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Xie Y, Liu X, Luo C, Hu Q, Che X, Zhao L, Zhao M, Wu L, Ding M. Distinct tomato yellow leaf curl Chuxiong virus isolated from whiteflies and plants in China and its symptom determinant and suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Virology 2024; 594:110040. [PMID: 38471198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A begomovirus isolated from whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and tomato, sweet potato in China was found to be representative of a distinct begomovirus species, for which the name tomato yellow leaf curl Chuxiong virus (TYLCCxV) is proposed. The results of genomic identification and sequence comparison showed that TYLCCxV shares the highest complete nucleotide sequence identity (88.3%) with croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CroYVMV), and may have originated from the recombination between synedrella leaf curl virus (SyLCV) and squash leaf curl Yunnan virus (SLCuYV). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation showed that TYLCCxV is highly infectious for a range of plant species, producing upward leaf curling, leaf crumpling, chlorosis, distortion, and stunt symptoms in Solanum lycopersicum plants. The results of Southern blot indicated that TYLCCxV is capable of efficiently replicating two heterologous betasatellites. The inoculation of PVX::C4 on Nicotiana benthamiana induced upward leaf curling and stem elongation symptoms, suggesting that TYLCCxV C4 functions as a symptom determinant. TYLCCxV V2 is an important virulence factor that induces downward leaf curling symptoms, elicits systemic necrosis, and suppresses local and systemic GFP silencing in co-agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana and transgenic 16c plants. Considering the multifunctional virulence proteins V2 and C4, the possibility of TYLCCxV causing devastating epidemics on tomato in China is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xianan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaohu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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2
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Ye X, Ding D, Chen Y, Liu C, Li Z, Lou B, Zhou Y. Identification of RNA silencing suppressor encoded by citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328289. [PMID: 38333582 PMCID: PMC10850569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) is an economically important citrus virus associated with leaf curling, deformation, and chlorosis found in China. Plants have evolved RNA silencing to defend against viral infections; however, the mechanism by which CCDaV suppresses RNA silencing in citrus remains unknown. Methods Six proteins encoded by CCDaV were ectopically expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana 16c using the pCHF3 vector to identify RNA-silencing suppression activities. Results V2 protein encoded by CCDaV suppressed local RNA silencing and systemic RNA silencing triggered by GFP RNA, but did not impede short-distance movement of the RNA silencing signal in N. benthamiana 16c. GFP fluorescence observations showed that the ability of V2 protein to suppress RNA silencing was weaker than tomato bushy stunt virus P19. Deletion analysis showed that the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS, 25-54 aa) was involved in the RNA silencing suppression activity of V2 protein. Furthermore, V2 protein cannot block dsRNA-triggered RNA silencing. The subcellular localization assay suggested that V2 protein was localized to nucleus of N. benthamiana. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that CCDaV-V2 acts as an activity of silencing suppression. This is the first reported RNA-silencing suppressor encoded by Citlodavirus and will be valuable in revealing the molecular mechanism of CCDaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ye
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongdong Ding
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Lemon Industry Development Center, Anyue, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongan Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binghai Lou
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Research Center of Engineering Technology/Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Khoshnami M, Zare B, Mardani-Mehrabad H, Rakhshandehroo F, Baghery MA, Malboobi MA. Assessment of co-infection with BNYVV and BSCTV on resistance against Rhizomania disease in transgenic sugar beet plants. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:475-485. [PMID: 37656262 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugar beet is an economically important crop and one of the major sources of sucrose around the world. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) are two widespread viruses in sugar beet that cause severe damage to its performance. Previously, we have successfully produced resistance to BNYVV based on RNA silencing in sugar beet by introducing constructs carrying the viral coat-protein-encoding DNA sequence, CP21, in sense and anti-sense orientations. Yet, the RNA silencing-mediated resistance to a specific virus could be affected by other ones as a part of synergistic interactions. In this study, we assayed the specificity of the induced resistance against BNYVV in two sets of transgenic events, S3 and S6 carrying 5'-UTR with or without CP21-coding sequences, respectively. These events were subjected to viral challenges with either BNYVV, an Iranian isolate of BSCTV (BSCTV-Ir) or both. All the plants inoculated with just BSCTV-Ir displayed curly-leaf symptoms. However, partial resistance was evident in S3 events as shown by mild symptoms and reduced PCR amplification of the BSCTV-Ir coat protein encoding sequence. Based on the presented data, resistance to BNYVV was stable in almost all the transgenic plants co-infected with BSCTV-Ir, except for one event, S3-229. In general, it seems that the co-infection does not affect the resistance to BNYVV in transgenic plants. These findings demonstrated that the introduced RNA silencing-mediated resistance against BNYVV in transgenic sugar beets is specific and is not suppressed after co-infection with a heterologous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoshnami
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pazhouhesh Boulevard, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shohadaye Hesarak Boulevard, Daneshgah Square, Satary Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Zare
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pazhouhesh Boulevard, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mardani-Mehrabad
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pazhouhesh Boulevard, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shohadaye Hesarak Boulevard, Daneshgah Square, Satary Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shohadaye Hesarak Boulevard, Daneshgah Square, Satary Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Baghery
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pazhouhesh Boulevard, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Malboobi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pazhouhesh Boulevard, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Ebrahimi S, Eini O, Baßler A, Hanke A, Yildirim Z, Wassenegger M, Krczal G, Uslu VV. Beet Curly Top Iran Virus Rep and V2 Suppress Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing via Distinct Modes of Action. Viruses 2023; 15:1996. [PMID: 37896771 PMCID: PMC10611197 DOI: 10.3390/v15101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is a yield-limiting geminivirus belonging to the becurtovirus genus. The genome organization of BCTIV is unique such that the complementary strand of BCTIV resembles Mastrevirus, whereas the virion strand organization is similar to the Curtovirus genus. Geminiviruses are known to avoid the plant defense system by suppressing the RNA interference mechanisms both at the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) levels. Multiple geminivirus genes have been identified as viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR) but VSR activity remains mostly elusive in becurtoviruses. We found that BCTIV-V2 and -Rep could suppress specific Sense-PTGS mechanisms with distinct efficiencies depending on the nature of the silencing inducer and the target gene. Local silencing induced by GFP inverted repeat (IR) could not be suppressed by V2 but was partially reduced by Rep. Accordingly, we documented that Rep but not V2 could suppress systemic silencing induced by GFP-IR. In addition, we showed that the VSR activity of Rep was partly regulated by RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase 6 (RDR6), whereas the VSR activity of V2 was independent of RDR6. Domain mapping for Rep showed that an intact Rep protein was required for the suppression of PTGS. In summary, we showed that BCTIV-Rep and -V2 function as silencing suppressors with distinct modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Ebrahimi
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 313, Iran
| | - Omid Eini
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 313, Iran
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute for Sugar Beet Research, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Baßler
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Arvid Hanke
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
- MAPS, COS, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yildirim
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Gabi Krczal
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Veli Vural Uslu
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
- MAPS, COS, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Liu H, Chang Z, Zhao S, Gong P, Zhang M, Lozano-Durán R, Yan H, Zhou X, Li F. Functional identification of a novel C7 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2023; 585:117-126. [PMID: 37331112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a monopartite geminivirus, and one of the most devastating plant viruses in the world. TYLCV is traditionally known to encode six viral proteins in bidirectional and partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). However, recent studies have shown that TYLCV encodes additional small proteins with specific subcellular localizations and potential virulence functions. Here, a novel protein named C7, encoded by a newly-described ORF in the complementary strand, was identified as part of the TYLCV proteome using mass spectrometry. The C7 protein localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, both in the absence and presence of the virus. C7 was found to interact with two other TYLCV-encoded proteins: with C2 in the nucleus, and with V2 in the cytoplasm, forming conspicuous granules. Mutation of C7 start codon ATG to ACG to block the translation of C7 delayed the onset of viral infection, and the mutant virus caused milder virus symptoms and less accumulations of viral DNAs and proteins. Using the potato virus X (PVX)-based recombinant vector, we found that ectopic overexpression of C7 resulted in more severe mosaic symptoms and promoted a higher accumulation of PVX-encoded coat protein in the late virus infection stage. In addition, C7 was also found to inhibit GFP-induced RNA silencing moderately. This study demonstrates that the novel C7 protein encoded by TYLCV is a pathogenicity factor and a weak RNA silencing suppressor, and that it plays a critical role during TYLCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hongfei Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Zhang J, Ma M, Liu Y, Ismayil A. Plant Defense and Viral Counter-Defense during Plant-Geminivirus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020510. [PMID: 36851725 PMCID: PMC9964946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest family of plant viruses that cause severe diseases and devastating yield losses of economically important crops worldwide. In response to geminivirus infection, plants have evolved ingenious defense mechanisms to diminish or eliminate invading viral pathogens. However, increasing evidence shows that geminiviruses can interfere with plant defense response and create a suitable cell environment by hijacking host plant machinery to achieve successful infections. In this review, we discuss recent findings about plant defense and viral counter-defense during plant-geminivirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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H. El-Sappah A, Qi S, A. Soaud S, Huang Q, M. Saleh A, A. S. Abourehab M, Wan L, Cheng GT, Liu J, Ihtisham M, Noor Z, Rouf Mir R, Zhao X, Yan K, Abbas M, Li J. Natural resistance of tomato plants to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081549. [PMID: 36600922 PMCID: PMC9807178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most harmful afflictions in the world that affects tomato growth and production. Six regular antagonistic genes (Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4, ty-5, and Ty-6) have been transferred from wild germplasms to commercial cultivars as TYLCV protections. With Ty-1 serving as an appropriate source of TYLCV resistance, only Ty-1, Ty-2, and Ty-3 displayed substantial levels of opposition in a few strains. It has been possible to clone three TYLCV opposition genes (Ty-1/Ty-3, Ty-2, and ty-5) that target three antiviral safety mechanisms. However, it significantly impacts obtaining permanent resistance to TYLCV, trying to maintain opposition whenever possible, and spreading opposition globally. Utilizing novel methods, such as using resistance genes and identifying new resistance resources, protects against TYLCV in tomato production. To facilitate the breeders make an informed decision and testing methods for TYLCV blockage, this study highlights the portrayal of typical obstruction genes, common opposition sources, and subatomic indicators. The main goal is to provide a fictitious starting point for the identification and application of resistance genes as well as the maturation of tomato varieties that are TYLCV-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. El-Sappah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shiming Qi
- College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Salma A. Soaud
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Alaa M. Saleh
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lingyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi for High-quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-ting Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Muhammad Ihtisham
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Zarqa Noor
- School of Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST–Kashmir, Sopore, India
| | - Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuan Yan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
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9
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Bahari A, Castillo AG, Safaie N, Bejarano ER, Luna AP, Shams-Bakhsh M. Functional Analysis of V2 Protein of Beet Curly Top Iran Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3351. [PMID: 36501393 PMCID: PMC9736138 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is one of the main causal agents of the beet curly top disease in Iran and the newly established Becurtovirus genus type species. Although the biological features of known becurtoviruses are similar to those of curtoviruses, they only share a limited sequence identity, and no information is available on the function of their viral genes. In this work, we demonstrate that BCTIV V2, as the curtoviral V2, is also a local silencing suppressor in Nicotiana benthamiana and can delay the systemic silencing spreading, although it cannot block the cell-to-cell movement of the silencing signal to adjacent cells. BCTIV V2 shows the same subcellular localization as curtoviral V2, being detected in the nucleus and perinuclear region, and its ectopic expression from a PVX-derived vector also causes the induction of necrotic lesions in N. benthamiana, such as the ones produced during the HR, both at the local and systemic levels. The results from the infection of N. benthamiana with a V2 BCTIV mutant showed that V2 is required for systemic infection, but not for viral replication, in a local infection. Considering all these results, we can conclude that BCTIV V2 is a functional homologue of curtoviral V2 and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity and systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Bahari
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
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Chowdhury S, Mukherjee A, Basak S, Das R, Mandal A, Kundu P. Disruption of tomato TGS machinery by ToLCNDV causes reprogramming of vascular tissue-specific TORNADO1 gene expression. PLANTA 2022; 256:78. [PMID: 36094622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular development-related TRN1 transcription is suppressed by cytosine methylation in fully developed leaves of tomato. ToLCNDV infection disrupts methylation machinery and reactivates TRN1 expression - likely causing abnormal leaf growth pattern. Leaf curl disease of tomato caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) inflicts huge economical loss. Disease symptoms resemble leaf developmental defects including abnormal vein architecture. Leaf vein patterning-related TORNADO1 gene's (SlTRN1) transcript level is augmented in virus-infected leaves. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the upregulation of SlTRN1 in vivo, we have deployed SlTRN1 promoter-reporter transgenic tomato plants and investigated the gene's dynamic expression pattern in leaf growth stages and infection. Expression of the gene was delimited in the vascular tissues and suppressed in fully developed leaves. WRKY16 transcription factor readily activated SlTRN1 promoter in varied sized leaves and upon virus infection, while silencing of WRKY16 gene resulted in dampened promoter activity. Methylation-sensitive PCR analyses confirmed the accumulation of CHH methylation at multiple locations in the SlTRN1 promoter in older leaves. However, ToLCNDV infection reverses the methylation status and restores expression level in the leaf vascular bundle. The virus dampens the level of key maintenance and de novo DNA methyltransferases SlDRM5, SlMET1, SlCMT2 with concomitant augmentation of two DNA demethylases, SlDML1 and SlDML2 levels in SlTRN1 promoter-reporter transgenics. Transient overexpression of SlDML2 mimics the virus-induced hypomethylation state of the SlTRN1 promoter in mature leaves, while silencing of SlDML2 lessens promoter activity. Furthermore, in line with the previous studies, we confirm the crucial role of viral suppressors of RNA silencing AC2 and AC4 proteins in promoting DNA demethylation and directing it to restore activated transcription of SlTRN1. Unusually elevated expression of SlTRN1 may negatively impact normal growth of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chowdhury
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrabani Basak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunava Mandal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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11
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Fan L, He C, Gao D, Xu T, Xing F, Yan J, Zhan B, Li S, Wang H. Identification of Silencing Suppressor Protein Encoded by Strawberry Mottle Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:786489. [PMID: 35712581 PMCID: PMC9195133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.786489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) is associated with strawberry decline disease, causing losses to fruit yield and quality. In this study, using a screening system that enables detection of both local and systemic plant host (RNA silencing) defense responses, we found that Pro2Glu and P28, encoded by SMoV RNA2 genome, functioned to suppress local and systemic RNA silencing triggered by single- but not double-stranded GFP RNA. Subcellular localization assay revealed that both Pro2Glu and P28 were localized to nucleus and cytoplasm. The deletion of 11 amino acid residues at the C-terminus destabilized Pro2Glu protein, and the disruption of two conserved GW motifs deprived Pro2Glu of ability to suppress RNA silencing. Additionally, SMoV Pro2Glu and P28 enhanced the accumulation of potato virus X (PVX) in Nicotiana benthamiana 22 days post-infiltration, and P28 exacerbated significantly the symptoms of PVX. Collectively, these data indicate that the genome of SMoV RNA2 encodes two suppressors of RNA silencing. This is the first identification of a stramovirus suppressor of RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Fan
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dehang Gao
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zhai Y, Roy A, Peng H, Mullendore DL, Kaur G, Mandal B, Mukherjee SK, Pappu HR. Identification and Functional Analysis of Four RNA Silencing Suppressors in Begomovirus Croton Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:768800. [PMID: 35069624 PMCID: PMC8777275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV), a species in the genus Begomovirus, is a prolific monopartite begomovirus in the Indian sub-continent. CYVMV infects multiple crop plants to cause leaf curl disease. Plants have developed host RNA silencing mechanisms to defend the threat of viruses, including CYVMV. We characterized four RNA silencing suppressors, namely, V2, C2, and C4 encoded by CYVMV and betasatellite-encoded C1 protein (βC1) encoded by the cognate betasatellite, croton yellow vein betasatellite (CroYVMB). Their silencing suppressor functions were verified by the ability of restoring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity suppressed by RNA silencing. We showed here for the first time that V2 was capable of self-interacting, as well as interacting with the V1 protein, and could be translocalized to the plasmodesmata in the presence of CYVMV. The knockout of either V2 or V1 impaired the intercellular mobility of CYVMV, indicating their novel coordinated roles in the cell-to-cell movement of the virus. As pathogenicity determinants, each of V2, C2, and C4 could induce typical leaf curl symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants even under transient expression. Interestingly, the transcripts and proteins of all four suppressors could be detected in the systemically infected leaves with no correlation to symptom induction. Overall, our work identifies four silencing suppressors encoded by CYVMV and its cognate betasatellite and reveals their subcellular localizations, interaction behavior, and roles in symptom induction and intercellular virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mukherjee
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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13
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Ghosh D, M M, Chakraborty S. Impact of viral silencing suppressors on plant viral synergism: a global agro-economic concern. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6301-6313. [PMID: 34423406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are known for their devastating impact on global agriculture. These intracellular biotrophic pathogens can infect a wide variety of plant hosts all over the world. The synergistic association of plant viruses makes the situation more alarming. It usually promotes the replication, movement, and transmission of either or both the coexisting synergistic viral partners. Although plants elicit a robust antiviral immune reaction, including gene silencing, to limit these infamous invaders, viruses counter it by encoding viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Growing evidence also suggests that VSRs play a driving role in mediating the plant viral synergism. This review briefly discusses the evil impacts of mixed infections, especially synergism, and then comprehensively describes the emerging roles of VSRs in mediating the synergistic association of plant viruses. KEY POINTS: • Synergistic associations of plant viruses have devastating impacts on global agriculture. • Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) play key roles in driving plant viral synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malavika M
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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14
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Teixeira RM, Ferreira MA, Raimundo GAS, Fontes EPB. Geminiviral Triggers and Suppressors of Plant Antiviral Immunity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040775. [PMID: 33917649 PMCID: PMC8067988 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are circular single-stranded DNA plant viruses encapsidated into geminate virion particles, which infect many crops and vegetables and, hence, represent significant agricultural constraints worldwide. To maintain their broad-range host spectrum and establish productive infection, the geminiviruses must circumvent a potent plant antiviral immune system, which consists of a multilayered perception system represented by RNA interference sensors and effectors, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and resistance (R) proteins. This recognition system leads to the activation of conserved defense responses that protect plants against different co-existing viral and nonviral pathogens in nature. Furthermore, a specific antiviral cell surface receptor signaling is activated at the onset of geminivirus infection to suppress global translation. This review highlighted these layers of virus perception and host defenses and the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome the plant antiviral immunity mechanisms.
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15
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Li M, Li C, Jiang K, Li K, Zhang J, Sun M, Wu G, Qing L. Characterization of Pathogenicity-Associated V2 Protein of Tobacco Curly Shoot Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E923. [PMID: 33477652 PMCID: PMC7831499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
V2 proteins encoded by some whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses were reported to be functionally important proteins. However, the functions of the V2 protein of tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV), a monopartite begomovirus that causes leaf curl disease on tomato and tobacco in China, remains to be characterized. In our report, an Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated transient expression assay indicated that TbCSV V2 can suppress local and systemic RNA silencing and the deletion analyses demonstrated that the amino acid region 1-92 of V2, including the five predicted α-helices, are required for local RNA silencing suppression. Site-directed substitutions showed that the conserved basic and ring-structured amino acids in TbCSV V2 are critical for its suppressor activity. Potato virus X-mediated heteroexpression of TbCSV V2 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) cell death and systemic necrosis in a manner independent of V2's suppressor activity. Furthermore, TbCSV infectious clone mutant with untranslated V2 protein (TbCSV∆V2) could not induce visual symptoms, and coinfection with betasatellite (TbCSB) could obviously elevate the viral accumulation and symptom development. Interestingly, symptom recovery occurred at 15 days postinoculation (dpi) and onward in TbCSV∆V2/TbCSB-inoculated plants. The presented work contributes to understanding the RNA silencing suppression activity of TbCSV V2 and extends our knowledge of the multifunctional role of begomovirus-encoded V2 proteins during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-023-68250517 (L.Q.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (C.L.); (K.J.); (K.L.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
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16
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Wang D, Sun S, Ren Y, Li S, Yang X, Zhou X. RepA Promotes the Nucleolar Exclusion of the V2 Protein of Mulberry Mosaic Dwarf-Associated Virus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1828. [PMID: 32903838 PMCID: PMC7438950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have limited coding capacities so that they rely heavily on the expression of multifunctional viral proteins to achieve a successful infection. The functional specification of viral proteins is often related to their differential interaction with plant and viral components and somewhat depends on their localization to various subcellular compartments. In this study, we analyzed the intracellular localization of the V2 protein of Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), an unsigned species of the family Geminiviridae. We show that the V2 protein colocalizes with the nucleolar protein fibrillarin (NbFib2) in the nucleolus upon transient expression in the epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. A yeast-two hybrid assay, followed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, demonstrated the specific interaction between V2 and NbFib2. Intriguingly, we find that the presence of MMDaV excludes the V2 protein from the nucleolus to nucleoplasm. We present evidence that the replication-associated protein A (RepA) protein of MMDaV interacts with V2 and enables the nucleolar exclusion of V2. We also show that, while V2 interacts with itself primarily in the nucleolus, the presence of RepA redirects the site of V2-V2 interaction from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. We further reveal that RepA promotes V2 out of the nucleolus presumably by directing the NbFib2-V2 complex from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. Considering the critical role of the nucleolus in plant virus infection, this RepA-dependent modulation of V2 nucleolar localization would be crucial for understanding the involvement of this subcellular compartment in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Luna AP, Romero-Rodríguez B, Rosas-Díaz T, Cerero L, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Castillo AG, Bejarano ER. Characterization of Curtovirus V2 Protein, a Functional Homolog of Begomovirus V2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 32636860 PMCID: PMC7318802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA plant viruses with circular genomes packaged within geminate particles. Among the Geminiviridae family, Begomovirus and Curtovirus comprise the two best characterized genera. Curtovirus and Old World begomovirus possess similar genome structures with six to seven open-reading frames (ORF). Among them, begomovirus and curtovirus V2 ORFs share the same location in the viral genome, encode proteins of similar size, but show extremely poor sequence homology between the genera. V2 from Beet curly top virus (BCTV), the model species for the Curtovirus genus, as it begomoviral counterpart, suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by impairing the RDR6/SGS3 pathway and localizes in the nucleus spanning from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery. By aminoacid sequence comparison we have identified that curtoviral and begomoviral V2 proteins shared two hydrophobic domains and a putative phosphorylation motif. These three domains are essential for BCTV V2 silencing suppression activity, for the proper nuclear localization of the protein and for systemic infection. The lack of suppression activity in the mutated versions of V2 is complemented by the impaired function of RDR6 in Nicotiana benthamiana but the ability of the viral mutants to produce a systemic infection is not recovered in gene silencing mutant backgrounds. We have also demonstrated that, as its begomoviral homolog, V2 from BCTV is able to induce systemic symptoms and necrosis associated with a hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) when expressed from Potato virus X vector in N. benthamiana, and that this pathogenicity activity does not dependent of its ability to supress PTGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Luna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Tábata Rosas-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Cerero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Edgar A Rodríguez-Negrete
- CONACyT, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave, Mexico
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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18
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Luna AP, Lozano-Durán R. Geminivirus-Encoded Proteins: Not All Positional Homologs Are Made Equal. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:878. [PMID: 32431689 PMCID: PMC7214792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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19
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Superinfection by PHYVV Alters the Recovery Process in PepGMV-Infected Pepper Plants. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030286. [PMID: 32151060 PMCID: PMC7150747 DOI: 10.3390/v12030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are important plant pathogens that affect crops around the world. In some geminivirus-host interactions, infected plants show recovery, a phenomenon characterized by symptom disappearance in newly emerging leaves. In pepper-Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) interaction, the host recovery process involves a silencing mechanism that includes both post-transcriptional (PTGS) and transcriptional (TGS) gene silencing pathways. Under field conditions, PepGMV is frequently found in mixed infections with Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), another bipartite begomovirus. Mixed infected plants generally show a synergetic phenomenon and do not present recovery. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of this interaction. In the present study, we explored the effect of superinfection by PHYVV on a PepGMV-infected pepper plant showing recovery. Superinfection with PHYVV led to (a) the appearance of severe symptoms, (b) an increase of the levels of PepGMV DNA accumulation, (c) a decrease of the relative methylation levels of PepGMV DNA, and (d) an increase of chromatin activation marks present in viral minichromosomes. Finally, using heterologous expression and silencing suppression reporter systems, we found that PHYVV REn presents TGS silencing suppressor activity, whereas similar experiments suggest that Rep might be involved in suppressing PTGS.
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20
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Loriato VAP, Martins LGC, Euclydes NC, Reis PAB, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. Engineering resistance against geminiviruses: A review of suppressed natural defenses and the use of RNAi and the CRISPR/Cas system. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110410. [PMID: 32005374 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infect a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and cause significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination and pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In this review, we present the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. Although, the in vitro reactivation of suppressed natural defenses as well as the use of RNAi and CRISPR/Cas systems hold the potential for achieving broad-range resistance and/or immunity, potential drawbacks have been associated with each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio A P Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro A B Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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21
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Jing C, Li P, Zhang J, Wang R, Wu G, Li M, Xie L, Qing L. The Malvastrum Yellow Vein Virus C4 Protein Promotes Disease Symptom Development and Enhances Virus Accumulation in Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2425. [PMID: 31708897 PMCID: PMC6823909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The begomovirus C4 protein is required for disease symptom development during virus infection in host plants. It can reprogram the cell cycle process for more efficient virus accumulation. In this study, we showed that the Malvastrum yellow vein virus (MaYVV) C4 protein could cause leaf up-ward curling and flower malformation, and increase virus accumulation in plants using PVX-based transient expression technology. We also demonstrated that, in the presence of its cognate betasatellite DNA (MaYVB), a mutant MaYVV, defective in producing the C4 protein (MaYVVΔC4), caused and alleviated infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic plants expressing the MaYVV C4 protein showed upward leaf curling and uneven leaf lamina growth. Microscopic analysis showed that the epidermal cells of the C4 transgenic leaves were much smaller than those in the wild type (WT) leaves, and the mesophyll cells size and arrangement of transgenic plants was significantly altered. Inoculation of C4 transgenic plants with MaYVV or MaYVVΔC4 alone or associated with MaYVB showed that the transgenic C4 protein could promote viral and betasatellite accumulation and rescue the accumulation defect of MaYVVΔC4. Other transient expression assays also confirmed that the MaYVV C4 protein could suppress silencing of a GFP gene. In summary, our results indicate that the MaYVV C4 protein is a determinant of disease symptom and viral DNA accumulation. This protein can also function as a suppressor of RNA silencing and alter cell division and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Jing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Functional Scanning of Apple Geminivirus Proteins as Symptom Determinants and Suppressors of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090488. [PMID: 30208627 PMCID: PMC6164617 DOI: 10.3390/v10090488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple geminivirus (AGV) is a recently identified geminivirus which is isolated from the apple tree in China. We carried out functional scanning of apple geminivirus proteins as symptom determinants and suppressors of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Our results indicated that AGV V2 is an important virulence factor localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm that suppresses PTGS and induces severe symptoms of crinkling and necrosis. AGV C1 is also a virulence determinant which elicits systemic necrosis when expressed from a PVX-based vector. The AGV C4 is targeted to cytoplasm, plasma membrane, nucleus, and chloroplasts. The inoculation of PVX-C4 on N. benthamiana induced severe upward leaf curling, which implied that AGV C4 also functions as a symptom determinant, and mutation analyses suggested that the acylated residues on Gly2 and Cys8 play important roles in its subcellular localization and symptom development.
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23
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Yang X, Ren Y, Sun S, Wang D, Zhang F, Li D, Li S, Zhou X. Identification of the Potential Virulence Factors and RNA Silencing Suppressors of Mulberry Mosaic Dwarf-Associated Geminivirus. Viruses 2018; 10:E472. [PMID: 30177616 PMCID: PMC6163789 DOI: 10.3390/v10090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses encode virulence factors or RNA silencing suppressors to reprogram plant cellular processes or to fine-tune host RNA silencing-mediated defense responses. In a previous study, Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), a novel, highly divergent geminivirus, has been identified from a Chinese mulberry tree showing mosaic and dwarfing symptoms, but the functions of its encoded proteins are unknown. In this study, all seven proteins encoded by MMDaV were screened for potential virulence and RNA silencing suppressor activities. We found that V2, RepA, and Rep affect the pathogenicity of a heterologous potato virus X. We showed that V2 could inhibit local RNA silencing and long-distance movement of the RNA silencing signal, but not short-range spread of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana 16c plants. In addition, V2 localized to both subnuclear foci and the cytoplasm. Deletion mutagenesis of V2 showed that the basic motif from amino acids 61 to 76 was crucial for V2 to form subnuclear foci and for suppression of RNA silencing. Although the V2 protein encoded by begomoviruses or a curtovirus has been shown to have silencing suppressor activity, this is the first identification of an RNA silencing suppressor from a woody plant-infecting geminivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Vinutha T, Kumar G, Garg V, Canto T, Palukaitis P, Ramesh SV, Praveen S. Tomato geminivirus encoded RNAi suppressor protein, AC4 interacts with host AGO4 and precludes viral DNA methylation. Gene 2018; 678:184-195. [PMID: 30081188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant RNA silencing systems are organized as a network, regulating plant developmental pathways and restraining invading viruses, by sharing cellular components with overlapping functions. Host regulatory networks operate either at the transcriptional level via RNA-directed DNA methylation, or at the post-transcriptional stage interfering with mRNA to restrict viral infection. However, viral-derived proteins, including suppressors of RNA silencing, favour virus establishment, and also affect plant developmental processes. In this investigation, we report that Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-derived AC4 protein suppresses RNA silencing activity and mutational analysis of AC4 showed that Asn-50 in the SKNT-51 motif, in the C-terminal region, is a critical determinant of its RNA silencing suppressor activity. AC4 showed interaction with host AGO4 but not with AGO1, aggregated around the nucleus, and influenced cytosine methylation of the viral genome. The possible molecular mechanism by which AC4 interferes in the RNA silencing network, helps virus establishment, and affects plant development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vinutha
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Varsha Garg
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Tomas Canto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - S V Ramesh
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (ICAR-CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala 671 124, India.
| | - Shelly Praveen
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi 110012, India.
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