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Mutlu E, Karaca D, Duman GS, Şahin A, Özvarol Y, Olguner C. Seasonality and phenology of an epiphytic calcareous red alga, Hydrolithon boreale, on the leaves of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile in the Turkish water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17193-17213. [PMID: 36194324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytes on Posidonia oceanica play a crucial role for determination of the ecological status of marine environment in time and space besides the seagrasses alone. The study was aimed to estimate the spatiotemporal ecological status linked to variation in biometry of an epiphytic micro-calcareous red alga, Hydrolithon boreale, found on leaves of the meadow with the exclusive environmental parameters along the entire Turkish coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Collection of Posidonia oceanica samples was conducted at 64 stations in winter (December 2018-January 2019) and 112 stations in summer (June-July 2019) by SCUBA (0.4 × 0.4 m of a quadrate frame) in the infralittoral zone along the entire Turkish Mediterranean coast surrounded by the siliciclastic Taurus Mountain Range which favor growth of epiphytic micro-calcareous red algae. Percent occurrence of the epiphyte changed seasonally-lower in winter (25%) than in summer (44%). The epiphyte which is an indicator and sensitive to undisturbed marine area grew up well to 5 mm in diameter, 0.35 mm in thickness of the crust size, and was populated up to 1006 ind/m2 in summer owing to the increased utilization of the carbonate by the epiphyte with the increased water temperature. The size was contrasted to the density (abundance and biomass) in space. The biometry was significantly dependent on the siliciclastic-carbonate deposition as inferred from SiO4-Si of the water in relation to the leaf area index (LAI) of P. oceanica. Therefore, this deposition induced specimens to grow in size, followed by the reduced density concerning the N-based nutrient of the water. Further major environmental parameters which negatively affected the biometry were pH and total suspended matter of the water, analogous to turbidity. Of the trace elements, Ni was negatively correlated with the biometry, whereas the LAI was however positively correlated with all the anthropogenic-sourced trace elements (V, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in the leaves. Of the bottom types, the calcite rock had a higher density than the other soft bottoms in contrast to the size of the epiphyte. Future studies could be based on the present study for determination of the ecological status regarding two dominant epiphytes on leaves of two seagrasses (H. boreale on P. oceanica and partly Pneophyllum fragile on Cymodocea nodosa) found in the different environments and substrates in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Mutlu
- Fisheries Faculty, Akdeniz University, Main Campus, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Doğukan Karaca
- Fisheries Faculty, Akdeniz University, Main Campus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Güler Sıla Duman
- Fisheries Faculty, Akdeniz University, Main Campus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Şahin
- Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Özvarol
- Kemer Faculty of Maritime, Akdeniz University, Main Campus, Antalya, Turkey
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2
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Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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3
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Peña V, Harvey BP, Agostini S, Porzio L, Milazzo M, Horta P, Le Gall L, Hall-Spencer JM. Major loss of coralline algal diversity in response to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4785-4798. [PMID: 34268846 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcified coralline algae are ecologically important in rocky habitats in the marine photic zone worldwide and there is growing concern that ocean acidification will severely impact them. Laboratory studies of these algae in simulated ocean acidification conditions have revealed wide variability in growth, photosynthesis and calcification responses, making it difficult to assess their future biodiversity, abundance and contribution to ecosystem function. Here, we apply molecular systematic tools to assess the impact of natural gradients in seawater carbonate chemistry on the biodiversity of coralline algae in the Mediterranean and the NW Pacific, link this to their evolutionary history and evaluate their potential future biodiversity and abundance. We found a decrease in the taxonomic diversity of coralline algae with increasing acidification with more than half of the species lost in high pCO2 conditions. Sporolithales is the oldest order (Lower Cretaceous) and diversified when ocean chemistry favoured low Mg calcite deposition; it is less diverse today and was the most sensitive to ocean acidification. Corallinales were also reduced in cover and diversity but several species survived at high pCO2 ; it is the most recent order of coralline algae and originated when ocean chemistry favoured aragonite and high Mg calcite deposition. The sharp decline in cover and thickness of coralline algal carbonate deposits at high pCO2 highlighted their lower fitness in response to ocean acidification. Reductions in CO2 emissions are needed to limit the risk of losing coralline algal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Peña
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Lucia Porzio
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paulo Horta
- Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Line Le Gall
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Ragazzola F, Marchini A, Adani M, Bordone A, Castelli A, Cerrati G, Kolzenburg R, Langeneck J, di Marzo C, Nannini M, Raiteri G, Romanelli E, Santos M, Vasapollo C, Pipitone C, Lombardi C. An intertidal life: Combined effects of acidification and winter heatwaves on a coralline alga (Ellisolandia elongata) and its associated invertebrate community. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105342. [PMID: 33933902 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In coastal marine ecosystems coralline algae often create biogenic reefs. These calcareous algal reefs affect their associated invertebrate communities via diurnal oscillations in photosynthesis, respiration and calcification processes. Little is known about how these biogenic reefs function and how they will be affected by climate change. We investigated the winter response of a Mediterranean intertidal biogenic reef, Ellissolandia elongata exposed in the laboratory to reduced pH conditions (i.e. ambient pH - 0.3, RCP 8.5) together with an extreme heatwave event (+1.4 °C for 15 days). Response variables considered both the algal physiology (calcification and photosynthetic rates) and community structure of the associated invertebrates (at taxonomic and functional level). The combination of a reduced pH with a heatwave event caused Ellisolandia elongata to significantly increase photosynthetic activity. The high variability of calcification that occurred during simulated night time conditions, indicates that there is not a simple, linear relationship between these two and may indicate that it will be resilient to future conditions of climate change. In contrast, the associated fauna were particularly negatively affected by the heatwave event, which impoverished the communities as opportunistic taxa became dominant. Local increases in oxygen and pH driven by the algae can buffer the microhabitat in the algal fronds, thus favouring the survival of small invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ragazzola
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Agnese Marchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Adani
- ENEA Research Centre Bologna, Via Martiri di Monte Sole, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bordone
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cerrati
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy
| | - Regina Kolzenburg
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Joachim Langeneck
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta di Marzo
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Nannini
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Raiteri
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy
| | - Elisa Romanelli
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mar Santos
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Vasapollo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 1, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Pipitone
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, 90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Lombardi
- ENEA Marine Environment Research Centre, Via Forte Santa Teresa, 19032, Pozzuolo di Lerici (SP), Italy
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Moore B, Comeau S, Bekaert M, Cossais A, Purdy A, Larcombe E, Puerzer F, McCulloch MT, Cornwall CE. Rapid multi-generational acclimation of coralline algal reproductive structures to ocean acidification. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210130. [PMID: 33975470 PMCID: PMC8113899 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of coral reef ecosystems is under threat because vital reef-accreting species such as coralline algae are highly susceptible to ocean acidification. Although ocean acidification is known to reduce coralline algal growth rates, its direct effects on the development of coralline algal reproductive structures (conceptacles) is largely unknown. Furthermore, the long-term, multi-generational response of coralline algae to ocean acidification is extremely understudied. Here, we investigate how mean pH, pH variability and the pH regime experienced in their natural habitat affect coralline algal conceptacle abundance and size across six generations of exposure. We show that second-generation coralline algae exposed to ocean acidification treatments had conceptacle abundances 60% lower than those kept in present-day conditions, suggesting that conceptacle development is initially highly sensitive to ocean acidification. However, this negative effect of ocean acidification on conceptacle abundance disappears after three generations of exposure. Moreover, we show that this transgenerational acclimation of conceptacle development is not facilitated by a trade-off with reduced investment in growth, as higher conceptacle abundances are associated with crusts with faster growth rates. These results indicate that the potential reproductive output of coralline algae may be sustained under future ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Moore
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S. Comeau
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - M. Bekaert
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A. Cossais
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A. Purdy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - E. Larcombe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - F. Puerzer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M. T. McCulloch
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C. E. Cornwall
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Harvey BP, Kon K, Agostini S, Wada S, Hall-Spencer JM. Ocean acidification locks algal communities in a species-poor early successional stage. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2174-2187. [PMID: 33423359 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to CO2 -enriched waters can considerably alter marine biological community development, often resulting in simplified systems dominated by turf algae that possess reduced biodiversity and low ecological complexity. Current understanding of the underlying processes by which ocean acidification alters biological community development and stability remains limited, making the management of such shifts problematic. Here, we deployed recruitment tiles in reference (pHT 8.137 ± 0.056 SD) and CO2 -enriched conditions (pHT 7.788 ± 0.105 SD) at a volcanic CO2 seep in Japan to assess the underlying processes and patterns of algal community development. We assessed (i) algal community succession in two different seasons (Cooler months: January-July, and warmer months: July-January), (ii) the effects of initial community composition on subsequent community succession (by reciprocally transplanting preestablished communities for a further 6 months), and (iii) the community production of resulting communities, to assess how their functioning was altered (following 12 months recruitment). Settlement tiles became dominated by turf algae under CO2 -enrichment and had lower biomass, diversity and complexity, a pattern consistent across seasons. This locked the community in a species-poor early successional stage. In terms of community functioning, the elevated pCO2 community had greater net community production, but this did not result in increased algal community cover, biomass, biodiversity or structural complexity. Taken together, this shows that both new and established communities become simplified by rising CO2 levels. Our transplant of preestablished communities from enriched CO2 to reference conditions demonstrated their high resilience, since they became indistinguishable from communities maintained entirely in reference conditions. This shows that meaningful reductions in pCO2 can enable the recovery of algal communities. By understanding the ecological processes responsible for driving shifts in community composition, we can better assess how communities are likely to be altered by ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koetsu Kon
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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7
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Rezende BS, Spotorno-Oliveira P, D'ávila S, Maia LF, Cappa de Oliveira LF. Evidence of a Biogenic Mineralization Process in Vermetid Feeding Mucus as Revealed by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. MALACOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.4002/040.063.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Seixas Rezende
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Spotorno-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sthefane D'ávila
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lenize Fernandes Maia
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Cappa de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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McCoy SJ, Santillán-Sarmiento A, Brown MT, Widdicombe S, Wheeler GL. Photosynthetic Responses of Turf-forming Red Macroalgae to High CO 2 Conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:85-96. [PMID: 31553063 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds are important components of near-shore ecosystems as primary producers, foundation species, and biogeochemical engineers. Seaweed communities are likely to alter under predicted climate change scenarios. We tested the physiological responses of three perennial, turf-building, intertidal rhodophytes, Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, and the calcified Ellisolandia elongata, to elevated pCO2 over 6 weeks. Responses varied between these three species. E. elongata was strongly affected by high pCO2 , whereas non-calcified species were not. Elevated pCO2 did not induce consistent responses of photosynthesis and respiration across these three species. While baseline photophysiology differed significantly between species, we found few clear effects of elevated pCO2 on this aspect of macroalgal physiology. We found effects of within-species variation in elevated pCO2 response in M. stellatus, but not in the other species. Overall, our data confirm the sensitivity of calcified macroalgae to elevated pCO2 , but we found no evidence suggesting that elevated pCO2 conditions will have a strong positive or negative impact on photosynthetic parameters in non-calcified macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4295, USA
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Alex Santillán-Sarmiento
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, 4th Floor Davy Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
- Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo, Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 via Guano, EC 060108, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, 4th Floor Davy Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stephen Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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Nash MC, Diaz-Pulido G, Harvey AS, Adey W. Coralline algal calcification: A morphological and process-based understanding. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221396. [PMID: 31557180 PMCID: PMC6762179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research purpose and findings Coralline algae are key biological substrates of many carbonate systems globally. Their capacity to build enduring crusts that underpin the formation of tropical reefs, rhodolith beds and other benthic substrate is dependent on the formation of a calcified thallus. However, this important process of skeletal carbonate formation is not well understood. We undertook a study of cellular carbonate features to develop a model for calcification. We describe two types of cell wall calcification; 1) calcified primary cell wall (PCW) in the thin-walled elongate cells such as central medullary cells in articulated corallines and hypothallial cells in crustose coralline algae (CCA), 2) calcified secondary cell wall (SCW) with radial Mg-calcite crystals in thicker-walled rounded cortical cells of articulated corallines and perithallial cells of CCA. The distinctive banding found in many rhodoliths is the regular transition from PCW-only cells to SCW cells. Within the cell walls there can be bands of elevated Mg with Mg content of a few mol% higher than radial Mg-calcite (M-type), ranging up to dolomite composition (D-type). Model for calcification We propose the following three-step model for calcification. 1) A thin (< 0.5 μm) PCW forms and is filled with a mineralising fluid of organic compounds and seawater. Nanometer-scale Mg-calcite grains precipitate on the organic structures within the PCW. 2) Crystalline cellulose microfibrils (CMF) are extruded perpendicularly from the cellulose synthase complexes (CSC) in the plasmalemma to form the SCW. 3) The CMF soaks in the mineralising fluid as it extrudes and becomes calcified, retaining the perpendicular form, thus building the radial calcite. In Clathromorphum, SCW formation lags PCW creating a zone of weakness resulting in a split in the sub-surface crust. All calcification seems likely to be a bioinduced rather than controlled process. These findings are a substantial step forward in understanding how corallines calcify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merinda C. Nash
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
- Griffith School of Environment and Science, and Australian Rivers Institute, Coast and Estuaries, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adela S. Harvey
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Walter Adey
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
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10
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Figuerola B, Gore DB, Johnstone G, Stark JS. Spatio-temporal variation of skeletal Mg-calcite in Antarctic marine calcifiers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210231. [PMID: 31063495 PMCID: PMC6504097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human driven changes such as increases in oceanic CO2, global warming, petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals may negatively affect the ability of marine calcifiers to build their skeletons/shells, especially in polar regions. We examine spatio-temporal variability of skeletal Mg-calcite in shallow water Antarctic marine invertebrates using bryozoan and spirorbids as models in a recruitment experiment of settlement tiles in East Antarctica. Mineralogies were determined for 754 specimens belonging to six bryozoan species (four cheilostome and two cyclostome species) and two spirorbid species from around Casey Station. Intra- and interspecific variability in wt% MgCO3 in calcite among most species was the largest source of variation overall. Therefore, the skeletal Mg-calcite in these taxa seem to be mainly biologically controlled. However, significant spatial variability was also found in wt% MgCO3 in calcite, possibly reflecting local environment variation from sources such as freshwater input and contaminated sediments. Species with high-Mg calcite skeletons (e.g. Beania erecta) could be particularly sensitive to multiple stressors under predictions for near-future global ocean chemistry changes such as increasing temperature, ocean acidification and pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Figuerola
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama City, Panama.,Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damian B Gore
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn Johnstone
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Stark
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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11
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Ingrassia M, Martorelli E, Sañé E, Falese FG, Bosman A, Bonifazi A, Argenti L, Chiocci FL. Coralline algae on hard and soft substrata of a temperate mixed siliciclastic-carbonatic platform: Sensitive assemblages in the Zannone area (western Pontine Archipelago; Tyrrhenian Sea). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:1-12. [PMID: 30975466 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean Sea, coralline algae assemblages (i.e. rhodolith beds and coralligenous assemblages) are considered biodiversity hotspots comparable to tropical reefs. However, information regarding their environmental distribution is still poor. In this view, relevant international actions have been adopted by the European Union to fill this gap. This work represents one of a few cases of predictive (fine-scale) habitats distribution map obtained through an integrated semi-automatic approach based on bathymetry, backscatter, seismic profiles, video, and sampling data. The used method has permitted the identification of nine morphological zones, four backscatter facies, and four benthic habitats distributed on the Zannone seafloor (western Pontine Archipelago; Tyrrhenian Sea). In particular, the finding of widespread sensitive habitats (i.e. coralligenous assemblages and rhodolith beds) reveals as the marine area off the western Pontine Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea) is highly suitable for their development (distance from the mainland, lack of river mouths), confirming the relevant ecological value of the Zannone area. Therefore, such information constitutes an update to the Mediterranean habitats distribution inventory, highlighting the need for the application of protection actions possibly targeted in the establishment of a Marine Protected Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ingrassia
- CNR-IGAG (Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria), UOS Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Martorelli
- CNR-IGAG (Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria), UOS Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - E Sañé
- Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - F G Falese
- CNR-IGAG (Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria), UOS Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bosman
- CNR-IGAG (Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria), UOS Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bonifazi
- Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - L Argenti
- Via Clarice Tartufari 161, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - F L Chiocci
- Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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12
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DeCarlo TM, Comeau S, Cornwall CE, Gajdzik L, Guagliardo P, Sadekov A, Thillainath EC, Trotter J, McCulloch MT. Investigating marine bio-calcification mechanisms in a changing ocean with in vivo and high-resolution ex vivo Raman spectroscopy. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1877-1888. [PMID: 30689259 PMCID: PMC6916197 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio-calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths). First, our in vivo Raman technique is the ideal tool for investigating non-classical mineralization pathways. This includes calcification by amorphous particle attachment, which has recently been controversially suggested as a mechanism by which corals resist the negative effects of ocean acidification. Second, high-resolution ex vivo Raman mapping reveals complex banding structures in the mineralogy of marine calcifiers, and provides a tool to quantify calcification responses to environmental variability on various timescales from days to years. We describe the new insights into marine bio-calcification that our techniques have already uncovered, and we consider the wide range of questions regarding calcifier responses to global change that can now be proposed and addressed with these new Raman spectroscopy tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Sorbonne Université, CNRS‐INSU, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de 30 Villefranche181 chemin du Lazaret, F–06230 Villefranche‐sur‐merFrance
| | - Christopher E. Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew‐Zealand
| | - Laura Gajdzik
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, TrEnD LaboratoryCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and AnalysisThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Aleksey Sadekov
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Emma C. Thillainath
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Julie Trotter
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Earth SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Malcolm T. McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Oceans Institute at The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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13
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González-Delgado S, Hernández JC. The Importance of Natural Acidified Systems in the Study of Ocean Acidification: What Have We Learned? ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 80:57-99. [PMID: 30368306 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activity is generating an excess of atmospheric CO2, resulting in what we know as ocean acidification, which produces changes in marine ecosystems. Until recently, most of the research in this area had been done under small-scale, laboratory conditions, using few variables, few species and few life cycle stages. These limitations raise questions about the reproducibility of the environment and about the importance of indirect effects and synergies in the final results of these experiments. One way to address these experimental problems is by conducting studies in situ, in natural areas where expected future pH conditions already occur, such as CO2 vent systems. In the present work, we compile and discuss the latest research carried out in these natural laboratories, with the objective to summarize their advantages and disadvantages for research to improve these investigations so they can better help us understand how the oceans of the future will change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Delgado
- Marine Community Ecology and Climate Change, Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José Carlos Hernández
- Marine Community Ecology and Climate Change, Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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14
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Comeau S, Cornwall CE, DeCarlo TM, Krieger E, McCulloch MT. Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4857-4868. [PMID: 29957854 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs which are heavily reliant on calcareous species. OA decreases seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), and increases the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Intense scientific effort has attempted to determine the mechanisms via which ocean acidification (OA) influences calcification, led by early hypotheses that calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) is the main driver. We grew corals and coralline algae for 8-21 weeks, under treatments where the seawater parameters Ω, pH, and DIC were manipulated to examine their differential effects on calcification rates and calcifying fluid chemistry (Ωcf , pHcf , and DICcf ). Here, using long duration experiments, we provide geochemical evidence that differing physiological controls on carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification, rather than seawater Ω, are the main determinants of calcification. We found that changes in seawater pH and DIC rather than Ω had the greatest effects on calcification and calcifying fluid chemistry, though the effects of seawater carbonate chemistry were limited. Our results demonstrate the capacity of organisms from taxa with vastly different calcification mechanisms to regulate their internal chemistry under extreme chemical conditions. These findings provide an explanation for the resistance of some species to OA, while also demonstrating how changes in seawater DIC and pH under OA influence calcification of key coral reef taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Comeau
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-INSU, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas M DeCarlo
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Erik Krieger
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Crawley, WA, Australia
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15
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McCoy SJ, Kamenos NA. Coralline algal skeletal mineralogy affects grazer impacts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4775-4783. [PMID: 30030870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In macroalgal-dominated systems, herbivory is a major driver in controlling ecosystem structure. However, the role of altered plant-herbivore interactions and effects of changes to trophic control under global change are poorly understood. This is because both macroalgae and grazers themselves may be affected by global change, making changes in plant-herbivore interactions hard to predict. Coralline algae lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton, which serves as protection from grazing and is preserved in archival samples. Here, we compare grazing damage and intensity to coralline algae in situ over 4 decades characterized by changing seawater acidity. While grazing intensity, herbivore abundance and identity remained constant over time, grazing wound width increased together with Mg content of the skeleton and variability in its mineral organization. In one species, decreases in skeletal organization were found concurrent with deeper skeletal damage by grazers over time since the 1980s. Thus, in a future characterized by acidification, we suggest coralline algae may be more prone to grazing damage, mediated by effects of variability between individuals and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Hofmann LC, Schoenrock K, de Beer D. Arctic Coralline Algae Elevate Surface pH and Carbonate in the Dark. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1416. [PMID: 30319676 PMCID: PMC6167962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Red coralline algae are projected to be sensitive to ocean acidification, particularly in polar oceans. As important ecosystem engineers, their potential sensitivity has broad implications, and understanding their carbon acquisition mechanisms is necessary for making reliable predictions. Therefore, we investigated the localized carbonate chemistry at the surface of Arctic coralline algae using microsensors. We report for the first time carbonate ion concentration and pH measurements ([CO3 2-]) at and above the algal surface in the microenvironment. We show that surface pH and [CO3 2-] are higher than the bulk seawater in the light, and even after hours of darkness. We further show that three species of Arctic coralline algae have efficient carbon concentrating mechanisms including direct bicarbonate uptake and indirect bicarbonate use via a carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Our results suggest that Arctic corallines have strong biological control over their surface chemistry, where active calcification occurs, and that net dissolution in the dark does not occur. We suggest that the elevated pH and [CO3 2-] in the dark could be explained by a high rate of light independent carbon fixation that reduces respiratory CO2 release. This mechanism could provide a potential adaptation to ocean acidification in Arctic coralline algae, which has important implications for future Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C. Hofmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathryn Schoenrock
- Department of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
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17
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Sordo L, Santos R, Barrote I, Silva J. High CO 2 decreases the long-term resilience of the free-living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4781-4792. [PMID: 29876057 PMCID: PMC5980507 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mäerl/rhodolith beds are protected habitats that may be affected by ocean acidification (OA), but it is still unclear how the availability of CO 2 will affect the metabolism of these organisms. Some of the inconsistencies found among OA experimental studies may be related to experimental exposure time and synergetic effects with other stressors. Here, we investigated the long-term (up to 20 months) effects of OA on the production and calcification of the most common mäerl species of southern Portugal, Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Both the photosynthetic and calcification rates increased with CO 2 after the first 11 months of the experiment, whereas respiration slightly decreased with CO 2. After 20 months, the pattern was reversed. Acidified algae showed lower photosynthetic and calcification rates, as well as lower accumulated growth than control algae, suggesting that a metabolic threshold was exceeded. Our results indicate that long-term exposure to high CO 2 will decrease the resilience of Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Our results also show that shallow communities of these rhodoliths may be particularly at risk, while deeper rhodolith beds may become ocean acidification refuges for this biological community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - João Silva
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
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18
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Amaro T, Bertocci I, Queiros AM, Rastelli E, Borgersen G, Brkljacic M, Nunes J, Sorensen K, Danovaro R, Widdicombe S. Effects of sub-seabed CO 2 leakage: Short- and medium-term responses of benthic macrofaunal assemblages. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:519-526. [PMID: 29571404 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The continued rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is driving climate change and temperature shifts at a global scale. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been suggested as a feasible option for reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating their effects. However, before CCS can be employed at an industrial scale, any environmental risks associated with this activity should be identified and quantified. Significant leakage of CO2 from CCS reservoirs and pipelines is considered to be unlikely, however direct and/or indirect effects of CO2 leakage on marine life and ecosystem functioning must be assessed, with particular consideration given to spatial (e.g. distance from the source) and temporal (e.g. duration) scales at which leakage impacts could occur. In the current mesocosm experiment we tested the potential effects of CO2 leakage on macrobenthic assemblages by exposing infaunal sediment communities to different levels of CO2 concentration (400, 1000, 2000, 10,000 and 20,000 ppm CO2), simulating a gradient of distance from a hypothetic leakage, over short-term (a few weeks) and medium-term (several months). A significant impact on community structure, abundance and species richness of macrofauna was observed in the short-term exposure. Individual taxa showed idiosyncratic responses to acidification. We conclude that the main impact of CO2 leakage on macrofaunal assemblages occurs almost exclusively at the higher CO2 concentration and over short time periods, tending to fade and disappear at increasing distance and exposure time. Although under the cautious perspective required by the possible context-dependency of the present findings, this study contributes to the cost-benefit analysis (environmental risk versus the achievement of the intended objectives) of CCS strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amaro
- Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
| | - I Bertocci
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - A M Queiros
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
| | - E Rastelli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Borgersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Brkljacic
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Nunes
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
| | - K Sorensen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
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19
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Kamya PZ, Byrne M, Mos B, Hall L, Dworjanyn SA. Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0778. [PMID: 28592677 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pHT levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/pCO2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Z Kamya
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Science and School of Life Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Mos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Hall
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Scartazza A, Moscatello S, Gavrichkova O, Buia MC, Lauteri M, Battistelli A, Lorenti M, Garrard SL, Calfapietra C, Brugnoli E. Carbon and nitrogen allocation strategy in Posidonia oceanica is altered by seawater acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:954-964. [PMID: 28724227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 causes ocean acidification that represents one of the major ecological threats for marine biota. We tested the hypothesis that long-term exposure to increased CO2 level and acidification in a natural CO2 vent system alters carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism in Posidonia oceanica L. (Delile), affecting its resilience, or capability to restore the physiological homeostasis, and the nutritional quality of organic matter available for grazers. Seawater acidification decreased the C to N ratio in P. oceanica tissues and increased grazing rate, shoot density, leaf proteins and asparagine accumulation in rhizomes, while the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was unaffected. The 13C-dilution in both structural and non-structural C metabolites in the acidified site indicated quali-quantitative changes of C source and/or increased isotopic fractionation during C uptake and carboxylation associated with the higher CO2 level. The decreased C:N ratio in the acidified site suggests an increased N availability, leading to a greater storage of 15N-enriched compounds in rhizomes. The amount of the more dynamic C storage form, sucrose, decreased in rhizomes of the acidified site in response to the enhanced energy demand due to higher shoot recruitment and N compound synthesis, without affecting starch reserves. The ability to modulate the balance between stable and dynamic C reserves could represent a key ecophysiological mechanism for P. oceanica resilience under environmental perturbation. Finally, alteration in C and N dynamics promoted a positive contribution of this seagrass to the local food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scartazza
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy; Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lauteri
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lorenti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Enrico Brugnoli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
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21
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Kamenos NA, Perna G, Gambi MC, Micheli F, Kroeker KJ. Coralline algae in a naturally acidified ecosystem persist by maintaining control of skeletal mineralogy and size. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1159. [PMID: 27733544 PMCID: PMC5069505 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine calcifiers, the trade-offs among different sublethal responses within individual species and the emergent effects of these trade-offs must be determined in an ecosystem setting. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) provide a model to test the ecological consequences of such sublethal effects as they are important in ecosystem functioning, service provision, carbon cycling and use dissolved inorganic carbon to calcify and photosynthesize. Settlement tiles were placed in ambient pH, low pH and extremely low pH conditions for 14 months at a natural CO2 vent. The size, magnesium (Mg) content and molecular-scale skeletal disorder of CCA patches were assessed at 3.5, 6.5 and 14 months from tile deployment. Despite reductions in their abundance in low pH, the largest CCA from ambient and low pH zones were of similar sizes and had similar Mg content and skeletal disorder. This suggests that the most resilient CCA in low pH did not trade-off skeletal structure to maintain growth. CCA that settled in the extremely low pH, however, were significantly smaller and exhibited altered skeletal mineralogy (high Mg calcite to gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate)), although at present it is unclear if these mineralogical changes offered any fitness benefits in extreme low pH. This field assessment of biological effects of OA provides endpoint information needed to generate an ecosystem relevant understanding of calcifying system persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Kamenos
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - G Perna
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M C Gambi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro 80077 Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | - F Micheli
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - K J Kroeker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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22
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Cornwall CE, Comeau S, McCulloch MT. Coralline algae elevate pH at the site of calcification under ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4245-4256. [PMID: 28370806 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae provide important ecosystem services but are susceptible to the impacts of ocean acidification. However, the mechanisms are uncertain, and the magnitude is species specific. Here, we assess whether species-specific responses to ocean acidification of coralline algae are related to differences in pH at the site of calcification within the calcifying fluid/medium (pHcf ) using δ11 B as a proxy. Declines in δ11 B for all three species are consistent with shifts in δ11 B expected if B(OH)4- was incorporated during precipitation. In particular, the δ11 B ratio in Amphiroa anceps was too low to allow for reasonable pHcf values if B(OH)3 rather than B(OH)4- was directly incorporated from the calcifying fluid. This points towards δ11 B being a reliable proxy for pHcf for coralline algal calcite and that if B(OH)3 is present in detectable proportions, it can be attributed to secondary postincorporation transformation of B(OH)4- . We thus show that pHcf is elevated during calcification and that the extent is species specific. The net calcification of two species of coralline algae (Sporolithon durum, and Amphiroa anceps) declined under elevated CO2 , as did their pHcf . Neogoniolithon sp. had the highest pHcf , and most constant calcification rates, with the decrease in pHcf being ¼ that of seawater pH in the treatments, demonstrating a control of coralline algae on carbonate chemistry at their site of calcification. The discovery that coralline algae upregulate pHcf under ocean acidification is physiologically important and should be included in future models involving calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cornwall
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Steeve Comeau
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Malcolm T McCulloch
- School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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23
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Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Raven JA, Hurd CL. Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46297. [PMID: 28417970 PMCID: PMC5394685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO3-) increased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Oceans Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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