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Zhang X, Yang Y, Liu L, Sui X, Bermudez RS, Wang L, He W, Xu H. Insights into the efficient degradation mechanism of extracellular proteases mediated by Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404439. [PMID: 39040909 PMCID: PMC11260826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease secretion is crucial for degrading nematode cuticles using nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum, but the secretion pattern of protease remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the degradation mechanism of proteases by investigating the characteristics of protease secretion under various carbon and nitrogen sources, and different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios in P. lilacinum. The results showed that corn flour as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source specifically induced protease secretion in P. lilacinum. P. lilacinum produced significant amounts of gelatinase and casein enzyme at C:N ratios of 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1, indicating that higher C:N ratios were more beneficial for secreting extracellular proteases. Proteomic analysis revealed 14 proteases, including 4 S8 serine endopeptidases and one M28 aminopeptidase. Among four S8 serine peptidases, Alp1 exhibited a high secretion level at C:N ratio less than 5:1, whereas PR1C, PR1D, and P32 displayed higher secretion levels at higher C:N ratios. In addition, the transcription levels of GATA transcription factors were investigated, revealing that Asd-4, A0A179G170, and A0A179HGL4 were more prevalent at a C:N ratio of 40:1. In contrast, the transcription levels of SREP, AreA, and NsdD were higher at lower C:N ratios. The putative regulatory profile of extracellular protease production in P. lilacinum, induced by different C:N ratios, was analyzed. The findings offered insights into the complexity of protease production and aided in the hydrolytic degradation of nematode cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | | | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing He
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Huilian Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Wen XF, Shi TT, Zhang YQ, Wang SH, Xiang CM, Zhao PJ. DHXT1, a Virulence Factor of Dactylellina haptotyla, Regulates Pathogenicity by Participating in Trap Formation and Metabolite Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7384. [PMID: 39000488 PMCID: PMC11242603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The capsule-associated protein 10 gene (CAP10) is indispensable due to its involvement in pod formation and virulence maintenance in Cryptococcus neoformans. The function of the CAP10 gene in nematode-predatory fungi remains unreported. As a typical nematode-trapping fungus, Dactylellina haptotyla efficiently captures nematodes using adhesive knobs, which has potential applications in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we investigated the function of DHXT1 (a CAP10 homologous protein) in D. haptotyla-nematode interactions based on the disruption and overexpression of DHXT1, phenotypic analysis and metabolomic analysis. As a result, it was shown that the disruption of the DHXT1 gene causes a marked decrease in the number of adhesive knobs, and on the contrary, the overexpression of the DHXT1 gene causes a substantial increase in the number of adhesive knobs. Interestingly, the variety of metabolites increased with the disruption of the DHXT1 and decreased with the overexpression of the DHXT1 gene. The results suggest that DHXT1 effects pathogenicity through its involvement in adhesive knobs' formation and metabolite synthesis and serves as a key virulence factor in D. haptotyla.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (X.-F.W.); (T.-T.S.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (S.-H.W.); (C.-M.X.)
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Lin HC, de Ulzurrun GVD, Chen SA, Yang CT, Tay RJ, Iizuka T, Huang TY, Kuo CY, Gonçalves AP, Lin SY, Chang YC, Stajich JE, Schwarz EM, Hsueh YP. Key processes required for the different stages of fungal carnivory by a nematode-trapping fungus. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002400. [PMID: 37988381 PMCID: PMC10662756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional deprivation triggers a switch from a saprotrophic to predatory lifestyle in soil-dwelling nematode-trapping fungi (NTF). In particular, the NTF Arthrobotrys oligospora secretes food and sex cues to lure nematodes to its mycelium and is triggered to develop specialized trapping devices. Captured nematodes are then invaded and digested by the fungus, thus serving as a food source. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic response of A. oligospora across the stages of sensing, trap development, and digestion upon exposure to the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A. oligospora enacts a dynamic transcriptomic response, especially of protein secretion-related genes, in the presence of prey. Two-thirds of the predicted secretome of A. oligospora was up-regulated in the presence of C. elegans at all time points examined, and among these secreted proteins, 38.5% are predicted to be effector proteins. Furthermore, functional studies disrupting the t-SNARE protein Sso2 resulted in impaired ability to capture nematodes. Additionally, genes of the DUF3129 family, which are expanded in the genomes of several NTF, were highly up-regulated upon nematode exposure. We observed the accumulation of highly expressed DUF3129 proteins in trap cells, leading us to name members of this gene family as Trap Enriched Proteins (TEPs). Gene deletion of the most highly expressed TEP gene, TEP1, impairs the function of traps and prevents the fungus from capturing prey efficiently. In late stages of predation, we observed up-regulation of a variety of proteases, including metalloproteases. Following penetration of nematodes, these metalloproteases facilitate hyphal growth required for colonization of prey. These findings provide insights into the biology of the predatory lifestyle switch in a carnivorous fungus and provide frameworks for other fungal-nematode predator-prey systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Che Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-An Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ting Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rebecca J. Tay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tomoyo Iizuka
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A. Pedro Gonçalves
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ying Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Erich M. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhu L, Shen Y, Duan S, Yang J. p21-activated kinase is involved in the sporulation, pathogenicity, and stress response of Arthrobotrys oligospora under the indirect regulation of Rho GTPase-activating protein. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1235283. [PMID: 37779704 PMCID: PMC10537225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1235283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The p21-GTPase-activated protein kinases (PAKs) participate in signal transduction downstream of Rho GTPases, which are regulated by Rho GTPase-activating proteins (Rho-GAP). Herein, we characterized two orthologous Rho-GAPs (AoRga1 and AoRga2) and two PAKs (AoPak1 and AoPak2) through bioinformatics analysis and reverse genetics in Arthrobotrys oligospora, a typical nematode-trapping (NT) fungus. The transcription analyses performed at different development stages suggested that Aopaks and Aorga1 play a crucial role during sporulation and trap formation, respectively. In addition, we successfully deleted Aopak1 and Aorga1 via the homologous recombination method. The disruption of Aopak1 and Aorga1 caused a remarkable reduction in spore yield and the number of nuclei per cell, but did not affect mycelial growth. In ∆Aopak1 mutants, the trap number was decreased at 48 h after the introduction of nematodes, but nematode predatory efficiency was not affected because the extracellular proteolytic activity was increased. On the contrary, the number of traps in ∆Aorga1 mutants was significantly increased at 36 h and 48 h. In addition, Aopak1 and Aorga1 had different effects on the sensitivity to cell-wall-disturbing reagent and oxidant. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that AoPak1 and AoRga1 both interacted with AoRac, and AoPak1 also interacted with AoCdc42. Furthermore, the Aopaks were up-regulated in ∆Aorga1 mutants, and Aorga1 was down-regulated in ∆Aopak1 mutants. These results reveal that AoRga1 indirectly regulated AoPAKs by regulating small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lirong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanmei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shipeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Wang D, Ma N, Rao W, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Life History Transition with Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Its Application in Sustainable Agriculture. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030367. [PMID: 36986289 PMCID: PMC10056792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes cause great annual loss in the agricultural industry globally. Arthrobotrys oligospora is the most prevalent and common nematode-trapping fungus (NTF) in the environment and the candidate for the control of plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes. A. oligospora is also the first recognized and intensively studied NTF species. This review highlights the recent research advances of A. oligospora as a model to study the biological signals of the switch from saprophytism to predation and their sophisticated mechanisms for interacting with their invertebrate hosts, which is of vital importance for improving the engineering of this species as an effective biocontrol fungus. The application of A. oligospora in industry and agriculture, especially as biological control agents for sustainable purposes, was summarized, and we discussed the increasing role of A. oligospora in studying its sexual morph and genetic transformation in complementing biological control research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Wanqin Rao
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- Correspondence:
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Li L, Sun Y, Chen F, Hao D, Tan J. An alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus NJSZ-13 can act as a pathogenicity factor in infection of pinewood nematode. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 36627592 PMCID: PMC9830832 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria are an important biological control for nematodes. We isolated the nematicidal Bacillus cereus NJSZ-13 from healthy Pinus elliottii trunks. Bioassay experiments showed killing of all tested nematodes by proteins from the NJSZ-13 culture filtrate within 72 h. Degradation of the nematode cuticles was observed, suggesting the action of extracellular bacterial enzymes. The responsible protease was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and SDS-PAGE. The protease had a molecular weight of 28 kDa and optimal activity at 55 °C and pH 9, indicating an alkaline protease. The study suggests the potential for using this B. cereus NJSZ-13 strain protease to prevent pinewood nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.418515.cInstitute of Biology Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengmao Chen
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dejun Hao
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajin Tan
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang L, Yang J. Aoatg11 and Aoatg33 are indispensable for mitophagy, and contribute to conidiation, the stress response, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Wang W, Zhao Y, Bai N, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AMPK Is Involved in Regulating the Utilization of Carbon Sources, Conidiation, Pathogenicity, and Stress Response of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0222522. [PMID: 35916406 PMCID: PMC9431048 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02225-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric complex, can sense energy and nutritional status in eukaryotic cells, thereby participating in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. In this study, we characterized the function of the catalytic α-subunit (SNF1) and the two regulatory β- and γ-subunits (GAL83 and SNF4) of AMPK in a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, by gene knockout, phenotypic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The ability of the AMPK complex mutants (including ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4) to utilize a nonfermentable carbon source (glycerol) was reduced, and the spore yields and trap formation were remarkably decreased. Moreover, AMPK plays an important role in regulating stress response and nematode predation efficiency. Transcriptomic profiling between the wild-type strain and ΔAosnf1 showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for peroxisome, endocytosis, fatty acid degradation, and multilipid metabolism (sphingolipid, ether lipid, glycerolipid, and glycerophospholipid). Meanwhile, a reduced lipid droplet accumulation in ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4 mutants was observed, and more vacuoles appeared in the mycelia of the ΔAosnf1 mutant. These results highlight the important regulatory role of AMPK in the utilization of carbon sources and lipid metabolism, as well as providing novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the mycelia development, conidiation, and trap formation of nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. IMPORTANCE NT fungi are widely distributed in various ecosystems and are important factors in the control of nematode populations in nature; their trophic mycelia can form unique infectious devices (traps) for capturing nematodes. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative NT fungi which can develop complex three-dimensional networks (adhesive networks) for nematode predation. Here, we demonstrated that AMPK plays an important role in the glycerol utilization, conidiation, trap formation, and nematode predation of A. oligospora, which was further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis of the wild-type and mutant strains. In particular, our analysis indicated that AMPK is required for lipid metabolism, which is primarily associated with energy regulation and is essential for trap formation. Therefore, this study extends the functional study of AMPK in NT fungi and helps to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the regulation of trap development, as well as laying the foundation for the development of efficient nematode biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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The Arf-GAP Proteins AoGcs1 and AoGts1 Regulate Mycelial Development, Endocytosis, and Pathogenicity in Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050463. [PMID: 35628718 PMCID: PMC9146637 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases from the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family and their activating proteins (Arf-GAPs) regulate mycelial development, endocytosis, and virulence in fungi. Here, we identified two orthologous Arf-GAP proteins, AoGcs1 and AoGts1, in a typical nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. The transcription of Aogcs1 and Aogts1 was highly expressed in the sporulation stage. The deletion of Aogcs1 and Aogts1 caused defects in DNA damage, endocytosis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, lipid droplet storage, mitochondrial activity, autophagy, serine protease activity, and the response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. The combined effects resulted in slow growth, decreased sporulation capacity, increased susceptibility to chemical stressors and heat shock, and decreased pathogenicity of the mutants compared with the wild-type (WT) strain. Although deletion of Aogcs1 and Aogts1 produced similar phenotfypic traits, their roles varied in conidiation and proteolytic activity. The ΔAogts1 mutant showed a remarkable reduction in conidial yield compared with the WT strain but not in proteolytic activity; in contrast, the ΔAogcs1 mutant showed an increase in proteolytic activity but not in sporulation. In addition, the growth of ΔAogcs1 and ΔAogts1 mutants was promoted by rapamycin, and the ΔAogts1 mutant was sensitive to H-89. Collectively, the ΔAogts1 mutant showed a more remarkable difference compared with the WT strain than the ΔAogcs1 mutant. Our study further illustrates the importance of Arf-GAPs in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of nematode-trapping fungi.
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Pleiotropic roles of Ras GTPases in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora identified through multi-omics analyses. iScience 2021; 24:102820. [PMID: 34337364 PMCID: PMC8313493 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode-trapping fungi are ideal agents for controlling pathogenic nematodes. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative species of the same, producing traps for nematode predation. Here, three orthologous Ras GTPases (Ras2, Ras3, and Rheb) were characterized in A. oligospora. Our results indicate that they play pleiotropic roles in regulating the mycelial growth, conidiation, stress resistance, and pathogenicity of A. oligospora. Furthermore, deletion of Aoras2 and Aorheb significantly affected the mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species levels, lipid storage, and autophagy. Transcriptome analyses of ΔAoras2 mutant revealed that many repressed genes were associated with signal transduction, energy production, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Moreover, metabolic profile analyses showed that AoRas2 and AoRheb affect the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in A. oligospora. Collectively, these findings provide an in-depth insight into the essential roles of Ras GTPases in vegetative growth, development, and pathogenicity and highlight their importance in the lifestyle switch of the nematode-trapping fungi. Ras GTPases play a multifunctional role in the lifestyle switch of A. oligospora Ras GTPases affect multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial activity AoRas2 plays a key role in regulating global gene expression and nematode predation AoRas2 and AoRheb significantly affect the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
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11
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Freitas DF, da Rocha IM, Vieira-da-Motta O, de Paula Santos C. The Role of Melanin in the Biology and Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:597-613. [PMID: 34232439 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a heteropolymer formed by the polymerization of phenolic and indolic compounds. It occurs in organisms across all biological kingdoms and has a range different of functions, thus indicating its important evolutionary role. The presence of melanin offers several protective advantages, including against ultraviolet radiation, traumatic damage, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and pressure. For many species of fungi, melanin also participates directly in the process of virulence and pathogenicity. These organisms can synthesize melanin in two main ways: using a substrate of endogenous origin, involving 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN); alternatively, in an exogenous manner with the addition of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA or levodopa). As melanin is an amorphous and complex substance, its study requires expensive and inaccessible technologies and analyses are often difficult to perform with conventional biochemical techniques. As such, details about its chemical structure are not yet fully understood, particularly for nematophagous fungi that remain poorly studied. Thus, this review presents an overview of the different types of melanin, with an emphasis on fungi, and discusses the role of melanin in the biology and ecology of nematophagous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid França Freitas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Izabelli Martins da Rocha
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Animal Health Laboratory - Infectious Contagious Diseases Sector, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Paula Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil.
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12
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li H, Wang R, Zhang KQ, Xu J. Fungi-Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology, and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E206. [PMID: 33020457 PMCID: PMC7711821 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and nematodes are among the most abundant organisms in soil habitats. They provide essential ecosystem services and play crucial roles for maintaining the stability of food-webs and for facilitating nutrient cycling. As two of the very abundant groups of organisms, fungi and nematodes interact with each other in multiple ways. Here in this review, we provide a broad framework of interactions between fungi and nematodes with an emphasis on those that impact crops and agriculture ecosystems. We describe the diversity and evolution of fungi that closely interact with nematodes, including food fungi for nematodes as well as fungi that feed on nematodes. Among the nematophagous fungi, those that produce specialized nematode-trapping devices are especially interesting, and a great deal is known about their diversity, evolution, and molecular mechanisms of interactions with nematodes. Some of the fungi and nematodes are significant pathogens and pests to crops. We summarize the ecological and molecular mechanisms identified so far that impact, either directly or indirectly, the interactions among phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic nematodes, and crop plants. The potential applications of our understanding to controlling phytophagous nematodes and soilborne fungal pathogens in agricultural fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Haixia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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13
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Ma Y, Yang X, Xie M, Zhang G, Yang L, Bai N, Zhao Y, Li D, Zhang KQ, Yang J. The Arf-GAP AoGlo3 regulates conidiation, endocytosis, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 138:103352. [PMID: 32087364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family and their activating proteins (Arf-GAPs) regulate mycelial development and pathogenicity in yeast and filamentous fungi; however, little is known about their roles in nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. In this study, an ortholog of Arf-GAP Glo3 (AoGlo3) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was characterized in the NT fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Deletion of the Aoglo3 gene resulted in growth defects and an increase in hyphal septum. Meanwhile, the sporulation capacity of the ΔAoglo3 mutant was decreased by 98%, and 67.1-71.2% spores became gourd or claviform in shape (from obovoid), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the spore germination rate. This reduced sporulation capacity correlated with the transcriptional repression of several sporulation-related genes including fluG, rodA, abaA, medA, and lreA. The ΔAoglo3 mutant was also sensitive to several chemical stressors such as Congo red, NaCl, and sorbitol. Additionally, AoGlo3 was found to be involved in endocytosis, and more myelin figures were observed in the ΔAoglo3 mutant than in the wild-type strain, which was consistent with the presence of more autophagosomes observed in the mutant. Importantly, AoGlo3 affected the production of mycelial traps and serine proteases for nematode predation. In summary, AoGlo3 is involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes such as mycelial growth, conidiation, environmental adaption, endocytosis, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Guosheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Dongni Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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14
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Xie M, Bai N, Yang J, Jiang K, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Li D, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Protein Kinase Ime2 Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Conidiation, Osmoregulation, and Pathogenicity in Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3065. [PMID: 31993040 PMCID: PMC6971104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducer of meiosis 2 (Ime2), a protein kinase that has been identified in diverse fungal species, functions in the regulation of various cellular processes, such as ascospore formation, pseudohyphal growth, and sexual reproduction. In this study, AoIme2, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ime2, was characterized in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Disruption of the gene Aoime2 caused defective growth, with slower mycelial growth in ΔAoime2 mutants than the wild type (WT) strain, and in the mutants, the number of hyphal septa in mycelia was higher and the number of cell nuclei in mycelia and conidia was considerably lower than in the WT strain. The conidial yields of the ΔAoime2 mutants were decreased by ∼33% relative to the WT strain, and the transcription of several sporulation-related genes, including abaA, fluG, rodA, aspB, velB, and vosA, was markedly downregulated during the conidiation stage. The ΔAoime2 mutants were highly sensitive to the osmotic stressors NaCl and sorbitol, and the cell wall of partial hyphae in the mutants was deformed. Further examination revealed that the cell wall of the traps produced by ΔAoime2 mutants became loose, and that the electron-dense bodies in trap cells were also few than in the WT strain. Moreover, Aoime2 disruption caused a reduction in trap formation and serine-protease production, and most hyphal traps produced by ΔAoime2 mutants did not form an intact hyphal loop; consequently, substantially fewer nematodes were captured by the mutants than by the WT strain. In summary, an Ime2-MAPK is identified here for the first time from a nematode-trapping fungus, and the kinase is shown to be involved in the regulation of mycelial growth and development, conidiation, osmolarity, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongni Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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15
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Haarith D, Bushley KE, Chen S. Fungal communities associated with Heterodera glycines and their potential in biological control: a current update. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-17. [PMID: 32180383 PMCID: PMC7266048 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kathryn E. Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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16
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Kumar KK. Fungi: A Bio-resource for the Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Xie M, Wang Y, Tang L, Yang L, Zhou D, Li Q, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AoStuA, an APSES transcription factor, regulates the conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance and pathogenicity of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4648-4661. [PMID: 31433890 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The APSES protein family comprises a conserved class of fungus-specific transcriptional regulators. Some members have been identified in partial ascomycetes. In this study, the APSES protein StuA (AoStuA) of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora was characterized. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, three ΔAoStuA mutants grew relatively slowly, displayed a 96% reduction in sporulation capacity and a delay in conidial germination. The reduced sporulation capacity correlated with transcriptional repression of several sporulation-related genes. The mutants were also more sensitive to chemical stressors than the WT strain. Importantly, the mutants were unable to produce mycelial traps for nematode predation. Moreover, peroxisomes and Woronin bodies were abundant in the WT cells but hardly found in the cells of those mutants. The lack of such organelles correlated with transcriptional repression of some genes involved in the biogenesis of peroxisomes and Woronin bodies. The transcript levels of several genes involved in the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway were also significantly reduced in the mutants versus the WT strain, implicating a regulatory role of AoStuA in the transcription of genes involved in the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway that regulates an array of cellular processes and events. In particular, AoStuA is indispensable for A. oligospora trap formation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, 675000, P. R. China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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18
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Zhang G, Zheng Y, Ma Y, Yang L, Xie M, Zhou D, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. The Velvet Proteins VosA and VelB Play Different Roles in Conidiation, Trap Formation, and Pathogenicity in the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1917. [PMID: 31481946 PMCID: PMC6710351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The velvet family proteins VosA and VelB are involved in growth regulation and differentiation in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans and other filamentous fungi. In this study, the orthologs of VosA and VelB, AoVosA, and AoVelB, respectively, were characterized in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, which captures nematodes by producing trapping devices (traps). Deletion of the AovelB gene resulted in growth defects in different media, and the aerial hyphae from the ΔAovelB mutant lines were fewer in number and their colonies were less dense than those from the wild-type (WT) strain. The ΔAovelB mutants each displayed serious sporulation defects, and the transcripts of several sporulation-related genes (e.g., abaA, flbC, rodA, and vosA) were significantly down-regulated compared to those from the WT strain. Furthermore, the ΔAovelB mutant strains became more sensitive to chemical reagents, including sodium dodecyl sulfate and H2O2. Importantly, the ΔAovelB mutants were unable to produce nematode-capturing traps. Similarly, extracellular proteolytic activity was also lower in the ΔAovelB mutants than in the WT strain. In contrast, the ΔAovosA mutants displayed no obvious differences from the WT strain in these phenotypic traits, whereas conidial germination was lower in the ΔAovosA mutants, which became more sensitive to heat shock stress. Our results demonstrate that the velvet protein AoVelB is essential for conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora, while AoVosA plays a role in the regulation of conidial germination and heat shock stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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19
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Han Z, Kautto L, Meyer W, Chen SCA, Nevalainen H. Effect of peptidases secreted by the opportunistic pathogen Scedosporium aurantiacum on human epithelial cells. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:814-822. [PMID: 31265796 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidases secreted by a clinical high-virulence Scedosporium aurantiacum isolate (strain WM 06.482; CBS 136046) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were separated via size-exclusion chromatography, and peptidase activities present in each fraction were determined using class-specific substrates. The fractions demonstrating peptidase activity were assessed for their effects on the attachment and viability of A549 human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Of the peptidases detected in the size-exclusion chromatography fractions, the elastase-like peptidase reduced cell viability, the chymotrypsin-like peptidase was associated with cell detachment, and the cysteine peptidases were able to abolish both cell attachment and viability. The loss of cell viability and attachment became more prominent with an increase in the peptidase activity and could also be specifically prevented by addition of class-specific peptidase inhibitors. Our findings indicate that peptidases secreted by S. aurantiacum can breach the human alveolar epithelial cell barrier and, thus, may have a role in the pathobiology of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Han
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Liisa Kautto
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Devi G. Utilization of Nematode Destroying Fungi for Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes-A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nematode destroying fungi are potential biocontrol agent for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. They inhibit nematode population through trapping devices or by means of enzymes and metabolic products. They regulate nematode behavior by interfering plant-nematode recognition, and promote plant growth. For more effective biocontrol, thorough understanding of the biology of nematode destroying fungi, targeted nematode pest and the soil ecology and environmental condition in the field is necessary. This review highlights different types of nematode destroying fungi, their mode of action as well as commercial products based on reports published in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Devi
- Department of Nematology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India
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21
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Yang LQ, Chen GY, Li Y, Zhang RP, Liu SQ, Sang P. Insight derived from molecular dynamics simulation into dynamics and molecular motions of cuticle-degrading serine protease Ver112. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2004-2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1471418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Quan Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Yuan Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Peng Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Peng Sang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
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22
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Zhen Z, Xing X, Xie M, Yang L, Yang X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Ma N, Li Q, Zhang KQ, Yang J. MAP kinase Slt2 orthologs play similar roles in conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity in two nematode-trapping fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:42-50. [PMID: 29702229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Slt2 is a key player in the cell-wall integrity pathway of budding yeast. In this study, we functionally characterized Slt2 orthologs AoSlt2 and MhSlt2 from the nematode-trapping fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora and Monacrosporium haptotylum, respectively. We found that disruption of AoSlt2 and MhSlt2 led to reduced mycelial growth, increased sensitivity to environmental stresses such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Congo red, and H2O2, and an inability to produce conidia and nematode-trapping structures. Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based analyses showed that the transcription of sporulation-related (AbaA, Sep2, and MedA) and cell wall synthesis-related (Chs, Glu, and Gfpa) genes was down-regulated in the mutants compared with the wild-type strains. Moreover, the mutant strains showed reduced extracellular proteolytic activity and decreased transcription of three homologous serine protease-encoding genes. These results show for the first time that MAP kinase Slt2 orthologs play similar roles in regulating mycelial growth, conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance, and pathogenicity in the divergent nematode-trapping fungal species A. oligospora and M. haptotylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xinjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yaqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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23
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Yang X, Ma N, Yang L, Zheng Y, Zhen Z, Li Q, Xie M, Li J, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Two Rab GTPases play different roles in conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance, and virulence in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4601-4613. [PMID: 29616315 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are the largest group of the small GTPases family, which play a pivotal role in the secretion of proteins. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative nematode-trapping fungus that can produce adhesive networks to capture nematodes. In this study, the roles of two Rab GTPases AoRab-7A and AoRab-2 were characterized by gene knockout in the fungus A. oligospora. The disruption of AoRab-7A hindered the mycelial growth in different media, the conidiation of ΔAoRab-7A transformants was almost abolished, and the transcription of four sporulation-related genes (AbaA, FluG, Hyp1, and VosA) was downregulated compared to the wild-type strain (WT). Furthermore, the tolerance of the ΔAoRab-7A mutants to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and H2O2 was also significantly reduced compared to the WT, and the transcription of several genes related to environmental resistance, such as genes for catalase and trehalose synthase, was downregulated. Similarly, the extracellular proteolytic activity was decreased. Importantly, the ΔAoRab-7A mutants were unable to produce traps and capture nematodes. However, the disruption of gene AoRab-2 only affected the conidiation slightly but non-significantly, while other phenotypic traits were unaffected. Moreover, the gene AoRab-7A was also involved in the autophagy induced by nitrogen deprivation in A. oligospora. Our results revealed for the first time that the Rab GTPases are involved in the regulation of mycelial growth, conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Predator-prey interactions of nematode-trapping fungi and nematodes: both sides of the coin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 29523933 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi develop complex trapping devices to capture and consume nematodes. The dynamics of these organisms is especially important given the pathogenicity of nematodes and, consequently, the potential application of nematode-trapping fungi as biocontrol agents. Furthermore, both the nematodes and nematode-trapping fungi can be easily grown in laboratories, making them a unique manipulatable predator-prey system to study their coevolution. Several different aspects of these fungi have been studied, such as their genetics and the different factors triggering trap formation. In this review, we use the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora (which forms adhesive nets) as a model to describe the trapping process. We divide this process into several stages; namely attraction, recognition, trap formation, adhesion, penetration, and digestion. We summarize the latest findings in the field and current knowledge on the interactions between nematodes and nematode-trapping fungi, representing both sides of the predator-prey interaction.
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25
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Random mutagenesis analysis and identification of a novel C 2H 2-type transcription factor from the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5640. [PMID: 28717216 PMCID: PMC5514059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrobotrys oligospora is a typical nematode-trapping fungus. In this study, 37 transformants of A. oligospora were obtained by REMI (restriction enzyme mediated integration) method and phenotypic properties of nine transformants were analyzed. The nine transformants showed differences in growth, conidiation, trap formation, stress tolerance, and/or pathogenicity among each other and with those of the parental wild-type strain (WT). The insertional sites of the hph cassette were identified in transformants X5 and X13. In X5, the cassette was inserted in the non-coding region between AOL_s00076g273 (76g273) and AOL_s00076g274 (76g274) and the transcription of 76g274, but not 76g273, was enhanced in X5. 76g274p had two conserved domains and was predicted as a nucleoprotein, which we confirmed by its nuclear localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the green fluorescent protein-fused 76g274p. The transcription of 76g274 was stimulated or inhibited by several environmental factors. The sporulation yields of 76g274-deficient mutants were decreased by 70%, and transcription of several sporulation-related genes was severely diminished compared to the WT during the conidiation. In summary, a method for screening mutants was established in A. oligospora and using the method, we identified a novel C2H2-type transcription factor that positively regulates the conidiation of A. oligospora.
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26
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Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi are a unique and intriguing group of carnivorous microorganisms that can trap and digest nematodes by means of specialized trapping structures. They can develop diverse trapping devices, such as adhesive hyphae, adhesive knobs, adhesive networks, constricting rings, and nonconstricting rings. Nematode-trapping fungi have been found in all regions of the world, from the tropics to Antarctica, from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. They play an important ecological role in regulating nematode dynamics in soil. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the majority of nematode-trapping fungi belong to a monophyletic group in the order Orbiliales (Ascomycota). Nematode-trapping fungi serve as an excellent model system for understanding fungal evolution and interaction between fungi and nematodes. With the development of molecular techniques and genome sequencing, their evolutionary origins and divergence, and the mechanisms underlying fungus-nematode interactions have been well studied. In recent decades, an increasing concern about the environmental hazards of using chemical nematicides has led to the application of these biological control agents as a rapidly developing component of crop protection.
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27
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Zhang D, Zhu X, Sun F, Zhang K, Niu S, Huang X. The roles of actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated protein Crn1p in trap formation of Arthrobotrys oligospora. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:655-663. [PMID: 28506837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi include a variety of species capable of generating specific trapping devices to capture nematodes and the production of devices is also an indicator of a switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. Traps are developed from vegetative mycelia, but they are quite different from hyphae in both morphological and physiological characteristics. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation have attracted much attention. In this investigation, Arthrobotrys oligospora, a nematode-trapping fungus, has three-dimensional networks and genomics and proteomics were recently performed, so as to reveal the relationship between actin cytoskeleton and trap formation. Both actin staining via FITC-phalloidin and treatment of actin polymerization inhibitor Lat-B illustrated that the actin cytoskeleton played an important role in trap development. Furthermore, absence of the conserved actin-associated protein Crn1p caused a structural defect of traps and failure to infect nematodes. It was observed that mutant Δcrn1 represented a reduced number of rings and a lower complexity of three-dimensional networks, likely due to the disturbance of actin branching. Collectively, our study confirmed the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton as well as the conserved actin-associated protein Crn1p in trap formation. It further suggested the manners in which Crn1p influences the development of three-dimensional networks in A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Fan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shanzhuang Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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28
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Potshangbam M, Devi SI, Sahoo D, Strobel GA. Functional Characterization of Endophytic Fungal Community Associated with Oryza sativa L. and Zea mays L. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:325. [PMID: 28303127 PMCID: PMC5332368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a natural ecosystem, the plant is in a symbiotic relationship with beneficial endophytes contributing huge impact on its host plant. Therefore, exploring beneficial endophytes and understanding its interaction is a prospective area of research. The present work aims to characterize the fungal endophytic communities associated with healthy maize and rice plants and to study the deterministic factors influencing plant growth and biocontrol properties against phytopathogens, viz, Pythium ultimum, Sclerotium oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pyricularia oryzae. A total of 123 endophytic fungi was isolated using the culture-dependent approach from different tissue parts of the plant. Most dominating fungal endophyte associated with both the crops belong to genus Fusarium, Sarocladium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium and their occurrence was not tissue specific. The isolates were screened for in vitro plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, disease suppressive mechanisms and based on the results, each culture from both the cereal crops was selected for further study. Acremonium sp. (ENF 31) and Penicillium simplicisssum (ENF22), isolated from maize and rice respectively could potentially inhibit the growth of all the tested pathogens with 46.47 ± 0.16 mm to 60.09 ± 0.04 mm range zone of inhibition for ENF31 and 35.48 ± 0.14 to 62.29 ± 0.15 mm for ENF22. Both significantly produce the defensive enzymes, ENF31 could tolerate a wide range of pH from 2 to 12, very important criteria, for studying plant growth in different soil types, especially acidic as it is widely prevalent here, making more land unsuitable for cultivation. ENF22 grows in pH range 3–12, with 10% salt tolerating ability, another factor of consideration. Study of root colonization during 7th to 30th days of growth phase reveals that ENF31 could colonize pleasantly in rice, though a maize origin, ranging from 1.02 to 1.21 log10 CFU/g root and in maize, it steadily colonizes ranging from 0.95 to 1.18 log10 CFU, while ENF22 could colonize from 0.98 to 1.24 Log10CFU/g root in rice and 1.01 to 1.24Log10CFU/g root in maize, just the reverse observed in Acremonium sp. Therefore, both the organism has the potency of a promising Bio-resource agent, that we must definitely explore to fill the gap in the agriculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momota Potshangbam
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development Imphal, India
| | - S Indira Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development Imphal, India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development Imphal, India
| | - Gary A Strobel
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
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29
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Luo XM, Xie CJ, Wang D, Wei YM, Cai J, Cheng SS, Yang XY, Sui AP. Psc-AFP from Psoralea corylifolia L. overexpressed in Pichia pastoris increases antimicrobial activity and enhances disease resistance of transgenic tobacco. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1073-1084. [PMID: 27587300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psc-AFP, isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L., is an antimicrobial protein with trypsin inhibitor activity. Its encoding gene was cloned by 3'- rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) combined with Y-shaped adaptor-dependent extension (YADE) method. The gene Psc-AFP encodes a protein of 203 amino acids with a deduced signal peptide of 24 residues. The growth inhibition effect exerted by the heterologously expressed Psc-AFP in Pichia pastoris revealed that the recombinant Psc-AFP inhibited mycelium growth of Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria brassicae and conidial germination of Alternaria alternata. The recombinant Psc-AFP also showed protease inhibitor activity manifested by the inhibition of trypsin. The transgenic tobacco bioassays confirmed that overexpressing Psc-AFP significantly enhanced the disease resistance of tobacco and that some of the transgenic lines were almost fully tolerant to Ralstonia solanacearum and A. alternata, whereas no apparent alteration in plant growth and development was observed. Collectively, these results indicate that the recombinant Psc-AFP is an active antimicrobial protein, with protease inhibitor activity that can be successfully produced in the yeast and tobacco and, therefore, maybe a potential antimicrobial candidate for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Luo
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Xie
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - De Wang
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun-Min Wei
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jie Cai
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cheng
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xing -Yong Yang
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - An -Ping Sui
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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30
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Yang LQ, Sang P, Zhang RP, Liu SQ. Substrate-induced changes in dynamics and molecular motions of cuticle-degrading serine protease PL646: a molecular dynamics study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticle-degrading serine proteases secreted by nematophagous fungi can degrade the nematode cuticle during the infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Quan Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science
- Dali University
- Dali
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China
| | - Peng Sang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science
- Dali University
- Dali
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China
| | - Ruo-Peng Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University
- Dali
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
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31
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Omrane Benmrad M, Moujehed E, Ben Elhoul M, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Mechri S, Rekik H, Kourdali S, El Hattab M, Badis A, Sayadi S, Bejar S, Jaouadi B. A novel organic solvent- and detergent-stable serine alkaline protease from Trametes cingulata strain CTM10101. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:961-72. [PMID: 27296442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A protease-producing fungus was isolated from an alkaline wastewater of chemical industries and identified as Trametes cingulata strain CTM10101 on the basis of the ITS rDNA gene-sequencing. It was observed that the fungus strongly produce extracellular protease grown at 30°C in potato-dextrose-broth (PDB) optimized media (13500U/ml). The pure serine protease isolated by Trametes cingulata (designated SPTC) was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation-dialysis followed by heat-treatment and UNO S-1 FPLC cation-exchange chromatography. The chemical characterization carried on include phisico-chemical determination and spectroscopie analysis. The MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed that the purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 31405.16-Da. The enzyme had an NH2-terminal sequence of ALTTQTEAPWALGTVSHKGQAST, thus sharing high homology with those of fungal-proteases. The optimum pH and temperature values of its proteolytic activity were pH 9 and 60°C, respectively, and its half-life times at 60 and 70°C were 9 and 5-h, respectively. It was completely inhibited by PMSF and DFP, which strongly suggested its belonging to the serine protease family. Compared to Flavourzyme(®)500L from Aspergillus oryzae and Thermolysin typeX from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, SPTC displayed higher levels of hydrolysis, substrate specificity, and catalytic efficiency as well as elevated organic solvent tolerance and considerable detergent stability. Finally, SPTC could potentially be used in peptide synthesis and detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Omrane Benmrad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Emna Moujehed
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Elhoul
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Mechri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Rekik
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Sidali Kourdali
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, BouIsmaïl, 42415 Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Mohamed El Hattab
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry and Biomolecules (LNPCB), University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaâ, PO Box 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Badis
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, BouIsmaïl, 42415 Tipaza, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry and Biomolecules (LNPCB), University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaâ, PO Box 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, LMI COSYS-Med, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Samir Bejar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia.
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Barelli L, Moonjely S, Behie SW, Bidochka MJ. Fungi with multifunctional lifestyles: endophytic insect pathogenic fungi. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:657-664. [PMID: 26644135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the symbiotic, evolutionary, proteomic and genetic basis for a group of fungi that occupy a specialized niche as insect pathogens as well as endophytes. We focus primarily on species in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria, traditionally recognized as insect pathogenic fungi but are also found as plant symbionts. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that these fungi are more closely related to grass endophytes and diverged from that lineage ca. 100 MYA. We explore how the dual life cycles of these fungi as insect pathogens and endophytes are coupled. We discuss the evolution of insect pathogenesis while maintaining an endophytic lifestyle and provide examples of genes that may be involved in the transition toward insect pathogenicity. That is, some genes for insect pathogenesis may have been co-opted from genes involved in endophytic colonization. Other genes may be multifunctional and serve in both lifestyle capacities. We suggest that their evolution as insect pathogens allowed them to effectively barter a specialized nitrogen source (i.e. insects) with host plants for photosynthate. These ubiquitous fungi may play an important role as plant growth promoters and have a potential reservoir of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Barelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Soumya Moonjely
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Scott W Behie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Sharkova TS, Kornienko EI, Osmolovskii AA, Kreier VG, Baranova NA, Egorov NS. Morphological and physiological properties of the micromycete Arthrobotrys longa, a producer of longolytin, a proteolytic complex with a thrombolytic effect. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tzean Y, Chou TH, Hsiao CC, Shu PY, Walton JD, Tzean SS. Cloning and characterization of cuticle-degrading serine protease from nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moonjely S, Barelli L, Bidochka MJ. Insect Pathogenic Fungi as Endophytes. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:107-35. [PMID: 27131324 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we explore some of the evolutionary, ecological, molecular genetics, and applied aspects of a subset of insect pathogenic fungi that also have a lifestyle as endophytes and we term endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF). We focus particularly on Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana as EIPF. The discussion of the evolution of EIPF challenges a view that these fungi were first and foremost insect pathogens that eventually evolved to colonize plants. Phylogenetic evidence shows that the lineages of EIPF are most closely related to grass endophytes that diverged c. 100MYA. We discuss the relationship between genes involved in "insect pathogenesis" and those involved in "endophytism" and provide examples of genes with potential importance in lifestyle transitions toward insect pathogenicity. That is, some genes for insect pathogenesis may have been coopted from genes involved in endophytic colonization. Other genes may be multifunctional and serve in both lifestyle capacities. The interactions of EIPF with their host plants are discussed in some detail. The genetic basis for rhizospheric competence, plant communication, and nutrient exchange is examined and we highlight, with examples, the benefits of EIPF to plants, and the potential reservoir of secondary metabolites hidden within these beneficial symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moonjely
- Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - L Barelli
- Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Zhao H, Qiao J, Meng Q, Gong S, Chen C, Liu T, Tian L, Cai X, Luo J, Chen C. Expression of serine proteinase P186 of Arthrobotrys oligospora and analysis of its nematode-degrading activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1485-1494. [PMID: 26419902 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nematode-trapping fungi possess a unique capability of predating and invading nematodes. As a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora has been widely used to study the interactions between nematode-trapping fungi and their hosts. Serine proteinase is one of the important virulence factors during process of invasion of the nematode-trapping fungi into nematodes. In this study, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we amplified the gene sequence of serine proteinase 186 from A. oligospora, cloned it into pPIC9K vector and expressed it in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The expressed recombinant serine proteinase186 (reP186) was purified via Ni-affinity chromatography. The in vitro nematode-degrading activity of reP186 was analyzed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis revealed that reP186 with molecular weight of 33 kDa was successfully obtained. ReP186 was capable of degrading a series of protein substrates including casein, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, denatured collagen and nematode cortical layer. The reP186 exhibited the maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 55 °C and was highly sensitive to the inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride. Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus with reP186 for 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively, resulted in 62, 88 and 100 % of killing rates for C. elegans, and 52, 65 and 84 % of killing rates for H. contortus, respectively, indicating a relatively strong nematode-degrading bioactivity of reP186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qingling Meng
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shasha Gong
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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Acevedo-Ramírez PMDC, Figueroa-Castillo JA, Ulloa-Arvizú R, Martínez-García LG, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Valero-Coss RO, Mendoza-de Gives P, Quiroz-Romero H. Proteolytic activity of extracellular products from Arthrobotrys musiformis and their effect in vitro against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000103. [PMID: 26392902 PMCID: PMC4567159 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobotrys musiformis is a nematophagous fungus with potential for the biological control of Haemonchus contortus larvae. This study aimed to identify and demonstrate the proteolytic activity of extracellular products from A musiformis cultured in a liquid medium against H contortus infective larvae. A musiformis was cultured on a solid medium and further grown in a liquid medium, which was then processed through ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The proteolytic activity of the purified fraction was assayed with either gelatin or bovine serum albumin as substrate. Optimum proteolytic activity was observed at pH 8 and a temperature of 37°C. Results obtained with specific inhibitors suggest the enzyme belongs to the serine-dependent protease family. The purified fraction concentrate from A musiformis was tested against H contortus infective larvae. A time-dependent effect was observed with 77 per cent immobility after 48 hours incubation, with alteration of the sheath. It is concluded that Amusiformis is a potential candidate for biological control because of its resistant structures and also because of its excretion of extracellular products such as proteases. The present study contributes to the identification of one of the in vitro mechanisms of action of Amusiformis, namely the extracellular production of proteases against H contortus infective larvae. More investigations should be undertaken into how these products could be used to decrease the nematode population in sheep flocks under field conditions, thereby improving animal health while simultaneously diminishing the human and environmental impact of chemical-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla María Del Carmen Acevedo-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Juan Antonio Figueroa-Castillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Raúl Ulloa-Arvizú
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Luz Gisela Martínez-García
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Alberto Guevara-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Juan Luis Rendón
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Rosa Ofelia Valero-Coss
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cenid-Pavet. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla , Jiutepec, Morelos , México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cenid-Pavet. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla , Jiutepec, Morelos , México
| | - Héctor Quiroz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
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Braga FR, Soares FEF, Giuberti TZ, Lopes ADCG, Lacerda T, Ayupe TDH, Queiroz PV, Gouveia ADS, Pinheiro L, Araújo AL, Queiroz JH, Araújo JV. Nematocidal activity of extracellular enzymes produced by the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on cyathostomin infective larvae. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:214-8. [PMID: 26319197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans produces chitinases, however, optimization of the production of these enzymes still needs to be explored, and its nematocidal activity should still be the subject of studies. The objective of the present study was to optimize chitinase production, and evaluate the nematocidal activity of extracellular enzymes produced by the nematophagous fungus D. flagrans on cyathostomin infective larvae. An isolate from D. flagrans (AC001) was used in this study. For the production of enzymes (protease and chitinase), two different culture media were inoculated with AC001 conidia. Both enzymes were purified. The statistical Plackett-Burman factorial design was used to investigate some variables and their effect on the production of chitinases by D. flagrans. After that, the design central composite (CCD) was used in order to determine the optimum levels and investigate the interactions of these variables previously observed. Only two variables (moisture and incubation time), in the evaluated levels, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on chitinase production. The conditions of maximum chitinase activity were calculated, with the following values: incubation time 2 days, and moisture 511%. The protease and chitinase derived from D. flagrans, individually or together (after 24h), led to a significant reduction (p<0.01) in the number of intact cyathostomin L3, when compared to the control, with following reduction percentage values: 19.4% (protease), 15.5% (chitinase), and 20.5% (protease+chitinase). Significant differences were observed (p<0.05) between the group treated with proteases in relation to the group treated with proteases+chitinases. In this study, the assay with the cyathostomins showed that chitinase had a nematocidal effect, suggesting that this enzyme acts on the "fungus versus nematodes" infection process. It is known that nematode eggs are rich in chitin, and in this case, we could think of a greater employability for this chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Zanotti Giuberti
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Tracy Lacerda
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Viana Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Angélica de Souza Gouveia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pinheiro
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | - Andreia Luíza Araújo
- Department of Parasitology, University of VilaVelha-ES, VilaVelha, ES CEP: 29102206, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP: 3657000, Brazil
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Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7478-83. [PMID: 25944934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the causative agent of white-nose syndrome, a disease that has caused the deaths of millions of bats in North America. This psychrophilic fungus proliferates at low temperatures and targets hibernating bats, resulting in their premature arousal from stupor with catastrophic consequences. Despite the impact of white-nose syndrome, little is known about the fungus itself or how it infects its mammalian host. P. destructans is not amenable to genetic manipulation, and therefore understanding the proteins involved in infection requires alternative approaches. Here, we identify hydrolytic enzymes secreted by P. destructans, and use a novel and unbiased substrate profiling technique to define active peptidases. These experiments revealed that endopeptidases are the major proteolytic activities secreted by P. destructans, and that collagen, the major structural protein in mammals, is actively degraded by the secretome. A serine endopeptidase, hereby-named Destructin-1, was subsequently identified, and a recombinant form overexpressed and purified. Biochemical analysis of Destructin-1 showed that it mediated collagen degradation, and a potent inhibitor of peptidase activity was identified. Treatment of P. destructans-conditioned media with this antagonist blocked collagen degradation and facilitated the detection of additional secreted proteolytic activities, including aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases. These results provide molecular insights into the secretome of P. destructans, and identify serine endopeptidases that have the clear potential to facilitate tissue invasion and pathogenesis in the mammalian host.
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Cruz DG, Costa LM, Rocha LO, Retamal CA, Vieira RAM, Seabra SH, Silva CP, DaMatta RA, Santos CP. Serine proteases activity is important for the interaction of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans with infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus spp. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:672-8. [PMID: 26228558 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans has been studied as a possible control method for gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock animals. These fungi capture and infect the nematode by cuticle penetration, immobilization, and digestion of the internal contents. It has been suggested that this sequence of events occurs by a combination of physical and enzymatical activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation of proteolytic enzymatic activity during the interaction of the nematophagous fungus D. flagrans with infective larvae of trichostrongylides and the free-living nematode Panagrellus spp. Protease inhibitors used interfered in the predatory activity of D. flagrans. However, only PMSF significantly reduced the mean number of Panagrellus spp. captured by D. flagrans in comparison with the control. The experiment with fluorogenic substrate showed that maximum urokinase activity during the interaction of the fungus with the infective larvae of trichostrongylides or Panagrellus spp. occurred within 7 or 1 h of incubation, respectively. The protease activity, especially of the serine class, may be important during the interaction between the fungus and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 23070-200, Brazil
| | - Luana M Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Retamal
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A M Vieira
- Laboratório de Zootecnia e Nutrição Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio H Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 23070-200, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n, Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renato A DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clóvis P Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Li J, Zou C, Xu J, Ji X, Niu X, Yang J, Huang X, Zhang KQ. Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:67-95. [PMID: 25938277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to a broad range of vegetables and agricultural crops throughout the world. As the natural enemies of nematodes, nematophagous microorganisms offer a promising approach to control the nematode pests. Some of these microorganisms produce traps to capture and kill the worms from the outside. Others act as internal parasites to produce toxins and virulence factors to kill the nematodes from within. Understanding the molecular basis of microbe-nematode interactions provides crucial insights for developing effective biological control agents against plant-parasitic nematodes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between nematodes and nematophagous microorganisms, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by which nematophagous microorganisms infect nematodes and on the nematode defense against pathogenic attacks. We conclude by discussing several key areas for future research and development, including potential approaches to apply our recent understandings to develop effective biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China;
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Yang J, Zhang KQ. Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Nematophagous Fungi. NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8730-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Malate synthase gene AoMls in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora contributes to conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2555-63. [PMID: 24323290 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Malate synthase (Mls), a key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle, is required for virulence in microbial pathogens. In this study, we identified the AoMls gene from the nematode-trapping fungus Arthobotrys oligospora. The gene contains 4 introns and encodes a polypeptide of 540 amino acids. To characterize the function of AoMls in A. oligospora, we disrupted it by homologous recombination, and the ΔAoMls mutants were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The growth rate and colony morphology of the ΔAoMls mutants showed no obvious difference from the wild-type strains on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate. However, the disruption of gene AoMls led to a significant reduction in conidiation, failure to utilize fatty acids and sodium acetate for growth, and its conidia were unable to germinate on minimal medium supplemented with sodium oleate. In addition, the trap formation was retarded in the ΔAoMls mutants, which only produced immature traps containing one or two rings. Moreover, the nematicidal activity of the ΔAoMls mutants was significantly decreased. Our results suggest that the gene AoMls plays an important role in conidiation, trap formation and pathogenicity of A. oligospora.
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Shah F, Rineau F, Canbäck B, Johansson T, Tunlid A. The molecular components of the extracellular protein-degradation pathways of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:875-887. [PMID: 23902518 PMCID: PMC4282482 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteins contribute to a major part of the organic nitrogen (N) in forest soils. This N is mobilized and becomes available to trees as a result of the depolymerizing activities of symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms by which these fungi depolymerize proteins and assimilate the released N are poorly characterized. Biochemical analysis and transcriptome profiling were performed to examine the proteolytic machinery and the uptake system of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus during the assimilation of organic N from various protein sources and extracts of organic matter. All substrates induced secretion of peptidase activity with an acidic pH optimum, mostly contributed by aspartic peptidases. The peptidase activity was transiently repressed by ammonium. Transcriptional analysis revealed a large number of extracellular endo- and exopeptidases. The expression levels of these peptidases were regulated in parallel with transporters and enzymes involved in the assimilation and metabolism of the released peptides and amino acids. For the first time the molecular components of the protein degradation pathways of an ectomycorrhizal fungus are described. The data suggest that the transcripts encoding these components are regulated in response to the chemical properties and the availability of the protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Shah
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund UniversityEcology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francois Rineau
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund UniversityEcology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Canbäck
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund UniversityEcology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Johansson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund UniversityEcology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund UniversityEcology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7081-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yang J, Yu Y, Li J, Zhu W, Geng Z, Jiang D, Wang Y, Zhang KQ. Characterization and functional analyses of the chitinase-encoding genes in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:453-62. [PMID: 23661195 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi can secrete many extracellular hydrolytic enzymes such as serine proteases and chitinases to digest and penetrate nematode/egg-cuticles. However, little is known about the structure and function of chitinases in these fungi. In this study, 16 ORFs encoding putative chitinases, which all belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18, were identified from the Arthrobotrys oligospora genome. Bioinformatics analyses showed that these 16 putative chitinases differ in their functional domains, molecular weights and pI. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these A. oligospora chitinases into four clades: clades I, II, III and IV, respectively, including an A. oligospora-specific subclade (Clade IV-B) that contained high-molecular weight chitinases (≥100 kDa). Transcriptional analysis of A. oligospora chitinases suggested that the expression of most chitinases was repressed by carbon starvation, and all chitinases were up-regulated under nitrogen starvation. However, chitinase AO-190 was up-regulated under carbon and/or nitrogen starvation. Moreover, several chitinases (such as AO-59, AO-190 and AO-801) were up-regulated in the presence of chitinous substrates or a plant pathogenic fungus, indicating that they could play a role in biocontrol applications of A. oligospora. Our results provided a basis for further understanding the functions, diversities and evolutionary relationships between chitinase genes in nematode-trapping fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Kanuru M, Raman R, Aradhyam GK. Serine protease activity of calnuc: regulation by Zn2+ and G proteins. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23195954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.382846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of calnuc, a novel Ca(2+)-binding protein with multiple structural domains and diverse interacting partners, are yet unknown. We demonstrate unknown facets of calnuc, which is a serine protease in which Ser-378 of GXSXG motif, Asp-328 of DTG motif, and His-339 form the "catalytic triad," locating the enzyme active site in the C-terminal region. Analogous to the active site of Zn(2+) carboxypeptidases, calnuc has two high affinity (K(d) ∼ 20 nm), well conserved Zn(2+)-binding sites near its N terminus, although it is inactive as a peptidase. Zn(2+) binding allosterically and negatively regulates the serine protease activity of calnuc, inhibition being caused by an "open to close" change in its conformation not seen upon Ca(2+) binding. Most strikingly, interaction with G protein α subunit completely inhibits the enzymatic activity of calnuc. We thus illustrate that G proteins and Zn(2+) act as two "keys" that control enzymatic activity of calnuc, arresting it in "locked" state. Calnuc, therefore, exists dynamically in two different forms, (i) as a Ca(2+)-binding protein in Zn(2+)-bound form and (ii) as a protease in Zn(2+)-free form, commissioning it to perform multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Kanuru
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Minglian Z, Minghe M, Keqin Z. Characterization of a neutral serine protease and its full-length cDNA from the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mycologia 2012; 96:16-22. [PMID: 21148823 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A neutral serine protease (designated Aoz1) was purified to homogeneity from a strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora, obtained from soil in Yunnan Province. The purified protein showed a molecular mass of approximately 38 000 Dalton, pI 4.9 and displayed optimal activity at 45 C and pH 6-8. The protein could hydrolyze gelatin, casein and the chromogenic substrate azocoll, and it could immobilize nematodes in vitro (Panagrellus redivivus L. [Goodey]). The level of activity in culture medium was found to increase with increasing gelatin concentration. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated dramatic structural changes in nematode cuticle treated with the purified protease. A partial peptide sequence obtained by N-terminal sequence analysis was used to design degenerate primers for the isolation of a cDNA gene encoding the mature protease. Analysis of the cDNA and corresponding genomic sequence revealed 97% identity with PII, a gene previously described from A. oligospora, and we conclude that this gene is likely a PII ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Minglian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology & Fermentation Technology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, P.R. of China
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Niu Q, Tian Y, Zhang L, Xu X, Niu X, Xia Z, Lei L, Zhang KQ, Huang X. Overexpression of the Key Virulence Proteases Bace16 and Bae16 in Bacillus nematocida B16 to Improve Its Nematocidal Activity. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 21:130-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000332805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abidi F, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Marzouki MN. Purification and biochemical characterization of stable alkaline protease Prot-2 from Botrytis cinerea. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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