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Lamorie-Foote K, Kramer DR, Sundaram S, Cavaleri J, Gilbert ZD, Tang AM, Bashford L, Liu CY, Kellis S, Lee B. Primary somatosensory cortex organization for engineering artificial somatosensation. Neurosci Res 2024; 204:1-13. [PMID: 38278220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Somatosensory deficits from stroke, spinal cord injury, or other neurologic damage can lead to a significant degree of functional impairment. The primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices encode information in a medial to lateral organization. SI is generally organized topographically, with more discrete cortical representations of specific body regions. SII regions corresponding to anatomical areas are less discrete and may represent a more functional rather than topographic organization. Human somatosensory research continues to map cortical areas of sensory processing with efforts primarily focused on hand and upper extremity information in SI. However, research into SII and other body regions is lacking. In this review, we synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding the cortical organization of human somatosensation and discuss potential applications for brain computer interface. In addition to accurate individualized mapping of cortical somatosensation, further research is required to uncover the neurophysiological mechanisms of how somatosensory information is encoded in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel R Kramer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Shivani Sundaram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Jonathon Cavaleri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary D Gilbert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Austin M Tang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luke Bashford
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, T&C Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Mahon S. Variation and convergence in the morpho-functional properties of the mammalian neocortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1413780. [PMID: 38966330 PMCID: PMC11222651 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1413780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Man's natural inclination to classify and hierarchize the living world has prompted neurophysiologists to explore possible differences in brain organisation between mammals, with the aim of understanding the diversity of their behavioural repertoires. But what really distinguishes the human brain from that of a platypus, an opossum or a rodent? In this review, we compare the structural and electrical properties of neocortical neurons in the main mammalian radiations and examine their impact on the functioning of the networks they form. We discuss variations in overall brain size, number of neurons, length of their dendritic trees and density of spines, acknowledging their increase in humans as in most large-brained species. Our comparative analysis also highlights a remarkable consistency, particularly pronounced in marsupial and placental mammals, in the cell typology, intrinsic and synaptic electrical properties of pyramidal neuron subtypes, and in their organisation into functional circuits. These shared cellular and network characteristics contribute to the emergence of strikingly similar large-scale physiological and pathological brain dynamics across a wide range of species. These findings support the existence of a core set of neural principles and processes conserved throughout mammalian evolution, from which a number of species-specific adaptations appear, likely allowing distinct functional needs to be met in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mahon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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3
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Wright J, Bourke P. Markov Blankets and Mirror Symmetries-Free Energy Minimization and Mesocortical Anatomy. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:287. [PMID: 38667842 PMCID: PMC11049374 DOI: 10.3390/e26040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A theoretical account of development in mesocortical anatomy is derived from the free energy principle, operating in a neural field with both Hebbian and anti-Hebbian neural plasticity. An elementary structural unit is proposed, in which synaptic connections at mesoscale are arranged in paired patterns with mirror symmetry. Exchanges of synaptic flux in each pattern form coupled spatial eigenmodes, and the line of mirror reflection between the paired patterns operates as a Markov blanket, so that prediction errors in exchanges between the pairs are minimized. The theoretical analysis is then compared to the outcomes from a biological model of neocortical development, in which neuron precursors are selected by apoptosis for cell body and synaptic connections maximizing synchrony and also minimizing axonal length. It is shown that this model results in patterns of connection with the anticipated mirror symmetries, at micro-, meso- and inter-arial scales, among lateral connections, and in cortical depth. This explains the spatial organization and functional significance of neuron response preferences, and is compatible with the structural form of both columnar and noncolumnar cortex. Multi-way interactions of mirrored representations can provide a preliminary anatomically realistic model of cortical information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wright
- Centre for Brain Research, and Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul Bourke
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Rvachev MM. An operating principle of the cerebral cortex, and a cellular mechanism for attentional trial-and-error pattern learning and useful classification extraction. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1280604. [PMID: 38505865 PMCID: PMC10950307 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1280604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A feature of the brains of intelligent animals is the ability to learn to respond to an ensemble of active neuronal inputs with a behaviorally appropriate ensemble of active neuronal outputs. Previously, a hypothesis was proposed on how this mechanism is implemented at the cellular level within the neocortical pyramidal neuron: the apical tuft or perisomatic inputs initiate "guess" neuron firings, while the basal dendrites identify input patterns based on excited synaptic clusters, with the cluster excitation strength adjusted based on reward feedback. This simple mechanism allows neurons to learn to classify their inputs in a surprisingly intelligent manner. Here, we revise and extend this hypothesis. We modify synaptic plasticity rules to align with behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) observed in hippocampal area CA1, making the framework more biophysically and behaviorally plausible. The neurons for the guess firings are selected in a voluntary manner via feedback connections to apical tufts in the neocortical layer 1, leading to dendritic Ca2+ spikes with burst firing, which are postulated to be neural correlates of attentional, aware processing. Once learned, the neuronal input classification is executed without voluntary or conscious control, enabling hierarchical incremental learning of classifications that is effective in our inherently classifiable world. In addition to voluntary, we propose that pyramidal neuron burst firing can be involuntary, also initiated via apical tuft inputs, drawing attention toward important cues such as novelty and noxious stimuli. We classify the excitations of neocortical pyramidal neurons into four categories based on their excitation pathway: attentional versus automatic and voluntary/acquired versus involuntary. Additionally, we hypothesize that dendrites within pyramidal neuron minicolumn bundles are coupled via depolarization cross-induction, enabling minicolumn functions such as the creation of powerful hierarchical "hyperneurons" and the internal representation of the external world. We suggest building blocks to extend the microcircuit theory to network-level processing, which, interestingly, yields variants resembling the artificial neural networks currently in use. On a more speculative note, we conjecture that principles of intelligence in universes governed by certain types of physical laws might resemble ours.
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Cleary DR, Tchoe Y, Bourhis A, Dickey CW, Stedelin B, Ganji M, Lee SH, Lee J, Siler DA, Brown EC, Rosen BQ, Kaestner E, Yang JC, Soper DJ, Han SJ, Paulk AC, Cash SS, Raslan AMT, Dayeh SA, Halgren E. Modular Phoneme Processing in Human Superior Temporal Gyrus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576120. [PMID: 38293030 PMCID: PMC10827201 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Modular organization is fundamental to cortical processing, but its presence is human association cortex is unknown. We characterized phoneme processing with 128-1024 channel micro-arrays at 50-200µm pitch on superior temporal gyrus of 7 patients. High gamma responses were highly correlated within ~1.7mm diameter modules, sharply delineated from adjacent modules with distinct time-courses and phoneme-selectivity. We suggest that receptive language cortex may be organized in discrete processing modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Cleary
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Youngbin Tchoe
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Bourhis
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles W Dickey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brittany Stedelin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sang Hoen Lee
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dominic A Siler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Erik C Brown
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Burke Q Rosen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erik Kaestner
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel J Soper
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seunggu Jude Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ahmed M T Raslan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Departments of Radiology and Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Krockenberger MS, Saleh-Mattesich TO, Evrard HC. Cytoarchitectonic and connection stripes in the dysgranular insular cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:2019-2043. [PMID: 38105579 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The insula has been classically divided into broad granular, dysgranular, and agranular architectonic sectors. We previously proposed a novel partition, dividing each sector into four to seven sharply delimited architectonic areas, with the dysgranular areas being possibly further subdivided into subtle horizontal partitions or "stripes." In architectonics, discrete subparcellations are prone to subjective variability and need being supported with additional neuroanatomical methods. Here, using a secondary analysis of indirect connectional data in the rhesus macaque monkey, we examined the spatial relationship between the dysgranular architectonic stripes and tract-tracing labeling patterns produced in the insula with injections of neuronal tracers in other cortical regions. The injections consistently produced sharply delimited patches of anterograde and/or retrograde labeling, which formed stripes across consecutive coronal sections of the insula. While the overall pattern of labeling on individual coronal sections varied with the injection site, the boundaries of the patches consistently coincided with architectonic boundaries on an adjacent cyto- (Nissl) and/or myelo- (Gallyas) architectonic section. This overlap supports the existence of a fine dysgranular stripe-like partition of the primate insula, with possibly major implications for interoceptive processing in primates including humans. The modular organization of the insula could underlie a serial stream of integration from a dorsal primary interoceptive cortex toward progressively more ventral egocentric "self-agency" and allocentric "social" dysgranular processing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Krockenberger
- Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Karl Eberhard University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatianna O Saleh-Mattesich
- Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Karl Eberhard University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry C Evrard
- Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Karl Eberhard University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Namima T, Kempkes E, Zamarashkina P, Owen N, Pasupathy A. High-density recording reveals sparse clusters (but not columns) for shape and texture encoding in macaque V4. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.15.562424. [PMID: 37904996 PMCID: PMC10614825 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.15.562424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Macaque area V4 includes neurons that exhibit exquisite selectivity for visual form and surface texture, but their functional organization across laminae is unknown. We used high-density Neuropixels probes in two awake monkeys to characterize shape and texture tuning of dozens of neurons simultaneously across layers. We found sporadic clusters of neurons that exhibit similar tuning for shape and texture: ~20% exhibited similar tuning with their neighbors. Importantly, these clusters were confined to a few layers, seldom 'columnar' in structure. This was the case even when neurons were strongly driven, and exhibited robust contrast invariance for shape and texture tuning. We conclude that functional organization in area V4 is not columnar for shape and texture stimulus features and in general organization maybe at a coarse scale (e.g. encoding of 2D vs 3D shape) rather than at a fine scale in terms of similarity in tuning for specific features (as in the orientation columns in V1). We speculate that this may be a direct consequence of the great diversity of inputs integrated by V4 neurons to build variegated tuning manifolds in a high-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Namima
- Department of Biological Structure and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Erin Kempkes
- Department of Biological Structure and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Polina Zamarashkina
- Department of Biological Structure and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Natalia Owen
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anitha Pasupathy
- Department of Biological Structure and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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8
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Mitchell BA, Carlson BM, Westerberg JA, Cox MA, Maier A. A role for ocular dominance in binocular integration. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3884-3895.e5. [PMID: 37657450 PMCID: PMC10530424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the primate primary visual cortex (V1) combine left- and right-eye information to form a binocular output. Controversy surrounds whether ocular dominance, the preference of these neurons for one eye over the other, is functionally relevant. Here, we demonstrate that ocular dominance impacts gain control during binocular combination. We recorded V1 spiking activity while monkeys passively viewed grating stimuli. Gratings were either presented to one eye (monocular), both eyes with the same contrasts (binocular balanced), or both eyes with different contrasts (binocular imbalanced). We found that contrast placed in a neuron's dominant eye was weighted more strongly than contrast placed in a neuron's non-dominant eye. This asymmetry covaried with neurons' ocular dominance. We then tested whether accounting for ocular dominance within divisive normalization improves the fit to neural data. We found that ocular dominance significantly improved model performance, with interocular normalization providing the best fits. These findings suggest that V1 ocular dominance is relevant for response normalization during binocular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Brock M Carlson
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jacob A Westerberg
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Michele A Cox
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Alexander Maier
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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9
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Liang Y, Lu R, Borges K, Ji N. Stimulus edges induce orientation tuning in superior colliculus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4756. [PMID: 37553352 PMCID: PMC10409754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientation columns exist in the primary visual cortex (V1) of cat and primates but not mouse. Intriguingly, some recent studies reported the presence of orientation and direction columns in the mouse superficial superior colliculus (sSC), while others reported a lack of columnar organization therein. Using in vivo calcium imaging of sSC in the awake mouse brain, we found that the presence of columns is highly stimulus dependent. Specifically, we observed orientation and direction columns formed by sSC neurons retinotopically mapped to the edge of grating stimuli. For both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sSC, orientation selectivity can be induced by the edge with their preferred orientation perpendicular to the edge orientation. Furthermore, we found that this edge-induced orientation selectivity is associated with saliency encoding. These findings indicate that the tuning properties of sSC neurons are not fixed by circuit architecture but rather dependent on the spatiotemporal properties of the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rongwen Lu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA
| | - Katharine Borges
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20148, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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10
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Zhou Q, Li H, Yao S, Takahata T. Visual experience-dependent development of ocular dominance columns in pigmented rats. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9450-9464. [PMID: 37415464 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite previous agreement of the absence of cortical column structure in the rodent visual cortex, we have recently revealed a presence of ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) of adult Long-Evans rats. In this study, we deepened understanding of characteristics of rat ODCs. We found that this structure was conserved in Brown Norway rats, but not in albino rats; therefore, it could be a structure generally present in pigmented wild rats. Activity-dependent gene expression indicated that maturation of eye-dominant patches takes more than 2 weeks after eye-opening, and this process is visual experience dependent. Monocular deprivation during classical critical period strongly influenced size of ODCs, shifting ocular dominance from the deprived eye to the opened eye. On the other hand, transneuronal anterograde tracer showed a presence of eye-dominant patchy innervation from the ipsilateral V1 even before eye-opening, suggesting the presence of visual activity-independent genetic components of developing ODCs. Pigmented C57BL/6J mice also showed minor clusters of ocular dominance neurons. These results provide insights into how visual experience-dependent and experience-independent components both contribute to develop cortical columns during early postnatal stages, and indicate that rats and mice can be excellent models to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
| | - Hangqi Li
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
| | - Songping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
| | - Toru Takahata
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China
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Watakabe A, Skibbe H, Nakae K, Abe H, Ichinohe N, Rachmadi MF, Wang J, Takaji M, Mizukami H, Woodward A, Gong R, Hata J, Van Essen DC, Okano H, Ishii S, Yamamori T. Local and long-distance organization of prefrontal cortex circuits in the marmoset brain. Neuron 2023; 111:2258-2273.e10. [PMID: 37196659 PMCID: PMC10789578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has dramatically expanded in primates, but its organization and interactions with other brain regions are only partially understood. We performed high-resolution connectomic mapping of the marmoset PFC and found two contrasting corticocortical and corticostriatal projection patterns: "patchy" projections that formed many columns of submillimeter scale in nearby and distant regions and "diffuse" projections that spread widely across the cortex and striatum. Parcellation-free analyses revealed representations of PFC gradients in these projections' local and global distribution patterns. We also demonstrated column-scale precision of reciprocal corticocortical connectivity, suggesting that PFC contains a mosaic of discrete columns. Diffuse projections showed considerable diversity in the laminar patterns of axonal spread. Altogether, these fine-grained analyses reveal important principles of local and long-distance PFC circuits in marmosets and provide insights into the functional organization of the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Henrik Skibbe
- Brain Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Ken Nakae
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi
- Brain Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia
| | - Jian Wang
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Alexander Woodward
- Connectome Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rui Gong
- Connectome Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Shin Ishii
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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12
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Pizzuti A, Huber L(R, Gulban OF, Benitez-Andonegui A, Peters J, Goebel R. Imaging the columnar functional organization of human area MT+ to axis-of-motion stimuli using VASO at 7 Tesla. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8693-8711. [PMID: 37254796 PMCID: PMC10321107 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical columns of direction-selective neurons in the motion sensitive area (MT) have been successfully established as a microscopic feature of the neocortex in animals. The same property has been investigated at mesoscale (<1 mm) in the homologous brain area (hMT+, V5) in living humans by using ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Despite the reproducibility of the selective response to axis-of-motion stimuli, clear quantitative evidence for the columnar organization of hMT+ is still lacking. Using cerebral blood volume (CBV)-sensitive fMRI at 7 Tesla with submillimeter resolution and high spatial specificity to microvasculature, we investigate the columnar functional organization of hMT+ in 5 participants perceiving axis-of-motion stimuli for both blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) and vascular space occupancy (VASO) contrast mechanisms provided by the used slice-selective slab-inversion (SS-SI)-VASO sequence. With the development of a new searchlight algorithm for column detection, we provide the first quantitative columnarity map that characterizes the entire 3D hMT+ volume. Using voxel-wise measures of sensitivity and specificity, we demonstrate the advantage of using CBV-sensitive fMRI to detect mesoscopic cortical features by revealing higher specificity of axis-of-motion cortical columns for VASO as compared to BOLD contrast. These voxel-wise metrics also provide further insights on how to mitigate the highly debated draining veins effect. We conclude that using CBV-VASO fMRI together with voxel-wise measurements of sensitivity, specificity and columnarity offers a promising avenue to quantify the mesoscopic organization of hMT+ with respect to axis-of-motion stimuli. Furthermore, our approach and methodological developments are generalizable and applicable to other human brain areas where similar mesoscopic research questions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pizzuti
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurentius (Renzo) Huber
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Omer Faruk Gulban
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judith Peters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Liu X, Robinson PA. Mutual consistency of multiple visual feature maps constrains combined map topology. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064401. [PMID: 37464602 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary visual cortex (V1) is the first cortical area that processes visual information relayed from the thalamus. The topologies permitted in joint ocular dominance (OD), orientation preference (OP), and direction preference (DP) maps in V1 are considered, with the aim of finding a maximally symmetric periodic case that can serve as the basis for perturbations toward natural realizations. It is shown that mutual consistency of the maps selects just two possible such lattice structures, and that one of these is much closer to experiment than the other. This comprises a hexagonal lattice of alternating positive and negative OP singularities, with each unit cell or hypercolumn containing four such singularities, each of which radiates three DP discontinuities that follow OP contours and end at OP singularities of opposite sign. Other DP discontinuities emanate at 90 degrees to the midpoints of the ones that link OP singularities, and cross OP contours perpendicularly. These features explain experimentally observed relationships between DP discontinuities and OP contours, including sudden approximately 90-degree changes of direction in the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P A Robinson
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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14
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Haggie L, Schmid L, Röhrle O, Besier T, McMorland A, Saini H. Linking cortex and contraction-Integrating models along the corticomuscular pathway. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1095260. [PMID: 37234419 PMCID: PMC10206006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1095260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational models of the neuromusculoskeletal system provide a deterministic approach to investigate input-output relationships in the human motor system. Neuromusculoskeletal models are typically used to estimate muscle activations and forces that are consistent with observed motion under healthy and pathological conditions. However, many movement pathologies originate in the brain, including stroke, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson's disease, while most neuromusculoskeletal models deal exclusively with the peripheral nervous system and do not incorporate models of the motor cortex, cerebellum, or spinal cord. An integrated understanding of motor control is necessary to reveal underlying neural-input and motor-output relationships. To facilitate the development of integrated corticomuscular motor pathway models, we provide an overview of the neuromusculoskeletal modelling landscape with a focus on integrating computational models of the motor cortex, spinal cord circuitry, α-motoneurons and skeletal muscle in regard to their role in generating voluntary muscle contraction. Further, we highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with an integrated corticomuscular pathway model, such as challenges in defining neuron connectivities, modelling standardisation, and opportunities in applying models to study emergent behaviour. Integrated corticomuscular pathway models have applications in brain-machine-interaction, education, and our understanding of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysea Haggie
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Schmid
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thor Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus McMorland
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harnoor Saini
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Baraibar AM, Belisle L, Marsicano G, Matute C, Mato S, Araque A, Kofuji P. Spatial organization of neuron-astrocyte interactions in the somatosensory cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4498-4511. [PMID: 36124663 PMCID: PMC10110431 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcircuits in the neocortex are functionally organized along layers and columns, which are the fundamental modules of cortical information processing. While the function of cortical microcircuits has focused on neuronal elements, much less is known about the functional organization of astrocytes and their bidirectional interaction with neurons. Here, we show that Cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R)-mediated astrocyte activation by neuron-released endocannabinoids elevate astrocyte Ca2+ levels, stimulate ATP/adenosine release as gliotransmitters, and transiently depress synaptic transmission in layer 5 pyramidal neurons at relatively distant synapses (˃20 μm) from the stimulated neuron. This astrocyte-mediated heteroneuronal synaptic depression occurred between pyramidal neurons within a cortical column and was absent in neurons belonging to adjacent cortical columns. Moreover, this form of heteroneuronal synaptic depression occurs between neurons located in particular layers, following a specific connectivity pattern that depends on a layer-specific neuron-to-astrocyte signaling. These results unravel the existence of astrocyte-mediated nonsynaptic communication between cortical neurons and that this communication is column- and layer-specific, which adds further complexity to the intercellular signaling processes in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Baraibar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia, Baracaldo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lindsey Belisle
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France
- NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia, Baracaldo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Lu T, Ji S, Jin W, Yang Q, Luo Q, Ren TL. Biocompatible and Long-Term Monitoring Strategies of Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Biosensors: Reform the Next Generation Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2991. [PMID: 36991702 PMCID: PMC10054135 DOI: 10.3390/s23062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sensors enable the detection of physiological indicators and pathological markers to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of diseases, in addition to playing an essential role in the observation and evaluation of physiological activities. The development of modern medical activities cannot be separated from the precise detection, reliable acquisition, and intelligent analysis of human body information. Therefore, sensors have become the core of new-generation health technologies along with the Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Previous research on the sensing of human information has conferred many superior properties on sensors, of which biocompatibility is one of the most important. Recently, biocompatible biosensors have developed rapidly to provide the possibility for the long-term and in-situ monitoring of physiological information. In this review, we summarize the ideal features and engineering realization strategies of three different types of biocompatible biosensors, including wearable, ingestible, and implantable sensors from the level of sensor designing and application. Additionally, the detection targets of the biosensors are further divided into vital life parameters (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate), biochemical indicators, as well as physical and physiological parameters based on the clinical needs. In this review, starting from the emerging concept of next-generation diagnostics and healthcare technologies, we discuss how biocompatible sensors revolutionize the state-of-art healthcare system unprecedentedly, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of biocompatible health sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiqiu Jin
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qisheng Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Zhang X, Long X, Zhang SJ, Chen ZS. Excitatory-inhibitory recurrent dynamics produce robust visual grids and stable attractors. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111777. [PMID: 36516752 PMCID: PMC9805366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially modulated grid cells have been recently found in the rat secondary visual cortex (V2) during active navigation. However, the computational mechanism and functional significance of V2 grid cells remain unknown. To address the knowledge gap, we train a biologically inspired excitatory-inhibitory recurrent neural network to perform a two-dimensional spatial navigation task with multisensory input. We find grid-like responses in both excitatory and inhibitory RNN units, which are robust with respect to spatial cues, dimensionality of visual input, and activation function. Population responses reveal a low-dimensional, torus-like manifold and attractor. We find a link between functional grid clusters with similar receptive fields and structured excitatory-to-excitatory connections. Additionally, multistable torus-like attractors emerged with increasing sparsity in inter- and intra-subnetwork connectivity. Finally, irregular grid patterns are found in recurrent neural network (RNN) units during a visual sequence recognition task. Together, our results suggest common computational mechanisms of V2 grid cells for spatial and non-spatial tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China; Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Interdigitated Columnar Representation of Personal Space and Visual Space in Human Parietal Cortex. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9011-9029. [PMID: 36198501 PMCID: PMC9732835 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0516-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Personal space (PS) is the space around the body that people prefer to maintain between themselves and unfamiliar others. Intrusion into personal space evokes discomfort and an urge to move away. Physiologic studies in nonhuman primates suggest that defensive responses to intruding stimuli involve the parietal cortex. We hypothesized that the spatial encoding of interpersonal distance is initially transformed from purely sensory to more egocentric mapping within human parietal cortex. This hypothesis was tested using 7 Tesla (7T) fMRI at high spatial resolution (1.1 mm isotropic), in seven subjects (four females, three males). In response to visual stimuli presented at a range of virtual distances, we found two categories of distance encoding in two corresponding radially-extending columns of activity within parietal cortex. One set of columns (P columns) responded selectively to moving and stationary face images presented at virtual distances that were nearer (but not farther) than each subject's behaviorally-defined personal space boundary. In most P columns, BOLD response amplitudes increased monotonically and nonlinearly with increasing virtual face proximity. In the remaining P columns, BOLD responses decreased with increasing proximity. A second set of parietal columns (D columns) responded selectively to disparity-based distance cues (near or far) in random dot stimuli, similar to disparity-selective columns described previously in occipital cortex. Critically, in parietal cortex, P columns were topographically interdigitated (nonoverlapping) with D columns. These results suggest that visual spatial information is transformed from visual to body-centered (or person-centered) dimensions in multiple local sites within human parietal cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent COVID-related social distancing practices highlight the need to better understand brain mechanisms which regulate "personal space" (PS), which is defined by the closest interpersonal distance that is comfortable for an individual. Using high spatial resolution brain imaging, we tested whether a map of external space is transformed from purely visual (3D-based) information to a more egocentric map (related to personal space) in human parietal cortex. We confirmed this transformation and further showed that it was mediated by two mutually segregated sets of columns: one which encoded interpersonal distance and another that encoded visual distance. These results suggest that the cortical transformation of sensory-centered to person-centered encoding of space near the body involves short-range communication across interdigitated columns within parietal cortex.
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19
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Trepka EB, Zhu S, Xia R, Chen X, Moore T. Functional interactions among neurons within single columns of macaque V1. eLife 2022; 11:e79322. [PMID: 36321687 PMCID: PMC9662816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in high-density neurophysiological tools now make it possible to record from hundreds of single neurons within local, highly interconnected neural networks. Among the many advantages of such recordings is that they dramatically increase the quantity of identifiable, functional interactions between neurons thereby providing an unprecedented view of local circuits. Using high-density, Neuropixels recordings from single neocortical columns of primary visual cortex in nonhuman primates, we identified 1000s of functionally interacting neuronal pairs using established crosscorrelation approaches. Our results reveal clear and systematic variations in the synchrony and strength of functional interactions within single cortical columns. Despite neurons residing within the same column, both measures of interactions depended heavily on the vertical distance separating neuronal pairs, as well as on the similarity of stimulus tuning. In addition, we leveraged the statistical power afforded by the large numbers of functionally interacting pairs to categorize interactions between neurons based on their crosscorrelation functions. These analyses identified distinct, putative classes of functional interactions within the full population. These classes of functional interactions were corroborated by their unique distributions across defined laminar compartments and were consistent with known properties of V1 cortical circuitry, such as the lead-lag relationship between simple and complex cells. Our results provide a clear proof-of-principle for the use of high-density neurophysiological recordings to assess circuit-level interactions within local neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Trepka
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Shude Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ruobing Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Xiaomo Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Tirin Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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20
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Reis AS, Brugnago EL, Viana RL, Batista AM, Iarosz KC, Caldas IL. Effects of feedback control in small-world neuronal networks interconnected according to a human connectivity map. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Wright JJ, Bourke PD. Unification of free energy minimization, spatiotemporal energy, and dimension reduction models of V1 organization: Postnatal learning on an antenatal scaffold. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:869268. [PMID: 36313813 PMCID: PMC9614369 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.869268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental selection of neurons and synapses so as to maximize pulse synchrony has recently been used to explain antenatal cortical development. Consequences of the same selection process—an application of the Free Energy Principle—are here followed into the postnatal phase in V1, and the implications for cognitive function are considered. Structured inputs transformed via lag relay in superficial patch connections lead to the generation of circumferential synaptic connectivity superimposed upon the antenatal, radial, “like-to-like” connectivity surrounding each singularity. The spatiotemporal energy and dimension reduction models of cortical feature preferences are accounted for and unified within the expanded model, and relationships of orientation preference (OP), space frequency preference (SFP), and temporal frequency preference (TFP) are resolved. The emergent anatomy provides a basis for “active inference” that includes interpolative modification of synapses so as to anticipate future inputs, as well as learn directly from present stimuli. Neurodynamic properties are those of heteroclinic networks with coupled spatial eigenmodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Joseph Wright
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: James Joseph Wright,
| | - Paul David Bourke
- Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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22
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Schulte to Brinke T, Duarte R, Morrison A. Characteristic columnar connectivity caters to cortical computation: Replication, simulation, and evaluation of a microcircuit model. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:923468. [PMID: 36310713 PMCID: PMC9615567 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.923468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex, and with it the mammalian brain, achieves a level of computational efficiency like no other existing computational engine. A deeper understanding of its building blocks (cortical microcircuits), and their underlying computational principles is thus of paramount interest. To this end, we need reproducible computational models that can be analyzed, modified, extended and quantitatively compared. In this study, we further that aim by providing a replication of a seminal cortical column model. This model consists of noisy Hodgkin-Huxley neurons connected by dynamic synapses, whose connectivity scheme is based on empirical findings from intracellular recordings. Our analysis confirms the key original finding that the specific, data-based connectivity structure enhances the computational performance compared to a variety of alternatively structured control circuits. For this comparison, we use tasks based on spike patterns and rates that require the systems not only to have simple classification capabilities, but also to retain information over time and to be able to compute nonlinear functions. Going beyond the scope of the original study, we demonstrate that this finding is independent of the complexity of the neuron model, which further strengthens the argument that it is the connectivity which is crucial. Finally, a detailed analysis of the memory capabilities of the circuits reveals a stereotypical memory profile common across all circuit variants. Notably, the circuit with laminar structure does not retain stimulus any longer than any other circuit type. We therefore conclude that the model's computational advantage lies in a sharper representation of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schulte to Brinke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA-BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Computer Science 3 - Software Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tobias Schulte to Brinke
| | - Renato Duarte
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA-BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Abigail Morrison
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA-BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Computer Science 3 - Software Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, John YJ. The inevitable inequality of cortical columns. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:921468. [PMID: 36203745 PMCID: PMC9532056 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.921468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of columns as an organizing cortical unit emerged from physiologic studies in the sensory systems. Connectional studies and molecular markers pointed to widespread presence of modular label that necessitated revision of the classical concept of columns. The general principle of cortical systematic variation in laminar structure is at the core of cortical organization. Systematic variation can be traced to the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices, which have the simplest laminar structure, and continues through eulaminate cortices that show sequential elaboration of their six layers. Connections are governed by relational rules, whereby columns or modules with a vertical organization represent the feedforward mode of communication from earlier- to later processing cortices. Conversely, feedback connections are laminar-based and connect later- with earlier processing areas; both patterns are established in development. Based on studies in primates, the columnar/modular pattern of communication appears to be newer in evolution, while the broadly based laminar pattern represents an older system. The graded variation of cortices entails a rich variety of patterns of connections into modules, layers, and mixed arrangements as the laminar and modular patterns of communication intersect in the cortex. This framework suggests an ordered architecture poised to facilitate seamless recruitment of areas in behavior, in patterns that are affected in diseases of developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Helen Barbas,
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yohan J. John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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John YJ, Zikopoulos B, García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H. The cortical spectrum: A robust structural continuum in primate cerebral cortex revealed by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:897237. [PMID: 36157324 PMCID: PMC9501703 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.897237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level characterizations of the primate cerebral cortex sit between two extremes: on one end the cortical mantle is seen as a mosaic of structurally and functionally unique areas, and on the other it is seen as a uniform six-layered structure in which functional differences are defined solely by extrinsic connections. Neither of these extremes captures the crucial neuroanatomical finding: that the cortex exhibits systematic gradations in architectonic structure. These gradations have been shown to predict cortico-cortical connectivity, which in turn suggests powerful ways to ground connectomics in anatomical structure, and by extension cortical function. A challenge to widespread use of this concept is the labor-intensive and invasive nature of histological staining, which is the primary means of recognizing anatomical gradations. Here we show that a novel computational analysis technique can provide a coarse-grained picture of cortical variation. For each of 78 cortical areas spanning the entire cortical mantle of the rhesus macaque, we created a high dimensional set of anatomical features derived from captured images of cortical tissue stained for myelin and SMI-32. The method involved semi-automated de-noising of images, and enabled comparison of brain areas without hand-labeling of features such as layer boundaries. We applied multidimensional scaling (MDS) to the dataset to visualize similarity among cortical areas. This analysis shows a systematic variation between weakly laminated (limbic) cortices and sharply laminated (eulaminate) cortices. We call this smooth continuum the “cortical spectrum”. We also show that this spectrum is visible within subsystems of the cortex: the occipital, parietal, temporal, motor, prefrontal, and insular cortices. We compared the MDS-derived spectrum with a spectrum produced using T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data derived from macaque, and found close agreement of the two coarse-graining methods. This suggests that T1w/T2w data, routinely obtained in human MRI studies, can serve as an effective proxy for data derived from high-resolution histological methods. More generally, this approach shows that the cortical spectrum is robust to the specific method used to compare cortical areas, and is therefore a powerful tool to understand the principles of organization of the primate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan J. John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Helen Barbas,
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25
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Sun D, Rakesh G, Clarke-Rubright EK, Haswell CC, Logue MW, O'Leary EN, Cotton AS, Xie H, Dennis EL, Jahanshad N, Salminen LE, Thomopoulos SI, Rashid FM, Ching CRK, Koch SBJ, Frijling JL, Nawijn L, van Zuiden M, Zhu X, Suarez-Jimenez B, Sierk A, Walter H, Manthey A, Stevens JS, Fani N, van Rooij SJH, Stein MB, Bomyea J, Koerte I, Choi K, van der Werff SJA, Vermeiren RRJM, Herzog JI, Lebois LAM, Baker JT, Ressler KJ, Olson EA, Straube T, Korgaonkar MS, Andrew E, Zhu Y, Li G, Ipser J, Hudson AR, Peverill M, Sambrook K, Gordon E, Baugh LA, Forster G, Simons RM, Simons JS, Magnotta VA, Maron-Katz A, du Plessis S, Disner SG, Davenport ND, Grupe D, Nitschke JB, deRoon-Cassini TA, Fitzgerald J, Krystal JH, Levy I, Olff M, Veltman DJ, Wang L, Neria Y, De Bellis MD, Jovanovic T, Daniels JK, Shenton ME, van de Wee NJA, Schmahl C, Kaufman ML, Rosso IM, Sponheim SR, Hofmann DB, Bryant RA, Fercho KA, Stein DJ, Mueller SC, Phan KL, McLaughlin KA, Davidson RJ, Larson C, May G, Nelson SM, Abdallah CG, Gomaa H, Etkin A, Seedat S, Harpaz-Rotem I, Liberzon I, Wang X, Thompson PM, Morey RA. Remodeling of the Cortical Structural Connectome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results From the ENIGMA-PGC Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Consortium. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:935-948. [PMID: 35307575 PMCID: PMC9835553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is accompanied by disrupted cortical neuroanatomy. We investigated alteration in covariance of structural networks associated with PTSD in regions that demonstrate the case-control differences in cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). METHODS Neuroimaging and clinical data were aggregated from 29 research sites in >1300 PTSD cases and >2000 trauma-exposed control subjects (ages 6.2-85.2 years) by the ENIGMA-PGC (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis-Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) PTSD working group. Cortical regions in the network were rank ordered by the effect size of PTSD-related cortical differences in CT and SA. The top-n (n = 2-148) regions with the largest effect size for PTSD > non-PTSD formed hypertrophic networks, the largest effect size for PTSD < non-PTSD formed atrophic networks, and the smallest effect size of between-group differences formed stable networks. The mean structural covariance (SC) of a given n-region network was the average of all positive pairwise correlations and was compared with the mean SC of 5000 randomly generated n-region networks. RESULTS Patients with PTSD, relative to non-PTSD control subjects, exhibited lower mean SC in CT-based and SA-based atrophic networks. Comorbid depression, sex, and age modulated covariance differences of PTSD-related structural networks. CONCLUSIONS Covariance of structural networks based on CT and cortical SA are affected by PTSD and further modulated by comorbid depression, sex, and age. The SC networks that are perturbed in PTSD comport with converging evidence from resting-state functional connectivity networks and networks affected by inflammatory processes and stress hormones in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gopalkumar Rakesh
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emily K Clarke-Rubright
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Courtney C Haswell
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin N O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andrew S Cotton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California; Stanford Neurodevelopment, Affect, and Psychopathology Laboratory, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Lauren E Salminen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Faisal M Rashid
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Saskia B J Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jessie L Frijling
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Nawijn
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van Zuiden
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Suarez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Anika Sierk
- University Medical Centre Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jessica Bomyea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Inga Koerte
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyle Choi
- Health Services Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Steven J A van der Werff
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Julia I Herzog
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Justin T Baker
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth A Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elpiniki Andrew
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ye Zhu
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan Ipser
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna R Hudson
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kelly Sambrook
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Evan Gordon
- Veterans Integrated Service Network-17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lee A Baugh
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota; Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Gina Forster
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota; Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Raluca M Simons
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jeffrey S Simons
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Vincent A Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Adi Maron-Katz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Seth G Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas D Davenport
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dan Grupe
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jack B Nitschke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - John H Krystal
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ifat Levy
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Michael D De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judith K Daniels
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, Massachusetts
| | - Nic J A van de Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Women's Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Isabelle M Rosso
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Bernd Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelene A Fercho
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota; Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, US Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Chicago Health Care System, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Geoffrey May
- Veterans Integrated Service Network-17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Steven M Nelson
- Veterans Integrated Service Network-17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hassaan Gomaa
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Veteran Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Somaratna MA, Freeman AW. A model for the development of binocular congruence in primary visual cortex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12669. [PMID: 35879517 PMCID: PMC9314406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in primary visual cortex are selective for stimulus orientation, and a neuron's preferred orientation changes little when the stimulus is switched from one eye to the other. It has recently been shown that monocular orientation preferences are uncorrelated before eye opening; how, then, do they become aligned during visual experience? We aimed to provide a model for this acquired congruence. Our model, which simulates the cat's visual system, comprises multiple on-centre and off-centre channels from both eyes converging onto neurons in primary visual cortex; development proceeds in two phases via Hebbian plasticity in the geniculocortical synapse. First, cortical drive comes from waves of activity drifting across each retina. The result is orientation tuning that differs between the two eyes. The second phase begins with eye opening: at each visual field location, on-centre cortical inputs from one eye can cancel off-centre inputs from the other eye. Synaptic plasticity reduces the destructive interference by up-regulating inputs from one eye at the expense of its fellow, resulting in binocular congruence of orientation tuning. We also show that orthogonal orientation preferences at the end of the first phase result in ocular dominance, suggesting that ocular dominance is a by-product of binocular congruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manula A Somaratna
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Alan W Freeman
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
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27
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Chen ZS, Zhang X, Long X, Zhang SJ. Are Grid-Like Representations a Component of All Perception and Cognition? Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:924016. [PMID: 35911570 PMCID: PMC9329517 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.924016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grid cells or grid-like responses have been reported in the rodent, bat and human brains during various spatial and non-spatial tasks. However, the functions of grid-like representations beyond the classical hippocampal formation remain elusive. Based on accumulating evidence from recent rodent recordings and human fMRI data, we make speculative accounts regarding the mechanisms and functional significance of the sensory cortical grid cells and further make theory-driven predictions. We argue and reason the rationale why grid responses may be universal in the brain for a wide range of perceptual and cognitive tasks that involve locomotion and mental navigation. Computational modeling may provide an alternative and complementary means to investigate the grid code or grid-like map. We hope that the new discussion will lead to experimentally testable hypotheses and drive future experimental data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhe Sage Chen
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Sheng-Jia Zhang
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28
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Swindale NV, Goodhill GJ. Editorial: Cortical Maps: Data and Models. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:954042. [PMID: 35784187 PMCID: PMC9247640 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.954042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V. Swindale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicholas V. Swindale
| | - Geoffrey J. Goodhill
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Queensland Brain Institute and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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29
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Liu X, Robinson PA. Analytic Model for Feature Maps in the Primary Visual Cortex. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:659316. [PMID: 35185503 PMCID: PMC8854373 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.659316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A compact analytic model is proposed to describe the combined orientation preference (OP) and ocular dominance (OD) features of simple cells and their mutual constraints on the spatial layout of the combined OP-OD map in the primary visual cortex (V1). This model consists of three parts: (i) an anisotropic Laplacian (AL) operator that represents the local neural sensitivity to the orientation of visual inputs; and (ii) obtain a receptive field (RF) operator that models the anisotropic spatial projection from nearby neurons to a given V1 cell over scales of a few tenths of a millimeter and combines with the AL operator to give an overall OP operator; and (iii) a map that describes how the parameters of these operators vary approximately periodically across V1. The parameters of the proposed model maximize the neural response at a given OP with an OP tuning curve fitted to experimental results. It is found that the anisotropy of the AL operator does not significantly affect OP selectivity, which is dominated by the RF anisotropy, consistent with Hubel and Wiesel's original conclusions that orientation tuning width of V1 simple cell is inversely related to the elongation of its RF. A simplified and idealized OP-OD map is then constructed to describe the approximately periodic local OP-OD structure of V1 in a compact form. It is shown explicitly that the OP map can be approximated by retaining its dominant spatial Fourier coefficients, which are shown to suffice to reconstruct its basic spatial structure. Moreover, this representation is a suitable form to analyze observed OP maps compactly and to be used in neural field theory (NFT) for analyzing activity modulated by the OP-OD structure of V1. Application to independently simulated V1 OP structure shows that observed irregularities in the map correspond to a spread of dominant coefficients in a circle in Fourier space. In addition, there is a strong bias toward two perpendicular directions when only a small patch of local map is included. The bias is decreased as the amount of V1 included in the Fourier transform is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Xiaochen Liu
| | - Peter A. Robinson
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Dilbeck MD, Spahr ZR, Nanjappa R, Economides JR, Horton JC. Columnar and Laminar Segregation of Retinal Input to the Primate Superior Colliculus Revealed by Anterograde Tracer Injection Into Each Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:9. [PMID: 34994767 PMCID: PMC8742525 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose After the lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus is the richest target of retinal projections in primates. Hubel et al. used tritium autoradiography to show that axon terminals emanating from one eye form irregular columns in the stratum griseum superficiale. Unlabeled gaps were thought to be filled by the other eye, but this assumption was never tested directly. Methods Experiments were performed in two normal macaques. In monkey 1, [3H]proline was injected into the left eye and the pattern of radiolabeling was examined in serial cross-sections through the entire superior colliculus. In monkey 2, cholera toxin subunit B conjugated to Alexa 488 was injected into the right eye and cholera toxin subunit B - Alexa 594 was injected into the left eye. The two fluorescent labels were compared in a reconstruction of the superior colliculus prepared from serial sections. Results In monkey 1, irregular columns of axon terminals were present in the superficial grey. The projection from the peripheral retina was stronger than the projection from the macula. In monkey 2, the two fluorescent Alexa tracers mainly interdigitated: a conspicuous gap in one label was usually filled by a clump of the other label. There was also partial laminar segregation of ocular inputs. In the far peripheral field representation, the contralateral eye's input generally terminated closer to the tectal surface. In the midperiphery the eyes switched, bringing the ipsilateral input nearer the surface. Conclusions Direct retinal input to the macaque superior colliculus is segregated into alternating columns and strata, despite the fact that tectal cells respond robustly to stimulation of either eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla D Dilbeck
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Zachary R Spahr
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Rakesh Nanjappa
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - John R Economides
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jonathan C Horton
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Varone G, Boulila W, Lo Giudice M, Benjdira B, Mammone N, Ieracitano C, Dashtipour K, Neri S, Gasparini S, Morabito FC, Hussain A, Aguglia U. A Machine Learning Approach Involving Functional Connectivity Features to Classify Rest-EEG Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures from Healthy Controls. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010129. [PMID: 35009675 PMCID: PMC8747462 DOI: 10.3390/s22010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Until now, clinicians are not able to evaluate the Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) from the rest-electroencephalography (EEG) readout. No EEG marker can help differentiate PNES cases from healthy subjects. In this paper, we have investigated the power spectrum density (PSD), in resting-state EEGs, to evaluate the abnormalities in PNES affected brains. Additionally, we have used functional connectivity tools, such as phase lag index (PLI), and graph-derived metrics to better observe the integration of distributed information of regular and synchronized multi-scale communication within and across inter-regional brain areas. We proved the utility of our method after enrolling a cohort study of 20 age- and gender-matched PNES and 19 healthy control (HC) subjects. In this work, three classification models, namely support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and Multilayer perceptron (MLP), have been employed to model the relationship between the functional connectivity features (rest-HC versus rest-PNES). The best performance for the discrimination of participants was obtained using the MLP classifier, reporting a precision of 85.73%, a recall of 86.57%, an F1-score of 78.98%, and, finally, an accuracy of 91.02%. In conclusion, our results hypothesized two main aspects. The first is an intrinsic organization of functional brain networks that reflects a dysfunctional level of integration across brain regions, which can provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of PNES. The second is that functional connectivity features and MLP could be a promising method to classify rest-EEG data of PNES form healthy controls subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Varone
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Wadii Boulila
- Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia;
- RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Michele Lo Giudice
- Department of Science Medical and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.G.); (S.N.); (S.G.); (U.A.)
| | - Bilel Benjdira
- Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia;
- SE & ICT Lab, LR18ES44, ENICarthage, University of Carthage, Tunis 2035, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Mammone
- DICEAM Department, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (N.M.); (C.I.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Cosimo Ieracitano
- DICEAM Department, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (N.M.); (C.I.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Kia Dashtipour
- School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (K.D.); (A.H.)
| | - Sabrina Neri
- Department of Science Medical and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.G.); (S.N.); (S.G.); (U.A.)
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Science Medical and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.G.); (S.N.); (S.G.); (U.A.)
- Regional Epilepsy Center, Great Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli” of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlo Morabito
- DICEAM Department, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (N.M.); (C.I.); (F.C.M.)
| | - Amir Hussain
- School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (K.D.); (A.H.)
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Science Medical and Surgery, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.G.); (S.N.); (S.G.); (U.A.)
- Regional Epilepsy Center, Great Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli” of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Tchoe Y, Lee J, Liu R, Bourhis AM, Vatsyayan R, Tonsfeldt KJ, Dayeh SA. Considerations and recent advances in nanoscale interfaces with neuronal and cardiac networks. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 8:041317. [PMID: 34868443 PMCID: PMC8596389 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale interfaces with biological tissue, principally made with nanowires (NWs), are envisioned as minimally destructive to the tissue and as scalable tools to directly transduce the electrochemical activity of a neuron at its finest resolution. This review lays the foundations for understanding the material and device considerations required to interrogate neuronal activity at the nanoscale. We first discuss the electrochemical nanoelectrode-neuron interfaces and then present new results concerning the electrochemical impedance and charge injection capacities of millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer scale wires with Pt, PEDOT:PSS, Si, Ti, ITO, IrO x , Ag, and AgCl materials. Using established circuit models for NW-neuron interfaces, we discuss the impact of having multiple NWs interfacing with a single neuron on the amplitude and temporal characteristics of the recorded potentials. We review state of the art advances in nanoelectrode-neuron interfaces, the standard control experiments to investigate their electrophysiological behavior, and present recent high fidelity recordings of intracellular potentials obtained with ultrasharp NWs developed in our laboratory that naturally permeate neuronal cell bodies. Recordings from arrays and individually addressable electrically shorted NWs are presented, and the long-term stability of intracellular recording is discussed and put in the context of established techniques. Finally, a perspective on future research directions and applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Tchoe
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M. Bourhis
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ritwik Vatsyayan
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Baker V, Cruz L. Traveling Waves in Quasi-One-Dimensional Neuronal Minicolumns. Neural Comput 2021; 34:78-103. [PMID: 34758481 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Traveling waves of neuronal activity in the cortex have been observed in vivo. These traveling waves have been correlated to various features of observed cortical dynamics, including spike timing variability and correlated fluctuations in neuron membrane potential. Although traveling waves are typically studied as either strictly one-dimensional or two-dimensional excitations, here we investigate the conditions for the existence of quasi-one-dimensional traveling waves that could be sustainable in parts of the brain containing cortical minicolumns. For that, we explore a quasi-one-dimensional network of heterogeneous neurons with a biologically influenced computational model of neuron dynamics and connectivity. We find that background stimulus reliably evokes traveling waves in networks with local connectivity between neurons. We also observe traveling waves in fully connected networks when a model for action potential propagation speed is incorporated. The biological properties of the neurons influence the generation and propagation of the traveling waves. Our quasi-one-dimensional model is not only useful for studying the basic properties of traveling waves in neuronal networks; it also provides a simplified representation of possible wave propagation in columnar or minicolumnar networks found in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Baker
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.
| | - Luis Cruz
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.
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Li S, Yao S, Zhou Q, Takahata T. The Expression Patterns of Cytochrome Oxidase and Immediate-Early Genes Show Absence of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Striate Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys Following Monocular Inactivation. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:751810. [PMID: 34720891 PMCID: PMC8548382 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.751810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because at least some squirrel monkeys lack ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the striate cortex (V1) that are detectable by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, the functional importance of ODCs on stereoscopic 3-D vision has been questioned. However, conventional CO histochemistry or trans-synaptic tracer study has limited capacity to reveal cortical functional architecture, whereas the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs), c-FOS and ZIF268, is more directly responsive to neuronal activity of cortical neurons to demonstrate ocular dominance (OD)-related domains in V1 following monocular inactivation. Thus, we wondered whether IEG expression would reveal ODCs in the squirrel monkey V1. In this study, we first examined CO histochemistry in V1 of five squirrel monkeys that were subjected to monocular enucleation or tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment to address whether there is substantial cross-individual variation as reported previously. Then, we examined the IEG expression of the same V1 tissue to address whether OD-related domains are revealed. As a result, staining patterns of CO histochemistry were relatively homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1. IEG expression was also moderate and homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1 in all cases. On the other hand, the IEG expression was patchy in accordance with CO blobs outside layer 4, particularly in infragranular layers, although they may not directly represent OD clusters. Squirrel monkeys remain an exceptional species among anthropoid primates with regard to OD organization, and thus are potentially good subjects to study the development and function of ODCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songping Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuying Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Toru Takahata
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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35
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Contribution of animal models toward understanding resting state functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118630. [PMID: 34644593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity, which reflects the spatial and temporal organization of intrinsic activity throughout the brain, is one of the most studied measures in human neuroimaging research. The noninvasive acquisition of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) allows the characterization of features designated as functional networks, functional connectivity gradients, and time-varying activity patterns that provide insight into the intrinsic functional organization of the brain and potential alterations related to brain dysfunction. Functional connectivity, hence, captures dimensions of the brain's activity that have enormous potential for both clinical and preclinical research. However, the mechanisms underlying functional connectivity have yet to be fully characterized, hindering interpretation of rs-fMRI studies. As in other branches of neuroscience, the identification of the neurophysiological processes that contribute to functional connectivity largely depends on research conducted on laboratory animals, which provide a platform where specific, multi-dimensional investigations that involve invasive measurements can be carried out. These highly controlled experiments facilitate the interpretation of the temporal correlations observed across the brain. Indeed, information obtained from animal experimentation to date is the basis for our current understanding of the underlying basis for functional brain connectivity. This review presents a compendium of some of the most critical advances in the field based on the efforts made by the animal neuroimaging community.
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36
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Gentili PL. Establishing a New Link between Fuzzy Logic, Neuroscience, and Quantum Mechanics through Bayesian Probability: Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence and Unconventional Computing. Molecules 2021; 26:5987. [PMID: 34641530 PMCID: PMC8512172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interaction with the world is dominated by uncertainty. Probability theory is a valuable tool to face such uncertainty. According to the Bayesian definition, probabilities are personal beliefs. Experimental evidence supports the notion that human behavior is highly consistent with Bayesian probabilistic inference in both the sensory and motor and cognitive domain. All the higher-level psychophysical functions of our brain are believed to take the activities of interconnected and distributed networks of neurons in the neocortex as their physiological substrate. Neurons in the neocortex are organized in cortical columns that behave as fuzzy sets. Fuzzy sets theory has embraced uncertainty modeling when membership functions have been reinterpreted as possibility distributions. The terms of Bayes' formula are conceivable as fuzzy sets and Bayes' inference becomes a fuzzy inference. According to the QBism, quantum probabilities are also Bayesian. They are logical constructs rather than physical realities. It derives that the Born rule is nothing but a kind of Quantum Law of Total Probability. Wavefunctions and measurement operators are viewed epistemically. Both of them are similar to fuzzy sets. The new link that is established between fuzzy logic, neuroscience, and quantum mechanics through Bayesian probability could spark new ideas for the development of artificial intelligence and unconventional computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
More and more, the neurosciences and the sciences concerned with mind and cognition are burying fundamental questions under layers of professional methodology. I therefore welcome Biological Cybernetics' invitation to comment on two of my papers, (von der Malsburg 1973) and (von der Malsburg and Schneider 1986) (henceforth referred to as (I) and (II)) as an opportunity to address two fundamental questions about brain and mind: How is the brain's structure generated? and How is mental content expressed by the brain's physical states? Those two questions are deeply entangled with each other and play a kind of gateway role on the way to making progress with the issues of perception, intelligence, creativity and consciousness.
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Mariani B, Nicoletti G, Bisio M, Maschietto M, Oboe R, Leparulo A, Suweis S, Vassanelli S. Neuronal Avalanches Across the Rat Somatosensory Barrel Cortex and the Effect of Single Whisker Stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:709677. [PMID: 34526881 PMCID: PMC8435673 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.709677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first experimental signatures, the so called "critical brain hypothesis" has been extensively studied. Yet, its actual foundations remain elusive. According to a widely accepted teleological reasoning, the brain would be poised to a critical state to optimize the mapping of the noisy and ever changing real-world inputs, thus suggesting that primary sensory cortical areas should be critical. We investigated whether a single barrel column of the somatosensory cortex of the anesthetized rat displays a critical behavior. Neuronal avalanches were recorded across all cortical layers in terms of both multi-unit activities and population local field potentials, and their behavior during spontaneous activity compared to the one evoked by a controlled single whisker deflection. By applying a maximum likelihood statistical method based on timeseries undersampling to fit the avalanches distributions, we show that neuronal avalanches are power law distributed for both multi-unit activities and local field potentials during spontaneous activity, with exponents that are spread along a scaling line. Instead, after the tactile stimulus, activity switches to a transient across-layers synchronization mode that appears to dominate the cortical representation of the single sensory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Mariani
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Nicoletti
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Bisio
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Maschietto
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Oboe
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Samir Suweis
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Vassanelli
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Rockland KS. Cytochrome oxidase "blobs": a call for more anatomy. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2793-2806. [PMID: 34382115 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ordered relation of structure and function has been a cornerstone in thinking about brain organization. Like the brain itself, however, this is not straightforward and is confounded both by functional intricacy and structural plasticity (many routes to a given outcome). As a striking case of putative structure-function correlation, this mini-review focuses on the relatively well-characterized pattern of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs (aka "patches" or "puffs") in the supragranular layers of macaque monkey visual cortex. The pattern is without doubt visually compelling, and the semi-dichotomous array of CO+ blobs and CO- interblobs is consistent with multiple studies reporting compartment-specific preferential connectivity and distinctive physiological response properties. Nevertheless, as briefly reviewed here, the finer anatomical organization of this system is surprisingly under-investigated, and the relation to functional aspects, therefore, unclear. Microcircuitry, cell type, and three-dimensional spatiotemporal level investigations of the CO+ CO- pattern are needed and may open new views to structure-function organization of visual cortex, and to phylogenetic and ontogenetic comparisons across nonhuman primates (NHP), and between NHP and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Han W, Zheng C, Zhang R, Guo J, Yang Q, Shao J. Modular neural network via exploring category hierarchy. Inf Sci (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Selectivity for many basic properties of visual stimuli, such as orientation, is thought to be organized at the scale of cortical columns, making it difficult or impossible to measure directly with noninvasive human neuroscience measurement. However, computational analyses of neuroimaging data have shown that selectivity for orientation can be recovered by considering the pattern of response across a region of cortex. This suggests that computational analyses can reveal representation encoded at a finer spatial scale than is implied by the spatial resolution limits of measurement techniques. This potentially opens up the possibility to study a much wider range of neural phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible through noninvasive measurement. However, as we review in this article, a large body of evidence suggests an alternative hypothesis to this superresolution account: that orientation information is available at the spatial scale of cortical maps and thus easily measurable at the spatial resolution of standard techniques. In fact, a population model shows that this orientation information need not even come from single-unit selectivity for orientation tuning, but instead can result from population selectivity for spatial frequency. Thus, a categorical error of interpretation can result whereby orientation selectivity can be confused with spatial frequency selectivity. This is similarly problematic for the interpretation of results from numerous studies of more complex representations and cognitive functions that have built upon the computational techniques used to reveal stimulus orientation. We suggest in this review that these interpretational ambiguities can be avoided by treating computational analyses as models of the neural processes that give rise to measurement. Building upon the modeling tradition in vision science using considerations of whether population models meet a set of core criteria is important for creating the foundation for a cumulative and replicable approach to making valid inferences from human neuroscience measurements. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Gardner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Elisha P Merriam
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Guan SC, Ju NS, Tao L, Tang SM, Yu C. Functional organization of spatial frequency tuning in macaque V1 revealed with two-photon calcium imaging. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102120. [PMID: 34252470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V1 neurons are functionally organized in orientation columns in primates. Whether spatial frequency (SF) columns also exist is less clear because mixed results have been reported. A definitive solution would be SF functional maps at single-neuron resolution. Here we used two-photon calcium imaging to construct first cellular SF maps in V1 superficial layers of five awake fixating macaques, and studied SF functional organization properties and neuronal tuning characteristics. The SF maps (850 × 850 μm2) showed weak horizontal SF clustering (median clustering index = 1.43 vs. unity baseline), about one sixth as strong as orientation clustering in the same sets of neurons, which argues against a meaningful orthogonal relationship between orientation and SF functional maps. These maps also displayed nearly absent vertical SF clustering between two cortical depths (150 & 300 μm), indicating a lack of SF columnar structures within the superficial layers. The underlying causes might be that most neurons were tuned to a narrow two-octave range of medium frequencies, and many neurons with different SF preferences were often spatially mixed, which disallowed finer grouping of SF tuning. In addition, individual SF tuning functions were often asymmetric, having wider lower frequency branches, which may help encode low SF information for later decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Guan
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nian-Sheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Louis Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Tang
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; IDG-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Cong Yu
- PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; IDG-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Shepherd GM, Rowe TB, Greer CA. An Evolutionary Microcircuit Approach to the Neural Basis of High Dimensional Sensory Processing in Olfaction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658480. [PMID: 33994949 PMCID: PMC8120314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor stimuli consist of thousands of possible molecules, each molecule with many different properties, each property a dimension of the stimulus. Processing these high dimensional stimuli would appear to require many stages in the brain to reach odor perception, yet, in mammals, after the sensory receptors this is accomplished through only two regions, the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. We take a first step toward a fundamental understanding by identifying the sequence of local operations carried out by microcircuits in the pathway. Parallel research provided strong evidence that processed odor information is spatial representations of odor molecules that constitute odor images in the olfactory bulb and odor objects in olfactory cortex. Paleontology provides a unique advantage with evolutionary insights providing evidence that the basic architecture of the olfactory pathway almost from the start ∼330 million years ago (mya) has included an overwhelming input from olfactory sensory neurons combined with a large olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to process that input, driven by olfactory receptor gene duplications. We identify a sequence of over 20 microcircuits that are involved, and expand on results of research on several microcircuits that give the best insights thus far into the nature of the high dimensional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Timothy B. Rowe
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Amgalan A, Taylor P, Mujica-Parodi LR, Siegelmann HT. Unique scales preserve self-similar integrate-and-fire functionality of neuronal clusters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5331. [PMID: 33674620 PMCID: PMC7936002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brains demonstrate varying spatial scales of nested hierarchical clustering. Identifying the brain's neuronal cluster size to be presented as nodes in a network computation is critical to both neuroscience and artificial intelligence, as these define the cognitive blocks capable of building intelligent computation. Experiments support various forms and sizes of neural clustering, from handfuls of dendrites to thousands of neurons, and hint at their behavior. Here, we use computational simulations with a brain-derived fMRI network to show that not only do brain networks remain structurally self-similar across scales but also neuron-like signal integration functionality ("integrate and fire") is preserved at particular clustering scales. As such, we propose a coarse-graining of neuronal networks to ensemble-nodes, with multiple spikes making up its ensemble-spike and time re-scaling factor defining its ensemble-time step. This fractal-like spatiotemporal property, observed in both structure and function, permits strategic choice in bridging across experimental scales for computational modeling while also suggesting regulatory constraints on developmental and evolutionary "growth spurts" in brain size, as per punctuated equilibrium theories in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anar Amgalan
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Laboratory for Computational Neurodiagnostics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Taylor
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Laboratory for Computational Neurodiagnostics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Hava T Siegelmann
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Center for Data Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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45
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Haueis P. The death of the cortical column? Patchwork structure and conceptual retirement in neuroscientific practice. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2021; 85:101-113. [PMID: 33966765 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 1981, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for their research on cortical columns-vertical bands of neurons with similar functional properties. This success led to the view that "cortical column" refers to the basic building block of the mammalian neocortex. Since the 1990s, however, critics questioned this building block picture of "cortical column" and debated whether this concept is useless and should be replaced with successor concepts. This paper inquires which experimental results after 1981 challenged the building block picture and whether these challenges warrant the elimination "cortical column" from neuroscientific discourse. I argue that the proliferation of experimental techniques led to a patchwork of locally adapted uses of the column concept. Each use refers to a different kind of cortical structure, rather than a neocortical building block. Once we acknowledge this diverse-kinds picture of "cortical column", the elimination of column concept becomes unnecessary. Rather, I suggest that "cortical column" has reached conceptual retirement: although it cannot be used to identify a neocortical building block, column research is still useful as a guide and cautionary tale for ongoing research. At the same time, neuroscientists should search for alternative concepts when studying the functional architecture of the neocortex. keywords: Cortical column, conceptual development, history of neuroscience, patchwork, eliminativism, conceptual retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Haueis
- Bielefeld University, Department of Philosophy, Postfach 100131, D- 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
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46
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Barron HC, Mars RB, Dupret D, Lerch JP, Sampaio-Baptista C. Cross-species neuroscience: closing the explanatory gap. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190633. [PMID: 33190601 PMCID: PMC7116399 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has seen substantial development in non-invasive methods available for investigating the living human brain. However, these tools are limited to coarse macroscopic measures of neural activity that aggregate the diverse responses of thousands of cells. To access neural activity at the cellular and circuit level, researchers instead rely on invasive recordings in animals. Recent advances in invasive methods now permit large-scale recording and circuit-level manipulations with exquisite spatio-temporal precision. Yet, there has been limited progress in relating these microcircuit measures to complex cognition and behaviour observed in humans. Contemporary neuroscience thus faces an explanatory gap between macroscopic descriptions of the human brain and microscopic descriptions in animal models. To close the explanatory gap, we propose adopting a cross-species approach. Despite dramatic differences in the size of mammalian brains, this approach is broadly justified by preserved homology. Here, we outline a three-armed approach for effective cross-species investigation that highlights the need to translate different measures of neural activity into a common space. We discuss how a cross-species approach has the potential to transform basic neuroscience while also benefiting neuropsychiatric drug development where clinical translation has, to date, seen minimal success. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
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47
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Song M, Jang J, Kim G, Paik SB. Projection of Orthogonal Tiling from the Retina to the Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108581. [PMID: 33406438 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher mammals, the primary visual cortex (V1) is organized into diverse tuning maps of visual features. The topography of these maps intersects orthogonally, but it remains unclear how such a systematic relationship can develop. Here, we show that the orthogonal organization already exists in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) mosaics, providing a blueprint of the organization in V1. From analysis of the RGC mosaics data in monkeys and cats, we find that the ON-OFF RGC distance and ON-OFF angle of neighboring RGCs are organized into a topographic tiling across mosaics, analogous to the orthogonal intersection of cortical tuning maps. Our model simulation shows that the ON-OFF distance and angle in RGC mosaics correspondingly initiate ocular dominance/spatial frequency tuning and orientation tuning, resulting in the orthogonal intersection of cortical tuning maps. These findings suggest that the regularly structured ON-OFF patterns mirrored from the retina initiate the uniform representation of combinations of map features over the visual space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeson Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangsu Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Ho CLA, Zimmermann R, Flórez Weidinger JD, Prsa M, Schottdorf M, Merlin S, Okamoto T, Ikezoe K, Pifferi F, Aujard F, Angelucci A, Wolf F, Huber D. Orientation Preference Maps in Microcebus murinus Reveal Size-Invariant Design Principles in Primate Visual Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 31:733-741.e7. [PMID: 33275889 PMCID: PMC9026768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Orientation preference maps (OPMs) are a prominent feature of primary visual cortex (V1) organization in many primates and carnivores. In rodents, neurons are not organized in OPMs but are instead interspersed in a “salt and pepper” fashion, although clusters of orientation-selective neurons have been reported. Does this fundamental difference reflect the existence of a lower size limit for orientation columns (OCs) below which they cannot be scaled down with decreasing V1 size? To address this question, we examined V1 of one of the smallest living primates, the 60-g prosimian mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Using chronic intrinsic signal imaging, we found that mouse lemur V1 contains robust OCs, which are arranged in a pinwheel-like fashion. OC size in mouse lemurs was found to be only marginally smaller compared to the macaque, suggesting that these circuit elements are nearly incompressible. The spatial arrangement of pinwheels is well described by a common mathematical design of primate V1 circuit organization. In order to accommodate OPMs, we found that the mouse lemur V1 covers one-fifth of the cortical surface, which is one of the largest V1-to-cortex ratios found in primates. These results indicate that the primate-type visual cortical circuit organization is constrained by a size limitation and raises the possibility that its emergence might have evolved by disruptive innovation rather than gradual change. Orientation preference maps are a hallmark of V1 organization in all primates studied thus far, yet they are absent in rodents. It is uncertain whether these structures scale with body or brain size. Using intrinsic signal imaging, Ho et al. reveal the presence of such maps in the V1 of the world’s smallest primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lum Andy Ho
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Prsa
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schottdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sam Merlin
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Okamoto
- Kyushu University, Faculty of Arts and Science, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Ikezoe
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka University and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg-August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Daniel Huber
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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Weldon KB, Olman CA. Forging a path to mesoscopic imaging success with ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20200040. [PMID: 33190599 PMCID: PMC7741029 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies with ultra-high field (UHF, 7+ Tesla) technology enable the acquisition of high-resolution images. In this work, we discuss recent achievements in UHF fMRI at the mesoscopic scale, on the order of cortical columns and layers, and examine approaches to addressing common challenges. As researchers push to smaller and smaller voxel sizes, acquisition and analysis decisions have greater potential to degrade spatial accuracy, and UHF fMRI data must be carefully interpreted. We consider the impact of acquisition decisions on the spatial specificity of the MR signal with a representative dataset with 0.8 mm isotropic resolution. We illustrate the trade-offs in contrast with noise ratio and spatial specificity of different acquisition techniques and show that acquisition blurring can increase the effective voxel size by as much as 50% in some dimensions. We further describe how different sources of degradations to spatial resolution in functional data may be characterized. Finally, we emphasize that progress in UHF fMRI depends not only on scientific discovery and technical advancement, but also on informal discussions and documentation of challenges researchers face and overcome in pursuit of their goals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Weldon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Lee SW. Selective Activation of Cortical Columns Using Multichannel Magnetic Stimulation With a Bent Flat Microwire Array. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:2164-2175. [PMID: 33095707 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3033491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortical neural prostheses that aim to restore useful vision, hearing, and tactile sensations require the ability to selectively target different cortical regions simultaneously. Electrical stimulation via intracortical electrodes has been used to create spatial patterns of cortical activation. However, their efficacy remains limited due to the inability of conventional electrodes to confine activation to specific cortical regions around each electrode. Magnetic stimulation from single bent wires can selectively activate pyramidal neurons while avoiding passing axons, thereby confining activation to small cortical regions. This paper presents a novel bent flat microwire array and demonstrates its effectiveness for selective activation of cortical columns in mouse brain slices. METHODS A computational model was developed to compare the spatial resolution of magnetic stimulation from bent wire arrays with 280 and 530 μm tip spacings. The same array designs were fabricated for use in electrophysiological experiments, i.e., calcium imaging (GCaMP6s) of mouse brain slices. RESULTS All fabricated array designs reliably produced spatially discrete cortical activations at low stimulus amplitudes, but the 280-μm-spacing produced strong interference (constructive or destructive) at high stimulus amplitudes, thereby resulting in single strong activations or two asymmetric activations. 4-channel bent wire arrays with spacing of 340 μm avoided the interference and produced clearer spatial patterns of activation than electrodes. CONCLUSION Bent wire array designs can influence the strength or the spatial resolution of multichannel magnetic stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that bent microwire arrays can enhance the selectivity of multichannel stimulation of brain and therefore may help to develop reliable and effective cortical neural prostheses.
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