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Li M, Li D, Li F, Liu W, Wang S, Wu G, Wu G, Tan G, Zheng Z, Li L, Pan Z, Liu Y. Hemolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila enhances the host's serum enzyme activity and regulates transcriptional responses in the spleen of Cyprinus rubrofuscus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115375. [PMID: 37591129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a conditional pathogen impacting public hygiene and safety. Hemolysin is a virulence factor of Aeromonas hydrophila that causes erythrocyte hemolysis, yet its transcriptional response to Cyprinus rubrofuscus remains unknown. Our investigation confirmed the hemolysis of hemolysin from A. hydrophila. Serum enzyme activity was evaluated weekly after C. rubrofuscus were immunized with hemolysin Ahh1. The results showed that the hemolysin enhances the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM), and catalase (CAT) activity, which reached a maximum on day 14. To elucidate the molecular interaction between hemolysin from A. hydrophila and the host, we performed transcriptome sequencing on the spleen of C. rubrofuscus 14 days post hemolysin infection. The total number of clean reads was 41.37 Gb, resulting in 79,832 unigenes with an N50 length of 1863 bp. There were 1982 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1083 upregulated genes and 899 downregulated genes. Transcript levels of the genes, such as LA6BL, CD2, and NLRC5, were significantly downregulated, while those of IL11, IL1R2, and IL8 were dramatically upregulated. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune disease, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, and toll-like receptor pathways, suggesting that hemolysin stimulation can activate the transcriptional responses. RT-qPCR experiments results of seven genes, IL-8, STAT2, CTSK, PRF1, CXCL9, TLR5, and SACS, showed that their expression was highly concordant with RNA-seq data. We clarified for the first time the key genes and signaling pathways response to hemolysin from A. hydrophila, which offers strategies for treating and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongqing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Guiliang Tan
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Ziyi Zheng
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Ziqiang Pan
- School of Material Science and Food Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Nylund A, Kloster-Jensen T, Mohammadi F, Lagadec E, Plarre H. Genotyping tool for salmonid gill pox virus (SGPV) obtained from farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Arch Virol 2023; 168:249. [PMID: 37684418 PMCID: PMC10491535 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are common viruses found in vertebrate species. In 2006, the first poxvirus associated with salmon, salmonid gill poxvirus (SGPV), was identified during an outbreak of gill disease at a smolt production site in northern Norway and at two marine farms in western Norway. Poxviruses had previously been detected in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). In all three fish species, poxviruses are associated with gill disease. It has not been possible to culture SGPV from Norway, and little is known about its virulence. However, the association between SGPV and gill disease in salmon has shown the need for molecular tools to identify reservoirs and transmission routes. Sequencing the genome of a second isolate of SGPV has made it possible to compare variable regions between two strains of the virus, showing the presence of a large number of variable regions that exhibit both variable numbers of tandem repeats and intra-ORF variation. We present eight regions that are suitable for distinguishing strains of SGPV and determining their phylogenetic relationship, and these were used to compare SGPV isolates obtained from both farmed and wild salmon in fresh and sea water. The prevalence of the virus was found to be higher in wild salmon in rivers than in returning wild salmon collected from traps in Norwegian fjords. Genotyping based on the eight selected variable regions, suggests the presence of geographically distinct isolates in freshwater among both farmed and wild salmon, while SGPV from marine farms shows high local diversity and a wide geographical distribution of similar strains of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Are Nylund
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Kloster-Jensen
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Faezeh Mohammadi
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Heidrun Plarre
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Matras M, Stachnik M, Borzym E, Maj-Paluch J, Reichert M. Distribution of carp edema virus in organs of infected juvenile common carp. J Vet Res 2023; 67:333-337. [PMID: 37786850 PMCID: PMC10541666 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The disease caused by carp edema virus (CEV) manifests with lethargy as a primary sign; this observation in koi in Japan gained the disease the name koi sleepy disease (KSD). In the years following the discovery of the virus in Japan, KSD cases have been noted in the UK in koi and common carp. Conducting research in order to expand knowledge of the processes of distribution of CEV in infected fish organs will be helpful for eradication and diagnostic purposes. Material and Methods Carp edema virus-affected fish with clinical signs of KSD were experimentally cohabited with common carp fry (30 fish). Three fish were euthanised by bath in a 0.5 g L-1 tricaine solution at one week intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days post cohabitation). Tissue samples from the brain, gills, spleen, kidney, intestines and skin were collected, and the total DNA was extracted and tested by real-time PCR. Results By the seventh day post infection, CEV DNA was most often found in the skin, gills and brain and less frequently in the kidney and intestines. In many of the common carp fry, CEV DNA could typically be found in several organs of each individual fish, although it was only found in one sample of spleen tissue. Conclusion In this experimental study the pathogenesis of the CEV infection process was shown, the high infectivity of CEV was confirmed and the best organs were determined for sampling in CEV-infection experimentation. The real-time PCR method used in our cohabitation experiments was shown to be useful at the clinical and asymptomatic stage of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Matras
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Maj-Paluch
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Papežíková I, Piačková V, Dyková I, Baloch AA, Kroupová HK, Zusková E, Pojezdal Ľ, Minářová H, Syrová E, Banďouchová H, Hyršl P, Matějíčková K, Pikula J, Palíková M. Clinical and Laboratory Parameters of Carp Edema Virus Disease: A Case Report. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051044. [PMID: 37243132 DOI: 10.3390/v15051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe a natural outbreak of carp edema virus disease (CEVD) in koi carp, concentrating on clinical manifestation, gross and microscopic pathology, immunological parameters, viral diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Examination of white blood cell parameters showed increased monocyte and decreased lymphocyte counts in CEV-affected fish compared to healthy control fish. Regarding immune system functioning, the present work shows, for the first time, enhanced phagocytic activity in CEV-affected fish. Respiratory burst of phagocytes was strongly increased in diseased fish, the increase being attributed to an increased phagocyte count rather than enhancement of their metabolic activity. The present work also newly shows histopathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of diseased koi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piačková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Asghar Baloch
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Zusková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minářová
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Syrová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Banďouchová
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Matějíčková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kushala KB, Nithin MS, Girisha SK, Dheeraj SB, Sowndarya NS, Puneeth TG, Suresh T, Naveen Kumar BT, Vinay TN. Fish immune responses to natural infection with carp edema virus (Koi sleepy disease): An emerging fish disease in India. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:624-634. [PMID: 36126841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pathogen, carp edema virus (CEV) causes koi sleepy disease (KSD) in Koi and common carp causing severe mortalities worldwide. In the present study, a total of 150 fish species belonging to eight different families were sampled from the ornamental fish retailers and farms, located in Karnataka, India. The OIE protocol viz., level-I, II and III diagnoses confirmed the infection of CEV in 10 koi fish. Interestingly, other fish species belonging to different fish family including cyprinidae family were negative to CEV. Further, CEV infection was confirmed by sequencing (partial 4a gene); it showed the similarity with that of CEV reported from India and Germany strains with similarity of 97.4-99.94% and belonged to genogroup IIa. TEM analysis of purified CEV, in vivo cohabitation and tissue infection experiments confirmed the CEV infection. In addition, viral load was significantly higher (106-7 copies) in koi collected from Dakshina Kannada than of Bengaluru (103-4 copies). To understand the host-pathogen interaction, different organs such as gill, kidney, liver and spleen from naturally (CEV) infected koi were used to study the immune gene responses by using eight innate and one adaptive immune response. Results indicated that TNF-α, RohTNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ and IL-10, and catalyze β-2M of MHC class I pathway genes were upregulated in koi. Higher expression of immune genes during the CEV infection may have inhibited viral replication and mount an antigenic adaptive response. Similar to other viral infections, interferon-γ play an important role during poxvirus infections. Quantification of immune genes in infected fish will provide insights into the host responses and provide valuable information to devise intervention strategies to prevent and control disease due to CEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Kushala
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Nithin
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Girisha
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India.
| | - S B Dheeraj
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - N S Sowndarya
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - T G Puneeth
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - T Suresh
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - B T Naveen Kumar
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - T N Vinay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, MRC Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
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Badhusha A, Nafeez Ahmed A, Suryakodi S, Abdul Wazith MJ, Mithra S, Kanimozhi K, Abdul Majeed S, Taju G, Sahul Hameed AS. First report on the occurrence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) in India. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1087-1098. [PMID: 35490338 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) for the first time in India. The koi carp, with clinical signs of ulcer with haemorrhage on body surface, necrosis of fin and discolouration of gill associated with huge mortality, were observed in aquarium shops, rearing tanks and grow-out ponds located in Chennai, India. The PCR assay carried out on infected fish samples using different primer sets specific to CyHV-3 confirmed its presence in the infected fish. Sequence analysis of partial thymidine kinase gene revealed 100% similarity with the sequence of CyHV-3 available in GenBank. Cell lines of koi carp and catla were found to be susceptible to CyHV-3 and its replication was confirmed by viral-specific cytopathic effect, PCR and bioassay. The CyHV-3 infection was reproduced by intramuscular injection of inoculum prepared from CyHV-3-infected fish to satisfy Koch's postulates. Tissue tropism of CyHV-3 in infected fish by PCR assay revealed the presence of CyHV-3 in all vital organs with prominent band in gill and gut tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allahbagash Badhusha
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Abdul Nafeez Ahmed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Selvam Suryakodi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Mohamed Jaffer Abdul Wazith
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Sivaraj Mithra
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Kumarasamy Kanimozhi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Seepoo Abdul Majeed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Gani Taju
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
| | - Azeez Sait Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University), Ranipet District, India
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A panoptic review of techniques for finfish disease diagnosis: The status quo and future perspectives. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Immunomolecular response of CD4+, CD8+, TNF-α and IFN-γ in Myxobolus-infected koi (Cyprinus carpio) treated with probiotics. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Swaminathan TR, Raj NS, Preena PG, Pradhan PK, Sood N, Kumar RG, Sudhagar A, Sood NK. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus-associated large-scale mortality in farmed giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2043-2053. [PMID: 34449899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus cause diseases that have serious economic impacts on aquaculture, mainly in East and South-East Asia. Five primary genotypes are known: infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), threespine stickleback iridovirus (TSIV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV). ISKNV-mediated infectious spleen and kidney necrosis disease (ISKND) is a major viral disease in both freshwater and marine fish species. In this study, we report the isolation of ISKNV from diseased giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of kidney and spleen revealed the presence of numerous polygonal naked viral particles having an outer nucleocapsid layer within the cytoplasm of enlarged cells (115-125 nm). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of ISKNV and the major capsid protein (MCP) (1,362 bp) gene in the infected fish had a high similarity to the other ISKNV-I isolates. Moreover, ISKNV was propagated in the Astronotus ocellatus fin (AOF) cell line and further confirmed genotypically. A high mortality rate (60%) was observed in gourami fish injected with ISKNV-positive tissue homogenate through challenge studies. Considering the lethal nature of ISKNV, the present study spotlights the implementation of stringent biosecurity practices for the proper control of the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Nithianantham Sundar Raj
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Prasannan Geetha Preena
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Girish Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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Baud M, Pallandre L, Almeras F, Maillet L, Stone D, Bigarré L. Genetic diversity of the carp oedema virus in France. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1531-1542. [PMID: 34287959 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The koi sleepy disease of carp caused by the carp oedema virus (CEV) was observed on farms and in ponds in France since the 2010s. Samples of CEV collected in France over a period of eight years were characterized at the molecular level by sequencing the partial p4a gene. All the sequences, except one, fell into two well-defined genogroups. Sequences obtained from CEV detected in common carp generally clustered in genogroup I and sequences from CEV detected in the koi were assigned to genogroup II. A particular sample was different to the others and represented a putative new genogroup possibly arose from a recombination event between a genogroup II sequence and one from an unknown genogroup. Compared with sequences from CEV of other countries, most of the French sequences exhibited high degree of DNA identities with those published previously, indicating identical sources of viruses. The sequence diversity suggests multiple introductions of the viruses in France. Among the French sequences, two genogroup-specific molecular markers were identified. One was an insertion/deletion identified within a microsatellite and other was a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms. CEV seems to generate genetic diversity via diverse mechanisms: substitutions, indels and recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Baud
- ANSES, Laboratory Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Laurane Pallandre
- ANSES, Laboratory Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Almeras
- ANSES, Laboratory Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Loeiz Maillet
- ANSES, Laboratory Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Laurent Bigarré
- ANSES, Laboratory Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
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Zhou A, Xie S, Zhang Y, Chuan J, Tang H, Li X, Zhang L, Xu G, Zou J. Interaction of environmental eukaryotic microorganisms and fungi in the pond-cultured carps: new insights into the potential pathogenic fungi in the freshwater aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38839-38854. [PMID: 33745047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality and safety of the aquatic products have gradually become the focus of global attention. In this study, the environmental eukaryotic and fungi communities in pond-cultured grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. For comparative analysis, the alpha diversity shows that the environmental microbial abundance in the koi carp groups were higher than that in the grass carp groups, while beta diversity reveals that the differences of the microbial community composition and structures in the grass carp groups were significantly higher than those in the koi carp groups. Meanwhile, the environmental microbial diversity of grass carp groups was higher than that of koi carp groups at phylum level, but showed no significant difference at genus level. Additionally, the dominant total phyla were Opisthokonta, Stramenopiles plusAlveolates plusRhizaria, Archaeplastida, Cryptophyceae, and Centrohelida for the 18S rRNA gene and Ciliophora, Chlorophyta, and Ascomycota for the ITS2 rRNA gene in both of the two carp groups. Additionally, annotation analysis showed that the biomarkers in the grass carp groups are significantly higher than those of the koi carp groups. Furthermore, the functional prediction of Funguild showed significant difference in outputs, while similarity in trophic modes and guild types between the two carp groups. Meanwhile, the total relative abundances of animal pathogen, fungal parasite, and plant pathogen were extremely similar between the two carp groups. Surprisingly, one pathogenic fungus of genus Fusarium was identified in both the environments of two carp groups based on filtered operational taxonomic unit tables. Overall, this is the first robust report to understand the characteristics of environmental eukaryotic microorganisms and fungi in the edible and ornamental carps. Our results also provide the basic data for the prevention of fungal diseases and the healthy culture of the carps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 5 T1, Canada
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jiacheng Chuan
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 5 T1, Canada
| | - Huijuan Tang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 5 T1, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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12
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Adamek M, Heling M, Bauer J, Teitge F, Bergmann SM, Kleingeld DW, Welzel A, Scuda N, Bachmann J, Louis CS, Böttcher K, Bräuer G, Steinhagen D, Jung-Schroers V. It is everywhere-A survey on the presence of carp edema virus in carp populations in Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2227-2241. [PMID: 34231974 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD), a serious gill disease affecting common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and its ornamental variety, koi. After recent detections of the virus in various countries around the world, KSD has emerged as a new global disease in carp. However, the prevalence of the infection in carp populations in a given geographical region has not been studied thoroughly. The present communication reports an investigation into the presence of CEV in carp and koi populations in Germany. For this purpose, gill samples collected from carp and koi populations suffering from gill diseases or collected for a routine examination of their health status were tested for the presence of CEV by PCR. In total, 651 fish samples from 401 carp or koi cases were examined in 2015 and 2016, additional 118 samples from previous studies were included in the examination. CEV was detected in archive samples from carp dating back to 2007, and in koi samples dating back to 2009. From 2015 to 2016, CEV was detected in 69% of cases from carp populations examined from the main carp-producing areas in Germany, and in 41% of the examined cases from koi populations from all over Germany. Clinical KSD occurred mainly from April to June in carp populations at water temperatures ranging from 8 to 12°C and in koi populations at water temperatures ranging from 18 to 22°C. Most fish from clinically affected carp or koi populations harboured high virus loads of above 10,000 copies of CEV-specific DNA per 250 ng DNA, while gills from fish of other fish species from the ponds, including goldfish, grass carp and European perch were found CEV negative or harboured a low virus load. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple CEV variants from genogroup I in carp and genogroup II in koi populations in Germany. Genetically identical genogroup I isolates were detected in carp from different geographical locations in Germany and in other European carp populations. Some German genogroup II variants were identical to variants previously recorded from koi in Asian and other European countries. The data presented here show that CEV is highly prevalent in German common carp and koi populations and implies the spreading of this virus by intense trading of common carp and koi without necessary risk mitigating measures. As infections with this virus may induce serious disease, CEV diagnostic should be included in health surveillance and disease monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Heling
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Willem Kleingeld
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Task Force, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alice Welzel
- Lower Saxony Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelly Scuda
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Carola Sauter Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Grit Bräuer
- Saxony Animal Disease Fund, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Marsella A, Pretto T, Abbadi M, Quartesan R, Cortinovis L, Fiocchi E, Manfrin A, Toffan A. Carp edema virus-related mortality in wild adult common carp (cyprinus carpio) in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:939-947. [PMID: 33591616 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in wild fish populations represents a challenging issue for public fish health inspectors. When a single fish species is involved, an infective aetiology is frequently suspected, with focus on viral notifiable diseases. However, other viral agents not subjected to regulation and causing mortality in common carp have been reported such as carp edema virus (CEV). In mid-June 2020, a severe common carp mortality was observed in an artificial lake in north-east of Italy. Sleepy fish were noted some days before the beginning of the mortality itself, which lasted several days and involved over 340 adult specimens. During the outbreak, water temperature was around 15°C, water quality was normal, and no adverse meteorological events were reported in the area. Four specimens, which showed severe cutaneous hyperaemia and increased mucus production on skin and gills, were tested by bacteriological methods and virological analysis targeting the main carp pathogens. Molecular analysis performed on gills, kidney and brains from all the fish analysed resulted positive for CEV, which, based on anamnestic information and laboratory findings, was considered the responsible for the mortality event herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
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14
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Piackova V, Faldyna M. Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Current knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:371-378. [PMID: 33460151 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of world aquaculture production grows annually together with the increasing need to feed the global human population. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fish in global aquaculture. Unfortunately, carp production is affected by numerous diseases of which viral diseases are the most serious. Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), and during the last decades also koi sleepy disease (KSD) are currently the most harmful viral diseases of common carp. This review summarizes current knowledge about carp edema virus (CEV), aetiological agent causing KSD, and about the disease itself. Furthermore, the article is focused on summarizing the available information about the antiviral immune response of common carp, like production of class I interferons (IFNs), activation of cytotoxic cells, and production of antibodies by B cells focusing on anti-CEV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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A Seasonal Study of Koi Herpesvirus and Koi Sleepy Disease Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2018 Using a Pond-Side Test. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020459. [PMID: 33572469 PMCID: PMC7916346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV)-3 and carp edema virus (CEV), the causative agents of koi herpesvirus disease and koi sleepy disease, respectively, are emerging DNA viruses infecting koi and common carp. Similarities in their clinical presentation present difficulties for its on-site identification based on gross pathology. Fluorescence real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for detecting CyHV-3 and CEV DNA were designed to use border inspection posts and local testing by national authorities for outbreak control. The limit of these tests’ detection (102 and 103 viral copies for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively) allows for the amplification of viral DNA in clinical samples in less than 20 min. The assays’ field performance was tested with 63 common carp mucus swabs taken during disease investigations in 2018, and the results validated with the reference laboratory analysis. Overall, the good performance, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness of these tests make them good candidates for a point of care test. However, further work is required to incorporate reliable internal controls and improve the sensitivity of these tests’ asymptomatic testing. Abstract Fluorescence real-time LAMP assays were designed for the orf43 gene of CyHV-3 European genotype and the p4a gene of the CEV genogroup I. A third LAMP assay to detect the ef1a gene of the host common carp was designed as an internal control. The limit of detection was 102 and 103 viral copies under 25 min for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively. The specificity of the CyHV-3 LAMP assay was 95.6% of 72 fish herpesviruses tested. Sixty-three non-lethal common carp mucus swabs were collected across 16 sites during disease investigations. DNA extractions were performed in under 10 min using the QuickExtract™ digestion buffer. The LAMP amplification of CyHV-3 DNA in mucus swabs from clinical cases was detected from 4 to 13 min in 13 sites, while a co-infection of CyHV-3 and CEV was confirmed by LAMP in a single site. The LAMP results agreed with the results of the reference laboratory. The common carp ef1a was amplified only in 61% of the mucus swabs collected, preventing its use as a robust internal control to distinguish false negatives from invalid tests. After further optimization, these tests could be implemented for border inspection posts surveillance and decentralizing testing during disease outbreaks.
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16
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Pikulkaew S, Phatwan K, Banlunara W, Intanon M, Bernard JK. First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121400. [PMID: 33291286 PMCID: PMC7762178 DOI: 10.3390/v12121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water's surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(53)-948-023; Fax: +66-(53)-274-710
| | - Khathawat Phatwan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Montira Intanon
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - John K. Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA;
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17
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Luo F, Lian Z, Niu Y, Lü A, Hu X, Xie X, Sun J. Molecular characterization of carp edema virus disease: An emerging threat to koi Cyprinus carpio in China. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104551. [PMID: 33011362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD) has resulted in great economic losses in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) populations in the world. In this study, the diseased koi were diagnosed as CEV infection based on 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and 4a protein genes by the conventional PCR, nested PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the TJ201708 strain was classified into the genogroup IIa. Furthermore, qPCR of 5'UTR gene revealed that the lowest detection limit was 4.0 fg/μL. The pathogenicity of CEV for koi was demonstrated in the infection experiments. Histopathological examination revealed the petechial hemorrhages of liver and spleen, vacuolization of lamina propria of intestine and swelling and necrosis of respiratory epithelial cells of gills. To our knowledge, this is the first report the qPCR of 5'UTR gene in the detection of carp edema virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhengyi Lian
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
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18
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Matějíčková K, Pojezdal Ľ, Pokorová D, Reschová S, Piačková V, Palíková M, Veselý T, Papežíková I. Carp oedema virus disease outbreaks in Czech and Slovak aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:971-978. [PMID: 32700413 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the first confirmed cases of carp oedema virus disease (CEVD) in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the phylogenetic analysis of Czech and Slovak carp oedema virus (CEV) isolates. Four cases of disease outbreak in the Czech Republic are described, the oldest dating from mid-May 2013 and one case from Slovakia dating from May 2019. In all cases, virus presence was confirmed using nested PCR. PCR products were sequenced and compared with 357-bp nucleotide sequences encoding the CEV P4a protein in GenBank. In four cases of disease outbreak (three common carp breeding facilities and one koi garden pond), CEV detected belonged to genogroup I. In one case (koi garden pond), fish were confirmed as infected with CEV from genogroup II. This work complements data on CEV occurrence in European countries and contributes to a better understanding of the pathways leading to transmission of the virus throughout Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Veronika Piačková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Veselý
- Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Maiti B, Dubey S, Munang'andu HM, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I, Evensen Ø. Application of Outer Membrane Protein-Based Vaccines Against Major Bacterial Fish Pathogens in India. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1362. [PMID: 32849496 PMCID: PMC7396620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in the world. However, its growth is hampered by various disease problems due to infectious microorganisms, including Gram-negative bacteria in finfish aquaculture. Disease control in aquaculture by use of antibiotics is not recommended as it leads to antibiotic residues in the final product, selection, and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Therefore, focus is on disease prevention by vaccination. All Gram-negative bacteria possess surface-associated outer membrane proteins (OMPs), some of which have long been recognized as potential vaccine candidates. OMPs are essential for maintaining the integrity and selective permeability of the bacterial membrane and play a key role in adaptive responses of bacteria such as solute and ion uptake, iron acquisition, antimicrobial resistance, serum resistance, and bile salt resistance and some adhesins have virulence attributes. Antigenic diversity among bacterial strains even within the same bacterial species has constrained vaccine developments, but OMPs that are conserved across serotypes could be used as potential candidates in vaccine development, and several studies have demonstrated their efficacy and potential as vaccine candidates. In this review, we will look into the application of OMPs for the design of vaccines based on recombinant proteins, subunit vaccines, chimeric proteins, and DNA vaccines as new-generation vaccine candidates for major bacterial pathogens of fish for sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Dharmaratnam A, Kumar R, Valaparambil BS, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Das S, Swaminathan TR. Establishment and characterization of fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line from goldfish, Carassius auratus for in vitro propagation of Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9373. [PMID: 33005480 PMCID: PMC7512137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), is responsible for massive mortalities in the aquaculture of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Permissive cell lines for the isolation and propagation of CyHV-2 have been established from various goldfish tissues by sacrificing the fish. Here, we report the development of a cell line, FtGF (Fantail Goldfish Fin), from caudal fin of goldfish using non-lethal sampling. We also describe a simple protocol for successful establishment and characterization of a permissive cell line through explant method and continuous propagation of CyHV-2 with high viral titer using this cell line. Methods Caudal fin tissue samples were collected from goldfish without killing the fish. Cell culture of goldfish caudal fin cells was carried out using Leibovitz’s L-15 (L-15) medium containing 20% FBS and 1X concentration of antibiotic antimycotic solution, incubated at 28 °C. Cells were characterized and origin of the cells was confirmed by sequencing fragments of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. CyHV-2 was grown in the FtGF cells and passaged continuously 20 times. The infectivity of the CyHV-2 isolated using FtGF cells was confirmed by experimental infection of naïve goldfish. Results The cell line has been passaged up to 56 times in L-15 with 10% FBS. Karyotyping of FtGF cells at 30th, 40th and 56th passage indicated that modal chromosome number was 2n = 104. Species authentication of FtGF was performed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. The cell line was used for continuous propagation of CyHV-2 over 20 passages with high viral titer of 107.8±0.26 TCID50/mL. Following inoculation of CyHV-2 positive tissue homogenate, FtGF cells showed cytopathic effect by 2nd day post-inoculation (dpi) and complete destruction of cells was observed by the 10th dpi. An experimental infection of naïve goldfish using supernatant from infected FtGF cells caused 100% mortality and CyHV-2 infection in the challenged fish was confirmed by the amplification of DNA polymerase gene, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. These findings provide confirmation that the FtGF cell line is highly permissive to the propagation of CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sweta Das
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
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21
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Zrnčić S, Oraić D, Zupičić IG, Pavlinec Ž, Brnić D, Rogić ŽA, Sučec I, Steinhagen D, Adamek M. Koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus threaten common carp aquaculture in Croatia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:673-685. [PMID: 32315089 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a very important fish species for warm-water aquaculture in Croatia. All Croatian carp farms are subjected to a surveillance programme for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV), causing a deadly disease called koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). However, there is no surveillance for other viral pathogens of importance like carp edema virus (CEV), a causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD). During regular testing within the KHVD surveillance programme, we tested samples for CEV simultaneously. The screening indicated possible outbreaks of KHVD and KSD. During 2016, KHVD broke out in an isolated area and soon thereafter a KHV eradication programme was successfully performed. However, during 2018 and 2019, two additional mortality events occurred in lakes in the southern part of Croatia during the spring. Samples from both events tested positive for CEV. An epidemiological investigation confirmed the introduction of infected carps from an infected farm to one of the lakes. To prevent the spreading of CEV into open waters, it is of utmost importance to introduce CEV testing before fish movement or to perform regular testing of all carp farms in the country to determine CEV prevalence for the purpose of implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Zrnčić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dražen Oraić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Giovanna Zupičić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Pavlinec
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department Zagreb, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivica Sučec
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Directorate, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Soliman H, Lewisch E, El-Matbouli M. Identification of new genogroups in Austrian carp edema virus isolates. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:193-197. [PMID: 31621652 DOI: 10.3354/dao03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease (KSD), is an emerging viral disease caused by the carp edema virus (CEV). It is characterized by lethargic behavior, gill necrosis, and generalized edema, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in common carp and koi Cyprinus carpio. Accurate diagnosis of CEVD relies on amplification of a P4a protein-encoding DNA segment from the CEV genome. A phylogenetic analysis of amplified fragments revealed 3 distinct CEV genogroups: I, IIa, and IIb. We explored the phylogenetic relationship between Austrian CEV isolates with existing CEV genogroups. The phylogenetic analysis (n = 18) established the presence of the 3 extant CEV genogroups as well as 2 new CEV genogroups (IIIa and IIIb) classified to identify the Austrian isolates that were distinct from the existing CEV genogroups. It is evident that CEV infection cases are growing in number each year, which may be due to development of sensitive diagnostic assays, while information regarding the virus is scarce. National and international efforts are required to study the epidemiology of the CEV in major carp-producing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Soliman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
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23
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Steinhagen D. Quantitative diagnostics of gill diseases in common carp: not as simple as it seems. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:197-207. [PMID: 31120037 DOI: 10.3354/dao03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During a disease outbreak, affected fish exhibit particular clinical signs, and the task in veterinary diagnostics is to identify the causative agent(s) as a prerequisite for appropriate treatment measures. In this study, we present an outbreak of a multifactorial gill disease in a cohort of ornamental koi Cyprinus carpio with gill necrosis as the main exterior clinical sign. By means of pathogen identification and determining pathogen abundance in various tissues, mortality of individual fish was found to be caused by different agents. Three out of 5 diseased individuals suffered from koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) associated with a systemic infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), 1 fish succumbed to koi sleepy disease (KSD) caused by a high carp edema virus (CEV) load in the gills co-infected with CyHV-3 and flavobacteria, and the last fish had low loads of both viruses but high flavobacteria and Ichthyobodo burdens and most likely died from an interaction of these bacterial and parasitic agents. The results indicated that correct identification of the agent responsible for the observed clinical signs or mortality during co-infection might require quantitative determination of the abundance of the pathogens as well as detailed knowledge of the infection biology of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Su H, Su J. Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:84-95. [PMID: 30195914 PMCID: PMC7118463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive aquaculture, increased global aquatic animal movement and various anthropogenic stress to aquatic ecosystems during the past century, freshwater fish farming industry encounter the emergence and breakout of many diseases, especially viral diseases. Because of the ability to safely and effectively prevent aquaculture diseases, vaccines have become the mainstream technology for prevention and control of aquatic diseases in the world. In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). The present review described the characteristics of these diseases from epidemiology, pathology, etiology and diagnostics. Furthermore, the development of specific vaccines respective to these diseases is stated according to preparation methods and immunization approaches. It is hoped that the review could contribute to aquaculture in prevention and controlling of cyprinid viral diseases, and serve the healthy and sustainable development of aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
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25
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Lovy J, Friend SE, Al-Hussinee L, Waltzek TB. First report of carp edema virus in the mortality of wild common carp Cyprinus carpio in North America. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:177-186. [PMID: 30459290 DOI: 10.3354/dao03296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carp edema virus (CEV) is an unclassified poxvirus that infects skin and gill tissue to cause koi sleepy disease. In the USA, CEV was first detected in 1996 in a California koi wholesaler, and has since been reported sporadically only within imported and domestic koi. Common carp Cyprinus carpio are a non-native species now present in most waterways in the USA. In May 2017, >526 large adult common carp in spawning condition died in Mill Pond, Park Ridge, NJ, USA. The water temperature during the kill was 15°C and the affected fish displayed marked lethargy prior to death. The presence of CEV was confirmed by endpoint PCR, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), making this the first report of CEV associated with a wild carp kill in North America. Phylogenetic analysis of a region of the 4a gene encoding the major core protein clustered the CEV strain among others in genogroup I, which includes CEV strains previously detected in common carp cultured in Europe. Gill histopathology included severe lamellar fusion and apoptosis in the interlamellar region and TEM identified cytoplasmic virions consistent in morphology with CEV in the branchial epithelial cells. Five months following the mortality, surviving fish were collected and screened for CEV by purifying and concentrating virus from the gills and testing with qPCR. No evidence of CEV was found, supporting previous studies showing CEV is not detectable in gills after abatement of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lovy
- Office of Fish and Wildlife Health and Forensics, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, 605 Pequest Road, Oxford, NJ 07863, USA
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26
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Jung-Schroers V, Heling M, Gela D, Piackova V, Kocour M, Steinhagen D. Flavobacteria as secondary pathogens in carp suffering from koi sleepy disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1631-1642. [PMID: 30066956 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Koi sleepy disease (KSD) is a disease with increasing importance in global common carp aquaculture. Despite the fact that carp edema virus (CEV) is most likely the causative agent of KSD, the disease often presents itself as multifactorial with several parasites and bacteria species present on gills, skin or in internal organs. Therefore, in this study, we analysed and presented initial results on an interaction of flavobacteria and CEV in the development of clinical KSD in carp suffering from proliferative gill disease. We examined selected field samples from Germany and Hungary and confirmed the presence of CEV and flavobacteria co-infections in subset of the samples. In several infection experiments, we studied the transfer and dynamics of both infections. Furthermore, we analysed which Flavobacterium species could be isolated from KSD-affected fish and concluded that Flavobacterium branchiophilum is a possible copathogen. Antibiotic treatment experiments showed that CEV seems to be the primary pathogen causing an insult to the gills of carp and by these enabling other pathogens, including F. branchiophilum, to establish co-infections. Despite the fact that F. branchiophilum co-infection is not required for the development of clinical KSD, it could contribute to the pathological changes recorded during the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Heling
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Gela
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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27
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OUTBREAK AND TREATMENT OF CARP EDEMA VIRUS IN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO) FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:755-764. [DOI: 10.1638/2017-0189.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Adamek M, Baska F, Vincze B, Steinhagen D. Carp edema virus from three genogroups is present in common carp in Hungary. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:463-468. [PMID: 29064105 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hungary is an important carp producer with intensive trading relationships with farms in other carp-producing areas in Europe. Carp in Europe were recently found infected with carp edema virus (CEV), a poxvirus which causes the koi sleepy disease (KSD) syndrome. Moribund carp were collected from 17 fish farms and angling ponds in different regions of Hungary. Histological analysis of gills from these carp revealed a proliferation of the interlamellar epithelium and an infiltration by eosinophilic cells. In 13 of 17 of these carp, CEV DNA was detected by qPCR and in seven fish more than 1 × 104 copies of virus-specific DNA sequences per 250 ng of DNA, which could be considered as clinically relevant and a cause of disease. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that all three genogroups of CEV were present in Hungarian common carp with genogroup I being most abundant. These results support the hypothesis of a prolonged presence of CEV in European carp populations and suggest that previous outbreaks of KSD were not recorded or misdiagnosed. Hence, a testing of carp and koi for infection with CEV should be included into disease surveillance programmes to prevent further spreading of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Baska
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Vincze
- Department of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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29
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Kim SW, Jun JW, Giri SS, Chi C, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kang JW, Park SC. First report of carp oedema virus infection of koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in the Republic of Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:315-320. [PMID: 29226602 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) bought from a wholesale fish market in Korea, showed lethargic behaviour and 100% mortality within 20 days. Carp oedema virus (CEV) was detected by PCR in all 25 koi. Results of detailed histopathological and clinical examinations of 17 koi indicated loss of body balance, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells into the inter-lamellar spaces of the gills and vacuolization and inclusion bodies in gill epithelial cells. Sequence analysis of PCR products of these koi showed up to 99% identity to the previously reported sequences, suggesting that the observed mass mortality resulted from koi sleepy disease (KSD) due to CEV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of KSD in the Republic of Korea. Partial sequences of 4a protein from the virus indicated that the present CEV detected in koi from Korea is more closely related to that from the UK and Poland than from Japan. The present findings indicate that the prevalence and spread of KSD must be closely monitored in both European and Asian countries to avoid potential economic losses to the global koi industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S G Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S C Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Way K, Haenen O, Stone D, Adamek M, Bergmann SM, Bigarré L, Diserens N, El-Matbouli M, Gjessing MC, Jung-Schroers V, Leguay E, Matras M, Olesen NJ, Panzarin V, Piačková V, Toffan A, Vendramin N, Vesel T, Waltzek T. Emergence of carp edema virus (CEV) and its significance to European common carp and koi Cyprinus carpio. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:155-166. [PMID: 29044045 DOI: 10.3354/dao03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease, is caused by a poxvirus associated with outbreaks of clinical disease in koi and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Originally characterised in Japan in the 1970s, international trade in koi has led to the spread of CEV, although the first recognised outbreak of the disease outside of Japan was not reported until 1996 in the USA. In Europe, the disease was first recognised in 2009 and, as detection and diagnosis have improved, more EU member states have reported CEV associated with disease outbreaks. Although the structure of the CEV genome is not yet elucidated, molecular epidemiology studies have suggested distinct geographical populations of CEV infecting both koi and common carp. Detection and identification of cases of CEVD in common carp were unreliable using the original PCR primers. New primers for conventional and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been designed that improve detection, and their sequences are provided in this paper. The qPCR primers have successfully detected CEV DNA in archive material from investigations of unexplained carp mortalities conducted >15 yr ago. Improvement in disease management and control is possible, and the principles of biosecurity, good health management and disease surveillance, applied to koi herpesvirus disease, can be equally applied to CEVD. However, further research studies are needed to fill the knowledge gaps in the disease pathogenesis and epidemiology that, currently, prevent an accurate assessment of the likely impact of CEVD on European koi and common carp aquaculture and on wild carp stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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31
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Adamek M, Matras M, Jung-Schroers V, Teitge F, Heling M, Bergmann SM, Reichert M, Way K, Stone DM, Steinhagen D. Comparison of PCR methods for the detection of genetic variants of carp edema virus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:75-81. [PMID: 28930088 DOI: 10.3354/dao03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The infection of common carp and its ornamental variety, koi, with the carp edema virus (CEV) is often associated with the occurrence of a clinical disease called 'koi sleepy disease'. The disease may lead to high mortality in both koi and common carp populations. To prevent further spread of the infection and the disease, a reliable detection method for this virus is required. However, the high genetic variability of the CEV p4a gene used for PCR-based diagnostics could be a serious obstacle for successful and reliable detection of virus infection in field samples. By analysing 39 field samples from different geographical origins obtained from koi and farmed carp and from all 3 genogroups of CEV, using several recently available PCR protocols, we investigated which of the protocols would allow the detection of CEV from all known genogroups present in samples from Central European carp or koi populations. The comparison of 5 different PCR protocols showed that the PCR assays (both end-point and quantitative) developed in the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science exhibited the highest analytical inclusivity and diagnostic sensitivity. Currently, this makes them the most suitable protocols for detecting viruses from all known CEV genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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32
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Sood N, Swaminathan TR, Yadav MK, Pradhan PK, Kumar R, Sood NK. First report of cutaneous infiltrative lipoma in goldfish Carassius auratus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 125:243-247. [PMID: 28792422 DOI: 10.3354/dao03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish Carassius auratus is the most popular ornamental species, widely present in private and public aquaria. In the present case, 2 goldfish exhibited bilateral, multiple, variably sized, round, pale-white, soft, protruding masses on the body. The microscopic examination of the masses revealed well-differentiated adipocytes infiltrating the subcutaneous skeletal muscle bundles. The histological lesions were consistent with infiltrative lipoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cutaneous infiltrative lipoma in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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