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Mor B, Görmez A, Demirci B. Immunopathological investigation of a gerbil model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106991. [PMID: 37479161 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania species (intracellular protozoans), is a chronic, systemic disease that causes skin (cutaneous) and internal organ infections (visceral). Its prevalence has increased in recent years. Leishmania species are considered important pathogens that affect public health. After infecting an individual, the pathogen disrupts the immune system, but, there are not enough studies on which immune mechanisms are affected. The aim of this study was to establish a Leishmania major infection model (the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis) in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and to investigate the immune response in this model by examining the expression of important inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-ɣ and TNF-α). The presence of parasites was confirmed by microscopic examination of samples taken from the lesions and culture studies. The expression of inflammatory cytokine genes was significantly increased in infected gerbils. The changes indicated that both the Th1 and Th2 pathways are activated in cutaneous leishmaniasis infection. Hence, different immunopathological mechanisms should be evaluated in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baycan Mor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Türkiye.
| | - Arzu Görmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, 35390, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Demirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Türkiye
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2
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Capparis spinosa inhibits Leishmania major growth through nitric oxide production in vitro and arginase inhibition in silico. Exp Parasitol 2023; 245:108452. [PMID: 36581148 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease, considered as a major public health problem in different regions of the world. The current treatments are limited due to their toxicity and treatment failures, which have increased the search for new substances of natural origin to control this infection. Capparis spinosa is an important medicinal plant, rich in biochemical compounds with a broad range of activities including antimicrobial effects. Nevertheless, more investigations are still needed to determine its effect on Leishmania parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. spinosa' extracts on Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes growth as well as on L-arginine metabolic pathways, especially the production of leishmanicidal molecules such as nitric oxide. Our results showed that C. spinosa' methanolic and aqueous extracts contained polyphenols and flavonoids at different concentrations. The methanolic extract of C. spinosa, compared to the aqueous extract, showed significantly higher amounts of total polyphenols (21.23 ± 1.08) mg GAE/g of dw (P < 0.05), as well as a higher antioxidant activity evaluated respectively by Reducing Power and DPPH (EC50: 0.31 ± 0.02 and 7.69 ± 1.28) mg/ml. Both extracts significantly inhibited L. major promastigotes and intra-macrophagic amastigotes growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001) and induced NO production not only in Leishmania-infected macrophages but also in uninfected macrophages, without showing any cytotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, in silico docking studies showed that C. spinosa compounds identified by RP-HPLC exhibited inhibitory activity against the arginase enzyme. The leishmanicidal effect of C. spinosa may be due to its phenolic content and its mechanism of action may be mediated by an increase in NO production and by the inhibition of arginase enzyme in silico. These findings support the hypothesis that C. spinosa might be a valuable source of new biomolecules for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Freire RDP, Fonseca FRM, Rodrigues de Castro NL, Lima CXM, Ribeiro-Romão RP, Cavalcante DIM, Teixeira CR, Gomes R, Da-Cruz AM, Teixeira MJ. Different inoculum of Leishmania braziliensis concentrations influence immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution in the ear dermis hamster model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12947. [PMID: 36057920 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is commonly used as a promising model for Leishmania braziliensis infection developing skin-ulcerated lesions. However, different protocols using high concentration of parasites inoculated in the footpad result in severe clinical disease. Here, we further investigate the outcome of the site of infection and concentration of L. braziliensis parasites inoculated on the immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution. Initially, hamsters were infected in the ear dermis or hind footpad with a concentration of 1x105 parasites. Animals infected in the ear dermis developed a disease, with an increased parasite load that more closely resembled human CL lesions comparing to the group infected in the footpad. Next, we evaluated if different parasite concentrations (104 , 105 and 106 ) inoculated in the ear dermis would impact the course and clinical aspects of infection. Hamsters infected with 104 and 105 parasites developed mild lesions compared to the group infected with 106 that presented severe and persistent lesions. The parasite load varied between the different parasite concentrations. The inflammatory response was more intense when infection was initiated with 106 parasites accompanied by an increased initial expression of IL-4, IL-10 and arginase in the lymph node followed by expression of both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines comparing to groups infected with 104 and 105 parasites. In conclusion, the number of parasites inoculated, and the initial site of infection could influence the inflammatory response, and clinical presentation. Our results suggest that the ear dermis infection model induces a chronic disease that relate to immunopathological aspects of CL natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Regis Gomes
- FIOCRUZ Ceará, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP-Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Nitric Oxide Resistance in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Involves Regulation of Glucose Consumption, Glutathione Metabolism and Abundance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020277. [PMID: 35204161 PMCID: PMC8868067 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) by host macrophages normally lead to parasite death. However, some Leishmania braziliensis strains exhibit natural NO resistance. NO-resistant strains cause more lesions and are frequently more resistant to antimonial treatment than NO-susceptible ones, suggesting that NO-resistant parasites are endowed with specific mechanisms of survival and persistence. To tests this, we analyzed the effect of pro- and antioxidant molecules on the infectivity in vitro of L. braziliensis strains exhibiting polar phenotypes of resistance or susceptibility to NO. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of those parasites. NO-resistant parasites were more infective to peritoneal macrophages, even in the presence of high levels of reactive species. Principal component analysis of protein concentration values clearly differentiated NO-resistant from NO-susceptible parasites, suggesting that there are natural intrinsic differences at molecular level among those strains. Upon NO exposure, NO-resistant parasites rapidly modulated their proteome, increasing their total protein content and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Furthermore, NO-resistant parasites showed increased glucose analogue uptake, and increased abundance of phosphotransferase and G6PDH after nitrosative challenge, which can contribute to NADPH pool maintenance and fuel the reducing conditions for the recovery of GSH upon NO exposure. Thus, increased glucose consumption and GSH-mediated redox capability may explain the natural resistance of L. braziliensis against NO.
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Chan A, Ayala JM, Alvarez F, Piccirillo C, Dong G, Langlais D, Olivier M. The role of Leishmania GP63 in the modulation of innate inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262158. [PMID: 34972189 PMCID: PMC8719666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is known to affect millions of individuals worldwide. In recent years, we have established the critical role played by Leishmania zinc-metalloprotease GP63 in the modulation of host macrophage signalling and functions, favouring its survival and progression within its host. Leishmania major lacking GP63 was reported to cause limited infection in mice, however, it is still unclear how GP63 may influence the innate inflammatory response and parasite survival in an in vivo context. Therefore, we were interested in analyzing the early innate inflammatory events upon Leishmania inoculation within mice and establish whether Leishmania GP63 influences this initial inflammatory response. Experimentally, L. major WT (L. majorWT), L. major GP63 knockout (L. majorKO), or L. major GP63 rescue (L. majorR) were intraperitoneally inoculated in mice and the inflammatory cells recruited were characterized microscopically and by flow cytometry (number and cell type), and their infection determined. Pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs, e.g. exosomes) were monitored and proteomic analysis was performed on exosome contents. Data obtained from this study suggest that Leishmania GP63 does not significantly influence the pathogen-induced inflammatory cell recruitment, but rather their activation status and effector function. Concordantly, internalization of promastigotes during early infection could be influenced by GP63 as fewer L. majorKO amastigotes were found within host cells and appear to maintain in host cells over time. Collectively this study provides a clear analysis of innate inflammatory events occurring during L. major infection and further establish the prominent role of the virulence factor GP63 to provide favourable conditions for host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretha Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jose-Mauricio Ayala
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
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Pomegranate Peel Extract Is a Potential Alternative Therapeutic for Giardiasis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060705. [PMID: 34208266 PMCID: PMC8230894 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a major diarrheal disease affecting approximately 2.5 million children annually in developing countries. Several studies have reported the resistance of Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) to multiple drugs. Therefore, identifying an effective drug for giardiasis is a necessity. This study examined the antiparasitic effect of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy in rats infected with G. lamblia. In vitro study showed high efficacy of pomegranate peel ethanolic extract in killing G. lamblia cysts as demonstrated by eosin vital staining. We showed that treating infected rats with pomegranate extract resulted in a marked reduction in the mean number of G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in feces and intestine respectively. Interestingly, the number of G. lamblia trophozoites and cysts were significantly lower in the pomegranate extract-treated group compared to the metronidazole-positive control group. Moreover, pomegranate extract treatment significantly induced nitric oxide (NO) and reduced serum IL-6 and TNF-α, compared to infected untreated rats. Histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the jejunum and duodenum of pomegranate extract-treated animals confirmed the antiparasitic effect of the extract, and demonstrated the restoration of villi structure with reduction of villi atrophy, decreased infiltration of lymphocytes, and protection of intestinal cells from apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, our data show that the pomegranate peel extract is effective in controlling G. lamblia infections, which suggests that it could be a viable treatment option for giardiasis.
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The potential therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108063. [PMID: 33412170 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical infectious diseases in the world. The emergence of drug resistance and toxicity and the high cost of the available drugs with a lack of new anti-leishmanial drugs highlight the need to search for newer therapies with anti-leishmanial activities. Due to the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) immunomodulatory capacity, they have been applied in a wide variety of disorders. In this study, the potential effects of adipose-derived MSC (AD-MSCs) therapy and its combination with glucantime were evaluated in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by L. major. The results showed that AD-MSCs improved wound healing and decreased parasite burden. The real-time PCR results obtained from mice treated with AD-MSCs showed that IL-12 and TNF-α genes were upregulated. IL-10, arginase, and FOXP3 genes were downregulated whereas no differences in expression of the IL-4 gene were found. Overall, it seems that AD-MSCs therapy enhances Th1 immune response in L. major infected BALB/c mice. Unexpectedly, our results showed that the association of glucantime to AD-MSCs treatments did not lead to an increment in the anti-leishmanial activity.
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Rodrigues RRL, Nunes TAL, de Araújo AR, Marinho Filho JDB, da Silva MV, Carvalho FADA, Pessoa ODL, Freitas HPS, Rodrigues KADF, Araújo AJ. Antileishmanial activity of cordiaquinone E towards Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107124. [PMID: 33168414 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by several protozoan species of Leishmania, and being endemically present in 98 countries around the world, it is also a severe public-health problem. The available antileishmanial drugs are toxic and yet present risks of recurrent infection. Efforts to find new, effective, and safe oral agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis are continuing throughout the world. This work aimed to evaluate the antileishmania activity of cordiaquinone E (CORe), isolated from the roots of Cordia polycephala (Lam.) I. M. Johnston. Cytotoxicity, and possible mechanisms of action against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis were examined. CORe was effective in inhibiting promastigote (IC50 4.5 ± 0.3 µM) and axenic amastigote (IC50 2.89 ± 0.11 µM) growth in concentrations found non-toxic for the host cell (CC50 246.81 ± 14.5 µM). Our results revealed that CORe presents direct activity against the parasite, inducing cell death by apoptosis. CORe present greater activity against intracellular amastigotes (EC50 1.92 ± 0.2 µM), yet with much higher selectivity indexes than the reference drugs, being respectively more benign towards RAW 264.7 macrophages than meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B, (respectively by 4.68 and 42.84 fold). The antiamastigote activity was associated with increased TNF-α, IL-12, NO, and ROS levels, as well as decreased IL-10 levels. These results encourage the progression of studies on this compound for the development of new leishmanicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza Raianne Luz Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Thaís Amanda Lima Nunes
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Alyne Rodrigues de Araújo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - José Delano Barreto Marinho Filho
- Laboratório de Cultura de Células do Delta, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Aécio de Amorim Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Jérsia Araújo
- Laboratório de Cultura de Células do Delta, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
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Ramos TD, Silva JD, da Fonseca-Martins AM, da Silveira Pratti JE, Firmino-Cruz L, Maciel-Oliveira D, Dos-Santos JS, Tenorio JIN, de Araujo AF, Freire-de-Lima CG, Diaz BL, Cruz FF, Rocco PRM, de Matos Guedes HL. Combined therapy with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and meglumine antimoniate controls lesion development and parasite load in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32867857 PMCID: PMC7457509 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania spp. One of its characteristics is an imbalance of host immune responses to foster parasite survival. In this setting, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may be a viable therapeutic alternative, given their well-established immunomodulatory potential. In this study, we compared the effects of therapy with bone marrow (BM)- and adipose tissue (AD)-derived MSCs in leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice. After determining the most effective MSC source, we then combined these cells with meglumine antimoniate (a pentavalent antimonial commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis) to treat the infected mice. Methods In vitro, co-culture of AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs with Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages was performed to understand the influence of both MSC sources in infected cells. In vivo, infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs, and then meglumine antimoniate was combined with MSCs from the most effective source. Results In vitro, co-culture of Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages with BM-MSCs, compared to AD-MSCs, led to a higher parasite load and lower production of nitric oxide. Fibroblasts grown in conditioned medium from co-cultures with AD-MSCs promoted faster wound healing. Despite a non-significant difference in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, we observed higher production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-10 in the co-culture with AD-MSCs. In vivo, treatment of infected mice with BM-MSCs did not lead to disease control; however, the use of AD-MSCs was associated with partial control of lesion development, without significant differences in the parasite load. AD-MSCs combined with meglumine antimoniate reduced lesion size and parasite load when compared to PBS and AD-MSC groups. At the infection site, we detected a small production of IL-10, but we were unable to detect production of either IL-4 or interferon-γ, indicating resolution of infection without effect on the percentage of regulatory T cells. Conclusion Combination treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with AD-MSCs and meglumine antimoniate may be a viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Marcia da Fonseca-Martins
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Elena da Silveira Pratti
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Maciel-Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Souza Dos-Santos
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Ivo Nunes Tenorio
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Almair Ferreira de Araujo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Grupo de Imunologia e Vacinologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,UFRJ Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hamoon Navard S, Rezvan H, Feiz Haddad MH, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Azami S. Expression of Cytokine Genes in Leishmania major-Infected BALB/c Mice Treated with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Zhou G, Magak NG, Choge JK, Kemei WK, Makwali JA, Karani LW, Kisavi MP, Ndulu JV, Anjili CO. Combined chemotherapy manifest less severe immunopathology effects in helminth-protozoa comorbidity. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107728. [PMID: 31348915 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-infection with Leishmania major and Schistosoma mansoni may have significant consequences for disease progression, severity and subsequent transmission dynamics. Pentavalent antimonials and Praziquantel (PZQ) are used as first line of treatment for Leishmania and Schistosoma infections respectively. However, there is limited insight on how combined therapy with the standard drugs impacts the host in comorbidity. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of combined chemotherapy using Pentostam (P) and PZQ in murine model co-infected with L. major and S. mansoni. METHODS A 3 × 4 factorial design with three parasite infection groups (Lm, Sm, Lm + Sm to represent L. major, S. mansoni and L. major + S. mansoni respectively) and four treatment regimens [P, PZQ, P + PZQ, and PBS designating Pentostam (GlaxoSmithKline UK), Praziquantel (Biltricide®, Bayer Ag. Leverkusen, Germany), Pentostam + Praziquantel and Phosphate buffered saline] as factors was applied. RESULTS Significant changes were observed in the serum Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and Macrophage inflammatory protein-one alpha (MIP-1α) levels among various treatment groups between week 8 and week 10 (p < 0.05). There was increased IFN-γ in the L. major infected mice subjected to PZQ and PBS, and in L. major + S. mansoni infected BALB/c mice treated with P + PZQ. Subsequently, MIP-1α levels increased significantly in both the L. major infected mice under PZQ and PBS and in L. major + S. mansoni infected BALB/c mice undergoing concurrent chemotherapy with P + PZQ between 8 and 10 weeks (p < 0.05). In the comorbidity, simultaneous chemotherapy resulted in less severe histopathological effects in the liver. CONCLUSION It was evident, combined first line of treatment is a more effective strategy in managing co-infection of L. major and S. mansoni. The findings denote simultaneous chemotherapy compliments immunomodulation in the helminth-protozoa comorbidity hence, less severe pathological effects following the parasites infection. Recent cases of increased incidences of polyparasitism in vertebrates call for better ways to manage co-infections. The findings presented necessitate intrinsic biological interest on examining optimal combined chemotherapeutic agents strategies in helminth-protozoa concomitance and the related infections abatement trends vis-a-vis host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Guan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | | | - Joseph K Choge
- University of Kabianga, P.O. Box 2030, Kericho, 20200, Kenya.
| | - William Kipchirchir Kemei
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Judith Alice Makwali
- Department of Biological Science, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, 30100, Kenya.
| | | | - Mutila Phoebe Kisavi
- School of Health Science, Machakos University, Kenya; Public Health Intervention Research Group, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia.
| | - James V Ndulu
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P .O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Christopher O Anjili
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
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12
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Rivera-Fernández I, Argueta-Donohué J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Effect of Two Different Isolates of Leishmania mexicana in the Production of Cytokines and Phagocytosis by Murine Dendritic Cells. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/17-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Rivera-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Argueta-Donohué
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Huipulco, cp 14370 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Juan Badiano no. 1. Col. Belisario Domínguez, sección XVI, cp 14080, Ciudad de México, México
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13
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Serban G. Future Prospects in the Treatment of Parasitic Diseases: 2-Amino-1,3,4-Thiadiazoles in Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2019; 24:E1557. [PMID: 31010226 PMCID: PMC6514673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases affect the lives of a billion people worldwide. Among them, the parasitic infections caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family have a huge impact on human health. Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is an endemic parasitic disease in over 88 countries and is closely associated with poverty. Although significant advances have been made in the treatment of leishmaniasis over the last decade, currently available chemotherapy is far from satisfactory. The lack of an approved vaccine, effective medication and significant drug resistance worldwide had led to considerable interest in discovering new, inexpensive, efficient and safe antileishmanial agents. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole rings are found in biologically active natural products and medicinally important synthetic compounds. The thiadiazole ring exhibits several specific properties: it is a bioisostere of pyrimidine or benzene rings with prevalence in biologically active compounds; the sulfur atom increases lipophilicity and combined with the mesoionic character of thiadiazoles imparts good oral absorption and good cell permeability, resulting in good bioavailability. This review presents synthetic 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives with antileishmanial activity. Many reported derivatives can be considered as lead compounds for the synthesis of future agents as an alternative to the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Serban
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 29 Nicolae Jiga, 410028 Oradea, Romania.
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14
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Ávila LR, Gomes CM, Oliveira PG, Gomes RS, Vinaud MC, Dorta ML, Uliana SRB, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Promastigote parasites cultured from the lesions of patients with mucosal leishmaniasis are more resistant to oxidative stress than promastigotes from a cutaneous lesion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:35-45. [PMID: 30196081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can be presented as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Macrophages kill parasites using nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parasites obtained from patients with LCL or ML to produce and resist NO or ROS. Promastigotes and amastigotes from LCL or ML isolates produced similar amounts of NO in culture. Promastigotes from ML isolates were more resistant to NO and H2O2 than LCL parasites in a stationary phase, whereas amastigotes from LCL isolates were more resistant to NO. In addition, in the stationary phase, promastigote isolates from patients with ML expressed more thiol-specific antioxidant protein (TSA) than LCL isolates. Therefore it is suggested that infective promastigotes from ML isolates are more resistant to microbicidal mechanisms in the initial phase of infection. Subsequently, amastigotes lose this resistance. This behavior of ML parasites can decrease the number of parasites capable of stimulating the host immune response shortly after the infection establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects
- Leishmania braziliensis/growth & development
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ribeiro Ávila
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Av, Universitária 1069, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Guimarães Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil.
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15
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Kumar A, Das S, Mandal A, Verma S, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Kumar V, Ghosh AK, Das P. Leishmania
infection activates host mTOR for its survival by M2 macrophage polarization. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12586. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna Bihar India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research); Patna Bihar India
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16
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Halder A, Shukla D, Das S, Roy P, Mukherjee A, Saha B. Lactoferrin-modified Betulinic Acid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles are strong anti-leishmanials. Cytokine 2018; 110:412-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Marques-da-Silva C, Chaves MM, Thorstenberg ML, Figliuolo VR, Vieira FS, Chaves SP, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Rossi-Bergmann B, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R. Intralesional uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) treatment induced resistance to Leishmania amazonensis infection by boosting Th 1 immune responses and reactive oxygen species production. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:201-211. [PMID: 29680937 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is the etiologic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, an immune-driven disease causing a range of clinical symptoms. Infections caused by L. amazonensis suppress the activation and function of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4+ T cells. In this study, we analyzed the course of infection as well as the leishmanicidal effect of intralesional UTP treatment in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. We found that UTP treatment reduced the parasitic load in both footpad and lymph node sites of infection. UTP also boosted Th1 immune responses, increasing CD4+ T cell recruitment and production of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α. In addition, the role of UTP during innate immune response against L. amazonensis was evaluated using the air pouch model. We observed that UTP augmented neutrophil chemoattraction and activated microbicidal mechanisms, including ROS production. In conclusion, our data suggested an important role for this physiological nucleotide in controlling L. amazonensis infection, and its possible use as a therapeutic agent for shifting immune responses to Th1 and increasing host resistance against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Chaves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Thorstenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Figliuolo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Vieira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Suzana P Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquimica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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18
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Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Lima I, Seifert K. Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterisation of hepatic granulomas in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice: a time-course study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:73. [PMID: 29386047 PMCID: PMC5793367 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD), caused by the intracellular protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Symptomatic VL is considered fatal when left untreated. At present, there is no effective vaccine licensed for human use and available chemotherapies have limitations. Understanding the local immune mechanisms required for the control of infection is a key factor for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics. METHODS We have investigated the development of the typical granulomatous lesions in the liver in experimental VL over time, together with the local immune responses. BALB/c mice were infected intravenously with a dose of 2 × 107 L. donovani amastigotes (MHOM/ET/67/HU3) and sacrificed at 15, 35 and 63 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathology and immunohistochemical techniques were used for the detection of Leishmania antigen, selected cell types including B and T lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils (CD45R-B220+, CD3+, F4/80+ and Ly-6G+) and iNOS. RESULTS Granulomatous lesions were identified as early as 15 dpi in the livers of all infected animals. Three categories were used to classify liver granulomas (immature, mature and clear). Clear granulomas were exclusively detected from 35 dpi onwards. Kupffer cells (F4/80+) were predominant in immature granulomas, regardless of the dpi. Nonetheless, the highest expression was found 63 dpi. Positive staining for iNOS was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of fused Kupffer cells and the highest expression observed at 35 dpi. T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD45R-B220+) were predominant in more advanced granuloma stages, probably related to the establishment of acquired immunity. Neutrophils (Ly-6G+) were predominantly observed in mature granulomas with the highest expression at 15 dpi. Neutrophils were lower in numbers compared to other cell types, particularly at later time points. CONCLUSIONS Our results reflect the role of macrophages during the early stage of infection and the establishment of a lymphocytic response to control the infection in more advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Waldo L Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Isadora Lima
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karin Seifert
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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19
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Kohansal MH, Nourian A, Rahimi MT, Daryani A, Spotin A, Ahmadpour E. Natural products applied against hydatid cyst protoscolices: A review of past to present. Acta Trop 2017; 176:385-394. [PMID: 28935552 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is distributed all around the world. CE is one of the most important global parasitic infectious diseases, both in humans and animals. This parasite causes hydatid cysts that can be lodge at different organs of host such as liver, lung even in heart and brain which may lead to death. Presently, numerous scolicidal chemical agents have been administrated for inactivation of the hydatid cyst contents. Because of increasing resistance and adverse effects of medications include abnormalities of liver function, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache; there is a need to find alternative therapies either with the least or without side effects. Recently, there is a high tendency among researchers to evaluate and present herbal plants as alternative option due to being inexpensive, easy available, low side effects and toxicity. Till now, many efforts have been conducted on herbal extracts against protoscolices of hydatid cysts throughout the world. Therefore, the current review systematically searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar on published papers according to the keywords. In addition, a comprehensive list of medicinal plants was prepared and some of these herbal plants which showed the best efficacy and promising results are discussed elaborately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Kohansal
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbasali Nourian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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20
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Lima MHF, Sacramento LA, Quirino GFS, Ferreira MD, Benevides L, Santana AKM, Cunha FQ, Almeida RP, Silva JS, Carregaro V. Leishmania infantum Parasites Subvert the Host Inflammatory Response through the Adenosine A2 A Receptor to Promote the Establishment of Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:815. [PMID: 28775724 PMCID: PMC5517451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenously released purine nucleoside that signals through four widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Of these, A2AR is recognized as mediating major adenosine anti-inflammatory activity. During cutaneous leishmaniasis, adenosine induces immunosuppression, which promotes the establishment of infection. Herein, we demonstrated that A2AR signaling is exploited by Leishmania infantum parasites, the etiologic agent that causes Visceral Leishmaniasis, to successfully colonize the vertebrate host. A2AR gene-deleted mice exhibited a well-developed cellular reaction with a strong Th1 immune response in the parasitized organs. An intense infiltration of activated neutrophils into the disease-target organs was observed in A2AR−/− mice. These cells were characterized by high expression of CXCR2 and CD69 on their cell surfaces and increased cxcl1 expression. Interestingly, this phenotype was mediated by IFN-γ on the basis that a neutralizing antibody specific to this cytokine prevented neutrophilic influx into parasitized organs. In evaluating the immunosuppressive effects, we identified a decreased number of CD4+ FOXP3+ T cells and reduced il10 expression in A2AR−/− infected mice. During ex vivo cell culture, A2AR−/− splenocytes produced smaller amounts of IL-10. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the A2AR signaling pathway is detrimental to development of Th1-type adaptive immunity and that this pathway could be associated with the regulatory process. In particular, it promotes parasite surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhael H F Lima
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais A Sacramento
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F S Quirino
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela D Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Benevides
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alynne K M Santana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sacramento LA, da Costa JL, de Lima MHF, Sampaio PA, Almeida RP, Cunha FQ, Silva JS, Carregaro V. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Is Required for Inflammatory Process Development during Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:262. [PMID: 28280488 PMCID: PMC5322192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. Leukocyte recruitment to infected tissue is a crucial event for the control of infections such as VL. Among inflammatory cells, neutrophils are recruited to the site of Leishmania infection, and these cells may control parasite replication through oxidative or non-oxidative mechanisms. The recruitment, activation and functions of the neutrophils are coordinated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during recognition of the parasite by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Here, we demonstrated that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway contributes to the development of the innate immune response during L. infantum infection. The protective mechanism is related to the appropriate recruitment of neutrophils to the inflammatory site. Neutrophil migration is coordinated by DCs that produce CXCL1 and provide a prototypal Th1 and Th17 environment when activated via TLR2. Furthermore, infected TLR2−/− mice failed to induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in neutrophils but not in macrophages. In vitro, infected TLR2−/− neutrophils presented deficient iNOS expression, nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production, decreased expression of CD11b and reduced L. infantum uptake capacity. The non-responsive state of neutrophils is associated with increased amounts of IL-10. Taken together, these data clarify new mechanisms by which TLR2 functions in promoting the development of the adaptive immune response and effector mechanisms of neutrophils during L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís A Sacramento
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica L da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mikhael H F de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Sampaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Alcolea PJ, Tuñón GIL, Alonso A, García-Tabares F, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Campos RNS, Almeida RP, Larraga V. Differential protein abundance in promastigotes of nitric oxide-sensitive and resistantLeishmania chagasistrains. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1132-1146. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Alcolea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Gabriel I. L. Tuñón
- Department of Morphology; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco García-Tabares
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Proteomics Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - María C. Mena
- Proteomics Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Roseane N. S. Campos
- Department of Morphology; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Roque P. Almeida
- Department of Medicine; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
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Maspi N, Abdoli A, Ghaffarifar F. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:247-260. [PMID: 27660895 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1232042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania infection. The balance and dynamic changes in cytokines may control or predict clinical outcome. T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines (especially interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12) are the crucial factors in the initiation of protective immunity against L. major infection, whereas T helper 2 cytokines including IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13 facilitate the persistence of parasites by downregulating the Th1 immune response. On the other hand, aggravation of inflammatory reactions leads to collateral tissue damage and formation of ulcer. For this reason, immunity system such as T regulatory cells produce regulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β and IL-10 to inhibit possible injures caused by increased inflammatory responses in infection site. In this article, we review the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the immunoprotection and immunopathology of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Maspi
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fathemeh Ghaffarifar
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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de Barros NB, Macedo SR, Ferreira AS, Tagliari MP, Zanchi FB, Kayano AM, Soares AM, Nicolete R. Liposomes containing an ASP49-phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom as experimental therapy against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:225-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis: An Update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:435-45. [PMID: 17880757 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a severe, increasing, public health problem. The perspective of its control is highly dependent on research progress, on therapeutic manipulations of the immune system, and on vaccine development. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection and the cytokine response profile. While a protective immune response against Leishmania has been clearly identified to be related to the influence of a type-1 response and IFN-γ production, the precise role of T helper (TH) 2 cytokines in non-healing infections requires further exploration. IL-4 and IL-13 (TH2 cytokines) can promote disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas IL-4 would appear to enhance protective type-1 responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the TH1/TH2 paradigm of resistance/susceptibility to intracellular parasites is probably an oversimplification of a more complicated network of regulatory/counter regulatory interactions. Moreover, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that contributes to the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells. Finally, the involvement of CD8+ T cells has been described, but the modality of their function in this kind of infection has not been so far elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Anand S, Madhubala R. Genetically Engineered Ascorbic acid-deficient Live Mutants of Leishmania donovani induce long lasting Protective Immunity against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10706. [PMID: 26035062 PMCID: PMC4451804 DOI: 10.1038/srep10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is the most severe systemic form of the disease. There are still no vaccines available for humans and there are limitations associated with the current therapeutic regimens for leishmaniasis. Recently, we reported functional importance of Arabino-1, 4-lactone oxidase (ALO) enzyme from L. donovani involved in ascorbate biosynthesis pathway. In this study, we have shown that ΔALO parasites do not affect the ability of null mutants to invade visceral organs but severely impair parasite persistence beyond 16 week in BALB/c mice and hence are safe as an immunogen. Both short term (5 week) and long term (20 week) immunization with ΔALO parasites conferred sustained protection against virulent challenge in BALB/c mice, activated splenocytes and resulted in induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Protection in immunized mice after challenge correlated with the stimulation of IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Antigen-mediated cell immunity correlated with robust nitrite and superoxide generation, macrophage-derived oxidants critical in controlling Leishmania infection. Our data shows that live attenuated ΔALO parasites are safe, induce protective immunity and can provide sustained protection against Leishmania donovani. We further conclude that the parasites attenuated in their anti-oxidative defence mechanism can be exploited as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Anand
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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In vitro metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates, as evaluated by morphology, complement resistance, and infectivity to human macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:393049. [PMID: 25695070 PMCID: PMC4324811 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess in vitro metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates obtained from patient lesions (L. braziliensis IMG3 and PPS6m; L. amazonensis MAB6). Metacyclogenesis was evaluated by different criteria, namely, promastigote size (morphometric analysis and flow cytometry), surface modifications (loss of lectin or monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding, complement resistance), and infectivity to human macrophages. Growth curves were similar for all parasites evaluated. The various features analyzed were expressed in a high percentage of promastigotes at 6th and 10th days of culture and a low percentage at the 2nd day. However, in most isolates, these features, considered as markers of metacyclogenesis, seemed to develop with different time courses, since the percentages of metacyclic forms detected with each technique were usually different. Parasites from 6th or 10th day and those negatively selected with lectin or mAb similarly infected human macrophages. From all isolates analyzed, L. amazonensis PH8 and MAB6 showed the highest and the lowest levels of susceptibility, respectively, to leishmanicidal activity of IFN-γ/LPS-activated macrophages. Our results showed that by using different techniques to evaluate different aspects of metacyclogenesis (morphological and biochemical modifications) different percentages of metacyclic promastigotes can be detected in each isolate culture.
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Asthana S, Jaiswal AK, Gupta PK, Dube A, Chourasia MK. Th-1 biased immunomodulation and synergistic antileishmanial activity of stable cationic lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle: Biodistribution and toxicity assessment of encapsulated amphotericin B. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 89:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mahalakshmi N, Aparnaa R, Kaliraj P. Evaluation of immune response elicited by inulin as an adjuvant with filarial antigens in mice model. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:261-70. [PMID: 25041426 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Filariasis caused by infectious parasitic nematodes has been identified as the second leading source of permanent and long-term disability in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Several vaccine candidates were identified from infective third-stage larvae (L3) which involves in the critical transition from arthropod to human. Hitherto studies of these antigens in combination with alum adjuvant have shown to elicit its characteristic Th2 responses. Inulin is a safe, non-toxic adjuvant that principally stimulates the innate immune response through the alternative complement pathway. In the present study, the immune response elicited by inulin and alum as adjuvants were compared with filarial antigens from different aetiological agents: secreted larval acidic protein 1 (SLAP1) from Onchocerca volvulus and venom allergen homologue (VAH) from Brugia malayi as single or as cocktail vaccines in mice model. The study revealed that inulin can induce better humoral response against these antigens than alum adjuvant. Antibody isotyping disclosed inulin's ability to elevate the levels of IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies which mediates in complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), respectively, in mice. Splenocyte analysis showed that T cells prestimulated with inulin have higher stimulation index (P < 0.05) than alum except for BmVAH antigen. In vitro ADCC assay showed that inulin formulation had induced higher cytotoxicity with filarial antigens (as single P < 0.01 and as cocktail P < 0.05, respectively) than alum. The results had confirmed the capability of inulin to deplete the levels of Treg and brought a balance in Th1/Th2 arms against filarial antigens in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahalakshmi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Assessment of the effect of Allium sativum on serum nitric oxide level and hepatic histopathology in experimental cystic echinococcosis in mice. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:893-900. [PMID: 27605805 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was carried out to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of Allium sativum on experimental cystic echinococcosis by measuring the serum nitric oxide level and studying hepatic histopathological changes. The experimental animals were divided into five groups, ten mice in each, group (I): prophylactic; group (II): therapeutic; group (III): prophylactic and therapeutic; group (IV): infected nontreated; group (V): non infected non treated. The results showed that serum nitric oxide was significantly increased as a result of infection in all infected groups compared to group V. Statistical significant difference was noted in serum nitrate level in group I at 1st and 8th week post infection compared to the same time interval in group IV. In group II, statistical significance was noticed only at the 1st week post infection. Statistical significant difference was noted in serum nitrate level in group III at 1st, 4th, 6th and 8th week post infection compared to same time interval in group IV. Hydatid cysts developed in livers of mice of group IV as early as 4 weeks of infection while no cysts were found in groups I,II and III. Histopathologically there were moderate pathological changes in group I and group II as hepatocytes showed moderate steatosis, moderate venous congestion and inflammatory cellular infiltrate with foci of degeneration and necrosis. While livers of mice of group III showed mild steatosis, mild venous congestion, mild inflammatory cellular infiltrate, no necrosis and no biliary hyperplasia. Accordingly, that garlic (Allium sativum) may be a promising phototherapeutic agent for cystic echinococcosis.
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The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State, Brazil. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:481750. [PMID: 25295285 PMCID: PMC4177821 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors discuss in this paper the role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with different species of Leishmania in Amazonas State, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of serum concentrations of these cytokines in the peripheral blood of 33 patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The isolates were identified as Leishmania guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. amazonensis. Most (64%) of the patients were male ranging in age from 18 to 58 years. Protein expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines were shown to vary significantly between infected and noninfected (control group) individuals and according to the Leishmania species. Infection caused by L. guyanensis accounted for 73% of the cases and patients with this parasite also showed higher concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 when compared to infection by L. amazonensis. Patients with infection caused by L. naiffi showed higher concentration of the cytokines analyzed when compared to uninfected patients; however, there was no statistically significant difference with the other species analyzed.
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Chandel HS, Pandey SP, Shukla D, Lalsare K, Selvaraj SK, Jha MK, Saha B. Toll-like receptors and CD40 modulate each other's expression affecting Leishmania major infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:283-90. [PMID: 24387292 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and results in innate immune system activation that results in elicitation of the adaptive immune response. One crucial modulator of the adaptive immune response is CD40. However, whether these molecules influence each other's expression and functions is not known. Therefore, we examined the effects of TLRs on CD40 expression on macrophages, the host cell for the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. While polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a TLR-3 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR-4 ligand, imiquimod, a TLR-7/8 ligand and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG), a TLR-9 ligand, were shown to enhance CD40 expression, CD40 stimulation enhanced only TLR-9 expression. Therefore, we tested the synergism between CD40 and CpG in anti-leishmanial immune response. In Leishmania-infected macrophages, CpG was found to reduce CD40-induced extracellular stress-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation; with the exception of interleukin (IL)-10, these ligands had differential effects on CD40-induced IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-12 production. CpG significantly enhanced the anti-leishmanial function of CD40 with differential effects on IL-4, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ production in susceptible BALB/c mice. Thus, we report the first systematic study on CD40-TLR cross-talk that regulated the experimental L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chandel
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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Loría-Cervera EN, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:1-11. [PMID: 24553602 PMCID: PMC4085833 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a major public health problem worldwide and is
classified as Category I by the TDR/WHO, mainly due to the absence of control. Many
experimental models like rodents, dogs and monkeys have been developed, each with
specific features, in order to characterize the immune response to
Leishmania species, but none reproduces the pathology observed in
human disease. Conflicting data may arise in part because different parasite strains
or species are being examined, different tissue targets (mice footpad, ear, or base
of tail) are being infected, and different numbers (“low” 1×102 and “high”
1×106) of metacyclic promastigotes have been inoculated. Recently, new
approaches have been proposed to provide more meaningful data regarding the host
response and pathogenesis that parallels human disease. The use of sand fly saliva
and low numbers of parasites in experimental infections has led to mimic natural
transmission and find new molecules and immune mechanisms which should be considered
when designing vaccines and control strategies. Moreover, the use of wild rodents as
experimental models has been proposed as a good alternative for studying the
host-pathogen relationships and for testing candidate vaccines. To date, using
natural reservoirs to study Leishmania infection has been
challenging because immunologic reagents for use in wild rodents are lacking. This
review discusses the principal immunological findings against
Leishmania infection in different animal models highlighting the
importance of using experimental conditions similar to natural transmission and
reservoir species as experimental models to study the immunopathology of the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Fernando José Andrade-Narváez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Gama MEA, Gomes CMDC, Silveira FT, Laurenti MD, Goncalves EDG, Silva ARD, Corbett CEP. Severe visceral leishmaniasis in children: the relationship between cytokine patterns and clinical features. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:741-5. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0203-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mukherjee S, Mukherjee B, Mukhopadhyay R, Naskar K, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Das AK, Roy S. Imipramine is an orally active drug against both antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates in experimental infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1987. [PMID: 23301108 PMCID: PMC3531496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In an endeavor to find an orally active and affordable antileishmanial drug, we tested the efficacy of a cationic amphiphilic drug, imipramine, commonly used for the treatment of depression in humans. The only available orally active antileishmanial drug is miltefosine with long half life and teratogenic potential limits patient compliance. Thus there is a genuine need for an orally active antileishmanial drug. Previously it was shown that imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant alters the protonmotive force in promastigotes, but its in vivo efficacy was not reported. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that the drug is highly active against antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and in LD infected hamster model. The drug was found to decrease the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of Leishmania donovani (LD) promastigotes and purified amastigotes after 8 h of treatment, whereas miltefosine effected only a marginal change even after 24 h. The drug restores defective antigen presenting ability of the parasitized macrophages. The status of the host protective factors TNF α, IFN γ and iNOS activity increased with the concomitant decrease in IL 10 and TGF β level in imipramine treated infected hamsters and evolution of matured sterile hepatic granuloma. The 10-day therapeutic window as a monotherapy, showing about 90% clearance of organ parasites in infected hamsters regardless of their SSG sensitivity. Conclusions This study showed that imipramine possibly qualifies for a new use of an old drug and can be used as an effective orally active drug for the treatment of Kala-azar. The disease Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is still a big problem in the Indian subcontinent. The antimonials were used for the chemotherapy of Kala-azar but with time its efficacy has reduced dramatically. The newer version of orally active drug miltefosine has been introduced, but its efficacy has decreased considerably as relapse cases are on the rise. Other drugs like liposomal form of amphotericin B is expensive and the patients require hospitalization. Thus there is a genuine need for an orally active antileishmanial drug. There are reports that the cationic amphiphilic molecule, imipramine, a drug used for the treatment of depression in humans, kills the promastigotes of Leishmania donovani. We tested the efficacy of imipramine in experimental infection in hamster and mouse model. Our study showed that the drug is highly effective against antimony sensitive and antimony resistant Leishmania donovani infected hamsters as well as mouse and offered almost sterile cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Budhaditya Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Kshudiram Naskar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Pourrajab F, Forouzannia SK, Tabatabaee SA. Novel immunomodulatory function of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives with leishmanicidal activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1968-78. [PMID: 22581907 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, some nitroheteroaryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were identified to have potent activity against Leishmania sp. The present aim was to complete the in vitro analysis, thereby investigating the in vivo efficiency of the analogues 15a, 21a and 21b against infected BALB/c mice. METHODS Following parasite inoculation and intraperitoneal drug administration (5 and 20 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, the course and size of cutaneous lesions, histopathology of the liver, parasite loads in the spleen through limiting dilution assay as well as spleen cell activation assays through cytokine secretion profiles were studied in BALB/c mice, over a period of 23 and 30 days post-drug injections. RESULTS The analogues significantly decreased lesion size and progression of infection in the liver and spleen, and were associated with granuloma formation, which correlates with disease regression in the liver of murine hosts. Moreover, the analogues had immunomodulatory effects, stimulating interferon-γ expression and suppressing interleukin-10 and interleukin-5 production, favouring type-1 immune responses and resolution of the parasitic infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight marked differences between the responses of key anatomical organs to the thiadiazole derivatives in comparison with the current antileishmanial drug, meglumine antimoniate. The in vivo observations provide further evidence on the efficiency of the compounds for Leishmania treatment. The immunomodulatory function plays an essential role in enhancing cell-mediated immunity for complete clearance of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Role of trypanosomatid's arginase in polyamine biosynthesis and pathogenesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 181:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Castilho-Martins EA, Laranjeira da Silva MF, dos Santos MG, Muxel SM, Floeter-Winter LM. Axenic Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes sense both the external and internal arginine pool distinctly regulating the two transporter-coding genes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27818. [PMID: 22114701 PMCID: PMC3218042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) amazonensis uses arginine to synthesize polyamines to support its growth and survival. Here we describe the presence of two gene copies, arranged in tandem, that code for the arginine transporter. Both copies show similar Open Reading Frames (ORFs), which are 93% similar to the L. (L.) donovani AAP3 gene, but their 5′ and 3′ UTR's have distinct regions. According to quantitative RT-PCR, the 5.1 AAP3 mRNA amount was increased more than 3 times that of the 4.7 AAP3 mRNA along the promastigote growth curve. Nutrient deprivation for 4 hours and then supplemented or not with arginine (400 µM) resulted in similar 4.7 AAP3 mRNA copy-numbers compared to the starved and control parasites. Conversely, the 5.1 AAP3 mRNA copy-numbers increased in the starved parasites but not in ones supplemented with arginine (p<0.05). These results correlate with increases in amino acid uptake. Both Meta1 and arginase mRNAs remained constant with or without supplementation. The same starvation experiment was performed using a L. (L.) amazonensis null knockout for arginase (arg-) and two other mutants containing the arginase ORF with (arg-/ARG) or without the glycosomal addressing signal (arg-/argΔSKL). The arg- and the arg-/argΔSKL mutants did not show the same behavior as the wild-type (WT) parasite or the arg-/ARG mutant. This can be an indicative that the internal pool of arginine is also important for controlling transporter expression and function. By inhibiting mRNA transcription or/and mRNA maturation, we showed that the 5.1 AAP3 mRNA did not decay after 180 min, but the 4.7 AAP3 mRNA presented a half-life decay of 32.6 +/− 5.0 min. In conclusion, parasites can regulate amino acid uptake by increasing the amount of transporter-coding mRNA, possibly by regulating the mRNA half-life in an environment where the amino acid is not present or is in low amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos G. dos Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra M. Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucile M. Floeter-Winter
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kolodziej H. Antimicrobial, Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activity Studies of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs ® 7630) in the Context of Health Promotion. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:1295-1314. [PMID: 27721327 PMCID: PMC4060126 DOI: 10.3390/ph4101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelargonium species contribute significantly to the health care of a large population in the Southern African region, as part of a long-standing medical system intimately linked to traditional healing practices. Most notably, extracts of the roots of P. sidoides have commonly been applied for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea but only occasionally for respiratory complaints. Clinical trials have shown that a modern aqueous-ethanolic formulation of P. sidoides extracts (EPs® 7630) is an efficacious treatment for disorders of the respiratory tract, for example bronchitis and sinusitis. It should be noted that EPs® 7630 is the most widely investigated extract and therefore is the focus of this review. In order to provide a rationale for its therapeutic activity extracts have been evaluated for antibacterial activity and for their effects on non-specific immune functions. Only moderate direct antibacterial capabilities against a spectrum of bacteria, including Mycobacteria strains, have been noted. In contrast, a large body of in vitro studies has provided convincing evidence for an anti-infective principle associated with activation of the non-specific immune system. Interestingly, significant inhibition of interaction between bacteria and host cells, a key to the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections, has emerged from recent studies. In addition, antiviral effects have been demonstrated, including inhibition of the replication of respiratory viruses and the enzymes haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Besides, an increase of cilliary beat frequency of respiratory cells may contribute to the beneficial effects of P. sidoides extracts. This example provides a compelling argument for continuing the exploration of Nature and traditional medical systems as a source of therapeutically useful herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kolodziej
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2+4, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical evaluation of iNOS expression in the spleen of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1397-403. [PMID: 21188604 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), the product of the nitric oxide synthase enzymes has been detected in Leishmania-infected animals. Besides its role on the immunity to infection, the role of NO and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the pathogenesis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is not well understood. This study aimed at evaluating immunohistochemically the iNOS expression in the spleen of dogs naturally infected (ID) with Leishmania (L.) chagasi compared with non-infected dogs (NID). The ID was grouped according to the clinical form and the parasite load. Symptomatic dogs (SD) presented higher parasite load in relation to oligosymptomatic (OD) and asymptomatic (AD). The qualitative expression of iNOS was observed only in ID. SD presented strong and prominent labeling of iNOS, followed by OD and AD. Quantitatively, the results showed that the median expression of iNOS was higher in SD and OD compared to NID. Also, dog spleens with high parasitism load showed marked iNOS expression. Taken together, the results suggest that the expression of iNOS in the spleen of infected dogs with CVL was associated with clinical worsening of the disease and with high parasitism.
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Pavanelli WR, Gutierrez FRS, da Silva JJN, Costa IC, de Menezes MCND, Oliveira FJDA, Itano EN, Watanabe MAE. The effects of nitric oxide on the immune response during giardiasis. Braz J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Souza AS, Giudice A, Pereira JM, Guimarães LH, de Jesus AR, de Moura TR, Wilson ME, Carvalho EM, Almeida RP. Resistance of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis to nitric oxide: correlation with antimony therapy and TNF-alpha production. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:209. [PMID: 20633260 PMCID: PMC2915995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) produced in macrophages plays a pivotal role as a leishmanicidal agent. A previous study has demonstrated that 20% of the L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from initial cutaneous lesions of patients from the endemic area of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil, were NO resistant. Additionally, 5 to 11% of the patients did not respond to three or more antimony treatments" (refractory patients). The aim of this study is to investigate if there is an association between the resistance of L. (V.) braziliensis to NO and nonresponsiveness to antimony therapy and cytokine production. METHODS We evaluated the in vitro toxicity of NO against the promastigotes stages of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive and refractory patients, and the infectivity of the amastigote forms of these isolates against human macrophages. The supernatants from Leishmania infected macrophage were used to measure TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels. RESULTS Using NaNO2 (pH 5.0) as the NO source, L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients were more NO resistant (IC50 = 5.8 +/- 4.8) than L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive patients (IC50 = 2.0 +/- 1.4). Four isolates were selected to infect human macrophages: NO-susceptible and NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from responsive and refractory patients. NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients infected more macrophages stimulated with LPS and IFN-gamma at 120 hours than NO-susceptible L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from refractory patients. Also, lower levels of TNF-alpha were detected in supernatants of macrophages infected with NO-resistant L. (V.) braziliensis as compared to macrophages infected with NO-susceptible L. (V.) braziliensis (p < 0.05 at 2, 24 and 120 hours), while no differences were detected in IL-10 levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that NO resistance could be related to the nonresponsiveness to antimony therapy seen in American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.
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Impairment of host defense against disseminated candidiasis in mice overexpressing GATA-3. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2302-11. [PMID: 20231412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01398-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the most common source of nosocomial invasive fungal infections. Previous studies have indicated that T-helper immune response is the critical host factor for susceptibility to Candida infection. The transcription factor GATA-3 is known as the master regulator for T-helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation. We therefore investigated the role of GATA-3 in the host defense against systemic Candida infection using GATA-3-overexpressing transgenic mice. The survival of GATA-3-overexpressing mice after Candida infection was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice. Candida outgrowth was significantly increased in the kidneys of GATA-3-overexpressing mice, compared with wild-type mice. The levels of various Th2 cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, were significantly higher while the level of Th1 cytokine gamma interferon was significantly lower in the splenocytes of GATA-3-overexpressing mice after Candida infection. Recruitment of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity in response to Candida infection and their phagocytic activity were significantly lower in GATA-3-overexpressing mice than in wild-type mice. Exogenous administration of gamma interferon to GATA-3-overexpressing mice significantly reduced Candida outgrowth in the kidney and thus increased the survival rate. Administration of gamma interferon also increased the recruitment of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity in response to Candida infection. These results indicate that overexpression of GATA-3 modulates macrophage antifungal activity and thus enhances the susceptibility to systemic Candida infection, possibly by reducing the production of gamma interferon in response to Candida infection.
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Suliman HB, Babiker A, Withers CM, Sweeney TE, Carraway MS, Tatro LG, Bartz RR, Welty-Wolf KE, Piantadosi CA. Nitric oxide synthase-2 regulates mitochondrial Hsp60 chaperone function during bacterial peritonitis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:736-46. [PMID: 20043987 PMCID: PMC2842938 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) plays a critical role in reactive nitrogen species generation and cysteine modifications that influence mitochondrial function and signaling during inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of NOS2 in hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis during Escherichia coli peritonitis in mice. NOS2(-/-) mice displayed smaller mitochondrial biogenesis responses than Wt mice during E. coli infection according to differences in mRNA levels for the PGC-1 alpha coactivator, nuclear respiratory factor-1, mitochondrial transcription factor-A (Tfam), and mtDNA polymerase (Pol gamma). NOS2(-/-) mice did not significantly increase mitochondrial Tfam and Pol gamma protein levels during infection in conjunction with impaired mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription, loss of mtDNA copy number, and lower State 3 respiration rates. NOS2 blockade in mitochondrial-GFP reporter mice disrupted Hsp60 localization to mitochondria after E. coli exposure. Mechanistically, biotin-switch and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated NOS2 binding to and S-nitros(yl)ation of Hsp60 and Hsp70. Specifically, NOS2 promoted Tfam accumulation in mitochondria by regulation of Hsp60-Tfam binding via S-nitros(yl)ation. In hepatocytes, site-directed mutagenesis identified (237)Cys as a critical residue for Hsp60 S-nitros(yl)ation. Thus, the role of NOS2 in inflammation-induced mitochondrial biogenesis involves both optimal gene expression for nuclear-encoded mtDNA-binding proteins and functional regulation of the Hsp60 chaperone that enables their importation for mtDNA transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Quintana E, Torres Y, Alvarez C, Rojas A, Forero ME, Camacho M. Changes in macrophage membrane properties during early Leishmania amazonensis infection differ from those observed during established infection and are partially explained by phagocytosis. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:258-64. [PMID: 19854174 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Quintana
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Centro Internacional de Física, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kolodziej H, Radtke OA, Kiderlen AF. Stimulus (polyphenol, IFN-gamma, LPS)-dependent nitric oxide production and antileishmanial effects in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:3103-3110. [PMID: 18164321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of interferon (IFN-gamma), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and some polyphenols as individual stimuli, as well as in various combinations on NO production in non-infected and infected macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were investigated, with emphasis on the NO/parasite kill relationship. In non-infected and in Leishmania parasitized cells, gallic acid significantly inhibited the IFN-gamma and LPS-induced NO detected in the supernatant. This effect was less prominent in IFN-gamma- than in LPS-stimulated cells. Interestingly, and in contrast to non-infected cells, gallic acid inhibited NO production only when added within 3h after IFN-gamma+LPS. Addition of gallic acid following prolonged incubation with IFN-gamma+LPS periods (24 h) no longer inhibited, sometimes even enhanced NO release. Notably, an excellent NO/parasite kill relationship was evident from all the experiments. This study was extended to a series of polyphenols (3-O-shikimic acid, its 3,5-digalloylated analogue, catechin, EGCG, and a procyanidin hexamer) with proven immunostimulatory activities. Although these compounds themselves were found to be weak NO-inducers, the viability of intracellular Leishmania parasites was considerably reduced. Furthermore, their dose-dependent effects on macrophage NO release was determined in the presence of IFN-gamma and/or LPS. Again, non-infected and infected cells differed significantly in the NO response, while inhibition of IFN-gamma and/or LPS-induced NO production by the tested polyphenols strongly depended on the given time of exposure and the sequence of immunological stimuli. A strong inverse correlation between NO levels and intracellular survival rates of Leishmania parasites supported the assumption that the observed inhibition of NO was not simply due to interference with the Griess assay used for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kolodziej
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Vitoriano-Souza J, Reis AB, Moreira ND, Giunchetti RC, Correa-Oliveira R, Carneiro CM. Kinetics of cell migration to the dermis and hypodermis in dogs vaccinated with antigenic compounds of Leishmania braziliensis plus saponin. Vaccine 2008; 26:3922-31. [PMID: 18555567 PMCID: PMC7115368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The search for new immunobiologicals against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has intensified in the last decade. However, it still remains to be elucidated that mechanisms of the innate immune response in situ after immunization (a.i.). The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of cell migration in the skin dogs with distinct antigenic compounds of the LBSap vaccine. Our major findings indicated that saponin adjuvant alone or combined with Leishmania braziliensis antigen induced strong local acute inflammatory reaction. However, these reactions not progressed to ulcerated lesions. Overall, the cell profile found in Sap and LBSap was composed of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. There was also increased production of iNOS in Sap and LBSap groups. Thus, we can conclude that dogs immunized by LBSap and the saponin adjuvant elicited a potential innate-immune activations status compatible with effective control of the resistance to infection by Leishmania and contributing to a better understanding of the innate-immunity events induced by the LBSap vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kavoosi G, Ardestani SK, Kariminia A, Zeinali M, Alimohammadian MH. Leishmania major: effects of proteophosphoglycan on reactive oxygen species, IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 production in healthy individuals. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:62-6. [PMID: 18558402 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania secrete a range of proteophosphoglycans (PPG) known to be important for successful colonization of Leishmania in the sandfly and for virulence in the mammalian host. PPGs are a large family of extensively glycosylated proteins with some unusual and unique features. In this study we purified PPG from culture supernatant of Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes. In discontinuous SDS-PAGE, PPG could not enter the resolving gel but after mild acid hydrolysis several bands resolved. Agarose gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibody (WIC 79.3) indicated that the PPG preparation consisted of heterogeneous molecules. Compositional analysis showed that the PPG preparation contained 67% glycan, 28% protein and 5% phosphate. Additionally, the effect of PPG on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induction of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-gamma secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy individuals was investigated. The water-soluble secreted form of PPG at a concentration of 1 microg glycan/ml seems to be a potent inducer of ROS and IL-10 and to a lesser extent of IFN-gamma and IL-12. Cytokines and ROS production was decreased in a dose-dependent manner as the concentration of PPG was increased to 100 microg glycan/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Kavoosi
- Immunology Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Camacho M, Forero ME, Fajardo C, Niño A, Morales P, Campos H. Leishmania amazonensis infection may affect the ability of the host macrophage to be activated by altering their outward potassium currents. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:50-6. [PMID: 18571651 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of intracellular pathogens on the behaviour of their host cells is key to designing new interventions. We are interested in how Leishmania alters the electrical functioning of the plasma membrane of the macrophage it infects. The specific question addressed here is whether Leishmania amazonensis infection alters the macrophage's outward currents and what the consequences of such changes might be. Using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique, we show that outward peak current density remains constant over the period studied but that time to peak and sensitivity to inhibitors vary during infection. Infected cells take 40% longer to activate and are more sensitive to the potassium channel inhibitor tetraethyl ammonium, compared to control cells, indicating increased potassium outward current activity. Activation of macrophages is associated with increases of nitric oxide production and membrane area, depolarization of the macrophage membrane, down regulation of inward potassium and up regulation of outward currents. After Leishmania infection, macrophage activation is characterised by a reduction of nitric oxide production and of outward current density. We therefore suggest that this reflects a weaker activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Camacho
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Audicana MT, Kennedy MW. Anisakis simplex: from obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:360-79, table of contents. [PMID: 18400801 PMCID: PMC2292572 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. During the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. Not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by the parasites ("gastroallergic anisakiasis"), but true anaphylactic reactions can also occur following exposure to allergens from dead worms by food-borne, airborne, or skin contact routes. This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes. Over the last 20 years, several studies have concentrated on A. simplex antigen characterization and innate as well as adaptive immune response to this parasite. Molecular characterization of Anisakis allergens and isolation of their encoding cDNAs is now an active field of research that should provide improved diagnostic tools in addition to tools with which to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and controversial aspects of A. simplex allergy. We also discuss the potential relevance of parasite products such as allergens, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors and the activation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the induction of A. simplex-related immune hypersensitivity states induced by exposure to the parasite, dead or alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Audicana
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, C/Olaguibel 29, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain.
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