Valido A, Vanderpoorten A, Vasconcelos R, Santos AMC. Macaronesia as a Fruitful Arena for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.718169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in Macaronesia has led to substantial advances in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. We review the scientific developments achieved in this region, and outline promising research avenues enhancing conservation. Some of these discoveries indicate that the Macaronesian flora and fauna are composed of rather young lineages, not Tertiary relicts, predominantly of European origin. Macaronesia also seems to be an important source region for back-colonisation of continental fringe regions on both sides of the Atlantic. This group of archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde) has been crucial to learn about the particularities of macroecological patterns and interaction networks on islands, providing evidence for the development of the General Dynamic Model of oceanic island biogeography and subsequent updates. However, in addition to exceptionally high richness of endemic species, Macaronesia is also home to a growing number of threatened species, along with invasive alien plants and animals. Several innovative conservation and management actions are in place to protect its biodiversity from these and other drivers of global change. The Macaronesian Islands are a well-suited field of study for island ecology and evolution research, mostly due to its special geological layout with 40 islands grouped within five archipelagos differing in geological age, climate and isolation. A large amount of data is now available for several groups of organisms on and around many of these islands. However, continued efforts should be made toward compiling new information on their biodiversity, to pursue various fruitful research avenues and develop appropriate conservation management tools.
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Urquía D, Gutierrez B, Pozo G, Pozo MJ, Torres MDL. Origin and dispersion pathways of guava in the Galapagos Islands inferred through genetics and historical records. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15111-15131. [PMID: 34765164 PMCID: PMC8571588 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava) is an aggressive invasive plant in the Galapagos Islands. Determining its provenance and genetic diversity could explain its adaptability and spread, and how this relates to past human activities. With this purpose, we analyzed 11 SSR markers in guava individuals from Isabela, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, and Floreana islands in the Galapagos, as well as from mainland Ecuador. The mainland guava population appeared genetically differentiated from the Galapagos populations, with higher genetic diversity levels found in the former. We consistently found that the Central Highlands region of mainland Ecuador is one of the most likely origins of the Galapagos populations. Moreover, the guavas from Isabela and Floreana show a potential genetic input from southern mainland Ecuador, while the population from San Cristobal would be linked to the coastal mainland regions. Interestingly, the proposed origins for the Galapagos guava coincide with the first human settlings of the archipelago. Through approximate Bayesian computation, we propose a model where San Cristobal was the first island to be colonized by guava from the mainland, and then, it would have spread to Floreana and finally to Santa Cruz; Isabela would have been seeded from Floreana. An independent trajectory could also have contributed to the invasion of Floreana and Isabela. The pathway shown in our model agrees with the human colonization history of the different islands in the Galapagos. Our model, in conjunction with the clustering patterns of the individuals (based on genetic distances), suggests that guava introduction history in the Galapagos archipelago was driven by either a single event or a series of introduction events in rapid succession. We thus show that genetic analyses supported by historical sources can be used to track the arrival and spread of invasive species in novel habitats and the potential role of human activities in such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Urquía
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gabriela Pozo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Maria Jose Pozo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
| | - Maria de Lourdes Torres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología VegetalUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ)QuitoEcuador
- Galapagos Science CenterUniversidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel HillGalapagosEcuador
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18
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Schrader J, Wright IJ, Kreft H, Westoby M. A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2851-2870. [PMID: 34423523 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography is the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is structured by five classes of process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction and evolution. Classical approaches in island biogeography focused on species richness as the deterministic outcome of these processes. This has proved fruitful, but species traits can potentially offer new biological insights into the processes by which island life assembles and why some species perform better at colonising and persisting on islands. Functional traits refer to morphological and phenological characteristics of an organism or species that can be linked to its ecological strategy and that scale up from individual plants to properties of communities and ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis is for traits and ecological strategies of island species to show similar patterns as a matched mainland environment. However, strong dispersal, environmental and biotic-interaction filters as well as stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades that do colonise often embark on distinct ecological and evolutionary pathways, some because of distinctive evolutionary forces on islands, and some because of the opportunities offered by freedom from competitors or herbivores or the absence of mutualists. Functional traits are expected to be shaped by these processes. Here, we review and discuss the potential for integrating functional traits into island biogeography. While we focus on plants, the general considerations and concepts may be extended to other groups of organisms. We evaluate how functional traits on islands relate to core principles of species dispersal, establishment, extinction, reproduction, biotic interactions, evolution and conservation. We formulate existing knowledge as 33 working hypotheses. Some of these are grounded on firm empirical evidence, others provide opportunities for future research. We organise our hypotheses under five overarching sections. Section A focuses on plant functional traits enabling species dispersal to islands. Section B discusses how traits help to predict species establishment, successional trajectories and natural extinctions on islands. Section C reviews how traits indicate species biotic interactions and reproduction strategies and which traits promote intra-island dispersal. Section D discusses how evolution on islands leads to predictable changes in trait values and which traits are most susceptible to change. Section E debates how functional ecology can be used to study multiple drivers of global change on islands and to formulate effective conservation measures. Islands have a justified reputation as research models. They illuminate the forces operating within mainland communities by showing what happens when those forces are released or changed. We believe that the lens of functional ecology can shed more light on these forces than research approaches that do not consider functional differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Ong L, Campos‐Arceiz A, Loke VPW, Pura PB, Tunil CMTB, Din HSA, Angah RB, Amirrudin NAB, Tan WH, Lily O, Solana‐Mena A, McConkey KR. Building ecological networks with local ecological knowledge in hyper‐diverse and logistically challenging ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ong
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan China
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Ahimsa Campos‐Arceiz
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan China
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Vivienne P. W. Loke
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Param bin Pura
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | | | - Husin Sudin A/L Din
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Rizuan bin Angah
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ain binti Amirrudin
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Wei Harn Tan
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan China
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Ong Lily
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Alicia Solana‐Mena
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Kim R. McConkey
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia
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20
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Environmental niche and functional role similarity between invasive and native palms in the Atlantic Forest. Biol Invasions 2021; 23:741-754. [PMID: 33679211 PMCID: PMC7900028 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species can significantly affect native species when their niches are similar. Ecological and morphological similarities between the invasive Australian palm, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, and the native palm from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Euterpe edulis, suggest that they have similar environmental requirements and functional roles (i.e., the function a species performs in an ecosystem). This similarity raises concerns about how the invasive palm could impact the native species in the present and future. We used spatial (species occurrences) and ecological information (frugivory events) to characterize the environmental niche and functional role of the two palms and assess their overlap. In addition, we predicted the potential area of occurrence of each palm within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest under current and future climate conditions.We estimated the environmental conditions used by the invasive plant based on its native distribution only, and based on all areas where the species is able to establish across the globe. We found that the environmental niches of the two palm species overlap up to 39%, which corresponds to 50% of the current geographic distribution of E. edulis in the Atlantic Forest. In the areas where the two species potentially co-occur, the impact of the invasive species on the native should be influenced by the invasive species interactions with frugivores. We found that the frugivory functional role of the two palms was similar (84% overlap) which suggest that A. cunninghamiana might disrupt the seed dispersal of the native palm. However, co-occurrence between the palms may decline with future climate change, as the potentially environmental suitable area for the invasive palm is predicted to decline by 10% to 55%. Evaluating the similarity in both the environmental niche, of the native and global extent, and the functional role of native and invasive plants provides a detailed understanding of the potential impact of invasive species on native species now and in the future.
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21
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Hervías-Parejo S, Tur C, Heleno R, Nogales M, Timóteo S, Traveset A. Species functional traits and abundance as drivers of multiplex ecological networks: first empirical quantification of inter-layer edge weights. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202127. [PMID: 33234084 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many vertebrate species act as both plant pollinators and seed-dispersers, thus interconnecting these processes, particularly on islands. Ecological multilayer networks are a powerful tool to explore interdependencies between processes; however, quantifying the links between species engaging in different types of interactions (i.e. inter-layer edges) remains a great challenge. Here, we empirically measured inter-layer edge weights by quantifying the role of individually marked birds as both pollinators and seed-dispersers of Galápagos plant species over an entire year. Although most species (80%) engaged in both functions, we show that only a small proportion of individuals actually linked the two processes, highlighting the need to further consider intra-specific variability in individuals' functional roles. Furthermore, we found a high variation among species in linking both processes, i.e. some species contribute more than others to the modular organization of the multilayer network. Small and abundant species are particularly important for the cohesion of pollinator seed-dispersal networks, demonstrating the interplay between species traits and neutral processes structuring natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hervías-Parejo
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - C Tur
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - R Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IPNA-CSIC), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group. C/Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
| | - S Timóteo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Traveset
- Oceanography and Global Change Department. C/ Miquel Marqués 21, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), E07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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22
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Plant origin and fruit traits shape fruit removal patterns by native birds in invaded plant communities. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Hanish CJ, Velez S, Moore JA, Devin Anderson C. Endozoochory of Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum) by Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) facilitates rapid germination and colonization in a suburban nature preserve. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa024. [PMID: 32695302 PMCID: PMC7363059 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some large-seeded plants lack effective seed dispersal agents when they are introduced as ornamental plants to new areas, but can rapidly colonize a landscape if seed dispersal functions are restored. We examined whether Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) facilitated the spread of Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum; Chrysobalanaceae) over a 14-year period in a suburban nature preserve (in Jupiter, FL, USA) by: (i) comparing germination patterns among gut-passed, hand-depulped and whole fruit treatments, and (ii) testing hypotheses about environmental predictors of the spatial distribution of C. icaco, including information about G. polyphemus movement pathways and burrow locations. While we did not find a significant difference in the total proportion of C. icaco seeds that germinated in each treatment, time to event analysis revealed that seeds that were found in faeces germinated significantly earlier than seeds that were hand-depulped or that were planted as whole fruits, supporting a lone scarification effect. Point process modeling revealed that the density of C. icaco bushes was higher near G. polyphemus movement pathways and was lower inside Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) patches, supporting a positive effect of tortoise movement patterns on plant distributions. The density of C. icaco increased from west to east, consistent with westward dispersal from the four founder bushes on the east side of the study area. After removal of outliers, we also detected a negative association between C. icaco spatial density and G. polyphemus burrow density that was presumably explained by the fact that seeds defecated deep within burrows were unlikely to germinate and establish without secondary movement. The results suggest that G. polyphemus contributed to the rapid dispersal of C. icaco by scatter dispersal of seeds (via faeces) in areas where tortoises were active and that movement pathways provided suitable conditions for colonization. The spread of C. icaco by G. polyphemus over a relatively short period of time provides a valuable window into the earliest stages of the colonization process and further supports the role of Chelonians as effective seed dispersal agents for large-seeded plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Hanish
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sebastian Velez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- NOAA Office of Law Enforcement, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jon A Moore
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Falcón W, Moll D, Hansen DM. Frugivory and seed dispersal by chelonians: a review and synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:142-166. [PMID: 31608582 DOI: 10.1101/379933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and of chelonians as megafauna. A substantial proportion of the world's aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (71 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet; fruits of at least 588 plant species in 121 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates - or were until humans arrived. We synthesise our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Falcón
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Don Moll
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Dennis M Hansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Zoological Museum of the University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
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25
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Falcón W, Moll D, Hansen DM. Frugivory and seed dispersal by chelonians: a review and synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:142-166. [PMID: 31608582 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and of chelonians as megafauna. A substantial proportion of the world's aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (71 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet; fruits of at least 588 plant species in 121 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates - or were until humans arrived. We synthesise our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Falcón
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Don Moll
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Dennis M Hansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum of the University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
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26
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The danger of non-native gardens: risk of invasion by Schefflera arboricola associated with seed dispersal by birds. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Causton CE, Moon RD, Cimadom A, Boulton RA, Cedeño D, Lincango MP, Tebbich S, Ulloa A. Population dynamics of an invasive bird parasite, Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Galapagos Islands. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224125. [PMID: 31626686 PMCID: PMC6874344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi (Muscidae), is one of the greatest threats to the avifauna of the Galapagos Islands. The larvae of this fly feed on the blood and tissues of developing nestlings of at least 18 endemic and native birds. The aim of the current study was to investigate biotic and abiotic factors that may influence the population dynamics of this invasive parasite. To study the influence of vegetation zone and related climatic factors on fly numbers, a bi-weekly monitoring program using papaya-baited traps was carried out at a dry, lowland site and at a humid, highland site on Santa Cruz Island between 2012-2014. Female flies, a large proportion of which were inseminated and gravid, were collected throughout the year at both sites, indicating females were active during and between the bird breeding seasons. This is the first evidence that female flies are able to persist even when hosts are scarce. On the other hand, catch rates of male flies declined between bird breeding seasons. Overall, catch rates of P. downsi were higher in the drier, lowland habitat, which may be a consequence of host or resource availability. Time was a stronger predictor of adult fly numbers than climate, further suggesting that P. downsi does not appear to be limited by its environment, but rather by host availability. Seasonal catch rates suggested that populations in both habitats were continuous and multivoltine. Numbers of adult female flies appeared to be regulated chiefly by simple direct density dependence, and may be governed by availability of bird nests with nestlings. Nevertheless, confounding factors such as the existence of reservoir hosts that perpetuate fly populations and changes in behavior of P. downsi may increase the vulnerability of bird hosts that are already IUCN red-listed or in decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Causton
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora,
Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Roger D. Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United
States of America
| | - Arno Cimadom
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
| | - Rebecca A. Boulton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter,
Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Cedeño
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora,
Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - María Piedad Lincango
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora,
Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Quito,
Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Sabine Tebbich
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
| | - Angel Ulloa
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora,
Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
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Nnakenyi CA, Traveset A, Heleno R, Minoarivelo HO, Hui C. Fine‐tuning the nested structure of pollination networks by adaptive interaction switching, biogeography and sampling effect in the Galápagos Islands. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinenye A. Nnakenyi
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Inst. of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Henintsoa O. Minoarivelo
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch Univ Matieland 7602 South Africa
- Mathematical Biosciences Group, African Inst. for Mathematical Sciences Cape Town South Africa
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HervÍas-Parejo S, Heleno R, Rumeu B, Guzmán B, Vargas P, Olesen JM, Traveset A, Vera C, Benavides E, Nogales M. Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards. Curr Zool 2019; 65:353-361. [PMID: 31413708 PMCID: PMC6688575 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snout-vent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra HervÍas-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Vera
- Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
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30
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Using Network Theory to Understand and Predict Biological Invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:831-843. [PMID: 31155422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting biological invasions is challenging because of the complexity of many interacting players. A holistic approach is needed with the potential to simultaneously consider all relevant effects and effectors. Using networks to describe the relevant anthropogenic and ecological factors, from community-level to global scales, promises advances in understanding aspects of invasion from propagule pressure, through establishment, spread, and ecological impact of invaders. These insights could lead to development of new tools for prevention and management of invasions that are based on species' network characteristics and use of networks to predict the ecological effects of invaders. Here, we review the findings from network ecology that show the most promise for invasion biology and identify pressing needs for future research.
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Vizentin-Bugoni J, Tarwater CE, Foster JT, Drake DR, Gleditsch JM, Hruska AM, Kelley JP, Sperry JH. Structure, spatial dynamics, and stability of novel seed dispersal mutualistic networks in Hawaiʻi. Science 2019; 364:78-82. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Increasing rates of human-caused species invasions and extinctions may reshape communities and modify the structure, dynamics, and stability of species interactions. To investigate how such changes affect communities, we performed multiscale analyses of seed dispersal networks on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Networks consisted exclusively of novel interactions, were largely dominated by introduced species, and exhibited specialized and modular structure at local and regional scales, despite high interaction dissimilarity across communities. Furthermore, the structure and stability of the novel networks were similar to native-dominated communities worldwide. Our findings suggest that shared evolutionary history is not a necessary process for the emergence of complex network structure, and interaction patterns may be highly conserved, regardless of species identity and environment. Introduced species can quickly become well integrated into novel networks, making restoration of native ecosystems more challenging than previously thought.
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Urquía D, Gutierrez B, Pozo G, Pozo MJ, Espín A, Torres MDL. Psidium guajava in the Galapagos Islands: Population genetics and history of an invasive species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203737. [PMID: 30865637 PMCID: PMC6415804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of invasive plant species in island populations prompts the need to better understand their population genetics and dynamics. In the Galapagos islands, this is exemplified by the introduced guava (Psidium guajava), considered one of the greatest threats to the local biodiversity due to its effective spread in the archipelago and its ability to outcompete endemic species. To better understand its history and genetics, we analyzed individuals from three inhabited islands in the Galapagos archipelago with 11 SSR markers. Our results reveal similar genetic diversity between islands, and the populations appear to be distinct: the islands of San Cristobal and Isabela are genetically different while the population of Santa Cruz is a mixture from both. Additional evidence for genetic bottlenecks and the inference of introduction events suggests an original introduction of the species in San Cristobal, from where it was later introduced to Isabela, and finally into Santa Cruz. Alternatively, a second introduction in Isabela might have occurred. These results are contrasted with the historical record, providing a first overview of the history of P. guajava in the Galapagos islands and its current population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Urquía
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Pozo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María José Pozo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Analía Espín
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María de Lourdes Torres
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
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Falcón W, Hansen DM. Island rewilding with giant tortoises in an era of climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0442. [PMID: 30348869 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing recently extinct endemic giant tortoises with extant, functional analogues provide the perhaps best examples of island rewilding to date. Yet, an efficient future application of this conservation action is challenging in an era of climate change. We here present and discuss a conceptual framework that can serve as a roadmap for the study and application of tortoise rewilding in an uncertain future. We focus on three main ecological functions mediated by giant tortoises, namely herbivory, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling, and discuss how climate change is likely to impact these. We then propose and discuss mitigation strategies such as artificial constructed shade sites and water holes that can help drive and maintain the ecosystem functions provided by the tortoises on a landscape scale. The application of the framework and the mitigation strategies are illustrated with examples from both wild and rewilded populations of the Aldabra giant tortoise, Aldabrachelys gigantea, in the Western Indian Ocean.This article is part of the theme issue 'Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Falcón
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,Bureau of Research and Conservation of Habitats and Biodiversity, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, PO Box 366147, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Dennis M Hansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland .,Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
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Costa JM, Ramos JA, da Silva LP, Timóteo S, Andrade P, Araújo PM, Carneiro C, Correia E, Cortez P, Felgueiras M, Godinho C, Lopes RJ, Matos C, Norte AC, Pereira PF, Rosa A, Heleno RH. Rewiring of experimentally disturbed seed dispersal networks might lead to unexpected network configurations. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hervías-Parejo S, Traveset A. Pollination effectiveness of opportunistic Galápagos birds compared to that of insects: From fruit set to seedling emergence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1142-1153. [PMID: 30035803 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Relying on floral traits to assess pollination systems has been shown to underestimate the ecological service that novel mutualisms can provide. Although vertebrates with opportunistic food habits are common on islands, usually feeding upon flowers of entomophilous species (ES), little is known about how effective they are as pollinators. In a previous study, we had reported that native insectivorous and frugivorous Galápagos birds commonly visit ES flowers, without assessing whether they act as pollinators. Here we investigate this by focusing on three typically ES (Cryptocarpus pyriformis, Waltheria ovata, Cordia lutea) and one mostly ornithophilous species (OS), Opuntia echios. METHODS The quantitative component (QNC: the product of floral visit frequency and number of flowers contacted) and qualitative components (QLC: fruit and seed set, fruit length, and mass and proportion of seedling emergence) of pollination effectiveness of birds was compared with that of insects. KEY RESULTS Birds were not quantitatively important pollinators compared to insects. However, selective exclusion experiments in the four plant species revealed that all qualitative components of fitness improved when both birds and insects visited the flowers. Our study is the first to confirm pollination effectiveness of ES by native opportunistic birds. CONCLUSIONS The Galápagos pollination systems are probably more generalized than previous data suggested and, given that ES dominate the flora of this archipelago, we argue that, contrary to expectation, birds might have an important role in maintaining the reproductive success and diversity of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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36
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Moorhouse-Gann RJ, Dunn JC, de Vere N, Goder M, Cole N, Hipperson H, Symondson WOC. New universal ITS2 primers for high-resolution herbivory analyses using DNA metabarcoding in both tropical and temperate zones. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8542. [PMID: 29867115 PMCID: PMC5986805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding is a rapidly growing technique for obtaining detailed dietary information. Current metabarcoding methods for herbivory, using a single locus, can lack taxonomic resolution for some applications. We present novel primers for the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) designed for dietary studies in Mauritius and the UK, which have the potential to give unrivalled taxonomic coverage and resolution from a short-amplicon barcode. In silico testing used three databases of plant ITS2 sequences from UK and Mauritian floras (native and introduced) totalling 6561 sequences from 1790 species across 174 families. Our primers were well-matched in silico to 88% of species, providing taxonomic resolution of 86.1%, 99.4% and 99.9% at the species, genus and family levels, respectively. In vitro, the primers amplified 99% of Mauritian (n = 169) and 100% of UK (n = 33) species, and co-amplified multiple plant species from degraded faecal DNA from reptiles and birds in two case studies. For the ITS2 region, we advocate taxonomic assignment based on best sequence match instead of a clustering approach. With short amplicons of 187-387 bp, these primers are suitable for metabarcoding plant DNA from faecal samples, across a broad geographic range, whilst delivering unparalleled taxonomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Moorhouse-Gann
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Jenny C Dunn
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Potton Road, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Natasha de Vere
- National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, SA32 8HG, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Martine Goder
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | - Nik Cole
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, JE3 5BP Jersey, Channel Islands, UK
| | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William O C Symondson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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Olesen JM, Damgaard CF, Fuster F, Heleno RH, Nogales M, Rumeu B, Trøjelsgaard K, Vargas P, Traveset A. Disclosing the double mutualist role of birds on Galápagos. Sci Rep 2018; 8:57. [PMID: 29311551 PMCID: PMC5758524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on oceanic islands deviate in many ways from that on the mainland. Their biodiversity is relatively poor and some groups are well-represented, others not, especially not insects. A scarcity of insects forces birds to explore alternative food, such as nectar and fruit. In this way, island birds may pollinate and disperse seed to an extent unseen on any mainland; they may even first consume floral resources of a plant species and then later harvest the fruit of the same species. Through this biotic reuse, they may act as double mutualists. The latter have never been studied at the level of the network, because they are traditionally considered rare. We sampled pollination and seed-dispersal interactions on Galápagos and constructed a plant-bird mutualism network of 108 plant (12% being double mutualists) and 21 bird species (48% being double mutualists), and their 479 interactions, being either single (95%) or double mutualisms (5%). Double mutualists constitute the core in the pollination-dispersal network, coupling the two link types together. They may also initiate positive feedbacks (more pollination leading to more dispersal), which theoretically are known to be unstable. Thus, double mutualisms may be a necessary, but risky prerequisite to the survival of island biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Christian F Damgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francisco Fuster
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben H Heleno
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Filek N, Cimadom A, Schulze CH, Jäger H, Tebbich S. The impact of invasive plant management on the foraging ecology of the Warbler Finch ( Certhidea olivacea) and the Small Tree Finch ( Camarhynchus parvulus) on Galápagos. JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 2018; 159:129-140. [PMID: 31998596 PMCID: PMC6956869 DOI: 10.1007/s10336-017-1481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, arboreal Darwin's Finches have suffered from a dramatic population decline, which has been attributed to parasitism by the invasive botfly Philornis downsi. However, changes to their primary habitat caused by invasive plant species may have additionally contributed to the observed population decline. The humid cloud forest on Santa Cruz Island is a stronghold of arboreal Darwin's Finches but has been invaded by blackberry (Rubus niveus). In some areas, manual control and herbicide application are used to combat this invasion, both causing a temporary removal of the entire understory. We hypothesized that the removal of the understory reduces the availability of arthropods, which are a main food source during chick rearing. We compared the foraging behaviour of Warbler Finches (Certhidea olivacea) and Small Tree Finches (Camarhynchus parvulus) at three study sites that varied in the degree of R. niveus invasion and the length of time since the last herbicide application. We used prey attack rate and foraging success as an index for food availability and predicted a lower attack rate and foraging success in areas that had recently been sprayed with herbicides. We found that both the invasion and the management of R. niveus influenced microhabitat use, foraging substrate and prey choice in both species. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find a lower attack rate or foraging success in the area with recent herbicide application. This may be explained by the finding that both species mainly foraged in the canopy but also used dead plant structures of the understory of the recently controlled area that resulted from the invasive plant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Filek
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Cimadom
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian H. Schulze
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinke Jäger
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos Ecuador
| | - Sabine Tebbich
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Fessl B, Heimpel GE, Causton CE. Invasion of an Avian Nest Parasite, Philornis downsi, to the Galapagos Islands: Colonization History, Adaptations to Novel Ecosystems, and Conservation Challenges. DISEASE ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Network structure embracing mutualism–antagonism continuums increases community robustness. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1661-1669. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Gleditsch JM, Hruska AM, Foster JT. Connecting Resource Tracking by Frugivores to Temporal Variation in Seed Dispersal Networks. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Nogales M, González-Castro A, Rumeu B, Traveset A, Vargas P, Jaramillo P, Olesen JM, Heleno RH. Contribution by vertebrates to seed dispersal effectiveness in the Galápagos Islands: a community-wide approach. Ecology 2017; 98:2049-2058. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - A. González-Castro
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - B. Rumeu
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - A. Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (UIB-CSIC); Balearic Islands Spain
| | - P. Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - P. Jaramillo
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos Ecuador
| | - J. M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - R. H. Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Rumeu B, Devoto M, Traveset A, Olesen JM, Vargas P, Nogales M, Heleno R. Predicting the consequences of disperser extinction: richness matters the most when abundance is low. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rumeu
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Mariano Devoto
- Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de Buenos Aires Av. San Martín 4453 C1417DSE Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB) Terrestrial Ecology Group C/Miquel Marqués 21 07190‐Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Royal Botanical Garden Madrid (CSIC‐RJB) Plaza de Murillo, 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences Calçada Martim de Freitas University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
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Keet JH, Ellis AG, Hui C, Le Roux JJ. Legume-rhizobium symbiotic promiscuity and effectiveness do not affect plant invasiveness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1319-1331. [PMID: 28369229 PMCID: PMC5604570 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is thought to play an important role in the invasion success of legumes. Interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) span a continuum of specialization, and promiscuous legumes are thought to have higher chances of forming effective symbioses in novel ranges. Using Australian Acacia species in South Africa, it was hypothesized that widespread and highly invasive species will be more generalist in their rhizobial symbiotic requirements and more effective in fixing atmospheric nitrogen compared with localized and less invasive species. METHODS To test these hypotheses, eight localized and 11 widespread acacias were examined using next-generation sequencing data for the nodulation gene, nodC , to compare the identity, species richness, diversity and compositional similarity of rhizobia associated with these acacias. Stable isotope analysis was also used to determine levels of nitrogen obtained from the atmosphere via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. KEY RESULTS No differences were found in richness, diversity and community composition between localized and widespread acacias. Similarly, widespread and localized acacias did not differ in their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, for some species by site comparisons, significant differences in δ15N isotopic signatures were found, indicating differential symbiotic effectiveness between these species at specific localities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results support recent findings that root nodule rhizobial diversity and community composition do not differ between acacias that vary in their invasiveness. Differential invasiveness of acacias in South Africa is probably linked to attributes such as differences in propagule pressure, reasons for (e.g. forestry vs. ornamental) and extent of, plantings in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Keet
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
| | - Johannes J. Le Roux
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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López-Núñez FA, Heleno RH, Ribeiro S, Marchante H, Marchante E. Four-trophic level food webs reveal the cascading impacts of an invasive plant targeted for biocontrol. Ecology 2017; 98:782-793. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. López-Núñez
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ruben H. Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sérgio Ribeiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Hélia Marchante
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Environment; Coimbra Polytechnic Institute, Higher School of Agriculture; Bencanta 3045-601 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Elizabete Marchante
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
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Correia M, Timóteo S, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Mazars-Simon A, Heleno R. Refaunation and the reinstatement of the seed-dispersal function in Gorongosa National Park. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:76-85. [PMID: 27355794 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Large animals are important seed dispersers; however, they tend to be under a high extinction risk worldwide. There is compelling evidence that the global biodiversity crisis is leading to the deterioration of several ecosystem functions, but there is virtually no information on how large-scale refaunation efforts can reinstate seed dispersal. We evaluated the effectiveness of a 62-km2 wildlife sanctuary, which was established to recover populations of large mammals in Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique), in restoring seed dispersal. We collected animal scats during the dry season of 2014 (June-August) along 5 transects inside and 5 transects outside the sanctuary fence (50 km total) with the same type of plant community, identified animal and plant species in the transects, and quantified the number of seeds in each scat. Based on these data, we built bipartite networks and calculated network and species-level descriptor values, and we compared data collected inside and outside the sanctuary. There were more scats (268 vs. 207) and more scats containing seeds (132 vs. 94) inside than outside the sanctuary. The number of mammal dispersers was also higher inside (17) than outside the sanctuary (11). Similarly, more seeds (2413 vs. 2124) and plant species (33 vs. 26) were dispersed inside than outside the sanctuary. Overall, the seed-dispersal network was less specialized (0.38 vs. 0.44) and there was a greater overlap (0.16 vs. 0.07) inside than outside the sanctuary. Both networks were significantly modular and antinested. The high number and richness of seeds dispersed inside the sanctuary was explained mostly by a higher abundance of dispersers rather than by disperser identity. Our results suggest conservation efforts aimed at recovering populations of large mammals are helping to reestablish not only target mammal species but also their functional roles as seed dispersers in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alban Mazars-Simon
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ramaswami G, Kaushik M, Prasad S, Sukumar R, Westcott D. Dispersal by generalist frugivores affects management of an invasive plant. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Ramaswami
- Nature Conservation Foundation; 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park Mysore 570002 Karnataka India
| | - Monica Kaushik
- Wildlife Institute of India; Chandrabani Dehradun 248001 Uttarakhand India
| | - Soumya Prasad
- Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Mehrauli Road New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Raman Sukumar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - David Westcott
- CSIRO Land and Water; PO Box 780 Atherton Qld 4883 Australia
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TRAVESET A, NOGALES M, VARGAS P, RUMEU B, OLESEN JM, JARAMILLO P, HELENO R. Galápagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus) as a seed disperser. Integr Zool 2016; 11:207-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna TRAVESET
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); C/ Miquel Marqués 21 Esporles Mallorca 07190 Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Manuel NOGALES
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC-IPNA); Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología; 38206 Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Pablo VARGAS
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC-RJB); Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz RUMEU
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas; Coimbra 3000-456 Portugal
| | - Jens M. OLESEN
- Institute of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Patricia JARAMILLO
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora; Santa Cruz, Galápagos Quito Ecuador
| | - Ruben HELENO
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas; Coimbra 3000-456 Portugal
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Wotton DM, Drake DR, Powlesland RG, Ladley JJ. The role of lizards as seed dispersers in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2015.1108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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