1
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Lehri B, Atkins E, Scott TA, Abouelhadid S, Wren BW, Cuccui J. Investigation into the efficiency of diverse N-linking oligosaccharyltransferases for glycoengineering using a standardised cell-free assay. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14480. [PMID: 38858807 PMCID: PMC11164674 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs) such as the Campylobacter jejuni PglB for glycoengineering has attracted considerable interest in glycoengineering and glycoconjugate vaccine development. However, PglB has limited specificity for glycans that can be transferred to candidate proteins, which along with other factors is dependent on the reducing end sugar of glycans. In this study, we developed a cell-free glycosylation assay that offers the speed and simplicity of a 'yes' or 'no' determination. Using the assay, we tested the activity of eleven PglBs from Campylobacter species and more distantly related bacteria. The following assorted glycans with diverse reducing end sugars were tested for transfer, including Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule serotype 4, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium O antigen (B1), Francisella tularensis O antigen, Escherichia coli O9 antigen and Campylobacter jejuni heptasaccharide. Interestingly, while PglBs from the same genus showed high activity, whereas divergent PglBs differed in their transfer of glycans to an acceptor protein. Notably for glycoengineering purposes, Campylobacter hepaticus and Campylobacter subantarcticus PglBs showed high glycosylation efficiency, with C. hepaticus PglB potentially being useful for glycoconjugate vaccine production. This study demonstrates the versatility of the cell-free assay in rapidly assessing an OST to couple glycan/carrier protein combinations and lays the foundation for future screening of PglBs by linking amino acid similarity to glycosyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Lehri
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth Atkins
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Timothy A. Scott
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sherif Abouelhadid
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Brendan W. Wren
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Jon Cuccui
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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2
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Linz B, Sharafutdinov I, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Evolution and Role of Proteases in Campylobacter jejuni Lifestyle and Pathogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020323. [PMID: 36830692 PMCID: PMC9953165 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the main human food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni causes campylobacteriosis that accounts for a substantial percentage of gastrointestinal infections. The disease usually manifests as diarrhea that lasts for up to two weeks. C. jejuni possesses an array of peptidases and proteases that are critical for its lifestyle and pathogenesis. These include serine proteases Cj1365c, Cj0511 and HtrA; AAA+ group proteases ClpP, Lon and FtsH; and zinc-dependent protease PqqE, proline aminopeptidase PepP, oligopeptidase PepF and peptidase C26. Here, we review the numerous critical roles of these peptide bond-dissolving enzymes in cellular processes of C. jejuni that include protein quality control; protein transport across the inner and outer membranes into the periplasm, cell surface or extracellular space; acquisition of amino acids and biofilm formation and dispersal. In addition, we highlight their role as virulence factors that inflict intestinal tissue damage by promoting cell invasion and mediating cleavage of crucial host cell factors such as epithelial cell junction proteins. Furthermore, we reconstruct the evolution of these proteases in 34 species of the Campylobacter genus. Finally, we discuss to what extent C. jejuni proteases have initiated the search for inhibitor compounds as prospective novel anti-bacterial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Linz
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-9131-8528988
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3
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Antezack A, Boxberger M, Rolland C, Ben Khedher M, Monnet-Corti V, La Scola B. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter massiliensis sp. nov., a novel Campylobacter species detected in a gingivitis subject. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34751644 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain Marseille-Q3452T, was isolated from subgingival dental plaque of a subject suffering from dental plaque biofilm-induced gingivitis on an intact periodontium in Marseille, France. The strain was characterized by 16S rRNA and atpA gene sequence analysis and by conventional phenotypic and chemotaxonomic testing. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and core genome phylogeny were determined using whole-genome sequences. Although strain Marseille-Q3452T showed 99.72 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Campylobacter showae strain ATCC 51146T, atpA and ANI analyses revealed divergence between the two strains. The two species could also be distinguished phenotypically on the basis of the absence of flagella and nitrate reduction. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genomic and phylogenetic analyses and data, we concluded that strain Marseille-Q3452T represents a novel species of the genus Campylobacter, for which the name Campylobacter massiliensis sp. nov. is proposed (=CSUR Q3452=CECT 30263).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Antezack
- Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de Parodontologie, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Boxberger
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Clara Rolland
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mariem Ben Khedher
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Monnet-Corti
- Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de Parodontologie, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), MEPHI, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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4
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Tam PCK, Leong LEX, Theodossi M, Gordon DL. Intra-abdominal infection with Campylobacter curvus: case report and review of the literature. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000227. [PMID: 34151177 PMCID: PMC8208764 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter curvus is a Gram-negative bacteria associated with periodontal disease in humans. Cases of extra-oral manifestations of infection are rare with only six reported cases of extra-oral infection including this report that have been identified in the current literature. Molecular methods are generally used to identify C. curvus while optimal antibiotic choice and duration to treat extra-oral infections for this pathogen is unknown. Case presentation A 63-year-old male with a background history of alcoholic pancreatitis presented with fever and malaise who was found to have radiological intra-abdominal collections. Drainage of these collections identified C. curvus via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry with high probability and identification further confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin of C. curvus was performed using E-test diffusion methods along with investigation for the presence of resistance genes. The patient was treated with intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam followed by ciprofloxacin for 4 weeks total with good clinical recovery. Conclusions Extra-oral manifestations with the pathogen C. curvus are rare with few cases described in the literature. There is minimal data on susceptibility patterns, optimal antibiotic treatment and duration. Treatment of extraintestinal C. curvus infections in humans should encompass both adequate source control and antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C K Tam
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lex E X Leong
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Microbiome Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Theodossi
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David L Gordon
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Saadaoui M, Singh P, Al Khodor S. Oral microbiome and pregnancy: A bidirectional relationship. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 145:103293. [PMID: 33676065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity contains the second most complex microbial population within the human body, with more than 700 bacterial organisms. Recent advances in Next Generation Sequencing technology have unraveled the complexities of the oral microbiome and provided valuable insights into its role in health and disease. The human oral microbiome varies dramatically during the different stages of life, including pregnancy. The total viable microbial counts in pregnant women are known to be higher compared to non-pregnant women, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. A balanced oral microbiome is vital for a healthy pregnancy, as perturbations in the oral microbiome composition can contribute to pregnancy complications. On the other hand, physiological changes and differences in hormonal levels during pregnancy, increase susceptibility to various oral diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis. A growing body of evidence supports the link between the composition of the oral microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight among others. This review aims to summarize the dynamics of oral microbiome during pregnancy and to discuss the relationship between a dysbiotic oral microbiome and pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Singh
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Thomas C, Nothaft H, Yadav R, Fodor C, Alemka A, Oni O, Bell M, Rada B, Szymanski CM. Characterization of ecotin homologs from Campylobacter rectus and Campylobacter showae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244031. [PMID: 33378351 PMCID: PMC7773321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotin, first described in Escherichia coli, is a potent
inhibitor of a broad range of serine proteases including those typically
released by the innate immune system such as neutrophil elastase (NE). Here we
describe the identification of ecotin orthologs in various
Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter
rectus and Campylobacter showae residing in the
oral cavity and implicated in the development and progression of periodontal
disease in humans. To investigate the function of these ecotins in
vitro, the orthologs from C.
rectus and C. showae were
recombinantly expressed and purified from E.
coli. Using CmeA degradation/protection assays,
fluorescence resonance energy transfer and NE activity assays, we found that
ecotins from C. rectus and C.
showae inhibit NE, factor Xa and trypsin, but not the
Campylobacter jejuni serine protease HtrA or its ortholog
in E. coli, DegP. To further evaluate ecotin
function in vivo, an E. coli
ecotin-deficient mutant was complemented with the C.
rectus and C. showae
homologs. Using a neutrophil killing assay, we demonstrate that the low survival
rate of the E. coli ecotin-deficient mutant
can be rescued upon expression of ecotins from C.
rectus and C. showae. In
addition, the C. rectus and
C. showae ecotins partially compensate for
loss of N-glycosylation and increased protease susceptibility in the related
pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, thus implicating a similar role
for these proteins in the native host to cope with the protease-rich environment
of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of
America
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fodor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Abofu Alemka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Oluwadamilola Oni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of
America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
Campylobacter is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The vast majority of reported Campylobacter infections are caused by Campylobacter jejuni and, to a lesser extent, C. coli; however, the increasing recognition of other emerging Campylobacter pathogens is urgently demanding a better understanding of how these underestimated species cause disease, transmit, and evolve. In parallel to the enhanced clinical awareness of campylobacteriosis due to improved diagnostic protocols, the application of high-throughput sequencing has increased the number of whole-genome sequences available to dozens of strains of many emerging campylobacters. This has allowed for comprehensive comparative pathogenomic analyses for several species, such as C. fetus and C. concisus These studies have started to reveal the evolutionary forces shaping their genomes and have brought to light many genomic features related to pathogenicity in these neglected species, promoting the development of new tools and approaches relevant for clinical microbiology. Despite the need for additional characterization of genomic diversity in emerging campylobacters, the increasing body of literature describing pathogenomic studies on these species deserves to be discussed from an integrative perspective. This review compiles the current knowledge and highlights future work toward deepening our understanding about genome dynamics and the mechanisms governing the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging Campylobacter species, which is urgently needed to develop strategies to prevent or control the spread of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Costa
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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8
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Hsu T, Gemmell MR, Franzosa EA, Berry S, Mukhopadhya I, Hansen R, Michaud M, Nielsen H, Miller WG, Nielsen H, Bajaj-Elliott M, Huttenhower C, Garrett WS, Hold GL. Comparative genomics and genome biology of Campylobacter showae. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:827-840. [PMID: 31169073 PMCID: PMC6567213 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1622455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter showae a bacterium historically linked to gingivitis and periodontitis, has recently been associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Our aim was to generate genome sequences for new clinical C. showae strains and identify functional properties explaining their pathogenic potential. Eight C. showae genomes were assessed, four strains isolated from inflamed gut tissues from paediatric Crohn’s disease patients, three strains from colonic adenomas, and one from a gastroenteritis patient stool. Genome assemblies were analyzed alongside the only 3 deposited C. showae genomes. The pangenome from these 11 strains consisted of 4686 unique protein families, and the core genome size was estimated at 1050 ± 15 genes with each new genome contributing an additional 206 ± 16 genes. Functional assays indicated that colonic strains segregated into 2 groups: adherent/invasive vs. non-adherent/non-invasive strains. The former possessed Type IV secretion machinery and S-layer proteins, while the latter contained Cas genes and other CRISPR associated proteins. Comparison of gene profiles with strains in Human Microbiome Project metagenomes showed that gut-derived isolates share genes specific to tongue dorsum and supragingival plaque counterparts. Our findings indicate that C. showae strains are phenotypically and genetically diverse and suggest that secretion systems may play an important role in virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Hsu
- a Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA
| | - Matthew R Gemmell
- b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- a Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA
| | - Susan Berry
- c School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , GI Research Group, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Indrani Mukhopadhya
- c School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , GI Research Group, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Richard Hansen
- d Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology , Royal Hospital for Children , Glasgow , UK
| | - Monia Michaud
- e Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA
| | - Hans Nielsen
- f Department of Clinical Microbiology , Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - William G Miller
- g Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , Albany , USA
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- h Department of Infectious Diseases , Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- i Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Programme , UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , UK
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- a Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- e Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA
| | - Georgina L Hold
- a Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA.,c School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , GI Research Group, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK.,e Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , USA.,j St George and Sutherland Clinical School , Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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9
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Bojanić K, Midwinter AC, Marshall JC, Biggs PJ, Acke E. Isolation of emerging Campylobacter species in working farm dogs and their frozen home-killed raw meat diets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 31:23-32. [PMID: 30574836 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718820082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied 7 culture methods to 50 working farm dog fecal samples and 6 methods to 50 frozen home-killed raw meat diet samples to optimize recovery of a wide range of Campylobacter spp. Culture methods combined filtration, enrichment broths, and agars at 37°C and 42°C in conventional and hydrogen-enriched microaerobic atmospheres. Overall, a prevalence of 62% (31 of 50) and 6% (3 of 50) was detected in dog and meat samples, respectively, based on Campylobacter genus PCR. A total of 356 Campylobacter spp. isolates were recovered from dogs, with successful isolation by individual methods ranging from 2 to 25 dogs. The species detected most commonly were C. upsaliensis and C. jejuni, and less commonly C. coli and C. lari. Species isolated that are rarely reported from dogs included C. rectus, C. lari subsp. concheus, C. volucris, and Helicobacter winghamensis. Six isolates from dogs positive by Campylobacter genus PCR were confirmed, using 16S rRNA sequencing, as Arcobacter cryaerophilus (1) and Arcobacter butzleri (5). C. jejuni multi-locus sequence typing results revealed a diversity of sequence types in working dogs, with several uncommonly reported from other C. jejuni sources in New Zealand. Overall, 20 isolates from 3 meat samples were positive by Campylobacter genus PCR; 1 meat sample was positive for C. jejuni, 1 for C. rectus, and 1 isolate was subsequently identified as A. butzleri. The method using Campylobacter enrichment broth in a hydrogen-enriched environment on nonselective agar resulted in significantly reduced recovery of Campylobacter spp. from both sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Bojanić
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
| | - Els Acke
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Bojanić, Midwinter, Marshall, Biggs).,IDEXX VetMedLabor, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Acke)
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10
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Liu F, Ma R, Wang Y, Zhang L. The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:243. [PMID: 30087857 PMCID: PMC6066527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the Campylobacter species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originate from animals. Over the past decade, studies on human hosted Campylobacter species strongly suggest that Campylobacter concisus plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). C. concisus primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. Genome analysis of C. concisus strains isolated from saliva samples has identified a bacterial marker that is associated with active Crohn's disease (one major form of IBD). In addition to C. concisus, humans are also colonized by a number of other Campylobacter species, most of which are in the oral cavity. Here we review the most recent advancements on C. concisus and other human hosted Campylobacter species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rena Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Hibi A, Amakusa Y. Intracranial subdural abscess with polymicrobial infections due to frontal sinusitis in an adolescent: life-threatening complication of a common disease. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:516-521. [PMID: 29531731 PMCID: PMC5838286 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial abscess is one of the most serious complications of frontal sinusitis, particularly among adolescents, even in the absence of odontogenic infection. Polymicrobial infections due to anaerobes are common. Because antibiotic therapy alone is usually ineffective, early endoscopic sinus surgery is the key for infection control and good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Hibi
- Division of Nephrology and RheumatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineKariya Toyota General Hospital5‐15, Sumiyoshi‐choKariyaAichi448‐8505Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Amakusa
- Department of NeurologyKariya Toyota General Hospital5‐15, Sumiyoshi‐choKariyaAichi448‐8505Japan
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12
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Casey E, Fitzgerald E, Lucey B. Towards understanding clinical campylobacter infection and its transmission: time for a different approach? Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:53-64. [PMID: 28367739 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1291205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are among the most commonly diagnosed causes of human infection. Methods for detection of the 29 campylobacter species have mainly focused on cultivation of the thermophilic species. More than 99% of clinical campylobacter isolates notified in the UK in the recent past have been from faecal samples and associated with gastroenteritis. Campylobacter enteritis notifications in temperate zones show a seasonal increase during the summer months with a sharp decrease in the winter months, a pattern which remains incompletely understood. The striking seasonality in the expression of many human genes, some concerned with inflammation and immunity, suggests a need for further study of the host regarding the temporal distribution of many human infections, including campylobacteriosis. A tendency for campylobacter to enter a non-cultivable state under adverse conditions effects a reduction in the number of isolations. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based screening approach for the presence of the Campylobacter genus and followed by speciation has provided some insight into the limitations of cultivation for campylobacter, also allowing the discovery of new species. The increased sensitivity of the PCR-based approach over culture-based methods may make it difficult for the laboratory to differentiate asymptomatic campylobacter carriage from clinical campylobacter infection in non-sterile body sites. Campylobacter infection depends on a combination of host factors, and on acquisition of a suitably virulent strain with a tropism for human epithelium. The possibility of persistence of campylobacter in a viable but non-culturable latent form in the human body may also require further investigation. The scope of this review includes a discussion of current methods for diagnosing acute campylobacter infection and for detecting campylobacter in water and foodstuffs. The review also questions the prevailing view that poultry is the most common source of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Casey
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
| | - E Fitzgerald
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
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Kumar A, Gangaiah D, Torrelles JB, Rajashekara G. Polyphosphate and associated enzymes as global regulators of stress response and virulence in Campylobacter jejuni. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7402-7414. [PMID: 27672264 PMCID: PMC5011657 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium, is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis is limited. Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) has been shown to play significant roles in bacterial resistance to stress and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. C. jejuni contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required for poly P metabolism. Recent work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that poly P controls a plethora of C. jejuni properties that impact its ability to survive in the environment as well as to colonize/infect mammalian hosts. This review article summarizes the current literature on the role of poly P in C. jejuni stress survival and virulence and discusses on how poly P-related enzymes can be exploited for therapeutic/prevention purposes. Additionally, the review article identifies potential areas for future investigation that would enhance our understanding of the role of poly P in C. jejuni and other bacteria, which ultimately would facilitate design of effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to reduce not only the burden of C. jejuni-caused foodborne infections but also of other bacterial infections in humans.
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Lee S, Lee J, Ha J, Choi Y, Kim S, Lee H, Yoon Y, Choi KH. Clinical relevance of infections with zoonotic and human oral species of Campylobacter. J Microbiol 2016; 54:459-67. [PMID: 27350611 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genus Campylobacter has been recognized as a causative bacterial agent of animal and human diseases. Human Campylobacter infections have caused more concern. Campylobacters can be classified into two groups in terms of their original host: zoonotic and human oral species. The major zoonotic species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, which mostly reside in the intestines of avian species and are transmitted to humans via consumption of contaminated poultry products, thus causing human gastroenteritis and other diseases as sequelae. The other campylobacters, human oral species, include C. concisus, C. showae, C. gracilis, C. ureolyticus, C. curvus, and C. rectus. These species are isolated from the oral cavity, natural colonization site, but have potential clinical relevance in the periodontal region to varying extent. Two species, C. jejuni and C. coli, are believed to be mainly associated with intestinal diseases, but recent studies suggested that oral Campylobacter species also play a significant role in intestinal diseases. This review offers an outline of the two Campylobacter groups (zoonotic and human oral), their virulence traits, and the associated illnesses including gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Accuracy of commercial kits and published primer pairs for the detection of periodontopathogens. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2515-2528. [PMID: 27020914 PMCID: PMC5119851 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the input of microbiome research, a group of 20 bacteria continues to be the focus of periodontal diagnostics and therapy. The aim of this study was to compare three commercial kits and laboratory-developed primer pairs for effectiveness in detecting such periodontopathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen bacterial mock communities, consisting of 16 randomly assembled bacterial strains, were used as reference standard for testing kits and primers. Extracted DNA from mock communities was analyzed by PCR in-house with specific primers and forwarded for analysis to the manufacturer's laboratory of each of the following kits: ParoCheck®Kit 20, micro-IDent®plus11, and Carpegen® Perio Diagnostik. RESULTS The kits accurately detected Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus/showae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella parvula. The in-house primers for F.nucleatum were highly specific to subtypes of the respective periopathogen. Other primers repeatedly detected oral pathogens not present in the mock communities, indicating reduced specificity. CONCLUSIONS The commercial kits used in this study are reliable tools to support periodontal diagnostics. Whereas the detection profile of the kits is fixed at a general specificity level, the design of primers can be adjusted to differentiate between highly specific strains. In-house primers are more error-prone. Bacterial mock communities can be established as a reference standard for any similar testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The tested kits render good results with selected bacterial species. Primers appear to be less useful for routine clinical diagnostics and of limited applicability in research. Basic information about the periodontopathogens identified in this study supports clinical decision-making.
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Thurnheer T, Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Microbial dynamics during conversion from supragingival to subgingival biofilms in an in vitro model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:125-35. [PMID: 26033167 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of dental caries and periodontal diseases result from distinct shifts in the microbiota of the tooth-associated biofilm. This in vitro study aimed to investigate changes in biofilm composition and structure, during the shift from a 'supragingival' aerobic profile to a 'subgingival' anaerobic profile. Biofilms consisting of Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella dispar were aerobically grown in saliva-containing medium on hydroxyapatite disks. After 64 h, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus anginosus were further added along with human serum, while culture conditions were shifted to microaerophilic. After 96 h, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola were finally added and the biofilm was grown anaerobically for another 64 h. At the end of each phase, biofilms were harvested for species-specific quantification and localization. Apart from C. albicans, all other species gradually increased during aerobic and microaerophilic conditions, but remained steady during anaerobic conditions. Biofilm thickness was doubled during the microaerophilic phase, but remained steady throughout the anaerobic phase. Extracellular polysaccharide presence was gradually reduced throughout the growth period. Biofilm viability was reduced during the microaerophilic conversion, but was recovered during the anaerobic phase. This in vitro study has characterized the dynamic structural shifts occurring in an oral biofilm model during the switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, potentially modeling the conversion of supragingival to subgingival biofilms. Within the limitations of this experimental model, the findings may provide novel insights into the ecology of oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Bostanci
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:687-720. [PMID: 26062576 PMCID: PMC4462680 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 862] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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van Alphen LB, Wenzel CQ, Richards MR, Fodor C, Ashmus RA, Stahl M, Karlyshev AV, Wren BW, Stintzi A, Miller WG, Lowary TL, Szymanski CM. Biological roles of the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87051. [PMID: 24498018 PMCID: PMC3907429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of this organism is required for persistence and disease. C. jejuni produces over 47 different capsular structures, including a unique O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modification present on most C. jejuni isolates. Although the MeOPN structure is rare in nature it has structural similarity to some synthetic pesticides. In this study, we have demonstrated, by whole genome comparisons and high resolution magic angle spinning NMR, that MeOPN modifications are common to several Campylobacter species. Using MeOPN biosynthesis and transferase mutants generated in C. jejuni strain 81-176, we observed that loss of MeOPN from the cell surface correlated with increased invasion of Caco-2 epithelial cells and reduced resistance to killing by human serum. In C. jejuni, the observed serum mediated killing was determined to result primarily from activation of the classical complement pathway. The C. jejuni MeOPN transferase mutant showed similar levels of colonization relative to the wild-type in chickens, but showed a five-fold drop in colonization when co-infected with the wild-type in piglets. In Galleria mellonella waxmoth larvae, the MeOPN transferase mutant was able to kill the insects at wild-type levels. Furthermore, injection of the larvae with MeOPN-linked monosaccharides or CPS purified from the wild-type strain did not result in larval killing, indicating that MeOPN does not have inherent insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke B. van Alphen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cory Q. Wenzel
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Fodor
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger A. Ashmus
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Brendan W. Wren
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Warren RL, Freeman DJ, Pleasance S, Watson P, Moore RA, Cochrane K, Allen-Vercoe E, Holt RA. Co-occurrence of anaerobic bacteria in colorectal carcinomas. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:16. [PMID: 24450771 PMCID: PMC3971631 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous cancers have been linked to microorganisms. Given that colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths and the colon is continuously exposed to a high diversity of microbes, the relationship between gut mucosal microbiome and colorectal cancer needs to be explored. Metagenomic studies have shown an association between Fusobacterium species and colorectal carcinoma. Here, we have extended these studies with deeper sequencing of a much larger number (n = 130) of colorectal carcinoma and matched normal control tissues. We analyzed these data using co-occurrence networks in order to identify microbe-microbe and host-microbe associations specific to tumors. RESULTS We confirmed tumor over-representation of Fusobacterium species and observed significant co-occurrence within individual tumors of Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia and Campylobacter species. This polymicrobial signature was associated with over-expression of numerous host genes, including the gene encoding the pro-inflammatory chemokine Interleukin-8. The tumor-associated bacteria we have identified are all Gram-negative anaerobes, recognized previously as constituents of the oral microbiome, which are capable of causing infection. We isolated a novel strain of Campylobacter showae from a colorectal tumor specimen. This strain is substantially diverged from a previously sequenced oral Campylobacter showae isolate, carries potential virulence genes, and aggregates with a previously isolated tumor strain of Fusobacterium nucleatum. CONCLUSIONS A polymicrobial signature of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria is associated with colorectal carcinoma tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Douglas J Freeman
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Stephen Pleasance
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Peter Watson
- BC Cancer Agency, Deeley Research Centre, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kyla Cochrane
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- BC Cancer Agency, Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Genome Sequence of Campylobacter showae UNSWCD, Isolated from a Patient with Crohn's Disease. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00193-12. [PMID: 23409253 PMCID: PMC3569271 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00193-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter showae UNSWCD was isolated from a patient with Crohn’s disease. Here we present a 2.1 Mb draft assembly of its genome.
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms are randomly dispersed and mostly synonymous in partial rpoB and cpn60 genes of Campylobacter showae human isolates. Anaerobe 2012; 18:626-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Suzuki J, Sugiyama T, Ito K, Hadano Y, Kawamura I, Okinaka K, Kurai H, Ohkusu K, Ohmagari N. Campylobacter showae bacteremia with cholangitis. J Infect Chemother 2012. [PMID: 23183773 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of Campylobacter showae bacteremia associated with cholangitis. A 71-year-old man with advanced bile duct cancer was admitted to our hospital because of cholangitis with shock, hypoglycemia, and impaired renal function. After replacement of the biliary drainage tube, pus was drained from the tube. Specimens for blood and bile cultures were obtained, and fluid resuscitation and antimicrobial treatment were then begun. Although anaerobic blood culture yielded small curved gram-negative rods, the isolate could not be identified by conventional identification methods. The isolate was identified as C. showae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. We consider here the pathogenicity of C. showae and the association of C. showae with cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan,
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Nothaft H, Scott NE, Vinogradov E, Liu X, Hu R, Beadle B, Fodor C, Miller WG, Li J, Cordwell SJ, Szymanski CM. Diversity in the protein N-glycosylation pathways within the Campylobacter genus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1203-19. [PMID: 22859570 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne bacterial pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, possesses an N-linked protein glycosylation (pgl) pathway involved in adding conserved heptasaccharides to asparagine-containing motifs of >60 proteins, and releasing the same glycan into its periplasm as free oligosaccharides. In this study, comparative genomics of all 30 fully sequenced Campylobacter taxa revealed conserved pgl gene clusters in all but one species. Structural, phylogenetic and immunological studies showed that the N-glycosylation systems can be divided into two major groups. Group I includes all thermotolerant taxa, capable of growth at the higher body temperatures of birds, and produce the C. jejuni-like glycans. Within group I, the niche-adapted C. lari subgroup contain the smallest genomes among the epsilonproteobacteria, and are unable to glucosylate their pgl pathway glycans potentially reminiscent of the glucosyltransferase regression observed in the O-glycosylation system of Neisseria species. The nonthermotolerant Campylobacters, which inhabit a variety of hosts and niches, comprise group II and produce an unexpected diversity of N-glycan structures varying in length and composition. This includes the human gut commensal, C. hominis, which produces at least four different N-glycan structures, akin to the surface carbohydrate diversity observed in the well-studied commensal, Bacteroides. Both group I and II glycans are immunogenic and cell surface exposed, making these structures attractive targets for vaccine design and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Nothaft
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Parahitiyawa NB, Scully C, Leung WK, Yam WC, Jin LJ, Samaranayake LP. Exploring the oral bacterial flora: current status and future directions. Oral Dis 2009; 16:136-45. [PMID: 19627515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The oral cavity forms an indispensable part of the human microbiome, for its unique and diverse microflora distributed within various niches. While majority of these organisms exhibit commensalism, shifts in bacterial community dynamics cause pathological changes within oral cavity and distant sites. The aim of this review was to appraise the current and emerging methods of detecting bacteria of the oral cavity paying particular attention to the cultivation independent methods. DESIGN Literature pertaining to cultivation based and cultivation independent methods of oral bacterial identification was reviewed. METHODS The specific advantages and disadvantages of cultivation based, microscopic, immunological and metagenomic identification methods were appraised. RESULTS Because of their fastidious and exacting growth requirements, cultivation based studies grossly underestimate the extent of bacterial diversity in these polymicrobial infections. Culture independent methods deemed more sensitive in identifying difficult to culture and novel bacterial species. CONCLUSION Apart from characterizing potentially novel bacterial species, the nucleic acid sequence data analyzed using various bioinformatics protocols have revealed that there are in excess of 700 bacterial species inhabiting the mouth. Moreover, the latest pyrosequencing based methods have further broadened the extent of bacterial diversity in oral niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Parahitiyawa
- Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
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Oral abscess caused by Campylobacter rectus: case report and literature review. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:848-51. [PMID: 19109480 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01590-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter rectus was isolated under routine anaerobic conditions (no additional hydrogen gas in the atmosphere) from an oral, nonperiodontal abscess from a patient with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. We report the first case of a palate abscess caused by C. rectus and review the literature and atmospheric requirements of this organism.
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On SL. Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and related bacteria: current status, future prospects and immediate concerns. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:1S-15S. [PMID: 11422556 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L On
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Harada K, Ozaki S, Kono N, Tsuneyama K, Katayanagi K, Hiramatsu K, Nakanuma Y. Frequent molecular identification of Campylobacter but not Helicobacter genus in bile and biliary epithelium in hepatolithiasis. J Pathol 2001; 193:218-23. [PMID: 11180169 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path776>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the biliary tree and bile stasis may be causally related to hepatolithiasis, but which bacterial species are involved and their roles in the pathogenesis of hepatolithiasis have not been ascertained. Recently, the Helicobacter genus was detected in human bile and biliary mucosal samples by molecular techniques, and its association with several biliary diseases has been suggested. The Campylobacter genus, which is closely related to the Helicobacter genus, has also recently been identified as causative of human gastrointestinal diseases. This study attempted to elucidate whether Helicobacter and/or Campylobacter bacteria are present in bile samples and biliary mucosal specimens from hepatolithiasis patients and whether they are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatolithiasis. The 16S rRNA gene of the Helicobacter and of the Campylobacter genus was examined by polymerase chain reaction in DNA samples extracted from bile and/or microdissected biliary epithelium from 69 patients with hepatolithiasis and control patients with choledocholithiasis, cholecystolithiasis, and normal gall bladders. The Helicobacter genus was detected in 1 of 8 (13%) biliary epithelial samples in hepatolithiasis and 1 of 10 (10%) bile samples in choledocholithiasis. The Campylobacter genus was detected in 3 of 14 (21%) bile samples and 5 of 8 (63%) epithelial samples in hepatolithiasis, and in 2 of 15 (13%) bile samples and 1 of 8 (13%) epithelial samples in cholecystolithiasis. The detection rate for Campylobacter in biliary epithelium of hepatolithiasis was significantly higher than in the bile or biliary epithelium of control groups (p<0.05). By a phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences, the Campylobacter genuses detected in hepatolithiasis were clustered with C. rectus or C. showae. The frequent detection of the Campylobacter 16S rRNA gene in bile, and especially in biliary epithelium of hepatolithiasis, suggests a pathogenetic relationship with Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Department of Pathology (II), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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29
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Abstract
At least seven Campylobacter species have been identified from subgingival sites. Campylobacter rectus has been implicated as a periodontal pathogen; however, association with periodontal infections of other Campylobacter species, especially the newly described Campylobacter showae, is unclear. This study examined which Campylobacter species were associated with periodontal health and disease. Subgingival Campylobacter species from initial and established periodontitis were compared with species from periodontally healthy subjects, including subjects with gingivitis. Campylobacter species were isolated on selective media and identified by whole-cell protein profiles (SDS-PAGE). Except for C. rectus, Campylobacter levels were frequently below the detection limit (2-5% of the microbiota) of non-selective culture methods. C. rectus and C. showae, including Campylobacter X, were found more frequently and in higher levels from diseased than from healthy periodontal sites. C. gracilis was the dominant Campylobacter species found in relatively shallow pockets; however, its presence was unrelated to periodontal health or disease. C. concisus was isolated in higher proportions from relatively shallow and healthy sites, compared with deeper pockets. C. curvus was unrelated to periodontal health or disease. Analysis of the study data confirmed the relationship of C. rectus with diseased subgingival sites and indicated that C. showae may also be associated with periodontal disease.
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30
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Engberg J, On SL, Harrington CS, Gerner-Smidt P. Prevalence of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Sutterella spp. in human fecal samples as estimated by a reevaluation of isolation methods for Campylobacters. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:286-91. [PMID: 10618103 PMCID: PMC88711 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.286-291.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of campylobacteria including Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli in human clinical samples and in samples from healthy individuals and to reevaluate the efficacies of conventional selective methods for isolation of Campylobacter spp. Two charcoal-based selective media, modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and cefoperazone-amphotericin-teicoplanin (CAT) agar, were compared with Skirrow's blood-based medium and with a filter method (filter) applied to a yeast-enriched blood agar. A total of 1,376 specimens were tested on all four media, and the percentages of thermophilic Campylobacter-positive specimens isolated on Skirrow's medium, filters, CAT agar, and mCCDA were 82, 83, 85, and 95%, respectively. When additional samples were processed with the three selective media, mCCDA recovered significantly more thermophilic Campylobacter spp. than Skirrow's medium (P = 0.0034). No significant difference between Skirrow's medium and CAT agar was observed in this study. Another six taxa were identified, namely, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter curvus-like bacteria, Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Helicobacter cinaedi, and Sutterella wadsworthensis. Most of these strains were isolated after 5 to 6 days of incubation by use of the filter technique. This paper provides evidence for the existence of S. wadsworthensis in human feces from clinical cases of gastrointestinal disorders and in feces from a healthy individual. Furthermore, C. concisus was isolated from a large number of diarrheal cases, particularly those at the extremes of age, but was additionally isolated from the feces of healthy people. Further investigations to establish the role of C. concisus and S. wadsworthensis in enteric disease is needed. We conclude that a range of campylobacteria may cause infections in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Engberg
- Department of Gastrointestinal Infections, Division of Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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31
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Botha W, Jooste P, Hugo C. Taxonomic interrelationship ofWeeksella- andBergeyella- like strains from dairy sources using electrophoretic protein profiles, DNA base composition and non-polar fatty acid composition. Food Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.1998.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Lawson AJ, Linton D, Stanley J. 16S rRNA gene sequences of 'Candidatus Campylobacter hominis', a novel uncultivated species, are found in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 8):2063-2071. [PMID: 9720027 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-8-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although some Campylobacter species are agents of gastroenteritis and periodontal disease in humans, little is known of the variety of campylobacters in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals. This paper provides evidence for the existence of a previously undescribed, uncultivated Campylobacter species that may be a commensal in the healthy human gut. Saliva and faeces from 20 healthy individuals were examined by PCR assays specific for nine species of campylobacter (C. sputorum, C. concisus, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus, C. lari, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni and C. coli) and for the genus as a whole. Genus-specific amplicons were produced from 19 of 20 saliva samples and from 18 of 20 faecal samples. C. concisus species-specific amplicons were produced from 19 of 20 saliva samples and 3 of 20 faecal samples. The faecal samples were all PCR-negative for other Campylobacter species. Three unidentified 16S rRNA Campylobacter genus-specific amplicons of faecal origin were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences were 99% similar, and clustered within the genus as a novel group which was termed HS (HS = healthy subject). A PCR primer pair specific for the HS group was designed from the sequence data and used to reexamine the original samples. Although it was not possible to culture the organism from faeces, specific PCR assay detected it in 10 of the 20 faecal samples, but not in any corresponding saliva samples. The authors propose that the source of the amplicons is a previously undescribed and so far uncultivated species, which they term 'Candidatus Campylobacter hominis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lawson
- Molecular Biology Unit, Virus Reference Division, Central Public Health Laboratory61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HTUK
| | - Dennis Linton
- Molecular Biology Unit, Virus Reference Division, Central Public Health Laboratory61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HTUK
| | - John Stanley
- Molecular Biology Unit, Virus Reference Division, Central Public Health Laboratory61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HTUK
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33
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Vandamme P, Pot B, Gillis M, de Vos P, Kersters K, Swings J. Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60:407-38. [PMID: 8801440 PMCID: PMC239450 DOI: 10.1128/mr.60.2.407-438.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, a much broader range of taxonomic studies of bacteria has gradually replaced the former reliance upon morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization. This polyphasic taxonomy takes into account all available phenotypic and genotypic data and integrates them in a consensus type of classification, framed in a general phylogeny derived from 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In some cases, the consensus classification is a compromise containing a minimum of contradictions. It is thought that the more parameters that will become available in the future, the more polyphasic classification will gain stability. In this review, the practice of polyphasic taxonomy is discussed for four groups of bacteria chosen for their relevance, complexity, or both: the genera Xanthomonas and Campylobacter, the lactic acid bacteria, and the family Comamonadaceae. An evaluation of our present insights, the conclusions derived from it, and the perspectives of polyphasic taxonomy are discussed, emphasizing the keystone role of the species. Taxonomists did not succeed in standardizing species delimitation by using percent DNA hybridization values. Together with the absence of another "gold standard" for species definition, this has an enormous repercussion on bacterial taxonomy. This problem is faced in polyphasic taxonomy, which does not depend on a theory, a hypothesis, or a set of rules, presenting a pragmatic approach to a consensus type of taxonomy, integrating all available data maximally. In the future, polyphasic taxonomy will have to cope with (i) enormous amounts of data, (ii) large numbers of strains, and (iii) data fusion (data aggregation), which will demand efficient and centralized data storage. In the future, taxonomic studies will require collaborative efforts by specialized laboratories even more than now is the case. Whether these future developments will guarantee a more stable consensus classification remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vandamme
- Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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34
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Fukura K, Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T, Goto N. Nucleotide sequence of the SrRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis of Trichomonas tenax. Microbiol Immunol 1996; 40:183-8. [PMID: 8934671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SrRNA) gene of Trichomonas tenax ATCC30207 was amplified by PCR and the 1.55-kb product was cloned into plasmid vector pUC18. Four clones were isolated and sequenced. The insert DNAs were 1,552 bp long and their G+C contents were 48.1%; three of them had exactly the same DNA sequences and one had only one nucleotide change. A representative SrRNA sequence was analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was estimated by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Among the protists examined, T. tenax was placed as the closest relative of Tritrichomonas foetus, as expected from the traditional taxonomy. The total homology between the two SrRNA sequences was 89.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukura
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Yamamoto A, Kikuta N, Hashimoto T, Oyaizu H, Goto N. Nucleotide sequence of the SrRNA gene of Entamoeba gingivalis: applications for construction of a species-specific DNA probe and phylogenetic analysis. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:185-92. [PMID: 7603363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SrRNA) gene of Entamoeba gingivalis was amplified by PCR and the product of 1.9-kbp sequence was cloned into a plasmid vector pUC18. Four clones were isolated and sequenced. The insert DNAs were 1918- to 1921-bp long and A+T rich (65.5%). The four SrRNA sequences of E. gingivalis were found to be aligned with those of nine related protozoans while searching for E. gingivalis-specific sequences. A sequence of 28 oligonucleotides was chosen, chemically synthesized, and labeled with digoxigenin for use as a DNA probe. The probe thus constructed was shown to hybridize only with either the SrRNA-coding DNAs or the cells of the two E. gingivalis strains and not with those of other protozons or oral fungi tested. A representative SrRNA-sequence was analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Among the protists examined, E. gingivalis was placed next to Entamoeba histolytica as expected from the traditional taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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On SL, Costas M, Holmes B. Classification and Identification of Campylobacter sputorum using Numerical Analyses of Phenotypic Tests and of One-dimensional Electrophoretic Protein Profiles. Syst Appl Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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37
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Hamid MA, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. The metabolism of phenylalanine and leucine by a cell suspension of Eubacterium brachy and the effects of metronidazole on metabolism. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39:967-72. [PMID: 7695510 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of phenylalanine and leucine by resting cells of Eubacterium brachy ATCC 33089 were studied under strict anaerobic conditions. The effects of metronidazole and air on the metabolism were also studied. The organism principally produced phenylpropionate and isocaproate from phenylalanine and leucine, respectively. Other products were cinnamate and phenylacetate from phenylalanine, and alpha-ketoisocaproate and isovalerate from leucine. The organism also produced hydroxylated end-products, i.e. phenyllactate from phenylalanine and hydroxyisocaproate from leucine. When metronidazole was added to the reaction mixture, the production of phenylpropionate, cinnamate, phenylacetate, isocaproate, alpha-ketoisocaproate and isovalerate was inhibited, while that of hydroxylated products was not, suggesting that the organism has metronidazole-sensitive and -tolerant pathways of metabolism. A similar inhibitory effect was also found when the reaction was done aerobically, suggesting that the inhibitory mode of metronidazole is similar to that of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hamid
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Japan
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38
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Sundqvist G. Taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of the root canal flora. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1994; 78:522-30. [PMID: 7800383 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria present in infected root canals include a restricted group of species compared with the total flora of the oral cavity. Conditions exist in the root canal that permit the growth of anaerobic bacteria capable of fermenting amino acids and peptides, whereas bacteria that mainly obtain energy by fermenting carbohydrates are restricted by lack of available nutrients. During the course of infection interrelationships develop between microbial species and population shifts are produced as a result of these interactions. Strong associations between certain species are present. These associations are most likely based on nutritional demands and nutritional relationships. The pathogenicity of the polymicrobial root canal flora is dependent on bacterial synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sundqvist
- Department of Endodontics, Umeå University, Sweden
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Skirrow
- Public Health Laboratory, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
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40
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Trust TJ, Logan SM, Gustafson CE, Romaniuk PJ, Kim NW, Chan VL, Ragan MA, Guerry P, Gutell RR. Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of a 23S rRNA gene positions the genus Campylobacter in the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria and shows that the presence of transcribed spacers is common in Campylobacter spp. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:4597-609. [PMID: 8045890 PMCID: PMC196280 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.15.4597-4609.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 23S rRNA gene of Campylobacter coli VC167 was determined. The primary sequence of the C. coli 23S rRNA was deduced, and a secondary-structure model was constructed. Comparison with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA showed a major difference in the C. coli rRNA at approximately position 1170 (E. coli numbering) in the form of an extra sequence block approximately 147 bp long. PCR analysis of 31 other strains of C. coli and C. jejuni showed that 69% carried a transcribed spacer of either ca. 147 or ca. 37 bp. Comparison of all sequenced Campylobacter transcribed spacers showed that the Campylobacter inserts were related in sequence and percent G+C content. All Campylobacter strains carrying transcribed spacers in their 23S rRNA genes produced fragmented 23S rRNAs. Other strains which produced unfragmented 23S rRNAs did not appear to carry transcribed spacers at this position in their 23S rRNA genes. At the 1850 region (E. coli numbering), Campylobacter 23S rRNA displayed a base pairing signature most like that of the beta and gamma subdivisions of the class Proteobacteria, but in the 270 region, Campylobacter 23S rRNA displayed a helix signature which distinguished it from the alpha, beta, and gamma subdivisions. Phylogenetic analysis comparing C. coli VC167 23S rRNA and a C. jejuni TGH9011 (ATCC 43431) 23S rRNA with 53 other completely sequenced (eu)bacterial 23S rRNAs showed that the two campylobacters form a sister group to the alpha, beta, and gamma proteobacterial 23S rRNAs, a positioning consistent with the idea that the genus Campylobacter belongs to the epsilon subdivision of the class Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Trust
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Tanner A, Maiden MF, Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE. The impact of 16S ribosomal RNA-based phylogeny on the taxonomy of oral bacteria. Periodontol 2000 1994; 5:26-51. [PMID: 9673161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Tanner
- Department of Periodontal Microbiology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Bactériologie : CRU 1993. Med Mal Infect 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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