1
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Chen C, Han Y, Copley JT, Zhou Y. A new peltospirid snail (Gastropoda: Neomphalida) adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1923851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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2
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Rodríguez‐Flores PC, Buckley D, Macpherson E, Corbari L, Machordom A. Deep‐sea squat lobster biogeography (Munidopsidae:
Leiogalathea
) unveils Tethyan vicariance and evolutionary patterns shared by shallow‐water relatives. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. Rodríguez‐Flores
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB‐CSIC) Blanes Spain
| | - David Buckley
- Departamento de Biología (Genética) Facultad de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC‐UAM) Facultad de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Laure Corbari
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR 7205) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne UniversitéEPHE Paris France
| | - Annie Machordom
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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3
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Sun J, Zhou Y, Chen C, Kwan YH, Sun Y, Wang X, Yang L, Zhang R, Wei T, Yang Y, Qu L, Sun C, Qian PY. Nearest vent, dearest friend: biodiversity of Tiancheng vent field reveals cross-ridge similarities in the Indian Ocean. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200110. [PMID: 32269824 PMCID: PMC7137978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity of hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, particularly those on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), are still relatively poorly understood. The Tiancheng field on the SWIR was initially reported with only a low-temperature diffuse flow venting area, but here we report two new active areas, including a chimney emitting high-temperature vent fluids. Biological sampling in these new sites doubled the known megafauna and macrofauna richness reported from Tiancheng. Significantly, we found several iconic species, such as the scaly-foot snail and the first Alviniconcha population on the SWIR. Tiancheng shares a high proportion of taxa with vents on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and lacks a number of key taxa that characterize other vents investigated so far on the SWIR. Population genetics of the scaly-foot snail confirmed this, as the Tiancheng population was clustered with populations from the CIR, showing low connectivity with the Longqi field. Unlike the previously examined populations, scales of the Tiancheng scaly-foot snail were coated in zinc sulfide, although this results only from precipitation. The close connection between Tiancheng and CIR vents indicates that the dispersal barrier for vent endemic species is not the Rodriguez Triple Junction as previously suggested but the transformation faults between Tiancheng and Longqi, warranting further studies on deep currents in this area to resolve the key barrier, which has important implications for biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yick Hang Kwan
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Marine Survey Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wei
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Qu
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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4
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The first reference transcriptome assembly of the stalked barnacle, Neolepas marisindica, from the Onnuri Vent Field on the Central Indian Ridge. Mar Genomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Thatje S, Marsh L. From hot waters of polar seas: the mysterious life of the male yeti crab. Ecology 2018; 99:2868-2870. [PMID: 30039867 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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6
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Watanabe HK, Chen C, Marie DP, Takai K, Fujikura K, Chan BKK. Phylogeography of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacles: a new species fills a gap in the Indian Ocean 'dispersal corridor' hypothesis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172408. [PMID: 29765686 PMCID: PMC5936951 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogeography of animals provides clues to processes governing their evolution and diversification. The Indian Ocean has been hypothesized as a 'dispersal corridor' connecting hydrothermal vent fauna of Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Stalked barnacles of the family Eolepadidae are common associates of deep-sea vents in Southern, Pacific and Indian oceans, and the family is an ideal group for testing this hypothesis. Here, we describe Neolepas marisindica sp. nov. from the Indian Ocean, distinguished from N. zevinae and N. rapanuii by having a tridentoid mandible in which the second tooth lacks small elongated teeth. Morphological variations suggest that environmental differences result in phenotypic plasticity in the capitulum and scales on the peduncle in eolepadids. We suggest that diagnostic characters in Eolepadidae should be based mainly on more reliable arthropodal characters and DNA barcoding, while the plate arrangement should be used carefully with their intraspecific variation in mind. We show morphologically that Neolepas specimens collected from the South West Indian Ridge, the South East Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge belong to the new species. Molecular phylogeny and fossil evidence indicated that Neolepas migrated from the southern Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Southern Ocean, providing key evidence against the 'dispersal corridor' hypothesis. Exploration of the South East Indian Ridge is urgently required to understand vent biogeography in the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kayama Watanabe
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniel P. Marie
- Mauritius Oceanography Institute, Avenue des Anchois, Morcellement de Chazal, Albion, Mauritius
| | - Ken Takai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Benny K. K. Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Roterman CN, Lee WK, Liu X, Lin R, Li X, Won YJ. A new yeti crab phylogeny: Vent origins with indications of regional extinction in the East Pacific. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194696. [PMID: 29547631 PMCID: PMC5856415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of two new species of kiwaid squat lobsters on hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean and in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean has prompted a re-analysis of Kiwaid biogeographical history. Using a larger alignment with more fossil calibrated nodes than previously, we consider the precise relationship between Kiwaidae, Chirostylidae and Eumunididae within Chirostyloidea (Decapoda: Anomura) to be still unresolved at present. Additionally, the placement of both new species within a new “Bristly” clade along with the seep-associated Kiwa puravida is most parsimoniously interpreted as supporting a vent origin for the family, rather than a seep-to-vent progression. Fossil-calibrated divergence analysis indicates an origin for the clade around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the eastern Pacific ~33–38 Ma, coincident with a lowering of bottom temperatures and increased ventilation in the Pacific deep sea. Likewise, the mid-Miocene (~10–16 Ma) rapid radiation of the new Bristly clade also coincides with a similar cooling event in the tropical East Pacific. The distribution, diversity, tree topology and divergence timing of Kiwaidae in the East Pacific is most consistent with a pattern of extinctions, recolonisations and radiations along fast-spreading ridges in this region and may have been punctuated by large-scale fluctuations in deep-water ventilation and temperature during the Cenozoic; further affecting the viability of Kiwaidae populations along portions of mid-ocean ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Won-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Deep-sea and Seabed Mineral Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Oceanography, Nanning, China
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Jin Won
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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8
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Eilertsen MH, Kongsrud JA, Alvestad T, Stiller J, Rouse GW, Rapp HT. Do ampharetids take sedimented steps between vents and seeps? Phylogeny and habitat-use of Ampharetidae (Annelida, Terebelliformia) in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:222. [PMID: 29089027 PMCID: PMC5664827 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of higher animal taxa are shared across various chemosynthesis-based ecosystems (CBEs), which demonstrates the evolutionary link between these habitats, but on a global scale the number of species inhabiting multiple CBEs is low. The factors shaping the distributions and habitat specificity of animals within CBEs are poorly understood, but geographic proximity of habitats, depth and substratum have been suggested as important. Biogeographic studies have indicated that intermediate habitats such as sedimented vents play an important part in the diversification of taxa within CBEs, but this has not been assessed in a phylogenetic framework. Ampharetid annelids are one of the most commonly encountered animal groups in CBEs, making them a good model taxon to study the evolution of habitat use in heterotrophic animals. Here we present a review of the habitat use of ampharetid species in CBEs, and a multi-gene phylogeny of Ampharetidae, with increased taxon sampling compared to previous studies. RESULTS The review of microhabitats showed that many ampharetid species have a wide niche in terms of temperature and substratum. Depth may be limiting some species to a certain habitat, and trophic ecology and/or competition are identified as other potentially relevant factors. The phylogeny revealed that ampharetids have adapted into CBEs at least four times independently, with subsequent diversification, and shifts between ecosystems have happened in each of these clades. Evolutionary transitions are found to occur both from seep to vent and vent to seep, and the results indicate a role of sedimented vents in the transition between bare-rock vents and seeps. CONCLUSION The high number of ampharetid species recently described from CBEs, and the putative new species included in the present phylogeny, indicates that there is considerable diversity still to be discovered. This study provides a molecular framework for future studies to build upon and identifies some ecological and evolutionary hypotheses to be tested as new data is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Eilertsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon A Kongsrud
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Alvestad
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Josefin Stiller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Greg W Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hans T Rapp
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Uni Research, Uni Environment, Bergen, Norway
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9
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Zhang D, Zhou Y, Cheng H, Wang C. The complete mitochondrial genome of a yeti crab Kiwa tyleri Thatje, 2015 (Crustacea: Decapod: Anomura: Kiwaidae) from deep-sea hydrothermal vent. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2017; 2:141-142. [PMID: 33473745 PMCID: PMC7800933 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1289347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Kiwa tyleri (Anomura, Chirostyloidea, Kiwaidae) was recovered by next generation sequencing. The mitogenome is 16,865 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a 1525bp non-coding AT-rich region. This is the first mitogenome for the family Kiwaidae and the superfamily Chirostyloidea. The inversion of three consecutive genes (16S rRNA, tRNA-Val, 12S rRNA) was first reported for the Anomura. The phylogenetic tree indicated that Kiwaidae was close to Paguroidea and Lithodoidea rather than Galatheoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Ecology and biogeography of megafauna and macrofauna at the first known deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39158. [PMID: 27966649 PMCID: PMC5155287 DOI: 10.1038/srep39158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southwest Indian Ridge is the longest section of very slow to ultraslow-spreading seafloor in the global mid-ocean ridge system, but the biogeography and ecology of its hydrothermal vent fauna are previously unknown. We collected 21 macro- and megafaunal taxa during the first Remotely Operated Vehicle dives to the Longqi vent field at 37° 47′S 49° 39′E, depth 2800 m. Six species are not yet known from other vents, while six other species are known from the Central Indian Ridge, and morphological and molecular analyses show that two further polychaete species are shared with vents beyond the Indian Ocean. Multivariate analysis of vent fauna across three oceans places Longqi in an Indian Ocean province of vent biogeography. Faunal zonation with increasing distance from vents is dominated by the gastropods Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis, mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus, and Neolepas sp. stalked barnacle. Other taxa occur at lower abundance, in some cases contrasting with abundances at other vent fields, and δ13C and δ15N isotope values of species analysed from Longqi are similar to those of shared or related species elsewhere. This study provides baseline ecological observations prior to mineral exploration activities licensed at Longqi by the United Nations.
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11
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Roterman CN, Copley JT, Linse KT, Tyler PA, Rogers AD. Connectivity in the cold: the comparative population genetics of vent-endemic fauna in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1073-88. [PMID: 26919308 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the first comparative population genetics study for vent fauna in the Southern Ocean using cytochrome C oxidase I and microsatellite markers. Three species are examined: the kiwaid squat lobster, Kiwa tyleri, the peltospirid gastropod, Gigantopelta chessoia, and a lepetodrilid limpet, Lepetodrilus sp., collected from vent fields 440 km apart on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) and from the Kemp Caldera on the South Sandwich Island Arc, ~95 km eastwards. We report no differentiation for all species across the ESR, consistent with panmixia or recent range expansions. A lack of differentiation is notable for Kiwa tyleri, which exhibits extremely abbreviated lecithotrophic larval development, suggestive of a very limited dispersal range. Larval lifespans may, however, be extended by low temperature-induced metabolic rate reduction in the Southern Ocean, muting the impact of dispersal strategy on patterns of population structure. COI diversity patterns suggest all species experienced demographic bottlenecks or selective sweeps in the past million years and possibly at different times. ESR and Kemp limpets are divergent, although with evidence of very recent ESR-Kemp immigration. Their divergence, possibility indicative of incipient speciation, along with the absence of the other two species at Kemp, may be the consequence of differing dispersal capabilities across a ~1000 m depth range and/or different selective regimes between the two areas. Estimates of historic and recent limpet gene flow between the ESR and Kemp are consistent with predominantly easterly currents and potentially therefore, cross-axis currents on the ESR, with biogeographic implications for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Roterman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - J T Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - K T Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - P A Tyler
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - A D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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12
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Kiel S. Did shifting seawater sulfate concentrations drive the evolution of deep-sea methane-seep ecosystems? Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142908. [PMID: 25716797 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the faunas inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps have been debated for decades. These faunas rely on a local source of sulfide and other reduced chemicals for nutrition, which spawned the hypothesis that their evolutionary history is independent from that of photosynthesis-based food chains and instead driven by extinction events caused by deep-sea anoxia. Here I use the fossil record of seep molluscs to show that trends in body size, relative abundance and epifaunal/infaunal ratios track current estimates of seawater sulfate concentrations through the last 150 Myr. Furthermore, the two main faunal turnovers during this time interval coincide with major changes in seawater sulfate concentrations. Because sulfide at seeps originates mostly from seawater sulfate, variations in sulfate concentrations should directly affect the base of the food chain of this ecosystem and are thus the likely driver of the observed macroecologic and evolutionary patterns. The results imply that the methane-seep fauna evolved largely independently from developments and mass extinctions affecting the photosynthesis-based biosphere and add to the growing body of evidence that the chemical evolution of the oceans had a major impact on the evolution of marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kiel
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Geobiology Group, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
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13
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Chen C, Linse K, Roterman CN, Copley JT, Rogers AD. A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey; High Cross Cambridge CB3 0ET UK
| | - Christopher N. Roterman
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton; European Way; Southampton SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
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14
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Rogers AD, Yesson C, Gravestock P. A Biophysical and Economic Profile of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as Potential Large-Scale Antarctic Protected Areas. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2015; 70:1-286. [PMID: 26296718 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current hiatus in the establishment of a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Antarctic means that other routes to conservation are required. The protection of overseas territories in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic represents one way to advance the initiation of such a network. This review of the physical and biological features of the United Kingdom (U.K.) overseas territories of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is undertaken to estimate the importance of the islands in terms of marine conservation in the Southern Ocean and globally. The economy and management of SGSSI are also analysed, and the question of whether the islands already have sufficient protection to constitute part of an Antarctic network of MPAs is assessed. The SGSSI comprise unique geological and physical features, a diverse marine biota, including a significant proportion of endemic species and globally important breeding populations of marine predators. Regardless of past exploitation of biotic resources, such as seals, whales and finfish, SGSSI would make a significant contribution to biological diversity in an Antarctic network of MPAs. At present, conservation measures do not adequately protect all of the biological features that render the islands so important in terms of conservation at a regional and global level. However, a general lack of data on Antarctic marine ecosystems (particularly needed for SGSSSI) makes it difficult to assess this fully. One barrier to achieving more complete protection is the continuing emphasis on fishing effort in these waters by U.K. government. Other non-U.K. Antarctic overseas territories of conservation importance are also compromised as MPAs because of the exploitation of fisheries resources in their waters. The possible non-use values of SGSSI as well as the importance of ecosystem services that are indirectly used by people are outlined in this review. Technology is improving the potential for management of remote MPAs, particularly in the context of incursion by illegal fishing activities and use of satellite surveillance for enforcement of fisheries and conservation regulations. The conflict between commercial exploitation and conservation of Antarctic marine living resources is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher Yesson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Thatje S, Marsh L, Roterman CN, Mavrogordato MN, Linse K. Adaptations to Hydrothermal Vent Life in Kiwa tyleri, a New Species of Yeti Crab from the East Scotia Ridge, Antarctica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127621. [PMID: 26107940 PMCID: PMC4480985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents in the Southern Ocean are the physiologically most isolated chemosynthetic environments known. Here, we describe Kiwa tyleri sp. nov., the first species of yeti crab known from the Southern Ocean. Kiwa tyleri belongs to the family Kiwaidae and is the visually dominant macrofauna of two known vent sites situated on the northern and southern segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR). The species is known to depend on primary productivity by chemosynthetic bacteria and resides at the warm-eurythermal vent environment for most of its life; its short-range distribution away from vents (few metres) is physiologically constrained by the stable, cold waters of the surrounding Southern Ocean. Kiwa tylerihas been shown to present differential life history adaptations in response to this contrasting thermal environment. Morphological adaptations specific to life in warm-eurythermal waters, as found on – or in close proximity of – vent chimneys, are discussed in comparison with adaptations seen in the other two known members of the family (K. hirsuta, K. puravida), which show a preference for low temperature chemosynthetic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark N. Mavrogordato
- Engineering Sciences, μ-VIS CT Imaging Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Thurber AR. The crabs that live where hot and cold collide. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:889-91. [PMID: 26103157 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of Kiwa tyleri with the large male individual in the high-temperature flow (right hand side - fluid flow indicated by shimmering water) and the mixed sex assemblage (left). Note the heavy coat of epibiotic bacteria (grey colouring) on the individual in the hottest section of the vent, as expected from being closest to the sulphide needed to sustain the epibiotic bacteria that this species harvests for its food. Image courtesy of Dr. L. Marsh (Credit: NERC ChEsSo Consortium). In Focus: Marsh, L., Copley, J.T., Tyler, P.A. & Thatje, S. (2015) In hot and cold water: differential life-history traits are key to success in contrasting thermal deep-sea environments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 84, 898-913. Southern Ocean hydrothermal vents juxtapose two extremes - intense food-poor cold and scalding food-rich oases. At these vents, Marsh et al. (2015) found a community of Kiwa (Yeti) crabs that separated themselves along this gradient with the largest males sitting in hot, food-rich waters, while smaller males and females co-occur in an intermediate zone of warmth. However, as their eggs start to develop, females embark away from the vent to the food-poor yet stable cold of the Southern Ocean. This species has found an intriguing way to balance foraging risk and population persistence at the interface of hot and cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Thurber
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
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Chen C, Copley JT, Linse K, Rogers AD, Sigwart JD. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Front Zool 2015; 12:13. [PMID: 26085836 PMCID: PMC4470333 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Chrysomallon squamiferum Chen et al., 2015) from deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems of the Indian Ocean is an active mobile gastropod occurring in locally high densities, and it is distinctive for the dermal scales covering the exterior surface of its foot. These iron-sulfide coated sclerites, and its nutritional dependence on endosymbiotic bacteria, are both noted as adaptations to the extreme environment in the flow of hydrogen sulfide. We present evidence for other adaptations of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' to life in an extreme environment, investigated through dissection and 3D tomographic reconstruction of the internal anatomy. RESULTS Our anatomical investigations of juvenile and adult specimens reveal a large unganglionated nervous system, a simple and reduced digestive system, and that the animal is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. We show that Chrysomallon squamiferum relies on endosymbiotic bacteria throughout post-larval life. Of particular interest is the circulatory system: Chrysomallon has a very large ctenidium supported by extensive blood sinuses filled with haemocoel. The ctenidium provides oxygen for the host but the circulatory system is enlarged beyond the scope of other similar vent gastropods. At the posterior of the ctenidium is a remarkably large and well-developed heart. Based on the volume of the auricle and ventricle, the heart complex represents approximately 4 % of the body volume. This proportionally giant heart primarily sucks blood through the ctenidium and supplies the highly vascularised oesophageal gland. Thus we infer the elaborate cardiovascular system most likely evolved to oxygenate the endosymbionts in an oxygen poor environment and/or to supply hydrogen sulfide to the endosymbionts. CONCLUSIONS This study exemplifies how understanding the autecology of an organism can be enhanced by detailed investigation of internal anatomy. This gastropod is a large and active species that is abundant in its hydrothermal vent field ecosystem. Yet all of its remarkable features-protective dermal sclerites, circulatory system, high fecundity-can be viewed as adaptations beneficial to its endosymbiont microbes. We interpret these results to show that, as a result of specialisation to resolve energetic needs in an extreme chemosynthetic environment, this dramatic dragon-like species has become a carrying vessel for its bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Jonathan T Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Julia D Sigwart
- Queen's University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, BT22 1PF Northern Ireland
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Marsh L, Copley JT, Tyler PA, Thatje S. In hot and cold water: differential life-history traits are key to success in contrasting thermal deep-sea environments. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:898-913. [PMID: 25732205 PMCID: PMC4964920 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Few species of reptant decapod crustaceans thrive in the cold‐stenothermal waters of the Southern Ocean. However, abundant populations of a new species of anomuran crab, Kiwa tyleri, occur at hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge. As a result of local thermal conditions at the vents, these crabs are not restricted by the physiological limits that otherwise exclude reptant decapods south of the polar front. We reveal the adult life history of this species by piecing together variation in microdistribution, body size frequency, sex ratio, and ovarian and embryonic development, which indicates a pattern in the distribution of female Kiwaidae in relation to their reproductive development. High‐density ‘Kiwa’ assemblages observed in close proximity to sources of vent fluids are constrained by the thermal limit of elevated temperatures and the availability of resources for chemosynthetic nutrition. Although adult Kiwaidae depend on epibiotic chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrition, females move offsite after extrusion of their eggs to protect brooding embryos from the chemically harsh, thermally fluctuating vent environment. Consequently, brooding females in the periphery of the vent field are in turn restricted by low‐temperature physiological boundaries of the deep‐water Southern Ocean environment. Females have a high reproductive investment in few, large, yolky eggs, facilitating full lecithotrophy, with the release of larvae prolonged, and asynchronous. After embryos are released, larvae are reliant on locating isolated active areas of hydrothermal flow in order to settle and survive as chemosynthetic adults. Where the cold water restricts the ability of all adult stages to migrate over long distances, these low temperatures may facilitate the larvae in the location of vent sites by extending the larval development period through hypometabolism. These differential life‐history adaptations to contrasting thermal environments lead to a disjunct life history among males and females of K. tyleri, which is key to their success in the Southern Ocean vent environment. We highlight the complexity in understanding the importance of life‐history biology, in combination with environmental, ecological and physiological factors contributing to the overall global distribution of vent‐endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jonathan T Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Paul A Tyler
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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Herrera S, Watanabe H, Shank TM. Evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of barnacles from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:673-89. [PMID: 25602032 PMCID: PMC5006861 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of evolutionary and biogeographical patterns is of fundamental importance to identify factors driving biodiversity. Due to their widespread but discontinuous distribution, deep-sea hydrothermal vent barnacles represent an excellent model for testing biogeographical hypotheses regarding the origin, dispersal and diversity of modern vent fauna. Here, we characterize the global genetic diversity of vent barnacles to infer their time of radiation, place of origin, mode of dispersal and diversification. Our approach was to target a suite of multiple loci in samples representing seven of the eight described genera. We also performed restriction-site associated DNA sequencing on individuals from each species. Phylogenetic inferences and topology hypothesis tests indicate that vent barnacles have colonized deep-sea hydrothermal vents at least twice in history. Consistent with preliminary estimates, we find a likely radiation of barnacles in vent ecosystems during the Cenozoic. Our analyses suggest that the western Pacific was the place of origin of the major vent barnacle lineage, followed by circumglobal colonization eastwards through the Southern Hemisphere during the Neogene. The inferred time of radiation rejects the classic hypotheses of antiquity of vent taxa. The timing and the mode of origin, radiation and dispersal are consistent with recent inferences made for other deep-sea taxa, including nonvent species, and are correlated with the occurrence of major geological events and mass extinctions. Thus, we suggest that the geological processes and dispersal mechanisms discussed here can explain the current distribution patterns of many other marine taxa and have played an important role shaping deep-sea faunal diversity. These results also constitute the critical baseline data with which to assess potential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on deep-sea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Herrera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution266 Woods Hole RoadWoods HoleMA02543USA
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Institute of BiogeosciencesJapan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and TechnologyYokosukaKanagawaJapan
| | - Timothy M. Shank
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution266 Woods Hole RoadWoods HoleMA02543USA
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Zwirglmaier K, Reid WDK, Heywood J, Sweeting CJ, Wigham BD, Polunin NVC, Hawkes JA, Connelly DP, Pearce D, Linse K. Linking regional variation of epibiotic bacterial diversity and trophic ecology in a new species of Kiwaidae (Decapoda, Anomura) from East Scotia Ridge (Antarctica) hydrothermal vents. Microbiologyopen 2014; 4:136-50. [PMID: 25515351 PMCID: PMC4335981 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the diversity of bacterial epibionts and trophic ecology of a new species of Kiwa yeti crab discovered at two hydrothermal vent fields (E2 and E9) on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing, Sanger sequencing, and stable isotope analysis. The Kiwa epibiont communities were dominated by Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria. About 454 sequencing of the epibionts on 15 individual Kiwa specimen revealed large regional differences between the two hydrothermal vent fields: at E2, the bacterial community on the Kiwa ventral setae was dominated (up to 75%) by Gammaproteobacteria, whereas at E9 Epsilonproteobacteria dominated (up to 98%). Carbon stable isotope analysis of both Kiwa and the bacterial epibionts also showed distinct differences between E2 and E9 in mean and variability. Both stable isotope and sequence data suggest a dominance of different carbon fixation pathways of the epibiont communities at the two vent fields. At E2, epibionts were putatively fixing carbon via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham and reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, while at E9 the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle dominated. Co-varying epibiont diversity and isotope values at E2 and E9 also present further support for the hypothesis that epibionts serve as a food source for Kiwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zwirglmaier
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
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Millard AD, Hands-Portman I, Zwirglmaier K. Morphotypes of virus-like particles in two hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge, Antarctica. BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 4:e28732. [PMID: 25105058 PMCID: PMC4124060 DOI: 10.4161/bact.28732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses from extreme environments are still largely unexplored and may harbor unseen genetic potential. Here, we present a first glance at the morphological diversity of virus like particles (VLPs) from an environment that is extreme in more than one respect: two recently discovered hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. They are the southernmost hydrothermal sites found to date and have been shown to present a new biogeographic province, containing several new macrofaunal species and associated microbial organisms. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a range of tailed and untailed VLPs of various morphologies as well as an unusual long rod-shaped VLP with three long filaments. Based on its distant similarity with several known archaeal viruses, we hypothesize that this presents a new viral morphology that most likely infects an archaeon. Notably absent in the samples we analyzed were lemon- or spindle-shaped VLPs that have previously been described in other hydrothermal vent settings.
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