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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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2
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Isticato R. Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:947. [PMID: 37371527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore's structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Naples, Italy
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3
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Heuler J, Chandra H, Sun X. Mucosal Vaccination Strategies against Clostridioides difficile Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050887. [PMID: 37242991 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) presents a major public health threat by causing frequently recurrent, life-threatening cases of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. The ability of C. difficile to express antibiotic resistance and to form long-lasting spores makes the pathogen particularly challenging to eradicate from healthcare settings, raising the need for preventative measures to curb the spread of CDI. Since C. difficile utilizes the fecal-oral route of transmission, a mucosal vaccine could be a particularly promising strategy by generating strong IgA and IgG responses that prevent colonization and disease. This mini-review summarizes the progress toward mucosal vaccines against C. difficile toxins, cell-surface components, and spore proteins. By assessing the strengths and weaknesses of particular antigens, as well as methods for delivering these antigens to mucosal sites, we hope to guide future research toward an effective mucosal vaccine against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Heuler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Harish Chandra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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4
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Boughattas I, Zitouni N, Mkhinini M, Missawi O, Helaoui S, Hattab S, Mokni M, Bousserrhine N, Banni M. Combined toxicity of Cd and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the earthworm Eisenia andrei under biochar amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34915-34931. [PMID: 36525191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to anthropogenic activities, various pollutants can be found in agricultural soil, such as cadmium (Cd) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). They are highly toxic and can have a negative impact on soil fertility. For remediation strategies, biochar has acquired considerable attention due to its benefits for agriculture. However, we should recognize the ecological risk posed by biochar use. In addition, little is known about its non-desirable effects on soil organisms such as earthworms, especially in the case of soil remediation. In this study, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were exposed to soil contaminated with Cd (0.7 mg/kg), (2,4-D) (7 mg/kg), and a mixture of the two in the presence and absence of biochar (2%). A 7- and 14-day incubation experiment was carried out for this purpose. Cd and 2,4-D uptakes in earthworms' tissues, oxidative stress, cytotoxic response, DNA damage, histopathological changes, and gene expression level were assessed. Results suggested that biochar increased the bioavailability of Cd and 2,4-D and the frequency of micronuclei (MNi) and decreased the lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) in earthworms. Also, histopathological examination detected numerous alterations in animals exposed to the contaminants without any amelioration when biochar was added. The biochemical response of earthworms in terms of oxidative stress demonstrates that in the presence of biochar, animals tend to alleviate the toxicity of Cd and 2,4-D. This was also supported by transcriptomic analyses where expression gene levels related to oxidative stress were upregulated in earthworms exposed to Cd and 2,4-D + biochar. The present investigation brought new insights concerning the use of biochar in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia.
- Regional Field Crops Research Center of Beja, Beja, Tunisia.
| | - Nesrine Zitouni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Omayma Missawi
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Helaoui
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sabrine Hattab
- Regional Research Centre in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, Chott Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Department of Pathology, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, cedex 94010, Creteil, France
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
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5
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Davenport B, Hallam SJ. Emerging enzyme surface display systems for waste resource recovery. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:241-249. [PMID: 36369958 PMCID: PMC10100002 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current century marks an inflection point for human progress, as the developed world increasingly comes to recognize that the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of resource extraction must be balanced with more sustainable modes of growth that are less reliant on non-renewable sources of energy and materials. This has opened a window of opportunity for cross-sector development of biotechnologies that harness the metabolic problem-solving power of microbial communities. In this context, recovery has emerged as an organizing principal to create value from industrial and municipal waste streams, and the search is on for new enzymes and platforms that can be used for waste resource recovery at scale. Enzyme surface display on cells or functionalized materials has emerged as a promising platform for waste valorization. Typically, surface display involves the use of substrate binding or catalytic domains of interest translationally fused with extracellular membrane proteins in a microbial chassis. Novel display systems with improved performance features include S-layer display with increased protein density, spore display with increased resistance to harsh conditions, and intracellular inclusions including DNA-free cells or nanoparticles with improved social licence for in situ applications. Combining these display systems with advances in bioprinting, electrospinning and high-throughput functional screening have potential to transform outmoded extractive paradigms into 'trans-metabolic" processes for remediation and waste resource recovery within an emerging circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Davenport
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Hallam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Bradshaw Research Institute for Minerals and Mining, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Li W, Li J, Dai X, Liu M, Khalique A, Wang Z, Zeng Y, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng D, Jing B, Pan K. Surface Display of porcine circovirus type 2 antigen protein cap on the spores of bacillus subtilis 168: An effective mucosal vaccine candidate. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007202. [PMID: 36189301 PMCID: PMC9520567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosal vaccine has great potential in preventing a series of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. This study constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis RB with PCV2 Capsid protein (Cap) on its spore surface and cotB as a fusion partner. The immune properties of the recombinant strain were evaluated in a mouse model. IgA in intestinal contents and IgG in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that recombinant spores could activate strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. In addition, spores showed good mucosal immune adjuvant function, promoting the proliferation of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immune cells. We also found that the relative expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN in the small intestinal mucosa was significantly up-regulated under the stimulation of recombinant bacteriophage. These effects are important for the balance of Th1/Th2-like responses. In summary, our results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis RB as a feed additive provides a new strategy for the development of novel and safe PCV2 mucosal subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Kangcheng Pan,
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7
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Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063405. [PMID: 35328823 PMCID: PMC8953710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a major role for endospore forming bacteria within the gut microbiota, not only as pathogens but also as commensal and beneficial members contributing to gut homeostasis. In this review the sporulation processes, spore properties, and germination processes will be explained within the scope of the human gut. Within the gut, spore-forming bacteria are known to interact with the host’s immune system, both in vegetative cell and spore form. Together with the resistant nature of the spore, these characteristics offer potential for spores’ use as delivery vehicles for therapeutics. In the last part of the review, the therapeutic potential of spores as probiotics, vaccine vehicles, and drug delivery systems will be discussed.
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8
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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9
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Hattab S, Boughattas I, Mkhinini M, Banni M. Impact of Intensive Farming on Soil Heavy Metal Accumulation and Biomarkers Responses of Earthworms Eisenia andrei. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:559-564. [PMID: 32974765 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose to evaluate the effect of agriculture intensification under greenhouses on the biochemical and transcriptomic responses of the earthworms Eisenia andrei. This work was conducted on two sites in Téboulba and Sahline (Monastir governorate) and a control site in an experimental plot that is undergoing organic farming. For this purpose, the earthworms Eisenia andrei were exposed to the soils during 7 and 14 days. The physicochemical properties of the soils were analyzed. The biochemical biomarkers of metallothioneins (MTs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulations were also assessed. Moreover, the gene expression level of the MTs was analyzed. The results of our study revealed a significant trace element accumulation accompanied by a high level of MDA and MT proteins. Moreover, a significant expression of the MT gene was observed in earthworms exposed to the soils from Sahline and Téboulba. Hence, this work reveals that intensive agriculture can affect the biological responses of earthworms and consequently, the soil's biofertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Hattab
- Regional Research Centre in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia.
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
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10
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Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores in Biotechnology and Advanced Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01096-20. [PMID: 32631858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large-scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.
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11
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Abdellaoui K, Miladi M, Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Ben Hamouda A, Hajji-Hedfi L, Tlili H, Acheuk F. The aggregation pheromone phenylacetonitrile: Joint action with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and physiological and transcriptomic effects on Schistocerca gregaria nymphs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104594. [PMID: 32527433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and sublethal rate of chemical insecticides or other biological control agents have been proposed as an environmentally and sustainable strategy in the control of locust pests. In this paper, the quarter and the half of the recommended dose of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (¼ and ½ Ma) and the aggregation pheromone (Phenylacetonitrile: PAN) were applied simultaneously and sequentially to Schistocerca gregaria fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, the physiological effects of PAN on locusts were assessed at the behavior, immune response, and biochemical level by evaluating for glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE), and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA). Results showed that simultaneous application of PAN and the entomopathogenic fungus exhibited additive interaction. Synergistic interaction was also demonstrated when nymphs were exposed to PAN first, then treated with M. anisopliae var. acridum. Behavioral bioassay revealed that fifth-instar nymphs avoided the PAN odour and tended to remain away from the stimulus cup. In the choice assay, the pheromone significantly repelled the locusts at 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure which selected the PAN-free arena chamber. Moreover, treated nymphs become hyperactive and disoriented as evidenced by the cumulative distance travelled and the trajectory of locusts during the experiment. Immunological studies showed that PAN significantly decreased the differential haemocyte counts (prohemocytes and plasmatocytes) with a dose-response relationship. Data of biochemical analyzes showed that the PAN exposure reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase and induced significantly the glutathione S-transferases and MDA concentration in the desert locust fifth-instar nymphs. Moreover, transcriptomic responses to the PAN exposure were evaluated using gene expression levels of CYP540 and GST. The transcript levels showed an up-regulation in GST expression level particularly in nymphs exposed for 4 and 6 h. A significant increase in CYP450 transcript level was also observed after 2 h of exposure, which decreased significantly after 4 and 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemais Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Miladi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Hamouda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Tlili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources "Valcore" Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
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12
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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13
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Barros PPD, Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, Silva MP, Souza CMD, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Two sporulated Bacillus enhance immunity in Galleria mellonella protecting against Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:335-342. [PMID: 31100407 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus atrophaeus on Galleria mellonella immunity challenged by Candida albicans. Firstly, we analyzed the susceptibility of G. mellonella to bacilli (vegetative and sporulating forms). It was found that both vegetative and sporulating forms were not pathogenic to G. mellonella at a concentration of 1 × 104 cells/larva. Next, larvae were pretreated with two species of Bacillus, in the vegetative and sporulating forms, and then challenged with C. albicans. In addition, the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as Gallerimycin, Gloverin, Cecropin-D and Galiomicin was investigated. Survival rates increased in the Bacillus treated larvae compared with control larvae inoculated with C. albicans only. Cells and spores of Bacillus spp. upregulated Gloverin, Galiomicin and Gallerimycin genes in relation to the control group (PBS + PBS). When these larvae were infected with C. albicans, the group pretreated with spores of B. atrophaeus and B. subtilis showed a greater increase in expression of Galiomycin (49.08-fold and 13.50-fold) and Gallerimycin (27.88-fold and 68.15-fold), respectively, compared to the group infected with C. albicans only (p = 0.0001). After that, we investigated the effects of B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus on immune system of G. mellonella evaluating the number of hemocytes, quantification of melanization, cocoon formation and colony forming units (CFU) count. Hemocyte count increased in response to stimulation by Bacillus, and a higher increase was achieved when larvae were inoculated with B. subtilis spores (p = 0.0011). In the melanization assay, all groups tested demonstrated lower production of melanin compared to that in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group. In addition, full cocoon formation was observed in all groups analyzed, which corresponded to a healthier wax worm. Hemolymph culture revealed higher growth of B. atrophaeus and B. subtilis in the groups inoculated with spores. We concluded that spores and cells of B. atrophaeus and B. subtilis stimulated the immune system of G. mellonella larvae and protected them of C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Michelle Peneluppi Silva
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cheyenne Marçal de Souza
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimsas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000, SP, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Xu Z, Liu S, Qian K, Xu M, Yang T, Xu J, Rao Z. Improving the Production of Salt-Tolerant Glutaminase by Integrating Multiple Copies of Mglu into the Protease and 16S rDNA Genes of Bacillus subtilis 168. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030592. [PMID: 30736411 PMCID: PMC6384544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the Micrococcus luteus K-3 glutaminase was successfully over-expressed in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) Bacillus subtilis strain 168 by integration of the Mglu gene in the 16S rDNA locus. This was done in order to screen a strain producing high levels of recombinant glutaminase from the selected candidates. The transcription of the glutaminase genes in the B. subtilis 168 chromosome and the expression of glutaminase protein was further assessed by qPCR, SDS-PAGE analysis and an enzyme activity assay. To further increase the production of glutaminase, the nprB and nprE genes, which encode specific proteases, were disrupted by integration of the Mglu gene. After continuous cell culturing without the addition of antibiotics, the integrated recombinant strains showed excellent genetic stability, demonstrating favorable industrialization potential. After the fermentation temperature was optimized, a 5-L bioreactor was used for fed-batch fermentation of the recombinant glutaminase producing strain at 24 °C, and the highest enzyme activity achieved was approximately 357.6 U/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Song Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kai Qian
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Song T, Wang F, Xiong S, Jiang H. Surface display of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes on the recombinant spore of Bacillus subtilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:13-19. [PMID: 30660365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus-degrading enzymes show high hydrolysis efficiency and provide an environmentally friendly solution to the pollution of organophosphorus compound. However, poor enzyme stability and tedious purification process have limited practical applications. Spore-based display system can provide many advantages, such as safety, low cost, easy preparation and high resistance to harsh conditions. Recently, we have constituted the recombinant spore displaying organophosphorus hydrolase and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase. In the spore display systems, recombinant spores could be reliably produced and normal sporulation was not affected; the activities of recombinant spores were 15.81 and 10.67 U/mg spores (dry weight) respectively; furthermore, the recombinant spores exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to various harsh conditions compared to free-form enzymes. These results indicated that the spore display could contribute to the practical application of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes and provide a promising solution to bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Song
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Fuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
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Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Alphonse V, Livet A, Bousserrhine N, Banni M. Effect of treated wastewater irrigation in East Central region of Tunisia (Monastir governorate) on the biochemical and transcriptomic response of earthworms Eisenia andrei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1245-1255. [PMID: 30180333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater (TWW) reuse for irrigation has become an excellent way to palliate water scarcity in Mediterranean arid regions. However, the toxicological effects of these effluents on the soil's organisms, especially earthworms, have not been well studied as yet. In this paper, earthworms Eisenia andrei were exposed for 7 days and 14 days to five agricultural soils irrigated with TWW for different periods: 1 year, 8 years, and 20 years. In addition, they were also exposed to soil from one reference site sampled from the Ouardenin perimeter in the Monastir Governorate in Tunisia. The effect on earthworms was assessed at the biochemical level by evaluating for catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE). On the other hand, genotoxicity and transcriptomic responses were evaluated using micronuclei test (MNT) and gene expression level of CAT and GST. Moreover, metals uptake by earthworms was analyzed. Results showed that CAT and GST activity in the earthworm increased significantly when they were exposed to soils irrigated with TWW for 1, 8 and 20 years. Furthermore, MDA concentration also increased significantly with the increase in exposure period. However, AChE activity decreased and MNi frequency increased in earthworms after 7 and 14 days of exposure to soils irrigated with TWW for more than a year. The gene expression level of CAT and GST showed a significant variability, thus data are discussed in relation to the studied biomarkers (CAT and GST). These data provide new insights into the effect of toxicity of TWW on the soil's macro fauna, which is strongly affected by the trace elements and other organic compounds accumulated in soils after 20 years of TWW irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia.
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia.
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Alexandre Livet
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Mohammed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia
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Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Bousserhine N, Banni M. Biochemical and transcriptomic response of earthworms Eisenia andrei exposed to soils irrigated with treated wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2851-2863. [PMID: 30499083 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure better use of treated wastewater (TWW), we investigated the effect of three increasing doses of TWW, 10%, 50%, and 100%, on biochemical and transcriptomic statuses of earthworms Eisenia andrei exposed during 7 and 14 days. The effect of TWW on the oxidative status of E. andrei was observed, but this effect was widely dependent on the dilution degree of TWW. Results showed a significant decrease in the catalase (CAT) activity and an increase in the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and considerable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was recorded after 14 days of exposure. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation was found to be higher in exposed animals compared to control worms. The gene expression level revealed a significant upregulation of target genes (CAT and GST) during experimentation. These data provided new information about the reuse of TWW and its potential toxicity on soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia.
| | - Noureddine Bousserhine
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil cedex, France
| | - Mohammed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
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18
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IL-1 Fragment Modulates Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Presenting an Antigen/Adjuvant Chimeric Protein. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:810-819. [PMID: 30178298 PMCID: PMC6182635 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunizations are convenient ways of vaccination, which do not require any trained personnel for administration. One of the major challenges for developing an effective mucosal vaccine is finding appropriate adjuvant. Bacillus subtilis endospores have been shown to help solving these obstacles while serving as a platform for presentation of both, antigens and adjuvants. In this study, we have successfully designed and constructed recombinant spores displaying an antigen/adjuvant chimeric protein. We have used a fragment of Clostridium difficile flagellar cap FliD protein as antigen and VQGEESNDK peptide, a fragment of human IL-1β, as adjuvant. Recombinant spores presenting FliD were able to elicit immune response in orally immunized mice which could be evaluated by detection of FliD-specific IgA antibodies in feces of immunized animals. Moreover, the presence of IL-1β fragment significantly changed characteristics of elicited immune response. Obtained results show that recombinant spores presenting an antigen/adjuvant chimeric protein exhibit both properties in mucosal immunization of mice. Moreover, IL-1β fragment could serve as valuable adjuvant in B. subtilis spore-based mucosal vaccines.
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Exploitation of Bacillus subtilis as a robust workhorse for production of heterologous proteins and beyond. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:145. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bartels J, López Castellanos S, Radeck J, Mascher T. Sporobeads: The Utilization of the Bacillus subtilis Endospore Crust as a Protein Display Platform. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:452-461. [PMID: 29284082 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon starvation, the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms an intracellular, metabolically inactive endospore. Its core contains the DNA, encased by three protein layers protecting it against a multitude of environmental threats. The outermost layer, the crust, harbors great potential as a protein-displaying platform: a gene of interest can be translationally fused to a crust protein gene, resulting in endospores displaying the desired protein on their surface. To unlock this potential in a standardized fashion, we designed a suite of 12 vectors (Sporovectors), based on the BioBrick cloning standard. With these vectors, proteins can easily be fused N- or C-terminally to the six crust proteins CotV, CotW, CotX, CotY, CotZ, and CgeA under the control of the strongest crust gene promoter PcotYZ. All Sporovectors were evaluated with GFP and two different laccases. On the basis of our data, CotY and CotZ represent the best anchor proteins. But there are significant differences in activity and functional stability between the two tested laccases. Our vector suite is a powerful tool to generate and evaluate a vast variety of functionalized endospores. It allows quickly identifying the best anchor and fusion site for the protein of interest. Our findings demonstrate that the crust of B. subtilis endospores is an inexpensive and easy platform for displaying different proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bartels
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jara Radeck
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Redesigning of Microbial Cell Surface and Its Application to Whole-Cell Biocatalysis and Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:396-418. [PMID: 29168153 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface display technology can redesign cell surfaces with functional proteins and peptides to endow cells some unique features. Foreign peptides or proteins are transported out of cells and immobilized on cell surface by fusing with anchoring proteins, which is an effective solution to avoid substance transfer limitation, enzyme purification, and enzyme instability. As the most frequently used prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein surface display system, bacterial and yeast surface display systems have been widely applied in vaccine, biocatalysis, biosensor, bioadsorption, and polypeptide library screening. In this review of bacterial and yeast surface display systems, different cell surface display mechanisms and their applications in biocatalysis as well as biosensors are described with their strengths and shortcomings. In addition to single enzyme display systems, multi-enzyme co-display systems are presented here. Finally, future developments based on our and other previous reports are discussed.
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22
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Potocki W, Negri A, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Hinc K, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. The combination of recombinant and non-recombinant Bacillus subtilis spore display technology for presentation of antigen and adjuvant on single spore. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:151. [PMID: 28899372 PMCID: PMC5596941 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis spores can be used for presentation of heterologous proteins. Two main approaches have been developed, the recombinant one, requiring modification of bacterial genome to express a protein of interest as a fusion with spore-coat protein, and non-recombinant, based on the adsorption of a heterologous protein onto the spore. So far only single proteins have been displayed on the spore surface. RESULTS We have used a combined approach to adsorb and display FliD protein of Clostridium difficile on the surface of recombinant IL-2-presenting spores. Such spores presented FliD protein with efficiency comparable to FliD-adsorbed spores produced by wild-type 168 strain and elicited FliD-specific immune response in intranasally immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that such dual display technology may be useful in creation of spores simultaneously presenting adjuvant and antigen molecules. Regarding the characteristics of elicited immune response it seems plausible that such recombinant IL-2-presenting spores with adsorbed FliD protein might be an interesting candidate for vaccine against infections with Clostridium difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Potocki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alessandro Negri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Rostami A, Hinc K, Goshadrou F, Shali A, Bayat M, Hassanzadeh M, Amanlou M, Eslahi N, Ahmadian G. Display of B. pumilus chitinase on the surface of B. subtilis spore as a potential biopesticide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 140:17-23. [PMID: 28755689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases which are a great threat for global agricultural production. Biological control of pathogens like fungi, is believed to be one of the best ways to eliminate the adverse effects of plant pathogens. To this end, we expressed and displayed a chitinase from Bacillus pumilus (ChiS) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, as a biocontrol agent. RESULT ChiS enzyme from B. pumilus was expressed on the spores of B. subtilis using CotG as a carrier protein. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the expression of ChiS on the surface of the spores. Enzyme activity assay showed that the surface displayed ChiS was active and was also able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum fungi. Western blot analysis also indicated that CotG-ChiS is partially processed after display. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the stability of the heterologous protein was decreased after fusion. CONCLUSION ChiS was successfully displayed on the surface of Bacillus spores by fusion to the CotG, one of the main spore coat proteins. In-vitro experiments showed that the displayed enzyme was effective in growth inhibition of R. solani and T. harzianum fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rostami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG-MUG, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shali
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bayat
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Eslahi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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25
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Song WS, Cho SY, Hong HJ, Park SC, Yoon SI. Self-Oligomerizing Structure of the Flagellar Cap Protein FliD and Its Implication in Filament Assembly. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:847-857. [PMID: 28179186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
FliD is a self-oligomerizing structural protein that caps the growing end of the bacterial flagellar filament. FliD also plays a key role in the flagellar system by continuously adding a new flagellin protein to the tip of the filament. To structurally characterize FliD oligomerization and to provide a FliD-mediated flagellin polymerization mechanism, we have determined the crystal structures of FliD proteins from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ecFliD and stFliD, respectively). ecFliD consists of three domains (D1, D2, and D3) and forms a hexamer plate of the D2 and D3 domains that resembles a six-pointed star with legs consisting of the D1 domain. In contrast, the D2 and D3 domains of stFliD assemble into a pentamer as a five-pointed star plate. Despite their distinct oligomeric states, ecFliD and stFliD engage a common molecular surface for oligomerization. FliD also features interdomain and intersubunit flexibility, suggesting that FliD reorganizes its domains and adjacent subunits depending on the FliD binding partner. The similarity of the FliD shape to flagellin and the structural dynamics of FliD led us to propose a FliD-catalyzed filament elongation mechanism. In this model, FliD occupies a position in place of a nascent flagellin until the flagellin reaches the growing end of the filament, and then, FliD moves aside to repeat the positional replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Seok Song
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Cho
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Hong
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Cheol Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Presenting Influenza A M2e Antigen on Recombinant Spores of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167225. [PMID: 27902762 PMCID: PMC5130239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. Among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza A viruses and antibodies against M2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a universal influenza vaccine. However, due to the low immunogenicity of the M2e, formulation of a vaccine based on this antigen requires some modification to induce effective immune responses. In this work we evaluated the possible use of Bacillus subtilis spores as a carrier of the Influenza A M2e antigen in mucosal vaccination. A tandem repeat of 4 consensus sequences coding for human—avian—swine—human M2e (M2eH-A-S-H) peptide was fused to spore coat proteins and stably exposed on the spore surface, as demonstrated by the immunostaining of intact, recombinant spores. Oral immunization of mice with recombinant endospores carrying M2eH-A-S-H elicited specific antibody production without the addition of adjuvants. Bacillus subtilis endospores can serve as influenza antigen carriers. Recombinant spores constructed in this work showed low immunogenicity although were able to induce antibody production. The System of influenza antigen administration presented in this work is attractive mainly due to the omitting time-consuming and cost-intensive immunogen production and purification. Therefore modification should be made to increase the immunogenicity of the presented system.
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Chen H, Zhang T, Jia J, Vastermark A, Tian R, Ni Z, Chen Z, Chen K, Yang S. Expression and display of a novel thermostable esterase from Clostridium thermocellum on the surface of Bacillus subtilis using the CotB anchor protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1439-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Esterases expressed in microbial hosts are commercially valuable, but their applications are limited due to high costs of production and harsh industrial processes involved. In this study, the esterase-DSM (from Clostridium thermocellum) was expressed and successfully displayed on the spore surface, and the spore-associated esterase was confirmed by western blot analysis and activity measurements. The optimal temperature and pH of spore surface-displayed DSM was 60 and 8.5 °C, respectively. It also demonstrates a broad temperature and pH optimum in the range of 50–70, 7–9.5 °C. The spore surface-displayed esterase-DSM retained 78, 68 % of its original activity after 5 h incubation at 60 and 70 °C, respectively, which was twofold greater activity than that of the purified DSM. The recombinant spores has high activity and stability in DMSO, which was 49 % higher than the retained activity of the purified DSM in DMSO (20 % v/v), and retained 65.2 % of activity after 7 h of incubation in DMSO (20 % v/v). However, the recombinant spores could retain 77 % activity after 3 rounds of recycling. These results suggest that enzyme displayed on the surface of the Bacillus subtilis spore could serve as an effective approach for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayou Chen
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences 10090 Beijing China
- grid.266100.3 0000000121074242 Division of Biological Sciences University of California at San Diego 92093-0116 La Jolla CA USA
| | - Tianxi Zhang
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jinru Jia
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Ake Vastermark
- grid.266100.3 0000000121074242 Division of Biological Sciences University of California at San Diego 92093-0116 La Jolla CA USA
| | - Rui Tian
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhong Ni
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhi Chen
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Keping Chen
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shengli Yang
- grid.440785.a 000000010743511X Institute of Life Sciences Jiangsu University 212013 Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province China
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Zhou Z, Gong S, Li XM, Yang Y, Guan R, Zhou S, Yao S, Xie Y, Ou Z, Zhao J, Liu Z. Expression of Helicobacter pylori urease B on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:104-110. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.076430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1198, 1, Gustave L. Levy Place, 10029-6574 NY, USA
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruili Guan
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Medicine school, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave, 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong 578060, PR China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A variety of bioactive peptides and proteins have been successfully displayed on the surface of recombinant spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and other sporeformers. In most cases, spore display has been achieved by stably anchoring the foreign molecules to endogenous surface proteins or parts of them. Recombinant spores have been proposed for a large number of potential applications ranging from oral vaccine vehicles to bioremediation tools, and including biocatalysts, probiotics for animal or human use, as well as the generation and screening of mutagenesis libraries. In addition, a nonrecombinant approach has been recently developed to adsorb antigens and enzymes on the spore surface. This nonrecombinant approach appears particularly well suited for applications involving the delivery of active molecules to human or animal mucosal surfaces. Both the recombinant and nonrecombinant spore display systems have a number of advantages over cell- or phage-based systems. The stability, safety of spores of several bacterial species, and amenability to laboratory manipulations, together with the lack of some constraints limiting the use of other systems, make the spore a highly efficient platform to display heterologous proteins.
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Hinc K, Stasiłojć M, Piątek I, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Isticato R, Ricca E, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. Mucosal adjuvant activity of IL-2 presenting spores of bacillus subtilis in a murine model of Helicobacter pylori vaccination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95187. [PMID: 24743850 PMCID: PMC3990602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The endospores of Bacillus subtilis are now widely used as a platform for presentation of heterologous proteins and due to their safety record and high resistance to harsh environmental conditions can be considered as potential vehicles for oral vaccination. In this research we show that recombinant B. subtilis spores presenting a fragment of the Helicobacter acinonychis UreB protein and expressing the ureB gene under vegetative promoter elicit a strong cellular immune response in orally immunized mice when co-administered with spores presenting IL-2. We show for the first time the successful application of two types of recombinant spores, one carrying an antigen and the other an adjuvant, in a single oral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Piątek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Iwanicki A, Piątek I, Stasiłojć M, Grela A, Lęga T, Obuchowski M, Hinc K. A system of vectors for Bacillus subtilis spore surface display. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:30. [PMID: 24568122 PMCID: PMC4015724 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial spores have been utilized as platforms for protein display. The best studied display systems are based on Bacillus subtilis spores in which several coat proteins have successfully been used as anchors for heterologous protein. Increasing knowledge about spore coat structure enables selection of new anchor proteins such as CotZ and CgeA. Here we describe a system of vectors for display of proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Results We have designed and constructed a set of 16 vectors for ectopic integration which can be used for spore surface display of heterologous proteins. There is a selection of five coat proteins: CotB, CotC, CotG, CotZ and CgeA which can be used for construction of fusions. Three of these (CotB, CotC and CotG) enable obtaining N-terminal and C-terminal fusions and other two (CotZ and CgeA) are designed to produce C-terminal fusions only. All the vectors enable introduction of an additional peptide linker between anchor and displayed protein to enhance surface display. As a selection marker trophic genes are used. Additionally we describe an example application of presented vector system to display CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori in fusion with CgeA spore coat protein. Conclusions Described system of vectors is a versatile tool for display of heterologous proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Such recombinant spores can be further used as for example biocatalysts or antigen-carriers in vaccine formulations. The lack of antibiotic resistance genes in the system makes such spores an interesting option for applications in which a possible release to the environment can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
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de Souza RD, Batista MT, Luiz WB, Cavalcante RCM, Amorim JH, Bizerra RSP, Martins EG, de Souza Ferreira LC. Bacillus subtilis spores as vaccine adjuvants: further insights into the mechanisms of action. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87454. [PMID: 24475289 PMCID: PMC3903701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores have received growing attention regarding potential biotechnological applications, including the use as probiotics and in vaccine formulations. B. subtilis spores have also been shown to behave as particulate vaccine adjuvants, promoting the increase of antibody responses after co-administration with antigens either admixed or adsorbed on the spore surface. In this study, we further evaluated the immune modulatory properties of B. subtilis spores using a recombinant HIV gag p24 protein as a model antigen. The adjuvant effects of B. subtilis spores were not affected by the genetic background of the mouse lineage and did not induce significant inflammatory or deleterious effects after parenteral administration. Our results demonstrated that co-administration, but not adsorption to the spore surface, enhanced the immunogenicity of that target antigen after subcutaneous administration to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Spores promoted activation of antigen presenting cells as demonstrated by the upregulation of MHC and CD40 molecules and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by murine dendritic cells. In addition, in vivo studies indicated a direct role of the innate immunity on the immunomodulatory properties of B. subtilis spores, as demonstrated by the lack of adjuvant effects on MyD88 and TLR2 knockout mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Damásio de Souza
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Tavares Batista
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Barros Luiz
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime Henrique Amorim
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raíza Sales Pereira Bizerra
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gimenes Martins
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Surface display of Acetobacter pasteurianus AdhA on Bacillus subtilis spores to enhance ethanol tolerance for liquor industrial potential. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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