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Ascsillán AA, Kemény LV. The Skin-Brain Axis: From UV and Pigmentation to Behaviour Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6199. [PMID: 38892387 PMCID: PMC11172643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin-brain axis has been suggested to play a role in several pathophysiological conditions, including opioid addiction, Parkinson's disease and many others. Recent evidence suggests that pathways regulating skin pigmentation may directly and indirectly regulate behaviour. Conversely, CNS-driven neural and hormonal responses have been demonstrated to regulate pigmentation, e.g., under stress. Additionally, due to the shared neuroectodermal origins of the melanocytes and neurons in the CNS, certain CNS diseases may be linked to pigmentation-related changes due to common regulators, e.g., MC1R variations. Furthermore, the HPA analogue of the skin connects skin pigmentation to the endocrine system, thereby allowing the skin to index possible hormonal abnormalities visibly. In this review, insight is provided into skin pigment production and neuromelanin synthesis in the brain and recent findings are summarised on how signalling pathways in the skin, with a particular focus on pigmentation, are interconnected with the central nervous system. Thus, this review may supply a better understanding of the mechanism of several skin-brain associations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Ascsillán
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Translational Dermatology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lajos V. Kemény
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Translational Dermatology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Diaz-Thomas A, Iyer P. Global Health Disparities in Childhood Rickets. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:643-657. [PMID: 37865479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional rickets is a global health problem reflecting both historical and contemporary health disparities arising from racial, ethnic, environmental, and geopolitical circumstances. It primarily affects marginalized populations and can contribute to long-term morbidity. Deficits in bone health in childhood may also contribute to osteomalacia/osteoporosis. Solutions require a global public health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Diaz-Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Avenue, Suite 1010, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Pallavi Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Corporate Center, Suite 520, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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3
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Mosca S, Morrone A. Human Skin Pigmentation: From a Biological Feature to a Social Determinant. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2091. [PMID: 37510532 PMCID: PMC10379278 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is the most variable human characteristic that can be observed and has been used throughout history to classify humans into distinct groups. Many factors influence skin colour, but the melanin pigment is considered the most important because its type and quantity can determine variations in pigmentation shades. The evolution of skin pigmentation started around 1.6-2 million years ago. As a result of migratory phenomena to places with less ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other seasonal regimes, the selection of depigmented skin and different tanning capabilities occurred over time. Thus, genetic adaptation to new environmental conditions gradually led to changes in skin pigmentation. Despite the biological importance of pigmentation, variation in skin colour has led to social and health inequalities. Since Linnaeus, skin colour classifications have been used to describe different human groups, encouraging the misuse of a biological characteristic. This review examines the characterisation of pigmentation and its evolution through history and society. The unequal perception of pigmentation diversity has led to an incomplete state of dermatological training and issues in medical approach in dermatology. The consciousness of all these aspects increases the need to address and overcome dermatologic and social health disparities related to skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Direction, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Renke G, Starling-Soares B, Baesso T, Petronio R, Aguiar D, Paes R. Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiovascular Risk and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030769. [PMID: 36771474 PMCID: PMC9920542 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D has been primarily studied as an important factor influencing bone and calcium metabolism. Metabolites of vitamin D are essential for whole-body calcium homeostasis, maintaining serum calcium levels within a narrow range by regulating this process in the bones and gut. Nevertheless, its deficiency is also related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-with increased visceral adipose tissue and body mass index (BMI), as well as the frequently associated hypercholesterolemia. It has been reported that vitamin D levels are inversely related to cardiovascular (CV) risk in men and women. However, the effects of vitamin D on distinct outcomes in women and the dose of supplementation needed to improve clinical endpoints have not been established. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in CVD and favors the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from the immune system. In addition, 25(OH)D can be primarily converted into calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D]) in the kidneys through the action of the 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme. Calcitriol, through the downregulation mechanism of renin expression, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, and its interaction with the vitamin D receptor, can bring CV benefits. The calcitriol form also lowers parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by indirectly causing a reduction in aldosterone and mineralocorticoid synthesis. Elevated plasma aldosterone is related to endothelial dysfunction and CVD in hypovitaminosis D status. CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation may benefit certain risk groups, as it improves metabolic variables, reducing oxidative stress and CV outcomes. More studies are needed to define interventions with vitamin D in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Renke
- National Institute of Cardiology, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 22640-100, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-2197-6959-339
| | | | - Thomaz Baesso
- Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 22640-100, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Petronio
- Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 22640-100, Brazil
| | - Danilo Aguiar
- Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 22640-100, Brazil
| | - Raphaela Paes
- Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 22640-100, Brazil
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Yousef S, Papadimitropoulos M, Faris M, Hasan H, Hossain A, Colman I, Manuel D, Wells GA. Melanin levels in relation to vitamin D among first-generation immigrants from different ethnic groups and origins: A comparative national Canadian cross-sectional study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:992554. [PMID: 36698822 PMCID: PMC9868151 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.992554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immigrants to Western countries tend to have darker skin than native-born populations. We examined the relationship between skin melanin and serum vitamin D (vitD) [S-25(OH)D] levels and explored whether melanin levels explained S-25(OH)D variations between immigrants and native-born Canadians. This study offers novel findings as no such study has been conducted. Methods We used a national cross-sectional population-based design with data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Skin melanin levels among first-generation immigrants based on their ethnicity and origin/country of birth were compared with white and native-born populations. We assessed the association between S-25(OH)D and melanin after adjusting for independent variables related to S-25(OH)D, melanin level, and immigration status. Results Of 11,579 participants, 21.9% were immigrants aged 3-79 years (mean age 39.23 years). Compared with non-immigrants, immigrants had lower S-25(OH)D levels (mean: 51.23 vs. 62.72; 95% CI: 8.37, 14.62; P < 0.001) but higher melanin levels (mean [SE]: 17.08 [0.25] vs. 16.29 [0.29]; 95% CI: -1.29, -0.281; P = 0.004). Melanin did not differ by length of stay in Canada but was weakly positively correlated (r = 0.088, P < 0.001) with S-25(OH)D. Sex (male), age (≥18 years), summer/fall seasons, sunlight exposure, sunscreen non-use, smoking, and alcohol consumption were associated with higher melanin levels, whereas indoor tanning use was not. Conclusion Skin melanin levels were associated with sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Immigrants had higher melanin levels, but melanin did not differ by length of stay in Canada. The weak positive correlation between melanin and S-25(OH)D suggested confounding factors may impact the relationship between melanin levels, S-25(OH)D, and immigration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Yousef
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Said Yousef,
| | - Manny Papadimitropoulos
- Eli Lilly Canada Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - MoezAlIslam Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alomgir Hossain
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas Manuel
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George A. Wells
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Farré X, Blay N, Cortés B, Carreras A, Iraola-Guzmán S, de Cid R. Skin Phototype and Disease: A Comprehensive Genetic Approach to Pigmentary Traits Pleiotropy Using PRS in the GCAT Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:149. [PMID: 36672889 PMCID: PMC9859115 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pigmentation has largely been associated with different disease prevalence among populations, but most of these studies are observational and inconclusive. Known to be genetically determined, pigmentary traits have largely been studied by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), mostly in Caucasian ancestry cohorts from North Europe, identifying robustly, several loci involved in many of the pigmentary traits. Here, we conduct a detailed analysis by GWAS and Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) of 13 pigmentary-related traits in a South European cohort of Caucasian ancestry (n = 20,000). We observed fair phototype strongly associated with non-melanoma skin cancer and other dermatoses and confirmed by PRS-approach the shared genetic basis with skin and eye diseases, such as melanoma (OR = 0.95), non-melanoma skin cancer (OR = 0.93), basal cell carcinoma (OR = 0.97) and darker phototype with vitiligo (OR = 1.02), cataracts (OR = 1.04). Detailed genetic analyses revealed 37 risk loci associated with 10 out of 13 analyzed traits, and 16 genes significantly associated with at least two pigmentary traits. Some of them have been widely reported, such as MC1R, HERC2, OCA2, TYR, TYRP1, SLC45A2, and some novel candidate genes C1QTNF3, LINC02876, and C1QTNF3-AMACR have not been reported in the GWAS Catalog, with regulatory potential. These results highlight the importance of the assess phototype as a genetic proxy of skin functionality and disease when evaluating open mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
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7
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Brown-Korsah JB, McKenzie S, Omar D, Syder NC, Elbuluk N, Taylor SC. Variations in genetics, biology, and phenotype of cutaneous disorders in skin of color - Part I: Genetic, biologic, and structural differences in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 87:1239-1258. [PMID: 35809800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.06.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin of color (SOC) populations include those who identify as Black/African, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Native Alaskan, Indigenous Australian, Middle Eastern, biracial/multiracial, or non-White; this list is far from exhaustive and may vary between and within cultures. Recent genetic and immunological studies have suggested that cutaneous inflammatory disorders (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and hidradenitis suppurativa) and malignancies (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) may have variations in their immunophenotype among SOC. Additionally, there is growing recognition of the substantial role social determinants of health play in driving health inequalities in SOC communities. It is critically important to understand that social determinants of health often play a larger role than biologic or genetic factors attributed to "race" in health care outcomes. Herein, we describe the structural, genetic, and immunological variations and the potential implications of these variations in populations with SOC. This article underscores the importance of increasing the number of large, robust genetic studies of cutaneous disorders in SOC to create more targeted, effective therapies for this often underserved and understudied population. Part II of this CME will highlight the clinical differences in the phenotypic presentation of and the health disparities associated with the aforementioned cutaneous disorders in SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Brown-Korsah
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shanice McKenzie
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deega Omar
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicole C Syder
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nada Elbuluk
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan C Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Santana KVDSD, Oliver SL, Mendes MM, Lanham-New S, Charlton KE, Ribeiro H. Association between vitamin D status and lifestyle factors in Brazilian women: Implications of Sun Exposure Levels, Diet, and Health. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101400. [PMID: 35497056 PMCID: PMC9043392 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has been documented to be prevalent, even in low latitude regions; and this may be related to sun exposure behaviors. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and lifestyle-related factors in a sample of Brazilian women living at latitude 21º 8' S. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 101 women aged 35 years or older in July 2019 to assess the association between 25(OH)D concentration and level of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and physical activity levels. Age, body mass index (BMI), and postmenopausal status were investigated. FINDINGS According to the slope coefficient for individual daily UVR levels, the concentration of 25(OH)D increased by 5 nmol / L for each extra Standard Erythema Dose of UVR, regardless of age and BMI (p < 0·001). Postmenopausal women had a significantly higher mean concentration of 25(OH)D (p = 0·01), higher UVR exposure (p = 0·01) and lower BMI (p = 0·005) compared with younger women, independent of other confounders including smoking, alcohol, occupation and physical activity. INTERPRETATION Although postmenopausal women from Brazil had higher mean concentrations of 25(OH)D than younger women, more studies are necessary to understand how sun exposure and lifestyle variables interfere with these levels. These findings have important public health implications since they suggest that vitamin D deficiency in older age is not inevitable. FUNDING This study was funded by an award received by Universities Global Partnership Network - UGPN. KVSS and SLO receive scholarship from CAPES, Brazilian Ministry of Education. HR receives a productivity grant from CNPq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Valente de Souza de Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Global e Sustentabilidade, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sofia Lizarralde Oliver
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Moraes Mendes
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lanham-New
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia NSW and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia NSW
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Yousef S, Colman I, Papadimitropoulos M, Manuel D, Hossain A, Faris M, Wells GA. Vitamin D and Chronic Diseases among First-Generation Immigrants: A Large-Scale Study Using Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Data. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091760. [PMID: 35565728 PMCID: PMC9099619 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nearly 22% of the Canadian population are first-generation immigrants. We investigated immigrants’ health status and health deterioration over time in terms of the prevalence of chronic diseases (CDs) and their relationship to vitD status. Methods: We used cycles three (2012–2013) and four (2014–2015) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. These data contained unique health information and direct physical/blood measures, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D). Indicators of health status and deterioration were the prevalence of CDs diagnosed by healthcare professionals, self-reported general and mental health, and CD-related biomarkers. Results: The data (n = 11,579) included immigrants from more than 153 countries. Immigrants were healthier than non-immigrants for most health status measures. The prevalence of CDs was higher among those who migrated to Canada aged ≥ 18 years. A longer time in Canada after immigration was associated with a higher risk for CDs. The mean S-25(OH)D was lower among immigrants, higher among patients with CDs, and inversely associated with glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, immunoglobulin E, serum ferritin, and blood hemoglobin. After adjusting for covariates, no association was found between S-25(OH)D and the prevalence of CDs. Conclusions: Lower levels of accumulated S-25(OH)D among immigrants may impact their health profile in terms of CD-related biomarkers, which partially explains immigrants’ health deterioration over time. We recommend further longitudinal research to investigate immigrants’ vitD and health deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Yousef
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada; (I.C.); (A.H.); (G.A.W.)
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Ian Colman
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada; (I.C.); (A.H.); (G.A.W.)
| | - Manny Papadimitropoulos
- Eli Lilly Canada Inc., Toronto, ON M5X 1B1, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Douglas Manuel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada;
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alomgir Hossain
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada; (I.C.); (A.H.); (G.A.W.)
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - MoezAlIslam Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - George A. Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada; (I.C.); (A.H.); (G.A.W.)
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
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10
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Allouche J, Rachmin I, Adhikari K, Pardo LM, Lee JH, McConnell AM, Kato S, Fan S, Kawakami A, Suita Y, Wakamatsu K, Igras V, Zhang J, Navarro PP, Lugo CM, Noonan HR, Christie KA, Itin K, Mujahid N, Lo JA, Won CH, Evans CL, Weng QY, Wang H, Osseiran S, Lovas A, Németh I, Cozzio A, Navarini AA, Hsiao JJ, Nguyen N, Kemény LV, Iliopoulos O, Berking C, Ruzicka T, Gonzalez-José R, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Acuna-Alonso V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Ito S, Schiaffino MV, Chao LH, Kleinstiver BP, Tishkoff S, Zon LI, Nijsten T, Ruiz-Linares A, Fisher DE, Roider E. NNT mediates redox-dependent pigmentation via a UVB- and MITF-independent mechanism. Cell 2021; 184:4268-4283.e20. [PMID: 34233163 PMCID: PMC8349839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light and incompletely understood genetic and epigenetic variations determine skin color. Here we describe an UV- and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-independent mechanism of skin pigmentation. Targeting the mitochondrial redox-regulating enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) resulted in cellular redox changes that affect tyrosinase degradation. These changes regulate melanosome maturation and, consequently, eumelanin levels and pigmentation. Topical application of small-molecule inhibitors yielded skin darkening in human skin, and mice with decreased NNT function displayed increased pigmentation. Additionally, genetic modification of NNT in zebrafish alters melanocytic pigmentation. Analysis of four diverse human cohorts revealed significant associations of skin color, tanning, and sun protection use with various single-nucleotide polymorphisms within NNT. NNT levels were independent of UVB irradiation and redox modulation. Individuals with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or lentigines displayed decreased skin NNT levels, suggesting an NNT-driven, redox-dependent pigmentation mechanism that can be targeted with NNT-modifying topical drugs for medical and cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Allouche
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03722 Seoul, Korea
| | - Alicia M McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinichiro Kato
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Immunology, Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shaohua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yusuke Suita
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Vivien Igras
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Paula P Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camila Makhlouta Lugo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haley R Noonan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaspar Itin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 05505 Seoul, Korea
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Qing Yu Weng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hequn Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alyssa Lovas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - István Németh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antonio Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer J Hsiao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lajos V Kemény
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile; Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 1027, Chile
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Maria Vittoria Schiaffino
- Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luke H Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; UMR 7268, CNRS-EFS-ADES, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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11
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Smith N, Sievert LL, Muttukrishna S, Begum K, Murphy L, Sharmeen T, Gunu R, Chowdhury O, Bentley GR. Mismatch: a comparative study of vitamin D status in British-Bangladeshi migrants. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 9:164-173. [PMID: 33763230 PMCID: PMC7928960 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Low levels of vitamin D among dark-skinned migrants to northern latitudes and increased risks for associated pathologies illustrate an evolutionary mismatch between an environment of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation to which such migrants are adapted and the low UV environment to which they migrate. Recently, low levels of vitamin D have also been associated with higher risks for contracting COVID-19. South Asians in the UK have higher risk for low vitamin D levels. In this study, we assessed vitamin D status of British-Bangladeshi migrants compared with white British residents and Bangladeshis still living in Bangladesh (‘sedentees’). Methodology The cross-sectional study compared serum vitamin D levels among 149 women aged 35–59, comprising British-Bangladeshi migrants (n = 50), white British neighbors (n = 54) and Bangladeshi sedentees (n = 45). Analyses comprised multivariate models to assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and associations with anthropometric, lifestyle, health and migration factors. Results Vitamin D levels in Bangladeshi migrants were very low: mean 25(OH)D = 32.2 nmol/L ± 13.0, with 29% of migrants classified as deficient (<25 nmol/L) and 94% deficient or insufficient (≤50 nmol/L). Mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower among British-Bangladeshis compared with Bangladeshi sedentees (50.9 nmol/L ± 13.3, P < 0.001) and were also lower than in white British women (55.3 nmol/L ± 20.9). Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with increased body mass index and low iron status. Conclusions and implications We conclude that lower exposure to sunlight in the UK reduces vitamin D levels in Bangladeshi migrants. Recommending supplements could prevent potentially adverse health outcomes associated with vitamin D deficiency. Lay Summary Vitamin D deficiency is one example of mismatch between an evolved trait and novel environments. Here we compare vitamin D status of dark-skinned British-Bangladeshi migrants in the UK to Bangladeshis in Bangladesh and white British individuals. Migrants had lower levels of vitamin D and are at risk for associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smith
- General Medicine, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK.,Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Shanthi Muttukrishna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ANU Research Centre, University of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Lorna Murphy
- Department of Anthropology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard Gunu
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Young AR, Passeron T. Everyday sunscreen use may compromise vitamin D in temperate climes: reply from authors. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1313-1314. [PMID: 31858587 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, 151, route de Ginestière 06200, Nice, France.,C3M, INSERM U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, 151, route de Ginestière 06200, Nice, France
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13
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Illescas-Montes R, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ruiz C, Costela-Ruiz VJ. Vitamin D and autoimmune diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116744. [PMID: 31401314 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) has increased over the past few decades. Vitamin D deficiency is a common factor in many of these diseases, whose etiology remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to review published data on the role of vitamin D in ADs. Vitamin D insufficiency has been described as an important factor in the development of some ADs, generally attributed to the key role of this vitamin in the immune system. Most studies show that adequate supplementation can prevent and improve the development of some of these diseases, although the optimal vitamin D dose remains controversial. We highlight the importance of measuring serum vitamin D levels of the population and developing strategies to improve and maintain levels with no health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda, Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4ª planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda, Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4ª planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda, Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4ª planta, 18012, Granada, Spain; Institut of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Parque de Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Avda, del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Víctor J Costela-Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda, Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4ª planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
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14
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The Evolutionary History of Human Skin Pigmentation. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:77-87. [PMID: 31363820 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex, conspicuous, highly variable human trait that exhibits a remarkable correlation with latitude. The evolutionary history and genetic basis of skin color variation has been the subject of intense research in the last years. This article reviews the major hypotheses explaining skin color diversity and explores the implications of recent findings about the genes associated with skin pigmentation for understanding the evolutionary forces that have shaped the current patterns of skin color variation. A major aspect of these findings is that the genetic basis of skin color is less simple than previously thought and that geographic variation in skin pigmentation was influenced by the concerted action of different types of natural selection, rather than just by selective sweeps in a few key genes.
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Abstract
Objective To investigate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) concentration in a multi-ethnic population of northern Norway and determine predictors of S-25(OH)D, including Sami ethnicity. Design Cross-sectional data from the second survey of the Population-based Study on Health and Living Conditions in Regions with Sami and Norwegian Populations (the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey, 2012–2014). S-25(OH)D was measured by the IDS-iSYS 25-Hydroxy Vitamin Dˢ assay. Daily dietary intake was assessed using an FFQ. BMI was calculated using weight and height measurements. Setting Ten municipalities of northern Norway (latitude 68°–70°N). Participants Males (n 2041) and females (n 2424) aged 40–69 years. Results Mean S-25(OH)D in the study sample was 64·0 nmol/l and median vitamin D intake was 10·3 µg/d. The prevalence of S-25(OH)D<30 nmol/l was 1·9 % and <50 nmol/l was 24·7 %. In sex-specific multivariable linear regression models, older age, blood sample collection in September–October, solarium use, sunbathing holiday, higher alcohol intake (in females), use of cod-liver oil/fish oil supplements, use of vitamin/mineral supplements and higher intakes of vitamin D were significantly associated with higher S-25(OH)D, whereas being a current smoker and obesity were associated with lower S-25(OH)D. These factors explained 21–23 % of the variation in S-25(OH)D. Conclusions There were many modifiable risk factors related to S-25(OH)D, however no clear ethnic differences were found. Even in winter, the low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency found among participants with non-Sami, multi-ethnic Sami and Sami self-perceived ethnicity was likely due to adequate vitamin D intake.
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Uzogara EE. Dark and sick, light and healthy: black women's complexion-based health disparities. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2019; 24:125-146. [PMID: 28398077 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1315376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Although research on skin tone inequalities suggest that darker-skinned Black women should experience worse health outcomes than lighter-skinned women, findings have been mixed. The present study investigates the possibility that the manner that stress and health are measured (i.e. global versus count measures) may explain the conflicting findings. Design: Black American women of different skin tones were investigated in two cross-sectional samples: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 571) and the Detroit Area Study (N = 290). Women's skin tone health disparities were examined using both objective (i.e. directly measured) or count measures (i.e. number of diagnosed chronic health conditions) as well as a global measure of health (i.e. self-rated health - SRH). Additionally, in the Detroit Area Study (DAS), disparities in stress exposure were examined using count and global measures. Results: Skin tone did not predict global measures of health (i.e. SRH) in both samples. In contrast, skin tone predicted objective and count measures of health in both samples, and the disparities between dark- and light-skinned women were starker among higher SES populations. Furthermore, DAS analyses of stress measures indicated that skin tone did not predict a global measure of stress but significantly predicted a count measure of stress (i.e. life events) since dark-skinned women reported worse outcomes. Conclusions: Health disparities research will benefit from accounting for Black women's skin tones as an important social determinant of health. Additionally, use of subjective measurements of health (e.g. SRH) may conceal within-race health disparities across complexions as well as obscure the magnitude of disparities across race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekeoma E Uzogara
- a Department of Psychology , West Chester University of Pennsylvania , West Chester , PA, USA
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Casey C, Woodside JV, McGinty A, Young IS, McPeake J, Chakravarthy U, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vioque J, Fletcher AE. Factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in older people in Europe: the EUREYE study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:319-328. [PMID: 30367156 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations in older Europeans and to investigate associations between 25OHD and lifestyle factors, including dietary intake and supplement use. SUBJECTS/METHODS Men and women aged ≥ 65 years were recruited from seven centres across north to south Europe. Serum 25OHD2 and 25OHD3 concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 4495 samples and total 25OHD (25OHD2 + 25OHD3) was adjusted for season of blood collection. RESULTS The mean (25th, 75th quartile) of seasonally adjusted 25OHD was 46 (34, 65) nmol/L, with the highest concentration of 25OHD in Bergen [61 (49, 79) nmol/L], and the lowest in Paris [36 (24, 57) nmol/L)]. Vitamin D deficiency (25-50 nmol/L) and vitamin D insufficiency (50-75 nmol/L) were found in 41 and 33% of the population, respectively. In multivariable analysis controlled for confounders, seasonally adjusted 25OHD concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in smokers and participants with self-reported diabetes and higher with increasing dietary vitamin D, and supplement use with fish liver oil, omega-3, and vitamin D. Additionally, in further analysis excluding Bergen, 25OHD was associated with higher intakes of oily fish and increasing UVB exposure. We observed low concentrations of 25OHD in older people in Europe. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of the higher 25OHD concentrations in supplement users (omega-3 fish oil, fish liver oil, vitamin D) add to current recommendations to reduce vitamin D deficiency. We were unable to fully assess the role of dietary vitamin D as we lacked information on vitamin D-fortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Casey
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ann McGinty
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ian S Young
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jennifer McPeake
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mati Rahu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Johan Seland
- Eye Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gisèle Soubrane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hotel Dieu de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tomazzoli
- Clinica Oculistica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jésus Vioque
- University Miguel Hernandez, Ciberesp, Isabial-Fisabio, Alicante, Spain
| | - A E Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Watts R, Valme SR. Osteological evidence for juvenile vitamin D deficiency in a 19th century suburban population from Surrey, England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 23:60-68. [PMID: 30573167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency rickets was considered endemic in the industrialized cities of 19th century England, but was rarely reported in more rural and suburban areas. The commercial excavation of St. John's Church, Redhill, Surrey, UK provided an opportunity to examine to what extent suburban children were affected by rickets and the factors responsible for its development. Seventy-nine non-adults (0-17 years) from St. John's Church were subjected to macroscopic and radiographic analysis to identify skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency. Rachitic lesions were identified in 14/79 individuals (17.7%) aged from six months to six years. Active cases occurred from six months to two years of age with healed cases observed from three to six years. One seven month old infant also displayed healed lesions. The age-specific pattern of active and healed rickets suggests the population was vulnerable to the seasonal restriction of sunlight hours, with the considerably low vitamin D content of the infant diet unable to provide sufficient amounts to maintain metabolic functions. This research demonstrates that rickets was not simply a disease of industrialization but that a variety of factors contributed to its development in groups previously considered to be low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Watts
- AOC Archaeology Group, Twickenham, TW1 1JS, United Kingdom.
| | - Sascha-Ray Valme
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UR, United Kingdom.
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The roles of vitamin D and cutaneous vitamin D production in human evolution and health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 23:54-59. [PMID: 29606375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the vitamin D necessary for the maintenance of human health and successful reproduction is made in the skin under the influence of a narrow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted from the sun, namely ultraviolet B radiation (UVB). During the course of human evolution, skin pigmentation has evolved to afford protection against high levels of UVR while still permitting cutaneous production of vitamin D. Similar pigmentation phenotypes evolved repeatedly as the result of independent genetic events when isolated human populations dispersed into habitats of extremely low or high UVB. The gradient of skin color seen in modern human populations is evidence of the operation of two clines, one favoring photoprotection near the equator, the other favoring vitamin D production nearer the poles. Through time, human adaptations to different solar regimes have become more cultural than biological. Rapid human migrations, increasing urbanization, and changes in lifestyle have created mismatches between skin pigmentation and environmental conditions leading to vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence and significance for health of vitamin D deficiencies, and the definition of optimal levels of vitamin D in the bloodstream are subjects of intense research and debate, but two of the causes of vitamin D deficiency - lack of sun exposure and abandonment of vitamin D rich foods in the diet - are traceable to changes in human lifestyles accompanying urbanization in prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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20
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Chen H, Xue W, Li J, Fu K, Shi H, Zhang B, Teng W, Tian L. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:368. [PMID: 30473663 PMCID: PMC6237859 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Conclusions of previous cohort studies on the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease were not consistent. Thus, we performed a dose-response meta-analysis to evaluate this relationship by summarizing cohort studies. Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies. Cohort studies concerning the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and dementia or Alzheimer's disease were included. Results of studies were pooled and the dose-response relationship was determined using a random-effect model. Results: Ten cohort studies, with 28,640 participants were included. A significant inverse relationship was found between 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we found a linear dose-response relationship in that a 10 nmol/L increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D level may lead to a 5% decrease in the risk of dementia (relative risk, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.98) and 7% in the risk of Alzheimer's disease (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.97). Conclusion: Plasma or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was inversely related to the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, consistent with a linear dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Chen
- Deparment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weishuang Xue
- Deparment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinwei Li
- Deparment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kailei Fu
- Deparment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Shi
- Clinical Department one, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beidi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Deparment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Tian
- Deparment of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Iliescu FM, Chaplin G, Rai N, Jacobs GS, Basu Mallick C, Mishra A, Thangaraj K, Jablonski NG. The influences of genes, the environment, and social factors on the evolution of skin color diversity in India. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23170. [PMID: 30099804 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin color is a highly visible and variable trait across human populations. It is not yet clear how evolutionary forces interact to generate phenotypic diversity. Here, we sought to unravel through an integrative framework the role played by three factors-demography and migration, sexual selection, and natural selection-in driving skin color diversity in India. METHODS Skin reflectance data were collected from 10 diverse socio-cultural populations along the latitudinal expanse of India, including both sexes. We first looked at how skin color varies within and between these populations. Second, we compared patterns of sexual dimorphism in skin color. Third, we studied the influence of ultraviolet radiation on skin color throughout India. Finally, we attempted to disentangle the interactions between these factors in the context of available genetic data. RESULTS We found that the relative importance of these forces varied between populations. Social factors and population structure have played a stronger role than natural selection in shaping skin color diversity across India. Phenotypic overprinting resulted from additional genetic mutations overriding the skin lightening effect of variants such as the SLC24A5 rs1426654-A allele in some populations, in the context of the variable influence of sexual selection. Furthermore, specific genotypes are not associated reliably with specific skin color phenotypes. This result has relevance for DNA forensics and ancient DNA research. CONCLUSIONS India is a crucible of macro- and micro-evolutionary forces, and the complex interactions of physical and social forces are visible in the patterns of skin color seen today in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Mircea Iliescu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas - CIIR, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Guy S Jacobs
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia.,The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The haplotypes of a beneficial allele carry information about its history that can shed light on its age and the putative cause for its increase in frequency. Specifically, the signature of an allele's age is contained in the pattern of variation that mutation and recombination impose on its haplotypic background. We provide a method to exploit this pattern and infer the time to the common ancestor of a positively selected allele following a rapid increase in frequency. We do so using a hidden Markov model which leverages the length distribution of the shared ancestral haplotype, the accumulation of derived mutations on the ancestral background, and the surrounding background haplotype diversity. Using simulations, we demonstrate how the inclusion of information from both mutation and recombination events increases accuracy relative to approaches that only consider a single type of event. We also show the behavior of the estimator in cases where data do not conform to model assumptions, and provide some diagnostics for assessing and improving inference. Using the method, we analyze population-specific patterns in the 1000 Genomes Project data to estimate the timing of adaptation for several variants which show evidence of recent selection and functional relevance to diet, skin pigmentation, and morphology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Graham Coop
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The colours of humanity: the evolution of pigmentation in the human lineage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160349. [PMID: 28533464 PMCID: PMC5444068 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are a colourful species of primate, with human skin, hair and eye coloration having been influenced by a great variety of evolutionary forces throughout prehistory. Functionally naked skin has been the physical interface between the physical environment and the human body for most of the history of the genus Homo, and hence skin coloration has been under intense natural selection. From an original condition of protective, dark, eumelanin-enriched coloration in early tropical-dwelling Homo and Homo sapiens, loss of melanin pigmentation occurred under natural selection as Homo sapiens dispersed into non-tropical latitudes of Africa and Eurasia. Genes responsible for skin, hair and eye coloration appear to have been affected significantly by population bottlenecks in the course of Homo sapiens dispersals. Because specific skin colour phenotypes can be created by different combinations of skin colour-associated genetic markers, loss of genetic variability due to genetic drift appears to have had negligible effects on the highly redundant genetic 'palette' for the skin colour. This does not appear to have been the case for hair and eye coloration, however, and these traits appear to have been more strongly influenced by genetic drift and, possibly, sexual selection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Hermisson J, Pennings PS. Soft sweeps and beyond: understanding the patterns and probabilities of selection footprints under rapid adaptation. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Hermisson
- Department of Mathematics and Max F. Perutz Laboratories University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Pleuni S. Pennings
- Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco CA USA
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El Kholy M, Elsedfy H, Fernández-Cancio M, Hamza RT, Amr NH, Ahmed AY, Toaima NN, Audí L. Nutritional rickets: vitamin D, calcium, and the genetic make-up. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:356-363. [PMID: 27973470 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of vitamin D (vitD) deficiency presenting as rickets is increasing worldwide. Insufficient sun exposure, vitD administration, and/or calcium intake are the main causes. However, vitD system-related genes may also have a role. METHODS Prospective study: 109 rachitic children completed a 6-mo study period or until rachitic manifestations disappeared. Thirty children were selected as controls. Clinical and biochemical data were evaluated at baseline in patients and controls and biochemistry re-evaluated at radiological healing. Therapy was stratified in three different protocols. Fifty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of five vitD system genes (VDR, CP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and GC) were genotyped and their association with clinical and biochemcial data was analyzed. RESULTS Therapy response was similar in terms of radiological healing although it was not so in terms of biochemical normalization. Only VDR gene (promoter, start-codon, and intronic genotypes) was rickets-associated in terms of serum 25-OH-D, calcium, radiological severity and time needed to heal. Eight patients with sufficient calcium intake and 25-OH-D levels carried a VDR genotype lacking minor allele homozygous genotypes at SNPs spread along the gene. CONCLUSION Although patients presented epidemiologic factors strongly contributing to rickets, genetic modulation affecting predisposition, severity, and clinical course is exerted, at least in part, by VDR gene polymorphic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Elsedfy
- Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Monica Fernández-Cancio
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit, VHIR (Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER (Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Audí
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit, VHIR (Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER (Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Blatt NL, Khaiboullin TI, Lombardi VC, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. The Skin-Brain Connection Hypothesis, Bringing Together CCL27-Mediated T-Cell Activation in the Skin and Neural Cell Damage in the Adult Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 7:683. [PMID: 28138328 PMCID: PMC5237636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discovery of an association of low serum melatonin levels with relapse in multiple sclerosis (MS) opens a new horizon in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. Skin is the main organ for sensing seasonal changes in duration of sunlight exposure. Level of melatonin production is dependent on light exposure. The molecular mechanisms connecting peripheral (skin) sensing of the light exposure and developing brain inflammation (MS) have not been investigated. We hypothesize that there is a connection between the reaction of skin to seasonal changes in sunlight exposure and the risk of MS and that seasonal changes in light exposure cause peripheral (skin) inflammation, the production of cytokines, and the subsequent inflammation of the brain. In skin of genetically predisposed individuals, cytokines attract memory cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA+) T lymphocytes, which then maintain local inflammation. Once inflammation is resolved, CLA+ lymphocytes return to the circulation, some of which eventually migrate to the brain. Once in the brain these lymphocytes may initiate an inflammatory response. Our observation of increased CC chemokine ligand 27 (CCL27) in MS sera supports the involvement of skin in the pathogenesis of MS. Further, the importance of our data is that CCL27 is a chemokine released by activated keratinocytes, which is upregulated in inflamed skin. We propose that high serum levels of CCL27 in MS are the result of skin inflammation due to exposure to seasonal changes in the sunlight. Future studies will determine whether CCL27 serum level correlates with seasonal changes in sunlight exposure, MS exacerbation, and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya L Blatt
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | | | - Vincent C Lombardi
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, Reno, NV, USA
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Göring H, Koshuchowa S. Vitamin D deficiency in Europeans today and in Viking settlers of Greenland. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1492-1497. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916120117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D-Effective UVB Availability in Europe and Associations with Population Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090533. [PMID: 27589793 PMCID: PMC5037520 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status is common in Europe. The major source of vitamin D in humans is ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced dermal synthesis of cholecalciferol, whereas food sources are believed to play a lesser role. Our objectives were to assess UVB availability (Jm(-2)) across several European locations ranging from 35° N to 69° N, and compare these UVB data with representative population serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) data from Ireland (51-54° N), Iceland (64° N) and Norway (69° N), as exemplars. Vitamin D-effective UVB availability was modelled for nine European countries/regions using a validated UV irradiance model. Standardized serum 25(OH)D data was accessed from the EC-funded ODIN project. The results showed that UVB availability decreased with increasing latitude (from 35° N to 69° N), while all locations exhibited significant seasonal variation in UVB. The UVB data suggested that the duration of vitamin D winters ranged from none (at 35° N) to eight months (at 69° N). The large seasonal fluctuations in serum 25(OH)D in Irish adults was much dampened in Norwegian and Icelandic adults, despite considerably lower UVB availability at these northern latitudes but with much higher vitamin D intakes. In conclusion, increasing the vitamin D intake can ameliorate the impact of low UVB availability on serum 25(OH)D status in Europe.
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29
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Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy in the Mediterranean region: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:979-86. [PMID: 26931671 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite high levels of sunshine, maternal hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy is prevalent in the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study is to systematically review trials that investigated vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy in this region, in order to determine predictors of hypovitaminosis D and explain this phenomenon. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 15 studies were entered into the systematic review involving 2649 pregnant women and 820 neonates. The main outcome was maternal vitamin D status, assessed by serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Possible predictors of the outcome included maternal age, body mass index (BMI), race, socioeconomic status, skin type, gestational age, sun exposure, calcium and vitamin D intake and supplementation, smoking status, parity and season of delivery. Studies differed widely in vitamin D deficiency criteria, method of measurement and outcomes. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ranges from 9.3 to 41.4%, whereas that of vitamin D deficiency from 22.7 to 90.3%. A positive association with 25(OH)D concentrations exists for light skin color, white race, uncovered dressing pattern, maternal vitamin D supplementation and season of gestation (spring/summer). An inverse association exists for BMI and gestational age, whereas data for smoking and socioeconomic status are controversial. We concluded that vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy seems to be quite common, even in the Mediterranean region. Racial, social and cultural habits, as well as the absence of preventive supplementation/dietary strategies, seem to negate the benefits of sun exposure.
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30
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Chaplin G, Jablonski NG. The human environment and the vitamin D compromise: Scotland as a case study in human biocultural adaptation and disease susceptibility. Hum Biol 2015; 85:529-52. [PMID: 25019187 DOI: 10.3378/027.085.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Year-round human habitation of environments with highly seasonal regimes of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) depended on adaptive complexes of biological and cultural traits to ensure adequacy of vitamin D. Perturbations of such adaptive complexes resulting from changes in the physical environment, human behavior and culture, or both have had unexpected and untoward consequences for health. Scotland is an excellent case study of the changing nature of human biocultural adaptation to low-UVB environments. Occupation of Scotland after the last Pleistocene glaciation event about 14,000 YBP was made possible by maximally depigmented skin, which facilitated cutaneous biosynthesis of vitamin D3, and by a diet that emphasized foods rich in vitamin D. Changes in human subsistence and diet began with the introduction of agriculture and grazing about 5,000 YBP and accelerated greatly in the last 200 years through industrialization and urbanization. The resulting changes in domiciles, patterns of daily activity and behavior, and diet have led to reduced exposure to UVB and reduced consumption of vitamin D-rich foods. This has perturbed the "vitamin D compromise," an adaptive complex established in Scotland during the Mesolithic and Neolithic. We describe the UVB environment of Scotland from remotely sensed data and combine these data with information from the archaeological record to describe the vitamin D compromise in Scotland. Changes in human exposure to UVB and vitamin D consumption, which occurred as the result of urbanization and the dietary shift away from the consumption of oily fish, are traced. Vitamin D deficiency contributes to increased disease prevalence in Scotland, including that of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, a debilitating neurodegenerative disease caused by demyelination of the central nervous system. These conditions have created an "imperfect storm" of poor health that should command the attention of public health experts and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA and Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA and Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Strange RC, Shipman KE, Ramachandran S. Metabolic syndrome: A review of the role of vitamin D in mediating susceptibility and outcome. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:896-911. [PMID: 26185598 PMCID: PMC4499524 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-recognised role of vitamin D in a wide range of physiological processes, hypovitaminosis is common worldwide (prevalence 30%-50%) presumably arising from inadequate exposure to ultraviolet radiation and insufficient consumption. While generally not at the very low levels associated with rickets, hypovitaminosis D has been implicated in various very different, pathophysiological processes. These include putative effects on the pathogenesis of neoplastic change, inflammatory and demyelinating conditions, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. This review focuses on the association between hypovitaminosis D and the metabolic syndrome as well as its component characteristics which are central obesity, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidaemia. We also consider the effects of hypovitaminosis D on outcomes associated with the metabolic syndrome such as CVD, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We structure this review into 3 distinct sections; the metabolic syndrome, vitamin D biochemistry and the putative association between hypovitaminosis D, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk.
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32
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Lipids and Human Nutrition. Lipids 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Silva AA. Improving Photoprotection Attitudes in the Tropics: SunburnvsVitamin D. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1446-54. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel A. Silva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados; Rod. dos Tamoios km 5.5 Torrão de Ouro II São José dos Campos SP Brazil
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34
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Common vitamin D pathway gene variants reveal contrasting effects on serum vitamin D levels in African Americans and European Americans. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1395-405. [PMID: 25085266 PMCID: PMC4185105 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is more common among African Americans (AAs) than among European Americans (EAs), and epidemiologic evidence links vitamin D status to many health outcomes. Two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in European populations identified vitamin D pathway gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, but a few of these SNPs have been replicated in AAs. Here, we investigated the associations of 39 SNPs in vitamin D pathway genes, including 19 GWAS-identified SNPs, with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in 652 AAs and 405 EAs. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for relevant environmental and biological factors. The pattern of SNP associations was distinct between AAs and EAs. In AAs, six GWAS-identified SNPs in GC, CYP2R1, and DHCR7/NADSYN1 were replicated, while nine GWAS SNPs in GC and CYP2R1 were replicated in EAs. A CYP2R1 SNP, rs12794714, exhibited the strongest signal of association in AAs. In EAs, however, a different CYP2R1 SNP, rs1993116, was the most strongly associated. Our models, which take into account genetic and environmental variables, accounted for 20 and 28 % of the variance in serum vitamin D levels in AAs and EAs, respectively.
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35
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Edwards JK, Thiongó A, Van den Bergh R, Kizito W, Kosgei RJ, Sobry A, Vandenbulcke A, Zuniga I, Reid AJ. Preventable but neglected: rickets in an informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya. Public Health Action 2014; 4:122-7. [PMID: 26399212 PMCID: PMC4539038 DOI: 10.5588/pha.14.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING The primary care clinics of Médecins Sans Frontières within the informal settlement of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children clinically diagnosed with rickets from September 2012 to October 2013. DESIGN Descriptive retrospective case review of diagnosis and treatment course with vitamin D and calcium using routine programme data. RESULTS Of the 82 children who met the clinical diagnosis of rickets, 57% were male, with a median age of 12 months and 14 months for females. Children with rickets were found to have ⩽3 hours/week sunlight exposure for 71% of the children and malnutrition in 39%. Clinical findings on presentation revealed gross motor developmental delays in 44%. The loss to follow-up rate during treatment was 40%. CONCLUSIONS This study found that rickets is a common clinical presentation among children living in the informal settlement of Kibera and that there are likely multiple factors within that environment contributing to this condition. As rickets is a simply and inexpensively preventable non-communicable disease, we suggest that routine vitamin D supplementation be formally recommended by the World Health Organization for well-child care in Africa, especially in the contexts of informal settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Thiongó
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R. Van den Bergh
- Medical Department, Luxembourg Operational Research Unit (LuxOR), Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W. Kizito
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R. J. Kosgei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A. Sobry
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - I. Zuniga
- Medical Department, Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. J. Reid
- Medical Department, Luxembourg Operational Research Unit (LuxOR), Operational Centre Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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de Cerqueira CCS, Hünemeier T, Gomez-Valdés J, Ramallo V, Volasko-Krause CD, Barbosa AAL, Vargas-Pinilla P, Dornelles RC, Longo D, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Canizales-Quinteros S, Acuña-Alonzo V, Gallo C, Poletti G, González-José R, Salzano FM, Callegari-Jacques SM, Schuler-Faccini L, Ruiz-Linares A, Cátira Bortolini M. Implications of the admixture process in skin color molecular assessment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96886. [PMID: 24809478 PMCID: PMC4014568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the complex genotype-phenotype architecture of human pigmentation has clear implications for the evolutionary history of humans, as well as for medical and forensic practices. Although dozens of genes have previously been associated with human skin color, knowledge about this trait remains incomplete. In particular, studies focusing on populations outside the European-North American axis are rare, and, until now, admixed populations have seldom been considered. The present study was designed to help fill this gap. Our objective was to evaluate possible associations of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within nine genes, and one pseudogene with the Melanin Index (MI) in two admixed Brazilian populations (Gaucho, N = 352; Baiano, N = 148) with different histories of geographic and ethnic colonization. Of the total sample, four markers were found to be significantly associated with skin color, but only two (SLC24A5 rs1426654, and SLC45A2 rs16891982) were consistently associated with MI in both samples (Gaucho and Baiano). Therefore, only these 2 SNPs should be preliminarily considered to have forensic significance because they consistently showed the association independently of the admixture level of the populations studied. We do not discard that the other two markers (HERC2 rs1129038 and TYR rs1126809) might be also relevant to admixed samples, but additional studies are necessary to confirm the real importance of these markers for skin pigmentation. Finally, our study shows associations of some SNPs with MI in a modern Brazilian admixed sample, with possible applications in forensic genetics. Some classical genetic markers in Euro-North American populations are not associated with MI in our sample. Our results point out the relevance of considering population differences in selecting an appropriate set of SNPs as phenotype predictors in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge Gomez-Valdés
- Laboratorio de Antropología Física, Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Virgínia Ramallo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Danaê Longo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Alegrete, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile
| | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Francisco Mauro Salzano
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sídia Maria Callegari-Jacques
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- INAGEMP – Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of skin pigmentation and hair texture in people of African ancestry. Dermatol Clin 2014; 32:113-21. [PMID: 24679998 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our species, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa, and humanity's highest levels of genetic diversity are maintained there today. Underlying genetic diversity combined with the great range of solar regimes and climatic conditions found in Africa has contributed to a wide range of human integumentary phenotypes within the continent. Millions of Africans have moved, voluntarily and involuntarily, to other continents in the past 2000 years, and the range of integumentary phenotypes among admixed African diaspora populations is enormous. In this contribution, we do not catalog this variation, but provide basic evolutionary background as to how it developed in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4832-7. [PMID: 24616518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316513111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation is a polygenic trait encompassing some of the most visible phenotypic variation observed in humans. Here we present direct estimates of selection acting on functional alleles in three key genes known to be involved in human pigmentation pathways--HERC2, SLC45A2, and TYR--using allele frequency estimates from Eneolithic, Bronze Age, and modern Eastern European samples and forward simulations. Neutrality was overwhelmingly rejected for all alleles studied, with point estimates of selection ranging from around 2-10% per generation. Our results provide direct evidence that strong selection favoring lighter skin, hair, and eye pigmentation has been operating in European populations over the last 5,000 y.
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Moore CB, Wallace JR, Wolfe DJ, Frase AT, Pendergrass SA, Weiss KM, Ritchie MD. Low frequency variants, collapsed based on biological knowledge, uncover complexity of population stratification in 1000 genomes project data. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003959. [PMID: 24385916 PMCID: PMC3873241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses investigating low frequency variants have the potential for explaining additional genetic heritability of many complex human traits. However, the natural frequencies of rare variation between human populations strongly confound genetic analyses. We have applied a novel collapsing method to identify biological features with low frequency variant burden differences in thirteen populations sequenced by the 1000 Genomes Project. Our flexible collapsing tool utilizes expert biological knowledge from multiple publicly available database sources to direct feature selection. Variants were collapsed according to genetically driven features, such as evolutionary conserved regions, regulatory regions genes, and pathways. We have conducted an extensive comparison of low frequency variant burden differences (MAF<0.03) between populations from 1000 Genomes Project Phase I data. We found that on average 26.87% of gene bins, 35.47% of intergenic bins, 42.85% of pathway bins, 14.86% of ORegAnno regulatory bins, and 5.97% of evolutionary conserved regions show statistically significant differences in low frequency variant burden across populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. The proportion of bins with significant differences in low frequency burden depends on the ancestral similarity of the two populations compared and types of features tested. Even closely related populations had notable differences in low frequency burden, but fewer differences than populations from different continents. Furthermore, conserved or functionally relevant regions had fewer significant differences in low frequency burden than regions under less evolutionary constraint. This degree of low frequency variant differentiation across diverse populations and feature elements highlights the critical importance of considering population stratification in the new era of DNA sequencing and low frequency variant genomic analyses. Low frequency variants are likely to play an important role in uncovering complex trait heritability; however, they are often continent or population specific. This specificity complicates genetic analyses investigating low frequency variants for two reasons: low frequency variant signals in an association test are often difficult to generalize beyond a single population or continental group, and there is an increase in false positive results in association analyses due to underlying population stratification. In order to reveal the magnitude of low frequency population stratification, we performed pairwise population comparisons using the 1000 Genomes Project Phase I data to investigate differences in low frequency variant burden across multiple biological features. We found that low frequency variant confounding is much more prevalent than one might expect, even within continental groups. The proportion of significant differences in low frequency variant burden was also dependent on the region of interest; for example, annotated regulatory regions showed fewer low frequency burden differences between populations than intergenic regions. Knowledge of population structure and the genomic landscape in a region of interest are important factors in determining the extent of confounding due to population stratification in a low frequency genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B. Moore
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John R. Wallace
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wolfe
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex T. Frase
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Pendergrass
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Weiss
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dunn RH, Tocheri MW, Orr CM, Jungers WL. Ecological divergence and talar morphology in gorillas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:526-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Dunn
- Department of Anatomy; Des Moines University; Des Moines IA 50312
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
| | - Caley M. Orr
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL 60515
| | - William L. Jungers
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794
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Ethnic differences in bone and mineral metabolism in healthy people and patients with CKD. Kidney Int 2013; 85:1283-9. [PMID: 24352156 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown racial differences in the regulation of mineral metabolism, in the acquisition of bone mass and structure of individuals. In this review, we examine ethnic differences in bone and mineral metabolism in normal individuals and in patients with chronic kidney disease. Black individuals have lower urinary excretion and increased intestinal calcium absorption, reduced levels of 25(OH)D, and high levels of 1.25(OH)2D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Body phosphorus concentration is higher and the levels of FGF-23 are lower than in whites. Mineral density and bone architecture are better in black individuals. These differences translate into advantages for blacks who have stronger bones, less risk of fractures, and less cardiovascular calcification. In the United States of America, the prevalence of kidney disease is similar in different ethnic groups. However, black individuals progress more quickly to advanced stages of kidney disease than whites. This faster progression does not translate into increased mortality, higher in whites, especially in the first year of dialysis. Some ethnicity-related variations in mineral metabolism persist when individuals develop CKD. Therefore, black patients have lower serum calcium concentrations, less hyperphosphatemia, low levels of 25(OH)D, higher levels of PTH, and low levels of FGF-23 compared with white patients. Bone biopsy studies show that blacks have greater bone volume. The rate of fractures and cardiovascular diseases are also less frequent. Further studies are required to better understand the cellular and molecular bases of these racial differences in bone mineral metabolism and thus better treat patients.
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Hider JL, Gittelman RM, Shah T, Edwards M, Rosenbloom A, Akey JM, Parra EJ. Exploring signatures of positive selection in pigmentation candidate genes in populations of East Asian ancestry. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:150. [PMID: 23848512 PMCID: PMC3727976 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is very limited knowledge about the genes involved in normal pigmentation variation in East Asian populations. We carried out a genome-wide scan of signatures of positive selection using the 1000 Genomes Phase I dataset, in order to identify pigmentation genes showing putative signatures of selective sweeps in East Asia. We applied a broad range of methods to detect signatures of selection including: 1) Tests designed to identify deviations of the Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS) from neutral expectations (Tajima’s D, Fay and Wu’s H and Fu and Li’s D* and F*), 2) Tests focused on the identification of high-frequency haplotypes with extended linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb) and 3) Tests based on genetic differentiation between populations (LSBL). Based on the results obtained from a genome wide analysis of 25 kb windows, we constructed an empirical distribution for each statistic across all windows, and identified pigmentation genes that are outliers in the distribution. Results Our tests identified twenty genes that are relevant for pigmentation biology. Of these, eight genes (ATRN, EDAR, KLHL7, MITF, OCA2, TH, TMEM33 and TRPM1,) were extreme outliers (top 0.1% of the empirical distribution) for at least one statistic, and twelve genes (ADAM17, BNC2, CTSD, DCT, EGFR, LYST, MC1R, MLPH, OPRM1, PDIA6, PMEL (SILV) and TYRP1) were in the top 1% of the empirical distribution for at least one statistic. Additionally, eight of these genes (BNC2, EGFR, LYST, MC1R, OCA2, OPRM1, PMEL (SILV) and TYRP1) have been associated with pigmentary traits in association studies. Conclusions We identified a number of putative pigmentation genes showing extremely unusual patterns of genetic variation in East Asia. Most of these genes are outliers for different tests and/or different populations, and have already been described in previous scans for positive selection, providing strong support to the hypothesis that recent selective sweeps left a signature in these regions. However, it will be necessary to carry out association and functional studies to demonstrate the implication of these genes in normal pigmentation variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hider
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Bonilla C, Gilbert R, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Fraser WD, Smith GD, Lewis SJ, Lathrop M, Martin RM. Using genetic proxies for lifecourse sun exposure to assess the causal relationship of sun exposure with circulating vitamin d and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:597-606. [PMID: 23441100 PMCID: PMC3616836 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and epidemiological studies have identified an inverse association of intensity and duration of sunlight exposure with prostate cancer, which may be explained by a reduction in vitamin D synthesis. Pigmentation traits influence sun exposure and therefore may affect prostate cancer risk. Because observational studies are vulnerable to confounding and measurement error, we used Mendelian randomization to examine the relationship of sun exposure with both prostate cancer risk and the intermediate phenotype, plasma levels of vitamin D. METHODS We created a tanning, a skin color, and a freckling score as combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms that have been previously associated with these phenotypes. A higher score indicates propensity to burn, have a lighter skin color and freckles. The scores were tested for association with vitamin D levels (25-hydroxyvitamin-D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D) and prostate-specific antigen detected prostate cancer in 3,123 White British individuals enrolled in the Prostate Testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study. RESULTS The freckling score was inversely associated with 25(OH)D levels [change in 25(OH)D per score unit -0.27; 95% CI, -0.52% to -0.01%], and the tanning score was positively associated with prostate cancer risk (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09), after adjustment for population stratification and potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who tend to burn are more likely to spend less time in the sun and consequently have lower plasma vitamin D levels and higher susceptibility to prostate cancer. IMPACT The use of pigmentation-related genetic scores is valuable for the assessment of the potential benefits of sun exposure with respect to prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bonilla
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University-Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard M. Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Vasseur E, Quintana-Murci L. The impact of natural selection on health and disease: uses of the population genetics approach in humans. Evol Appl 2013; 6:596-607. [PMID: 23789027 PMCID: PMC3684741 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the legacy of natural selection in the human genome have proved particularly informative, pinpointing functionally important regions that have participated in our genetic adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, genetic dissection of the intensity and type of selection acting on human genes can be used to predict involvement in different forms and severities of human diseases. We review here the progress made in population genetics studies toward understanding the effects of selection, in its different forms and intensities, on human genome diversity. We discuss some outstanding, robust examples of genes and biological functions subject to strong dietary, climatic and pathogen selection pressures. We also explore the possible relationship between cancer and natural selection, a topic that has been largely neglected because cancer is generally seen as a late-onset disease. Finally, we discuss how the present-day incidence of some diseases of modern societies may represent a by-product of past adaptation to other selective forces and changes in lifestyle. This perspective thus illustrates the value of adopting a population genetics approach in delineating the biological mechanisms that have played a major evolutionary role in the way humans have genetically adapted to different environments and lifestyles over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Vasseur
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics 75015, Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 3012 75015, Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5174, Evolution et Diversité Biologique 31062, Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse 31062, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and comparative genomics have established major loci and specific polymorphisms affecting human skin, hair and eye color. Environmental changes have had an impact on selected pigmentation genes as populations have expanded into different regions of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sturm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Melanogenix Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Novembre J, Han E. Human population structure and the adaptive response to pathogen-induced selection pressures. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:878-86. [PMID: 22312055 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years of research in human evolutionary genetics have provided novel insights and questions regarding how human adaptations to recent selective pressures have taken place. Here, we review the advances most relevant to understanding human evolution in response to pathogen-induced selective pressures. Key insights come from theoretical models of adaptive evolution, particularly those that consider spatially structured populations, and from empirical population genomic studies of adaptive evolution in humans. We also review the CCR5-Δ32 HIV resistance allele as a case study of pathogen resistance in humans. Taken together, the results make clear that the human response to pathogen-induced selection pressures depends on a complex interplay between the age of the pathogen, the genetic basis of potential resistance phenotypes, and how population structure impacts the adaptive process in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Novembre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Altmann DM, Balloux F, Boyton RJ. Diverse approaches to analysing the history of human and pathogen evolution: how to tell the story of the past 70 000 years. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:765-9. [PMID: 22312043 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The meeting 'Human evolution, migration and history revealed by genetics, immunity and infection', along with the follow-on satellite meeting at the Kavli Centre over the subsequent two days, brought together diverse talents. The aim was to see if new insights could be gained by bringing together those who have interests in the past 50-100 000 years of human history, overlaying the perspectives of palaeogeneticists, anthropologists, human geneticists, pathogen geneticists, immunologists, disease modellers, linguists, immunogeneticists, historians and archaeologists. It rapidly became clear that while all may agree on the broad brush-strokes including 'out-of-Africa' and the general approximations of timelines, diverse approaches may often suggest somewhat different ways of telling the story.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Altmann
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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