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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Favera FD, Martini G, Dosa G, Trevisani G, Garavini G, Mannelli A, Catelli E. Characterizing the domestic-wild bird interface through camera traps in an area at risk for avian influenza introduction in Northern Italy. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103892. [PMID: 38865769 PMCID: PMC11223120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct or indirect interactions between sympatric wildlife and poultry can lead to interspecies disease transmission. Particularly, avian influenza (AI) is a viral epidemic disease for which the poultry-wild bird interface shapes the risks of new viral introductions into poultry holdings. Given this background, the study hereby presented aimed to identify wild bird species in poultry house surroundings and characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of these visits. Eight camera traps were deployed for a year (January to December 2021) in 3 commercial chicken layer farms, including free-range and barn-type setups, located in a densely populated poultry area in Northern Italy at high risk for AI introduction via wild birds. Camera traps' positions were chosen based on wildlife signs identified during preliminary visits to the establishments studied. Various methods, including time series analysis, correspondence analysis, and generalized linear models, were employed to analyze the daily wild bird visits. A total of 1,958 camera trap days yielded 5,978 videos of wild birds from 27 different species and 16 taxonomic families. The animals were predominantly engaged in foraging activities nearby poultry houses. Eurasian magpies (Pica pica), ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), and Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) were the most frequent visitors. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), an AI reservoir species, were observed only in a farm located next to a fishing sport lake. Time series analysis indicated that wild bird visits increased during spring and winter. Farm and camera trap location also influenced visit frequencies. Overall, the results highlighted specific species that could be prioritized for future AI epidemiological surveys. However, further research is required to assess their susceptibility and infectivity to currently circulating AI viruses, essential for identifying novel bridge hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Francesco Dalla Favera
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martini
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), Imola, Bologna 40026, Italy
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), Imola, Bologna 40026, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Garavini
- Veterinary Services of Eurovo Group, Imola, Bologna 40026, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy
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Desvars-Larrive A, Vogl AE, Puspitarani GA, Yang L, Joachim A, Käsbohrer A. A One Health framework for exploring zoonotic interactions demonstrated through a case study. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5650. [PMID: 39009576 PMCID: PMC11250852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The eco-epidemiology of zoonoses is often oversimplified to host-pathogen interactions while findings derived from global datasets are rarely directly transferable to smaller-scale contexts. Through a systematic literature search, we compiled a dataset of naturally occurring zoonotic interactions in Austria, spanning 1975-2022. We introduce the concept of zoonotic web to describe the complex relationships between zoonotic agents, their hosts, vectors, food, and environmental sources. The zoonotic web was explored through network analysis. After controlling for research effort, we demonstrate that, within the projected unipartite source-source network of zoonotic agent sharing, the most influential zoonotic sources are human, cattle, chicken, and some meat products. Analysis of the One Health 3-cliques (triangular sets of nodes representing human, animal, and environment) confirms the increased probability of zoonotic spillover at human-cattle and human-food interfaces. We characterise six communities of zoonotic agent sharing, which assembly patterns are likely driven by highly connected infectious agents in the zoonotic web, proximity to human, and anthropogenic activities. Additionally, we report a frequency of emerging zoonotic diseases in Austria of one every six years. Here, we present a flexible network-based approach that offers insights into zoonotic transmission chains, facilitating the development of locally-relevant One Health strategies against zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Elisabeth Vogl
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavrila Amadea Puspitarani
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anja Joachim
- Centre of Pathobiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ristori MV, Guarrasi V, Soda P, Petrosillo N, Gurrieri F, Longo UG, Ciccozzi M, Riva E, Angeletti S. Emerging Microorganisms and Infectious Diseases: One Health Approach for Health Shared Vision. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:908. [PMID: 39062687 PMCID: PMC11275270 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases identifies the following as emerging infectious diseases: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, influenza, fungal diseases, plague, schistosomiasis, smallpox, tick-borne diseases, and West Nile fever. The factors that should be taken into consideration are the genetic adaptation of microbial agents and the characteristics of the human host or environment. The new approach to identifying new possible pathogens will have to go through the One Health approach and omics integration data, which are capable of identifying high-priority microorganisms in a short period of time. New bioinformatics technologies enable global integration and sharing of surveillance data for rapid public health decision-making to detect and prevent epidemics and pandemics, ensuring timely response and effective prevention measures. Machine learning tools are being more frequently utilized in the realm of infectious diseases to predict sepsis in patients, diagnose infectious diseases early, and forecast the effectiveness of treatment or the appropriate choice of antibiotic regimen based on clinical data. We will discuss emerging microorganisms, omics techniques applied to infectious diseases, new computational solutions to evaluate biomarkers, and innovative tools that are useful for integrating omics data and electronic medical records data for the clinical management of emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Ristori
- Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Valerio Guarrasi
- Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (V.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Paolo Soda
- Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (V.G.); (P.S.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Intervention, Radiation Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention Control/Infectious Disease Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Gurrieri
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.C.); (E.R.)
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.C.); (E.R.)
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Operative Research Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.C.); (E.R.)
- Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Klimov PB, He Q. Predicting host range expansion in parasitic mites using a global mammalian-acarine dataset. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5431. [PMID: 38926409 PMCID: PMC11208579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-host parasites pose greater health risks to wildlife, livestock, and humans than single-host parasites, yet our understanding of how ecological and biological factors influence a parasite's host range remains limited. Here, we assemble the largest and most complete dataset on permanently parasitic mammalian mites and build a predictive model assessing the probability of single-host parasites to become multi-hosts, while accounting for potentially unobserved host-parasite links and class imbalance. This model identifies statistically significant predictors related to parasites, hosts, climate, and habitat disturbance. The most important predictors include the parasite's contact level with the host immune system and two variables characterizing host phylogenetic similarity and spatial co-distribution. Our model reveals an overrepresentation of mites associated with Rodentia (rodents), Chiroptera (bats), and Carnivora in the multi-host risk group. This highlights both the potential vulnerability of these hosts to parasitic infestations and the risk of serving as reservoirs of parasites for new hosts. In addition, we find independent macroevolutionary evidence that supports our prediction of several single-host species of Notoedres, the bat skin parasites, to be in the multi-host risk group, demonstrating the forecasting potential of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel B Klimov
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Qixin He
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Breban R. Emergence failure of early epidemics: A mathematical modeling approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301415. [PMID: 38809831 PMCID: PMC11135784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemic or pathogen emergence is the phenomenon by which a poorly transmissible pathogen finds its evolutionary pathway to become a mutant that can cause an epidemic. Many mathematical models of pathogen emergence rely on branching processes. Here, we discuss pathogen emergence using Markov chains, for a more tractable analysis, generalizing previous work by Kendall and Bartlett about disease invasion. We discuss the probability of emergence failure for early epidemics, when the number of infected individuals is small and the number of the susceptible individuals is virtually unlimited. Our formalism addresses both directly transmitted and vector-borne diseases, in the cases where the original pathogen is 1) one step-mutation away from the epidemic strain, and 2) undergoing a long chain of neutral mutations that do not change the epidemiology. We obtain analytic results for the probabilities of emergence failure and two features transcending the transmission mechanism. First, the reproduction number of the original pathogen is determinant for the probability of pathogen emergence, more important than the mutation rate or the transmissibility of the emerged pathogen. Second, the probability of mutation within infected individuals must be sufficiently high for the pathogen undergoing neutral mutations to start an epidemic, the mutation threshold depending again on the basic reproduction number of the original pathogen. Finally, we discuss the parameterization of models of pathogen emergence, using SARS-CoV1 as an example of zoonotic emergence and HIV as an example for the emergence of drug resistance. We also discuss assumptions of our models and implications for epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulus Breban
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
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6
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Oduro D, Baafi E, Opoku-Agyeman P, Adams T, Okai AA, Bruku S, Kyei S, Banahene P, Danso-Coffie C, Boafo E, Yeboah R, Futagbi G, Duah-Quashie NO. Enteric parasites Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium hominis in domestic and wildlife animals in Ghana. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:199. [PMID: 38698452 PMCID: PMC11064306 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric parasitic infections remain a major public health problem globally. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Giardia spp. are parasites that cause diarrhea in the general populations of both developed and developing countries. Information from molecular genetic studies on the speciation of these parasites and on the role of animals as vectors in disease transmission is lacking in Ghana. This study therefore investigated these diarrhea-causing parasites in humans, domestic rats and wildlife animals in Ghana using molecular tools. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from asymptomatic school children aged 9-12 years living around the Shai Hills Resource Reserve (tourist site), from wildlife (zebras, kobs, baboons, ostriches, bush rats and bush bucks) at the same site, from warthogs at the Mole National Park (tourist site) and from rats at the Madina Market (a popular vegetable market in Accra, Ghana. The 18S rRNA gene (18S rRNA) and 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) for Cryptosporidium spp., the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) for Giardia spp. and the 18S rDNA for Cyclospora spp. were analyzed in all samples by PCR and Sanger sequencing as markers of speciation and genetic diversity. RESULTS The parasite species identified in the fecal samples collected from humans and animals included the Cryptosporidium species C. hominis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. tyzzeri, C. meleagridis and C. andersoni; the Cyclopora species C. cayetanensis; and the Gardia species, G. lamblia and G. muris. For Cryptosporidium, the presence of the gp60 gene confirmed the finding of C. parvum (41%, 35/85 samples) and C. hominis (29%, 27/85 samples) in animal samples. Cyclospora cayetanensis was found in animal samples for the first time in Ghana. Only one human sample (5%, 1/20) but the majority of animal samples (58%, 51/88) had all three parasite species in the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results of fecal sample testing for parasites, we conclude that animals and human share species of the three genera (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia), with the parasitic species mostly found in animals also found in human samples, and vice-versa. The presence of enteric parasites as mixed infections in asymptomatic humans and animal species indicates that they are reservoirs of infections. This is the first study to report the presence of C. cayetanensis and C. hominis in animals from Ghana. Our findings highlight the need for a detailed description of these parasites using high-throughput genetic tools to further understand these parasites and the neglected tropical diseases they cause in Ghana where such information is scanty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oduro
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esther Baafi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Opoku-Agyeman
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tryphena Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akweley Abena Okai
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selassie Bruku
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sandra Kyei
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phillip Banahene
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Caleb Danso-Coffie
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Boafo
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rhoda Yeboah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfred Futagbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy Odurowah Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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7
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Addo SO, Bentil RE, Mosore MT, Behene E, Adinkrah J, Tagoe J, Yeboah C, Baako BOA, Atibila D, Kwarteng SA, Poku-Asante K, Owusu-Darbo E, Asoala V, Mingle DL, Nyarko EO, Fox AT, Letizia AG, William JD, Nimo-Paintsil S, Harwood JF, Dadzie SK. Risk factors affecting the feeding site predilection of ticks on cattle in Ghana. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:835-850. [PMID: 38578579 PMCID: PMC11065925 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are important disease vectors affecting animal health and causing substantial economic loss, especially in the tropics and subtropics. To examine the tick burden of cattle and associated risk factors for tick infestation, ticks were collected from 388 cattle within five regions in Ghana. Most of the cattle were males (50.3%) and generally older than 3 years (65%). Of the animals sampled, 2187 ticks were collected with a mean tick burden of 5.6 ticks per cattle, and the average tick burden on the udder/scrotum being significantly higher than in the anal region (Generalized Linear Mix Model [GLMM], p = 0.01197). The tick species identified were predominantly Amblyomma variegatum (42.6%) and Hyalomma rufipes (26.2%). High proportions of cattle examined were found to have A. variegatum infesting the udder/scrotum. Furthermore, H. rufipes infested mostly the anal region compared to other examined body parts (OR 14.8, 95% CI 8.6-25.4, p < 0.001). Using the GLMM, tick abundance was found to be significantly higher in cattle older than 3 years. The tick burden in the udder/scrotum was higher than that from the chest and leg/thigh of the cattle (GLMM, p < 0.05). The tick burden at the anal region was also significantly higher than the leg/thigh and chest. This study indicates that the preferred attachment sites of ticks on cattle are species-dependent and effective treatment with acaricides should take into consideration the udder/scrotum and anal regions as well as prioritizing older cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ronald Essah Bentil
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mba-Tihssommah Mosore
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Behene
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julian Adinkrah
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Janice Tagoe
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Clara Yeboah
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Dorcas Atibila
- Entomology Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Sandra Abankwa Kwarteng
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Poku-Asante
- Entomology Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Darbo
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Victor Asoala
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana
| | - Daniel Lartei Mingle
- Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana Armed Forces Medical Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Owusu Nyarko
- Public Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana Armed Forces Medical Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anne T Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Kweku Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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8
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Tan CCS, van Dorp L, Balloux F. The evolutionary drivers and correlates of viral host jumps. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:960-971. [PMID: 38528191 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Most emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases stem from viruses that naturally circulate in non-human vertebrates. When these viruses cross over into humans, they can cause disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. While zoonotic host jumps have been extensively studied from an ecological perspective, little attention has gone into characterizing the evolutionary drivers and correlates underlying these events. To address this gap, we harnessed the entirety of publicly available viral genomic data, employing a comprehensive suite of network and phylogenetic analyses to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning recent viral host jumps. Surprisingly, we find that humans are as much a source as a sink for viral spillover events, insofar as we infer more viral host jumps from humans to other animals than from animals to humans. Moreover, we demonstrate heightened evolution in viral lineages that involve putative host jumps. We further observe that the extent of adaptation associated with a host jump is lower for viruses with broader host ranges. Finally, we show that the genomic targets of natural selection associated with host jumps vary across different viral families, with either structural or auxiliary genes being the prime targets of selection. Collectively, our results illuminate some of the evolutionary drivers underlying viral host jumps that may contribute to mitigating viral threats across species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric C S Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Tsakmakidis I, Lefkaditis M, Zaralis K, Arsenos G. Alternative hosts of Leishmania infantum: a neglected parasite in Europe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:128. [PMID: 38630347 PMCID: PMC11189345 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multi-host pathogens that infect various animal species and humans are considered of great importance for public and animal health. Leishmania spp. parasites are a characteristic example of such pathogens. Although leishmaniosis in humans is endemic for about 100 countries around the world it is classified as a neglected tropical disease. There are three main forms of leishmaniosis in humans: cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis (MCL). Each year, about 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million new cases of CL are recorded. In Europe L. infantum is the dominant species with dogs being reservoir hosts. Apart from dogs, infection has been recorded in various animals, which suggests that other species could play a role in the maintenance of the parasite in nature. Herein we provide an in-depth review of the literature with respect to studies that deal with Leishmania infantum infections in domestic and wild animal species in Europe. Given the fact that domesticated and wild animals could contribute to the incidences of leishmaniosis in humans, the aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review which could potentially be used for the development of measures when it comes to the control of the Leishmania infantum parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsakmakidis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Zaralis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece.
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Shaw CL, Bilich R, Duffy MA. A common multi-host parasite shows genetic structuring at the host species and population levels. Parasitology 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38616414 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Although individual parasite species commonly infect many populations across physical space as well as multiple host species, the extent to which parasites traverse physical and phylogenetic distances is unclear. Population genetic analyses of parasite populations can reveal how parasites move across space or between host species, including helping assess whether a parasite is more likely to infect a different host species in the same location or the same host species in a different location. Identifying these transmission barriers could be exploited for effective disease control. Here, we analysed population genetic structuring of the parasite Pasteuria ramosa in daphniid host species from different lakes. Outbreaks occurred most often in the common host species Daphnia dentifera and Daphnia retrocurva. The genetic distance between parasite samples tended to be smaller when samples were collected from the same lake, the same host species and closer in time. Within lakes, the parasite showed structure by host species and sampling date; within a host species, the parasite showed structure by lake and sampling date. However, despite this structuring, we found the same parasite genotype infecting closely related host species, and we sometimes found the same genotype in nearby lakes. Thus, P. ramosa experiences challenges infecting different host species and moving between populations, but doing so is possible. In addition, the structuring by sampling date indicates potential adaptation to or coevolution with host populations and supports prior findings that parasite population structure is dynamic during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Shaw
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Bilich
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meghan A Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Morris R, Wang S. Building a pathway to One Health surveillance and response in Asian countries. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2024; 3:100067. [PMID: 39077383 PMCID: PMC11262298 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2024.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
To detect and respond to emerging diseases more effectively, an integrated surveillance strategy needs to be applied to both human and animal health. Current programs in Asian countries operate separately for the two sectors and are principally concerned with detection of events that represent a short-term disease threat. It is not realistic to either invest only in efforts to detect emerging diseases, or to rely solely on event-based surveillance. A comprehensive strategy is needed, concurrently investigating and managing endemic zoonoses, studying evolving diseases which change their character and importance due to influences such as demographic and climatic change, and enhancing understanding of factors which are likely to influence the emergence of new pathogens. This requires utilisation of additional investigation tools that have become available in recent years but are not yet being used to full effect. As yet there is no fully formed blueprint that can be applied in Asian countries. Hence a three-step pathway is proposed to move towards the goal of comprehensive One Health disease surveillance and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Morris
- Massey University EpiCentre and EpiSoft International Ltd, 76/100 Titoki Street, Masterton 5810, New Zealand
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Health, Nutrition and Population, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Liao JR, Liao YH, Liao KM, Wu HH, Tu WC, Lin YH. Nationwide survey of ticks on domesticated animals in Taiwan: Revealing the hidden threat to animal and public health. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:99-107. [PMID: 37715613 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are not only bloodsucking ectoparasites but also important vectors of tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant threats to public and animal health. Domesticated animals serve as critical hosts for numerous ticks, highlighting the importance of understanding tick infestations in Taiwan. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a nationwide survey to identify ticks on domesticated animals and associated environments in 2018 and 2019. A total of 6,205 ticks were collected from 1,337 host animals, revealing the presence of seven tick species, with Rhipicephalus microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus being the dominant species. High infestation rates and widespread distribution of ticks were observed on domesticated animals, especially on dogs and cattle (yellow cattle and angus cattle), and the neighbouring grassland of yellow cattle. While this study has certain limitations, it provides valuable insights into the distribution and prevalence of ticks on domesticated animals in Taiwan and their implications for controlling TBDs. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand the complex interactions among ticks, hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Rong Liao
- Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Hao Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Min Liao
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hui Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Tajen University, Yanpu Township, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ying-Hsi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
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13
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Offei Addo S, Essah Bentil R, Olivia Ama Baako B, Ansah-Owusu J, Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah C, Behene E, Asoala V, Dunford JC, Asiedu Larbi J, Kweku Baidoo P, David Wilson M, Diclaro JW, Dadzie SK. Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Tick Infestations in Kassena-Nankana Livestock. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:8889907. [PMID: 38234318 PMCID: PMC10791324 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8889907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of ticks to adapt to different ecological zones, coupled with the spread of infectious pathogens negatively affects livestock production and thus, there is a need for better control strategies. However, control measures within a geographical region can only be effective if there is available information on tick population dynamics and ecology. This study focused on ticks infesting livestock in the Kassena-Nankana Districts of the Upper East Region of Ghana. The ticks were morphologically identified, variables such as season, animal host, and predilection sites were recorded, and the data were analyzed using STATA version 13. Out of 448 livestock examined, tick infestation in cattle was (78.60%), followed by sheep (25%) and goats (5.88%). A total of 1,550 ticks including nymphs (303) and adults (1,247) were collected. Adult ticks were found to be significantly associated with season (p < 0.001), with a high burden in the wet season. The nymph burden and body parts of livestock hosts were significantly associated with more nymphs collected from male animals than females (p < 0.001). Three genera of ticks, Amblyomma (62.97%), Hyalomma (18.71%), and Rhipicephalus (18.32%) were morphologically identified with the most predominant tick species recorded as Amblyomma variegatum (62.97%). Matured A. variegatum was sampled primarily in the wet season with their predilection site as the udder/scrotum (p < 0.001). However, adult Hyalomma truncatum was observed to have a significant association with the anal region (p < 0.001). Findings from this study are essential for formulating tick control measures to prevent the spread of infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ronald Essah Bentil
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Jane Ansah-Owusu
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Eric Behene
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victor Asoala
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana
| | - James C. Dunford
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Philip Kweku Baidoo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael David Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph W. Diclaro
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Detachment, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel K. Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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14
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Ansah-Owusu J, Addo SO, Tawiah-Mensah CNL, Obuam PK, Malm ROT, Yartey KN, Yanney JN, Torto FA, Accorlor SK, Dadzie SK. Tick-borne pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary importance in cattle ticks in Ghana. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:44. [PMID: 38095712 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors involved in the transmission of pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary importance. In this study, ticks were collected from cattle in Navrongo, Kintampo, and Kumasi and screened for pathogen DNA using PCR and Sanger sequencing. A total of 454 ticks were collected, morphologically identified and confirmed using primers that target the 660-bp segment of the mitochondrial COI gene. The predominant tick species was Amblyomma variegatum (70.26%). DNA was extracted from 85 tick pools and screened for the presence of Rickettsia DNA based on the 639 bp of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma DNA based on the 345 bp fragment of the 16SrRNA gene and Babesia/ Theileria DNA based on the 560 bp fragment of the ssrRNA gene. From the 85 tick pools, the DNA of pathogens detected were Rickettsia africae (36.47%), Rickettsia aeschlimannii (16.47%), Ehrlichia canis (2.35%), Babesia occultans (1.18%), Theileria velifera (1.18%) and a symbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii (8.24%). This study reports the first molecular detection of Candidatus Cryptoplasma californiense (1.18%) in Ghana. Coinfections were recorded in 8.24% of the tick pools. The findings of this study highlight the importance of tick species in Ghana and the need to adopt effective control measures to prevent pathogen spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ansah-Owusu
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Patrick Kwasi Obuam
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Odoi-Teye Malm
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kevin Nii Yartey
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jennifer Nyamekye Yanney
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francisca Adai Torto
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Kwabena Accorlor
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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15
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Yu H, Chen H, Li N, Yang CJ, Xiao HY, Chen G, Huang GH. Flexible changes to the Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) virion components affect pathogenicity against different host larvae species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0248823. [PMID: 37943038 PMCID: PMC10714839 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02488-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Different pathogenic processes of a virus in different hosts are related to the host individual differences, which makes the virus undergoes different survival pressures. Here, we found that the virions of an insect virus, Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h), had different protein composition when they were purified from different host larval species. These "adaptive changes" of the virions were analyzed in detail in this study, which mainly included the differences of the protein composition of virions and the differences in affinity between virions and different host proteins. The results of this study revealed the flexible changes of viruses to help themselves adapt to different hosts. Also, these interesting findings can provide new insights to improve our understanding of virus adaptability and virulence differentiation caused by the adaptation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ni Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang-Jin Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Hua-Yan Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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16
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Titcomb G, Hulke J, Mantas JN, Gituku B, Young H. Cattle aggregations at shared resources create potential parasite exposure hotspots for wildlife. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232239. [PMID: 38052242 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally rising livestock populations and declining wildlife numbers are likely to dramatically change disease risk for wildlife and livestock, especially at resources where they congregate. However, limited understanding of interspecific transmission dynamics at these hotspots hinders disease prediction or mitigation. In this study, we combined gastrointestinal nematode density and host foraging activity measurements from our prior work in an East African tropical savannah system with three estimates of parasite sharing capacity to investigate how interspecific exposures alter the relative riskiness of an important resource - water - among cattle and five dominant herbivore species. We found that due to their high parasite output, water dependence and parasite sharing capacity, cattle greatly increased potential parasite exposures at water sources for wild ruminants. When untreated for parasites, cattle accounted for over two-thirds of total potential exposures around water for wild ruminants, driving 2-23-fold increases in relative exposure levels at water sources. Simulated changes in wildlife and cattle ratios showed that water sources become increasingly important hotspots of interspecific transmission for wild ruminants when relative abundance of cattle parasites increases. These results emphasize that livestock have significant potential to alter the level and distribution of parasite exposures across the landscape for wild ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1019, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jenna Hulke
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Benard Gituku
- Ecological Monitoring Unit, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Hillary Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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17
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Singh BB, Ward MP, Dhand NK. Host characteristics and their influence on zoonosis, disease emergence and multi-host pathogenicity. One Health 2023; 17:100596. [PMID: 37404948 PMCID: PMC10316652 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between agent-host-environment characteristics is responsible for the emergence and zoonotic potential of infectious disease pathogens. Many studies have investigated key agent characteristics and environmental factors responsible for these phenomena. However, little is known about the role played by host characteristics in zoonoses, disease emergence and the ability of pathogens to infect multiple hosts. We compiled a dataset of 8114 vertebrate host-agent interactions from published literature. Multiple host characteristics and the pathogen's zoonotic, emergence and multi-host potential were then linked to the dataset. The associations between zoonotic, emerging human pathogen and multi-host pathogenicity and several host characteristics were explored using logistic regression models. The numbers of publications and sequences from the agent-host combinations were used to control for the research effort. Hosts in the class Aves (odds ratio [OR] 20.87, 95% CI 2.66-163.97) and Mammalia (OR 26.09, 95% CI 3.34-203.87) were more likely to host a zoonotic pathogen compared to the class Amphibia. Similarly, hosts having Bursa fabricii (i.e., birds) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3) were more likely to host an emerging human pathogen. The odds of being a zoonotic pathogen were highest when the host female required a greater number of days for maturity, and the pathogen was able to affect a greater number of host species. In contrast, the hosts from which a higher number of pathogens were reported were less likely (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.31-0.49) to be associated with an emerging human pathogen. The odds of an emerging human pathogen were highest when the host had a higher adult body mass, and the specific pathogen could affect more host species. The odds of a pathogen infecting multiple hosts were highest when a host had shorter female maturity days (>670-2830 days) and lower birth/hatching weight (>42.2-995 g) compared to longer female maturity days (>2830-6940 days) and greater birth/hatching weight (>3.31-1160 kg). We conclude that several host characteristics - such as mass, maturity, immune system and pathogen permissiveness- are linked with zoonoses, disease emergence or multi-host pathogenicity. These findings can contribute to preparedness for emerging infections and zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbir B. Singh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
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18
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Zanet S, Occhibove F, Capizzi D, Fratini S, Giannini F, Hoida AD, Sposimo P, Valentini F, Ferroglio E. Zoonotic Microparasites in Invasive Black Rats ( Rattus rattus) from Small Islands in Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3279. [PMID: 37894002 PMCID: PMC10603634 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species have a detrimental impact on native populations, particularly in island ecosystems, and they pose a potential zoonotic and wildlife threat. Black rats (Rattus rattus) are invasive species that disrupt native flora and fauna on islands and serve as potential competent reservoirs for various pathogens and parasites. Microparasites screening was conducted in rat populations from small islands in central Italy (the Pontine Islands and Pianosa) with the aim of assessing the role of rats in maintaining infections, particularly in cases where key reservoir hosts were scarce or absent. We focused on microparasites of zoonotic and veterinary relevance. A total of 53 rats was kill-trapped and target tissues were analysed with molecular techniques. We observed the absence or very low prevalence of Anaplasma spp., while Babesia was found in rats from all locations, marking the first recorded instance of Babesia divergens in wild rats. Data from Pianosa strongly suggest the presence of an autochthonous Leishmania infantum cycle in the Tuscan archipelago islands. Neospora caninum was absent from all islands, even in areas where dogs, the main reservoirs, were present. Toxoplasma gondii was only recorded on the Pontine Islands, where genotyping is needed to shed light on infection dynamics. This study confirms that invasive species, such as rats, may be responsible for maintaining an increased parasitological threat to fauna and human communities in certain ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.D.H.); (F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Flavia Occhibove
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.D.H.); (F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Dario Capizzi
- Directorate for Natural Capital, Latium Region, Parks and Protected Areas, Viale del Tintoretto 432, 00142 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sara Fratini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giannini
- Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano, Loc. Enfola, 57037 Portoferraio, Italy;
| | - Avner Dan Hoida
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.D.H.); (F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Paolo Sposimo
- Nature and Environment Management Operators SRL (NEMO), Piazza Massimo D’Azeglio 11, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Flaminia Valentini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.D.H.); (F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.D.H.); (F.V.); (E.F.)
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19
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Rogers KJ, Beckers OM. Multi-Species Host Use by the Parasitoid Fly Ormia lineifrons. INSECTS 2023; 14:744. [PMID: 37754712 PMCID: PMC10531574 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic species relationships such as parasitoid/host interactions lead to evolutionary arms races between species. Many parasitoids use more than one host species, requiring the parasitoid to adapt to multiple hosts, sometimes being the leader or the follower in the evolutionary back-and-forth between species. Thus, multi-species interactions are dynamic and show temporary evolutionary outcomes at a given point in time. We investigated the interactions of the multivoltine parasitoid fly Ormia lineifrons that uses different katydid hosts for each of its fly generations sequentially over time. We hypothesized that this fly is adapted to utilizing all hosts equally well for the population to persist. We quantified and compared the fly's development in each of the four Neoconocephalus hosts. Cumulative parasitism rates ranged between ~14% and 73%, but parasitoid load and development time did not differ across host species. Yet, pupal size was lowest for flies using N. velox as a host compared to N. triops and other host species. Successful development from pupa to adult fly differed across host species, with flies emerging from N. triops displaying a significantly lower development success rate than those emerging from N. velox and the other two hosts. Interestingly, N. triops and N. velox did not differ in size and were smaller than N. robustus and N. nebrascensis hosts. Thus, O. lineifrons utilized all hosts but displayed especially low ability to develop in N. triops, potentially due to differences in the nutritional status of the host. In the multi-species interactions between the fly and its hosts, the poor use of N. triops may currently affect the fly's evolution the most. Similarities and differences across host utilization and their evolutionary background are discussed.
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20
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Du S, Xie Y, Deng X, Xia Z, Wu W, Huang X, Chen Z, Li A, Li C, Wang Q, Sun L, Guo M, Wang S, Liang M, Li D, Liu X, Li J. Co-circulation and co-infection of hantaviruses and Wenzhou mammarenavirus in small mammals and humans in Jiangxi, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1225255. [PMID: 37502398 PMCID: PMC10371193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Orthohantaviruses (HV) and Whenzhou Mammarenaviruses (WENV) are rodents borne viruses, allowing them to spread simultaneously in the same area and infect humans. To explore the potential threat of HV and WENV to public health safety, an environmental and laboratory investigation was conducted in 2020-2021, in Jiangxi province, China. A total of 461 small mammals of 7 species and paired sera from 43 suspected HFRS cases were collected from Jiangxi Province, China. Viral genomic RNA and specific antibodies against HV and WENV were detected to evaluate the epidemic situation of the two viruses. Hantaan virus (HTNV), seoul virus (SEOV) and WENV RNA were detected in the lungs of the captured mammals, which resulted 4.1% and 7.4% of HV and WENV RNA positive respectively. Co-infections of WENV and SEOV were detected from Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus and Rattus flavipectus with an overall co-infection rate of 0.65%. The detection rates of antibodies in the blood against HV and WENV were 11.9% (55/461), and 13.2% (61/461) respectively. The prevalence of viral infection and viral genetic characters varied among the selected areas. In the paired sera of 43 suspected HFRS cases, 38 were with HV infection, 11 were with WENV IgG, and 7 with a 4-fold or more of WENV IgG titer elevation. These results revealed the fact of the co-circulating and coinfection of HV and WENV in the same area at the same time, which might impact on public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Jiangxi Province CDC, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuefei Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Yichun City CDC, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Aqian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Meijun Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Dexin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiandong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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21
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Panda M, Kalita E, Singh S, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Application of functional proteomics in understanding RNA virus-mediated infection. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 138:301-325. [PMID: 38220429 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Together with the expansion of genome sequencing research, the number of protein sequences whose function is yet unknown is increasing dramatically. The primary goals of functional proteomics, a developing area of study in the realm of proteomic science, are the elucidation of the biological function of unidentified proteins and the molecular description of cellular systems at the molecular level. RNA viruses have emerged as the cause of several human infectious diseases with large morbidity and fatality rates. The introduction of high-throughput sequencing tools and genetic-based screening approaches over the last few decades has enabled researchers to find previously unknown and perplexing elements of RNA virus replication and pathogenesis on a scale never feasible before. Viruses, on the other hand, frequently disrupt cellular proteostasis, macromolecular complex architecture or stoichiometry, and post-translational changes to take over essential host activities. Because of these consequences, structural and global protein and proteoform monitoring is highly necessiated. Mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to elucidate key details of virus-host interactions and speed up the identification of antiviral targets, giving precise data on the stoichiometry of cellular and viral protein complexes as well as mechanistic insights, has lately emerged as a key part of the RNA virus biology toolbox as a functional proteomics approach. Affinity-based techniques are primarily employed to identify interacting proteins in stable complexes in living organisms. A protein's biological role is strongly suggested by its relationship with other members of a certain protein complex that is involved in a particular process. With a particular emphasis on the most recent advancements in defining host responses and their translational implications to uncover novel tractable antiviral targets, this chapter provides insight on several functional proteomics techniques in RNA virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India; Department of Neurology. Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI),University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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22
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Molecular detection of Babesia spp. and Rickettsia spp. in coatis (Nasua nasua) and associated ticks from midwestern Brazil. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1151-1158. [PMID: 36890298 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Procyonids are reservoirs of many zoonotic infectious diseases, including tick-borne pathogens. The role of coatis (Nasua nasua) in the epidemiology of piroplasmids and Rickettsia has not been fully addressed in Brazil. To molecularly study these agents in coatis and associated ticks, animals were sampled in two urban areas in Midwestern Brazil. Blood (n = 163) and tick (n = 248) DNA samples were screened by PCR assays targeting the 18S rRNA and gltA genes of piroplasmids and Rickettsia spp., respectively. Positive samples were further molecularly tested targeting cox-1, cox-3, β-tubulin, cytB, and hsp70 (piroplasmid) and ompA, ompB, and htrA 17-kDa (Rickettsia spp.) genes, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. All coatis' blood samples were negative for piroplasmids, whereas five pools of ticks (2%) were positive for two different sequences of Babesia spp.. The first from Amblyomma sculptum nymphs was close (i.e., ≥ 99% nucleotide identity) to a Babesia sp. previously found in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); the second from Amblyomma dubitatum nymphs and Amblyomma spp. larvae was identical (100% nucleotide identity) to a Babesia sp. detected in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and associated ticks. Four samples (0.8%) were positive by PCR to two different Rickettsia spp. sequences, being the first from Amblyomma sp. larva identical to Rickettsia belli and the second from A. dubitatum nymph identical to Rickettsia species from Spotted Fever Group (SFG). The detection of piroplasmids and SFG Rickettsia sp. highlights the importance of Amblyomma spp. in the maintenance of tick-borne agents in urban parks where humans and wild and domestic animals are living in sympatry.
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23
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Gattu R, Ramesh SS, Nadigar S, D CG, Ramesh S. Conjugation as a Tool in Therapeutics: Role of Amino Acids/Peptides-Bioactive (Including Heterocycles) Hybrid Molecules in Treating Infectious Diseases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030532. [PMID: 36978399 PMCID: PMC10044335 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based drugs are gaining significant momentum in the modern drug discovery, which is witnessed by the approval of new drugs by the FDA in recent years. On the other hand, small molecules-based drugs are an integral part of drug development since the past several decades. Peptide-containing drugs are placed between small molecules and the biologics. Both the peptides as well as the small molecules (mainly heterocycles) pose several drawbacks as therapeutics despite their success in curing many diseases. This gap may be bridged by utilising the so called 'conjugation chemistry', in which both the partners are linked to one another through a stable chemical bond, and the resulting conjugates are found to possess attracting benefits, thus eliminating the stigma associated with the individual partners. Over the past decades, the field of molecular hybridisation has emerged to afford us new and efficient molecular architectures that have shown high promise in medicinal chemistry. Taking advantage of this and also considering our experience in this field, we present herein a review concerning the molecules obtained by the conjugation of peptides (amino acids) to small molecules (heterocycles as well as bioactive compounds). More than 125 examples of the conjugates citing nearly 100 references published during the period 2000 to 2022 having therapeutic applications in curing infectious diseases have been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Gattu
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay S Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddaram Nadigar
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Channe Gowda D
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru 570005, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
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Yadana S, Valitutto MT, Aung O, Hayek LAC, Yu JH, Myat TW, Lin H, Htun MM, Thu HM, Hagan E, Francisco L, Murray S. Assessing Behavioral Risk Factors Driving Zoonotic Spillover Among High-risk Populations in Myanmar. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:31-42. [PMID: 37256491 PMCID: PMC10230129 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global emergence of zoonoses warrants improved awareness of activities that predispose vulnerable communities to greater risk of disease. Zoonotic disease outbreaks regularly occur within Myanmar and at its borders partly due to insufficient knowledge of behavioral risks, hindering participatory surveillance and reporting. This study employed a behavioral surveillance strategy among high-risk populations to understand the behavioral risks for zoonotic disease transmission in an effort to identify risk factors for pathogen spillover. To explore behavioral mechanisms of spillover in Myanmar, we aimed to: (1) evaluate the details around animal contact and types of interaction, (2) assess the association between self-reported unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) and animal contact activities and (3) identify the potential risk factors including behavioral practices of self-reported illness. Participants were enrolled at two community sites: Hpa-An and Hmawbi in Southern Myanmar. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants' animal exposures, behaviors and self-reported illnesses. From these responses, associations between (1) animal contact activities and self-reported unusual illnesses, and (2) potential risk factors and self-reported unusual illness were tested. Contact with poultry seemed to be very frequent (91.1%) and many participants reported raising, handling and having poultry in their houses as well as slaughtering or being scratched/bitten by them, followed by contact with rodents (57.8%) and swine (17.9%). Compared to participants who did not have any unusual symptoms, participants who had unusual symptoms in the past year were more likely to have sold dead animals (OR = 13.6, 95% CI 6.8-27.2), slaughtered (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.7-3.3), raised (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-5.0) or handled animals (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.6), and had eaten sick (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 3.0-6.4) and/or dead animals (OR = 6.0, 95% CI 4.1-8.8) in the same year. Odds of having reported unusual symptoms was higher among those involved in animal production business (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.9-6.2) and animal-involved livelihoods (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2) compared to other livelihoods. The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock and wild animals in communities we investigated in Myanmar. The study highlights the specific high-risk behaviors as they relate to animal contact and demographic risk factors for zoonotic spillover. Our findings contribute to human behavioral data needed to develop targeted interventions to prevent zoonotic disease transmission at human-animal interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA.
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA.
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 10th St. & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
| | - Jennifer H Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Moh Moh Htun
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Emily Hagan
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Leilani Francisco
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
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25
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Kraft DC, Naeem M, Mansour J, Beal MA, Bailey TC, Bhalla S. Body Imaging of Bacterial and Parasitic Zoonoses: Keys to Diagnosis. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220092. [PMID: 36729948 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic infections, which are transmitted from animals to humans, have been a substantial source of human disease since antiquity. As the human population continues to grow and human influence on the planet expands, humans frequently encounter both domestic and wild animals. This has only increased as deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, habitat fragmentation, outdoor recreation, and international travel evolve in modern society, all of which have resulted in the emergence and reemergence of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic infections pose a diagnostic challenge because of their nonspecific clinical manifestations and the need for specialized testing procedures to confirm these diagnoses. Affected patients often undergo imaging during their evaluation, and a radiologist familiar with the specific and often subtle imaging patterns of these infections can add important clinical value. The authors review the multimodality thoracic, abdominal, and musculoskeletal imaging findings of zoonotic bacterial (eg, Bartonella henselae, Pasteurella multocida, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, and Brucella species), spirochetal (eg, Leptospira species), and parasitic (eg, Echinococcus, Paragonimus, Toxocara, and Dirofilaria species) infections that are among the more commonly encountered zoonoses in the United States. Relevant clinical, epidemiologic, and pathophysiologic clues such as exposure history, occupational risk factors, and organism life cycles are also reviewed. Although many of the imaging findings of zoonotic infections overlap with those of nonzoonotic infections, granulomatous diseases, and malignancies, radiologists' familiarity with the imaging patterns can aid in the differential diagnosis in a patient with a suspected or unsuspected zoonotic infection. © RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Kraft
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Joseph Mansour
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Michael A Beal
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Thomas C Bailey
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Sanjeev Bhalla
- From the Department of Radiology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Texas 75246-2017 (D.C.K.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (M.N.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (J.M.); and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (M.A.B., S.B.) and Department of Infectious Diseases (T.C.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
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26
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Santaniello A, Perruolo G, Cristiano S, Agognon AL, Cabaro S, Amato A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Oriente F. SARS-CoV-2 Affects Both Humans and Animals: What Is the Potential Transmission Risk? A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020514. [PMID: 36838479 PMCID: PMC9959838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization Department declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, as a consequence of its rapid spread on all continents. The COVID-19 pandemic has been not only a health emergency but also a serious general problem as fear of contagion and severe restrictions put economic and social activity on hold in many countries. Considering the close link between human and animal health, COVID-19 might infect wild and companion animals, and spawn dangerous viral mutants that could jump back and pose an ulterior threat to us. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pandemic, with a particular focus on the clinical manifestations in humans and animals, the different diagnosis methods, the potential transmission risks, and their potential direct impact on the human-animal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cristiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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27
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Hill SC, François S, Thézé J, Smith AL, Simmonds P, Perrins CM, van der Hoek L, Pybus OG. Impact of host age on viral and bacterial communities in a waterbird population. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:215-226. [PMID: 36319706 PMCID: PMC9860062 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife harbour pathogens that can harm human or livestock health and are the source of most emerging infectious diseases. It is rarely considered how changes in wildlife population age-structures or how age-stratified behaviours might alter the level of pathogen detection within a species, or risk of spillover to other species. Micro-organisms that occur in healthy animals can be an important model for understanding and predicting the dynamics of pathogens of greater health concern, which are hard to study in wild populations due to their relative rarity. We therefore used a metagenomic approach to jointly characterise viral and prokaryotic carriage in faeces collected from a healthy wild bird population (Cygnus olor; mute swan) that has been subject to long-term study. Using 223 samples from known individuals allowed us to compare differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic viral carriage between adults and juveniles at an unprecedented level of detail. We discovered and characterised 77 novel virus species, of which 21% belong putatively to bird-infecting families, and described the core prokaryotic microbiome of C. olor. Whilst no difference in microbiota diversity was observed between juveniles and adult individuals, 50% (4/8) of bird-infecting virus families (picornaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses and bornaviruses) and 3.4% (9/267) of prokaryotic families (including Helicobacteraceae, Spirochaetaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families) were differentially abundant and/or prevalent between juveniles and adults. This indicates that perturbations that affect population age-structures of wildlife could alter circulation dynamics and spillover risk of microbes, potentially including pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sarah François
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Julien Thézé
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lia van der Hoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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28
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Gomes FR, Hipólito D, Aliácar SC, Fonseca C, Torres RT, de Carvalho LM, Figueiredo AM. Endoparasites of the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) and mesocarnivores in Central Portugal. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:435-440. [PMID: 36434319 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
At the end of the nineteenth century, massive population declines were observed in carnivores due to the emergence of infectious diseases. This study aims to investigate, by means of coprological analysis, the prevalence and intensity of the parasites that infect the endangered Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus and two mesocarnivores (the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the stone marten Martes foina) in Central Portugal. In total, 67.2% of the samples screened were infected; Toxascaris leonina (40.6%) was the parasite with the highest prevalence, followed by Ancylostomatidae and Eimeria spp. (28.1%). Eimeria spp. was found in stone marten with the highest infection rate (37,800 OPG), followed by T. leonina (10,100 EPG) in a red fox sample. Moderate to high levels of parasitic infections were identified in 73.3% of red foxes from the western area. Our results highlight the possibility of cross-infection among these carnivore species and cross-contamination in the wildlife-livestock-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Ribeiro Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dário Hipólito
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Casado Aliácar
- Rewilding Portugal, Quinta da Maunça SN, 6300-035, Arrifana, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Tinoco Torres
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Manuel Figueiredo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1066 Blindern, NO-316, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Enveloped viruses show increased propensity to cross-species transmission and zoonosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2215600119. [PMID: 36472956 PMCID: PMC9897429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses between different host species is a major source of emerging diseases and is of particular concern in the case of zoonotic transmission from mammals to humans. Several zoonosis risk factors have been identified, but it is currently unclear which viral traits primarily determine this process as previous work has focused on a few hundred viruses that are not representative of actual viral diversity. Here, we investigate fundamental virological traits that influence cross-species transmissibility and zoonotic propensity by interrogating a database of over 12,000 mammalian virus-host associations. Our analysis reveals that enveloped viruses tend to infect more host species and are more likely to be zoonotic than nonenveloped viruses, while other viral traits such as genome composition, structure, size, or the viral replication compartment play a less obvious role. This contrasts with the previous notion that viral envelopes did not significantly impact or even reduce zoonotic risk and should help better prioritize outbreak prevention efforts. We suggest several mechanisms by which viral envelopes could promote cross-species transmissibility, including structural flexibility of receptor-binding proteins and evasion of viral entry barriers.
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Feng J, Guo Z, Ai L, Liu J, Zhang X, Cao C, Xu J, Xia S, Zhou XN, Chen J, Li S. Establishment of an indicator framework for global One Health Intrinsic Drivers index based on the grounded theory and fuzzy analytical hierarchy-entropy weight method. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:121. [PMID: 36482389 PMCID: PMC9733012 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One Health has become a global consensus to deal with complex health problems. However, the progress of One Health implementation in many countries is still relatively slow, and there is a lack of systematic evaluation index. The purpose of this study was to establish an indicator framework for global One Health Intrinsic Drivers index (GOH-IDI) to evaluate human, animal and environmental health development process globally. METHOD First, 82 studies were deeply analyzed by a grounded theory (GT) method, including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to establish a three-level indicator framework, which was composed of three selective codes, 19 axial codes, and 79 open codes. Then, through semi-structured interviews with 28 health-related experts, the indicators were further integrated and simplified according to the inclusion criteria of the indicators. Finally, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process combined with the entropy weight method was used to assign weights to the indicators, thus, forming the evaluation indicator framework of human, animal and environmental health development process. RESULTS An indicator framework for GOH-IDI was formed consisting of three selective codes, 15 axial codes and 61 open codes. There were six axial codes for "Human Health", of which "Infectious Diseases" had the highest weight (19.76%) and "Injuries and Violence" had the lowest weight (11.72%). There were four axial codes for "Animal Health", of which "Animal Epidemic Disease" had the highest weight (39.28%) and "Animal Nutritional Status" had the lowest weight (11.59%). Five axial codes were set under "Environmental Health", among which, "Air Quality and Climate Change" had the highest weight (22.63%) and "Hazardous Chemicals" had the lowest weight (17.82%). CONCLUSIONS An indicator framework for GOH-IDI was established in this study. The framework were universal, balanced, and scientific, which hopefully to be a tool for evaluation of the joint development of human, animal and environmental health in different regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Feng
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Zhaoyu Guo
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin Ai
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jingshu Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chunli Cao
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jing Xu
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shang Xia
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jin Chen
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shizhu Li
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Development and evaluation of clove and cinnamon oil-based nanoemulsions against adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Martin JT, Fischhoff IR, Castellanos AA, Han BA. Ecological Predictors of Zoonotic Vector Status Among Dermacentor Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A Trait-Based Approach. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2158-2166. [PMID: 36066562 PMCID: PMC9667724 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing incidence of tick-borne human diseases and geographic range expansion of tick vectors elevates the importance of research on characteristics of tick species that transmit pathogens. Despite their global distribution and role as vectors of pathogens such as Rickettsia spp., ticks in the genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) have recently received less attention than ticks in the genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae). To address this knowledge gap, we compiled an extensive database of Dermacentor tick traits, including morphological characteristics, host range, and geographic distribution. Zoonotic vector status was determined by compiling information about zoonotic pathogens found in Dermacentor species derived from primary literature and data repositories. We trained a machine learning algorithm on this data set to assess which traits were the most important predictors of zoonotic vector status. Our model successfully classified vector species with ~84% accuracy (mean AUC) and identified two additional Dermacentor species as potential zoonotic vectors. Our results suggest that Dermacentor species that are most likely to be zoonotic vectors are broad ranging, both in terms of the range of hosts they infest and the range of ecoregions across which they are found, and also tend to have large hypostomes and be small-bodied as immature ticks. Beyond the patterns we observed, high spatial and species-level resolution of this new, synthetic dataset has the potential to support future analyses of public health relevance, including species distribution modeling and predictive analytics, to draw attention to emerging or newly identified Dermacentor species that warrant closer monitoring for zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya R Fischhoff
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | | | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
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Chinchio E, Romeo C, Crotta M, Ferrari N. Knowledge gaps in invasive species infections: Alien mammals of European Union concern as a case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157448. [PMID: 35863572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invasive Alien Species (IAS), i.e. species introduced by humans outside their natural geographic range, may act as host or vectors of pathogens of both human and animal health relevance. Although it has been recognized that IAS should deserve more attention from a public and animal health perspective, data on the pathogens hosted by these species are not systematically collected and this prevents accurate assessments of IAS-specific risks of disease transmission. To support the future development of disease risk assessments, we systematically reviewed the scientific literature related to the pathogens of the eleven mammal species included in the European list of IAS of concern to gain insight in the amount and quality of data available. Data were analyzed to assess the current knowledge on the pathogens harbored by mammal IAS in natural conditions, through the identification of the main factors associated with research intensity on IAS pathogens and with the IAS observed pathogen species richness, the estimation of the true pathogen species richness for each IAS, and a meta-analysis of prevalence for the pathogens of health relevance. While the review confirmed that mammal IAS harbor pathogens of human and animal health relevance such as rabies virus, West Nile Virus, Borrelia burgdorferi and Mycobacterium bovis, results also highlighted strong information gaps and biases in research on IAS pathogens. In addition, the analyses showed an underestimation of the number of pathogens harbored by these species and the existence of high levels of uncertainty in the prevalence of the pathogens of health significance identified. These results highlight the need towards more efforts in making the available information on IAS pathogens accessible and systematically collected in order to provide data for future investigations and risk assessments, as well as the need of relying on alternative sources of information to assess IAS disease risk, like expert opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Chinchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Universitá 6, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Universitá 6, Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Crotta
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre for Risk Analysis and Modelling, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA Hatfield, UK
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Universitá 6, Lodi, Italy
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Agusi ER, Allendorf V, Eze EA, Asala O, Shittu I, Dietze K, Busch F, Globig A, Meseko CA. SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface: Implication for Global Public Health from an African Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112473. [PMID: 36366571 PMCID: PMC9696393 DOI: 10.3390/v14112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become the most far-reaching public health crisis of modern times. Several efforts are underway to unravel its root cause as well as to proffer adequate preventive or inhibitive measures. Zoonotic spillover of the causative virus from an animal reservoir to the human population is being studied as the most likely event leading to the pandemic. Consequently, it is important to consider viral evolution and the process of spread within zoonotic anthropogenic transmission cycles as a global public health impact. The diverse routes of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 offer great potential for a future reservoir of pandemic viruses evolving from the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic circulation. To mitigate possible future infectious disease outbreaks in Africa and elsewhere, there is an urgent need for adequate global surveillance, prevention, and control measures that must include a focus on known and novel emerging zoonotic pathogens through a one health approach. Human immunization efforts should be approached equally through the transfer of cutting-edge technology for vaccine manufacturing throughout the world to ensure global public health and one health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebere Roseann Agusi
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu 410001, Nigeria
| | - Valerie Allendorf
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (V.A.)
| | | | - Olayinka Asala
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Frank Busch
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Clement Adebajo Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Cronin MR, de Wit LA, Martínez‐Estévez L. Aligning conservation and public health goals to tackle unsustainable trade of mammals. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Cronin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | | | - Lourdes Martínez‐Estévez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
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Palomares Velosa JE, Riaño Sánchez S, Martínez Marín A, Cediel Becerra NM. Prevention of exposure to zoonoses in rural Latin America: Social ecological factors in a diverse regional context. One Health 2022; 15:100444. [PMID: 36277084 PMCID: PMC9582569 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have serious impacts on human health and well-being, but they are often overlooked in rural Latin America. The design of effective preventive interventions is complex and requires an integrative approach from evidence-based information analyzed through robust theoretical frameworks. We conducted a systematized literature review and qualitative framework-guided thematic analysis to identify social ecological factors affecting the prevention and exposure to zoonotic diseases. Although resources for research are limited in Latin America, we found several studies with relevant results. We extracted and interpreted 8 themes as factors affecting the prevention, transmission, and exposure to zoonosis. These themes included knowledge and misconceptions, low risk perception, gaps in knowledge and communication, psychological effect of diseases, culture and traditions, inequality, disarticulated prevention programs, and organizational responsibility. Alongside this, we compiled and present the recommendations for actions to reduce the impact of zoonoses in these populations. The factors and recommendations here presented can be adapted to inform the design and improvement of preventive programs, focused on One Health and aiming to reduce the impact of zoonotic diseases in rural settings. We identified relevant social and behavioural factors affecting the prevention of Zoonotic diseases in Latin America. Knowledge, risk perceptions, and communication quality were relevant individual factors. Inequity and unarticulated programs were relevant social factors. Characterization of the context-specific social ecology can improve the development of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Enrique Palomares Velosa
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas - CIDEIM, Cali, valle del cauca, Colombia,Corresponding author at: Calle. 18 #122-135, Icesi University campus, building O, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
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Voinson M, Smadi C, Billiard S. How does the host community structure affect the epidemiological dynamics of emerging infectious diseases? Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Davis MT, Canning AD, Midwinter AC, Death RG. Nitrate enrichment does not affect enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in aquatic microcosms but may affect other strains present in aquatic habitats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13914. [PMID: 36187747 PMCID: PMC9524367 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication of the planet's aquatic systems is increasing at an unprecedented rate. In freshwater systems, nitrate-one of the nutrients responsible for eutrophication-is linked to biodiversity losses and ecosystem degradation. One of the main sources of freshwater nitrate pollution in New Zealand is agriculture. New Zealand's pastoral farming system relies heavily on the application of chemical fertilisers. These fertilisers in combination with animal urine, also high in nitrogen, result in high rates of nitrogen leaching into adjacent aquatic systems. In addition to nitrogen, livestock waste commonly carries human and animal enteropathogenic bacteria, many of which can survive in freshwater environments. Two strains of enteropathogenic bacteria found in New Zealand cattle, are K99 and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). To better understand the effects of ambient nitrate concentrations in the water column on environmental enteropathogenic bacteria survival, a microcosm experiment with three nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (0, 1, and 3 mg NO3-N /L), two enteropathogenic bacterial strains (STEC O26-human, and K99-animal), and two water types (sterile and containing natural microbiota) was run. Both STEC O26 and K99 reached 500 CFU/10 ml in both water types at all three nitrate concentrations within 24 hours and remained at those levels for the full 91 days of the experiment. Although enteropathogenic strains showed no response to water column nitrate concentrations, the survival of background Escherichia coli, imported as part of the in-stream microbiota did, surviving longer in 1 and 3 mg NO3-N/Lconcentrations (P < 0.001). While further work is needed to fully understand how nitrate enrichment and in-stream microbiota may affect the viability of human and animal pathogens in freshwater systems, it is clear that these two New Zealand strains of STEC O26 and K99 can persist in river water for extended periods alongside some natural microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith T. Davis
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand,Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory—Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
| | - Adam D. Canning
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne C. Midwinter
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory—Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
| | - Russell G. Death
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
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Campbell LJ, Castillo NA, Dunn CD, Perez A, Schmitter-Soto JJ, Mejri SC, Boucek RE, Corujo RS, Adams AJ, Rehage JS, Goldberg TL. Viruses of Atlantic Bonefish ( Albula vulpes) in Florida and the Caribbean show geographic patterns consistent with population declines. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 2022; 106:303-317. [PMID: 35965638 PMCID: PMC9362051 DOI: 10.1007/s10641-022-01306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Atlantic Bonefish (Albula vulpes) are economically important due to their popularity with recreational anglers. In the State of Florida, USA, bonefish population numbers declined by approximately 60% between the 1990s and 2015. Habitat loss, water quality impairment, chemical inputs, and other anthropogenic factors have been implicated as causes, but the role of pathogens has been largely overlooked, especially with respect to viruses. We used a metagenomic approach to identify and quantify viruses in the blood of 103 A. vulpes sampled throughout their Western Atlantic range, including populations in Florida that have experienced population declines and populations in Belize, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and The Bahamas that have remained apparently stable. We identified four viruses, all of which are members of families known to infect marine fishes (Flaviviridae, Iflaviridae, Narnaviridae, and Nodaviridae), but all of which were previously undescribed. Bonefish from Florida and Mexico had higher viral richness (numbers of distinct viruses per individual fish) than fish sampled from other areas, and bonefish from the Upper Florida Keys had the highest prevalence of viral infection (proportion of positive fish) than fish sampled from any other location. Bonefish from Florida also had markedly higher viral loads than fish sampled from any other area, both for a novel narnavirus and for all viruses combined. Bonefish viruses may be indicators of environmentally driven physiological and immunological compromise, causes of ill health, or both. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10641-022-01306-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. Campbell
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Nicholas A. Castillo
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Juan J. Schmitter-Soto
- Departamento de Sistemática y Ecología Acuática, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Q.R, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Sahar C. Mejri
- Department of Aquaculture and Stock Enhancement, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | | | | | - Aaron J. Adams
- Bonefish & Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL USA
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Jennifer S. Rehage
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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Cecilia H, Vriens R, Wichgers Schreur PJ, de Wit MM, Métras R, Ezanno P, ten Bosch QA. Heterogeneity of Rift Valley fever virus transmission potential across livestock hosts, quantified through a model-based analysis of host viral load and vector infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010314. [PMID: 35867712 PMCID: PMC9348665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the variation of pathogens’ life history traits in multiple host systems is crucial to understand their transmission dynamics. It is particularly important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), which are prone to infecting several species of vertebrate hosts. Here, we focus on how host-pathogen interactions determine the ability of host species to transmit a virus to susceptible vectors upon a potentially infectious contact. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral, vector-borne, zoonotic disease, chosen as a case study. The relative contributions of livestock species to RVFV transmission has not been previously quantified. To estimate their potential to transmit the virus over the course of their infection, we 1) fitted a within-host model to viral RNA and infectious virus measures, obtained daily from infected lambs, calves, and young goats, 2) estimated the relationship between vertebrate host infectious titers and probability to infect mosquitoes, and 3) estimated the net infectiousness of each host species over the duration of their infectious periods, taking into account different survival outcomes for lambs. Our results indicate that the efficiency of viral replication, along with the lifespan of infectious particles, could be sources of heterogeneity between hosts. Given available data on RVFV competent vectors, we found that, for similar infectious titers, infection rates in the Aedes genus were on average higher than in the Culex genus. Consequently, for Aedes-mediated infections, we estimated the net infectiousness of lambs to be 2.93 (median) and 3.65 times higher than that of calves and goats, respectively. In lambs, we estimated the overall infectiousness to be 1.93 times higher in individuals which eventually died from the infection than in those recovering. Beyond infectiousness, the relative contributions of host species to transmission depend on local ecological factors, including relative abundances and vector host-feeding preferences. Quantifying these contributions will ultimately help design efficient, targeted, surveillance and vaccination strategies. Viruses spread by mosquitoes present a major threat to animal and public health worldwide. When these pathogenic viruses can infect multiple species, controlling their spread becomes difficult. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is such a virus. It spreads predominantly among ruminant livestock but can also spill over and cause severe disease in humans. Understanding which of these ruminant species are most important for the transmission of RVFV can help for effective control. One piece of this puzzle is to assess how effective infected animals are at transmitting RVFV to mosquitoes. To answer this question, we combine mathematical models with observations from experimental infections in cattle, sheep, and goats, and model changes in viremia over time within individuals. We then quantify the relationship between hosts’ viremia and the probability to infect mosquitoes. In combining these two analyses, we estimate the overall transmission potential of sheep, when in contact with mosquitoes, to be 3 to 5 times higher than that of goats and cattle. Further, sheep that experience a lethal infection have an even larger overall transmission potential. Once applied at the level of populations, with setting-specific herd composition and exposure to mosquitoes, these results will help unravel species’ role in RVF outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cecilia
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (HC); (QAtB)
| | - Roosmarie Vriens
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariken M. de Wit
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | | | - Quirine A. ten Bosch
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HC); (QAtB)
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Sánchez A, Contreras A, Corrales JC, de la Fe C. [In the beginning it was zoonosis: One Health to combat this and future pandemics. SESPAS Report 2022]. GACETA SANITARIA 2022; 36 Suppl 1:S61-S67. [PMID: 35781151 PMCID: PMC9244666 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha hecho evidente la importancia de la interfaz animal-humano-medio ambiente en la emergencia de zoonosis. A pesar de que el salto de especie se considera un evento raro, el número de enfermedades infecciosas emergentes aumentó de manera significativa en la segunda mitad del siglo xx, siendo estas principalmente de carácter zoonótico y originadas en la fauna silvestre. Entre los determinantes asociados a la emergencia de zoonosis destacan la interacción humana con los ecosistemas, la pérdida de biodiversidad, los cambios en el uso del suelo, el cambio climático, el comercio y el consumo de fauna silvestre, etc. En el proceso del salto de especie existen diferentes fases de adaptación evolutiva entre el patógeno y la especie humana, variando desde su presencia en el reservorio animal sin infección humana hasta enfermedades exclusivamente humanas sin otros reservorios. El conocimiento de la evolución natural de las zoonosis permite identificar los puntos críticos para su control, al tiempo que posibilita identificar posibles candidatos para futuras pandemias. De forma específica, los avances en el conocimiento de los posibles reservorios del SARS-CoV-2 han contribuido a la toma de decisiones durante la pandemia. Por todo ello, y ante la variedad de escenarios que posibilitan el salto de especie y la evolución de los diferentes patógenos en un nuevo huésped, la vigilancia frente a la emergencia de zoonosis debe plantearse bajo la estrategia One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Juan C Corrales
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España.
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Hopkins SR, Jones IJ, Buck JC, LeBoa C, Kwong LH, Jacobsen K, Rickards C, Lund AJ, Nova N, MacDonald AJ, Lambert-Peck M, De Leo GA, Sokolow SH. Environmental Persistence of the World's Most Burdensome Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Front Public Health 2022; 10:892366. [PMID: 35875032 PMCID: PMC9305703 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.892366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans live in complex socio-ecological systems where we interact with parasites and pathogens that spend time in abiotic and biotic environmental reservoirs (e.g., water, air, soil, other vertebrate hosts, vectors, intermediate hosts). Through a synthesis of published literature, we reviewed the life cycles and environmental persistence of 150 parasites and pathogens tracked by the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease study. We used those data to derive the time spent in each component of a pathogen's life cycle, including total time spent in humans versus all environmental stages. We found that nearly all infectious organisms were “environmentally mediated” to some degree, meaning that they spend time in reservoirs and can be transmitted from those reservoirs to human hosts. Correspondingly, many infectious diseases were primarily controlled through environmental interventions (e.g., vector control, water sanitation), whereas few (14%) were primarily controlled by integrated methods (i.e., combining medical and environmental interventions). Data on critical life history attributes for most of the 150 parasites and pathogens were difficult to find and often uncertain, potentially hampering efforts to predict disease dynamics and model interactions between life cycle time scales and infection control strategies. We hope that this synthetic review and associated database serve as a resource for understanding both common patterns among parasites and pathogens and important variability and uncertainty regarding particular infectious diseases. These insights can be used to improve systems-based approaches for controlling environmentally mediated diseases of humans in an era where the environment is rapidly changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar R. Hopkins
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Skylar R. Hopkins
| | - Isabel J. Jones
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Julia C. Buck
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Christopher LeBoa
- Department of Epidemiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura H. Kwong
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kim Jacobsen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chloe Rickards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Andrea J. Lund
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Andrew J. MacDonald
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Miles Lambert-Peck
- United Nations University for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Anurans against SARS-CoV-2: A review of the potential antiviral action of anurans cutaneous peptides. Virus Res 2022; 315:198769. [PMID: 35430319 PMCID: PMC9008983 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, in China, clinical signs and symptoms of unknown etiology have been reported in several patients whose sample sequencing revealed pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 is a disease triggered by this virus, and in 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. Since then, efforts have been made to find effective therapeutic agents against this disease. Identifying novel natural antiviral drugs can be an alternative to treatment. For this reason, antimicrobial peptides secreted by anurans' skin have gained attention for showing a promissory antiviral effect. Hence, this review aimed to elucidate how and which peptides secreted by anurans' skin can be considered therapeutic agents to treat or prevent human viral infectious diseases. Through a literature review, we attempted to identify potential antiviral frogs' peptides to combat COVID-19. As a result, the Magainin-1 and -2 peptides, from the Magainin family, the Dermaseptin-S9, from the Dermaseptin family, and Caerin 1.6 and 1.10, from the Caerin family, are molecules that already showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in silico. In addition to these peptides, this review suggests that future studies should use other families that already have antiviral action against other viruses, such as Brevinins, Maculatins, Esculentins, Temporins, and Urumins. To apply these peptides as therapeutic agents, experimental studies with peptides already tested in silico and new studies with other families not tested yet should be considered.
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Tober AV, Govender D, Russo IRM, Cable J. The microscopic five of the big five: Managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protected areas. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:1-46. [PMID: 35878948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
African protected areas strive to conserve the continent's great biodiversity with a targeted focus on the flagship 'Big Five' megafauna. Though often not considered, this biodiversity protection also extends to the lesser-known microbes and parasites that are maintained in these diverse ecosystems, often in a silent and endemically stable state. Climate and anthropogenic change, and associated diversity loss, however, are altering these dynamics leading to shifts in ecological interactions and pathogen spill over into new niches and hosts. As many African protected areas are bordered by game and livestock farms, as well as villages, they provide an ideal study system to assess infection dynamics at the human-livestock-wildlife interface. Here we review five zoonotic, multi-host diseases (bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis)-the 'Microscopic Five'-and discuss the biotic and abiotic drivers of parasite transmission using the iconic Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study. We identify knowledge gaps regarding the impact of the 'Microscopic Five' on wildlife within parks and highlight the need for more empirical data, particularly for neglected (schistosomiasis) and newly emerging (cryptosporidiosis) diseases, as well as zoonotic disease risk from the rising bush meat trade and game farm industry. As protected areas strive to become further embedded in the socio-economic systems that surround them, providing benefits to local communities, One Health approaches can help maintain the ecological integrity of ecosystems, while protecting local communities and economies from the negative impacts of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya V Tober
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Danny Govender
- SANParks, Scientific Services, Savanna and Grassland Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Isa-Rita M Russo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Evans MV, Drake JM. A Data-driven Horizon Scan of Bacterial Pathogens at the Wildlife-livestock Interface. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:246-258. [PMID: 35666334 PMCID: PMC9168633 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many livestock diseases rely on wildlife for the transmission or maintenance of the pathogen, and the wildlife-livestock interface represents a potential site of disease emergence for novel pathogens in livestock. Predicting which pathogen species are most likely to emerge in the future is an important challenge for infectious disease surveillance and intelligence. We used a machine learning approach to conduct a data-driven horizon scan of bacterial associations at the wildlife-livestock interface for cows, sheep, and pigs. Our model identified and ranked from 76 to 189 potential novel bacterial species that might associate with each livestock species. Wildlife reservoirs of known and novel bacteria were shared among all three species, suggesting that targeting surveillance and/or control efforts towards these reservoirs could contribute disproportionately to reducing spillover risk to livestock. By predicting pathogen-host associations at the wildlife-livestock interface, we demonstrate one way to plan for and prevent disease emergence in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Evans
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34000, Montpellier, France.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA.
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA.
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA
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Home C, Bijoor A, Bhatnagar YV, Vanak AT. Serosurvey of viral pathogens in free-ranging dog populations in the high altitude Trans-Himalayan region. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7203.14.5.21025-21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs, as reservoir hosts, have been implicated in the decline of carnivore populations across the globe. We conducted a serosurvey of free-ranging dog populations to assess the population level exposure rates to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) in a Trans-Himalayan landscape in India that is home to the endangered Snow Leopard. A total of 97 dogs were sampled across six villages as a part of a surgical sterilization campaign during the study period. Samples were tested for IgG antibodies using a table top ELISA kit. Exposure rates to the three viral pathogens in the dog populations was high; 100% for CPV, 54% for CDV and 66% for CAV, with high positive immunoglobulin titer values for CAV and CPV, and low to moderate values for CDV. Overall conservation efforts for native carnivores need to address the role of free-ranging domestic dogs in disease transmission.
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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Daversa D, Bosch J, Manica A, Garner TWJ, Fenton A. Host identity matters – up to a point: the community context of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis transmission. Am Nat 2022; 200:584-597. [DOI: 10.1086/720638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Occhibove F, McKeown NJ, Risley C, Ironside JE. Eco-epidemiological screening of multi-host wild rodent communities in the UK reveals pathogen strains of zoonotic interest. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:278-287. [PMID: 35309039 PMCID: PMC8927908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild rodent communities represent ideal systems to study pathogens and parasites shared among sympatric species. Such studies are useful in the investigation of eco-epidemiological dynamics, improving disease management strategies and reducing zoonotic risk. The aim of this study was to investigate pathogen and parasites shared among rodent species (multi-host community) in West Wales in an area where human/wildlife disease risk was not previously assessed. West Wales is predominantly rural, with human settlements located alongside to grazing areas and semi-natural landscapes, creating a critical human-livestock-wildlife interface. Ground-dwelling wild rodent communities in Wales were live-trapped and biological samples - faeces and ectoparasites - collected and screened for a suite of pathogens and parasites that differ in types of transmission and ecology. Faecal samples were examined to detect Herpesvirus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium microti. Ticks and fleas were collected, identified to species based on morphology and genetic barcodes, and then screened for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella sp. All the pathogens and parasites screened pose a characteristic epidemiological challenge, such as variable level of generalism, unknown zoonotic potential, and lack of data. The results showed that the bank vole Myodes glareolus had the highest prevalence of all pathogens and parasites. Higher flea species diversity was detected than in previous studies, and at least two Bartonella species were found circulating, one of which has not previously been detected in the UK. These key findings offer new insights into the distribution of selected pathogen and parasites and subsequent zoonotic risk, and provide new baselines and perspectives for further eco-epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Occhibove
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Claire Risley
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
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