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Serotonin modulates Campylobacter jejuni physiology and invitro interaction with the gut epithelium. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100944. [PMID: 33652538 PMCID: PMC7936195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial endocrinology, which is the study of neurochemical-based host–microbe interaction, has demonstrated that neurochemicals affect bacterial pathogenicity. A variety of neurochemicals, including norepinephrine, were shown to enhance intestinal epithelial colonization by Campylobacter jejuni. Yet, little is known whether serotonin, an abundant neurochemical produced in the gut, affects the physiology of C. jejuni and its interaction with the host gut epithelium. Considering the avian gut produces serotonin and serves as a major reservoir of C. jejuni, we sought to investigate whether serotonin can affect C. jejuni physiology and gut epithelial colonization in vitro. We first determined the biogeographical distribution of serotonin concentrations in the serosa, mucosa, as well as the luminal contents of the broiler chicken ileum, cecum, and colon. Serotonin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the mucosa and serosa compared to the luminal content in each gut region examined. Among the ileum, colon, and cecum, the colon was found to contain the greatest concentrations of serotonin. We then investigated whether serotonin may effect changes in C. jejuni growth and motility in vitro. The C. jejuni used in this study was previously isolated from the broiler chicken ceca. Serotonin at concentrations of 1mM or below did not elicit changes in growth (P > 0.05) or motility (P > 0.05) of C. jejuni. Next, we utilized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to investigate whether serotonin affected the proteome of C. jejuni. Serotonin caused (P < 0.05) the downregulation of a protein (CJJ81176_1037) previously identified to be essential in C. jejuni colonization. Based on our findings, we evaluated whether serotonin would cause a functional change in C. jejuni adhesion and invasion of the HT29MTX-E12 colonic epithelial cell line. Serotonin was found to cause a reduction in adhesion (P < 0.05) but not invasion (P > 0.05). Together, we have identified a potential role for serotonin in modulating C. jejuni colonization in the gut in vitro. Further studies are required to understand the practical implications of these findings for the control of C. jejuni enteric colonization in vivo.
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Equine salmonellosis in southern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:475-482. [PMID: 28013440 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Salmonella sp. genus is identified in several species, and the zoonosis it causes is one of the most important types worldwide. The specifics of salmonellosis vary according to the function of the serovar involved, the species affected, age and predisposing factors. However, few cases of equine salmonellosis have been reported. This study presents ten confirmed salmonellosis cases in equines in southern Brazil. Six were adult animals with stress factors preceding the disease, while four were foals, three of which presented with hyperacute manifestations. The main clinical signs were diarrhea, anorexia, and hyperthermia. Lesions varied in distribution and severity, although fibrinonecrotic or necrohemorrhagic enteritis was observed in all animals, mainly in the large intestine (large colon and cecum-8/10) and small intestine (3/10). Substantial liquid content, mainly hemorrhagic, was observed in all animals. The most characteristic microscopic lesion was mucosa necrosis, which is often accompanied by fibrin deposition, followed by necrosis of follicular centers and vascular changes. Bacterial isolation revealed seven isolates. Five were serotyped, and the serovars Typhimurium and Anatum were associated with two cases each, while Muenster was associated with a case whose lesion pattern varied. Immunohistochemical staining was positive in all cases. All diagnoses were based on the clinical history, macroscopic and histological lesions, and the bacterial isolation and/or immunostaining associated with histological lesions.
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Rieger J, Janczyk P, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Enhancement of immunohistochemical detection of Salmonella in tissues of experimentally infected pigs. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2516. [PMID: 26428884 PMCID: PMC4598596 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the main pathogens compromising porcine and human health as well as food safety, because it is a prevailing source of foodborne infections due to contaminated pork. A prominent problem in the management of this bacteriosis is the number of subclinically infected carrier pigs. As very little is known concerning the mechanisms allowing Salmonella to persist in pigs, the objective of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical approach for the detection of salmonellae in tissue of pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Samples were obtained from a challenge trial in which piglets of the German Landrace were intragastrically infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (1.4-2.1x1010 CFU). Piglets were sacrificed on days 2 and 28 post infection. Tissue samples of jejunum, ileum, colon, ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes (Lnn. ileocolici), and tonsils (Tonsilla veli palatini) were fixed in Zamboni's fixative and paraffin-embedded. Different immunohistochemical staining protocols were evaluated. Salmonella was detected in varying amounts in the tissues. Brown iron-containing pigments in the lymph nodes interfered with the identification of Salmonella if DAB was used as a staining reagent. Detergents like Triton X-100 or Saponin enhanced the sensitivity. It seems advisable not to use a detection system with brown staining for bacteria in an experimental setup involving intestinal damage including haemorrhage. The use of detergents appears to result in a higher sensitivity in the immunohistochemical detection of salmonellae.
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Rieger J, Janczyk P, Hünigen H, Neumann K, Plendl J. Intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers and histomorphological parameters in the porcine gut after Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 feeding in a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Casagrande RA, Barth Wouters AT, Wouters F, Pissetti C, de Itapema Cardoso MR, Driemeier D. Fowl Typhoid (SalmonellaGallinarum) Outbreak in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Avian Dis 2014; 58:491-4. [DOI: 10.1637/10796-021114-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kallapura G, Hernandez-Velasco X, Pumford NR, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 5:59-73. [PMID: 32670847 PMCID: PMC7337206 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With increasing reports of Salmonella infection, we are forced to question whether the fecal-oral route is the major route of infection and consider the possibility that airborne Salmonella infections might have a major unappreciated role. Today's large-scale poultry production, with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings, is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Considering that the upper and lower respiratory lymphoid tissue requires up to 6 weeks to be fully developed, these immune structures seem to have a very minor role in preventing pathogen infection. In addition, the avian respiratory system in commercial poultry has anatomic and physiologic properties that present no challenge to the highly adapted Salmonella. The present review evaluates the hypothesis that transmission by the fecal-respiratory route may theoretically be a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry. First, we update the current knowledge on generation of Salmonella bioaerosols, and the transport and fate of Salmonella at various stages of commercial poultry production. Further, emphasis is placed on survivability of Salmonella in these bioaerosols, as a means to assess the transport and subsequent risk of exposure and infection of poultry. Additionally, the main anatomic structures, physiologic functions, and immunologic defense in the avian respiratory system are discussed to understand the potential entry points inherent in each component that could potentially lead to infection and subsequent systemic infection of poultry by Salmonella. In this context, we also evaluate the role of the mucosal immune system as essentially one large interconnected network that shares information distally, since understanding of this sort of communication between mucosal sites is fundamental to establish the next phase of disease characterization, and perhaps immunization and vaccine development. Further characterization of the respiratory tract with regard to transmission of Salmonella under field conditions may be of critical importance in developing interventional strategies to reduce transmission of this important zoonotic pathogen in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala Kallapura
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Neil R Pumford
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Martins RP, Lorenzi V, Arce C, Lucena C, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are effectively induced in ileal Peyer's patches of Salmonella typhimurium infected pigs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:100-104. [PMID: 23644015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report we employed laser-capture microdissection (LCM) coupled to qPCR technology and bioinformatic analysis to characterize, for the first time, the response of Peyer's patches (PP) from orally infected animals to Salmonella typhimurium, in a model of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Pathogen was highly found in the cytoplasm of phagocytes in PP and differential gene expression analysis indicated an up-regulation of proinflammatory molecules, establishment of a Th1 driven response and triggering of DC and T-cell activity. Furthermore, predictions by bioinformatic analysis pointed to an activation of processes regarding stimulation and maturation of DC, influx of leukocytes in tissue and T lymphocytes priming and differentiation. In short, the approach used in this study proved to be a promising strategy to explore infectious processes. Indeed, it revealed an effective induction of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in swine PP which appear to be distinct from those observed in mesenteric lymph nodes and closely related to response of gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prado Martins
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Girard-Misguich F, Cognie J, Delgado-Ortega M, Berthon P, Rossignol C, Larcher T, Melo S, Bruel T, Guibon R, Chérel Y, Sarradin P, Salmon H, Guillén N, Meurens F. Towards the establishment of a porcine model to study human amebiasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28795. [PMID: 22205970 PMCID: PMC3244410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica is an important parasite of the human intestine. Its life cycle is monoxenous with two stages: (i) the trophozoite, growing in the intestine and (ii) the cyst corresponding to the dissemination stage. The trophozoite in the intestine can live as a commensal leading to asymptomatic infection or as a tissue invasive form producing mucosal ulcers and liver abscesses. There is no animal model mimicking the whole disease cycle. Most of the biological information on E. histolytica has been obtained from trophozoite adapted to axenic culture. The reproduction of intestinal amebiasis in an animal model is difficult while for liver amebiasis there are well-described rodent models. During this study, we worked on the assessment of pigs as a new potential model to study amebiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We first co-cultured trophozoites of E. histolytica with porcine colonic fragments and observed a disruption of the mucosal architecture. Then, we showed that outbred pigs can be used to reproduce some lesions associated with human amebiasis. A detailed analysis was performed using a washed closed-jejunal loops model. In loops inoculated with virulent amebas a severe acute ulcerative jejunitis was observed with large hemorrhagic lesions 14 days post-inoculation associated with the presence of the trophozoites in the depth of the mucosa in two out four animals. Furthermore, typical large sized hepatic abscesses were observed in the liver of one animal 7 days post-injection in the portal vein and the liver parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS The pig model could help with simultaneously studying intestinal and extraintestinal lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Département de Biologie, Versailles, France
| | - Juliette Cognie
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR 6175, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Patricia Berthon
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Thibaut Larcher
- INRA, UMR 703, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Melo
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Roseline Guibon
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yan Chérel
- INRA, UMR 703, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Sarradin
- INRA, UE 1277, Plate-forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | - Henri Salmon
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - François Meurens
- INRA, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Watanabe TTN, Zlotowski P, Oliveira LGSD, Rolim VM, Gomes MJP, Snel G, Driemeier D. Rectal stenosis in pigs associated with Salmonella Typhimurium and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rectal stricture is an acquired annular fibrous constriction of the rectum that results from a variety of chronic necrotizing enteric diseases. In pigs, it is in most cases a sequel of Salmonella infection. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a known pathogen causing immunosuppression in pigs worldwide. PCV2 infected pigs may be predisposed to salmonellosis. In this report, rectal stenosis was observed in 160 pigs from a herd that experienced an outbreak of enteric salmonellosis over a 4-month period. Distension of the abdominal wall and diarrhea were the main clinical signs observed. Five animals were analyzed showing annular cicatrization of the rectal wall 5.0-7.0 cm anterior to the anorectal junction and Salmonella-positive immunostaining in the large intestine. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from fragments of the large intestine. Porcine circovirus type 2 antigen was observed in the mesenteric lymph-node in 4 pigs and in the large intestine in 3 pigs.
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Morrissey PE, Folan MA, Baird AW, Irwin JA. Effects of a partially digested whey protein concentrate on Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boutrup TS, Schauser K, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK. Application of a pig ligated intestinal loop model for early Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:17. [PMID: 20181246 PMCID: PMC2843685 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine proliferative enteropathy in pigs is caused by the obligate, intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis. In vitro studies have shown close bacterium-cell interaction followed by cellular uptake of the bacterium within 3 h post inoculation (PI). However, knowledge of the initial in vivo interaction between porcine intestinal epithelium and the bacterium is limited. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the usefulness of a ligated small intestinal loop model to study L. intracellularis infections and to obtain information on the very early L. intracellularis-enterocyte interactions. Methods A ligated small intestinal loop model using three different L. intracellularis inocula was applied to 10-11-week-old pigs. The inocula were 1) wild type bacteria derived from overnight incubation of L. intracellularis bacteria from spontaneous disease, 2) crude vaccine bacteria (Enterisol® Ileitis Vet), and 3) vaccine bacteria propagated in cell culture. The bacteria-enterocyte interaction was visualised using immunohistochemistry on specimens derived 1, 3 and 6 h PI respectively. Results Although at a low level, close contact between bacteria and the enterocyte brush border including intracellular uptake of bacteria in mature enterocytes was seen at 3 and 6 h PI for the vaccine and the propagated vaccine inocula. Interaction between the wild-type bacteria and villus enterocytes was scarce and only seen at 6 h PI, where a few bacteria were found in close contact with the brush border. Conclusions The ligated intestinal loop model was useful with respect to maintaining an intact intestinal morphology for up to 6 h. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that L. intracellularis interacts with villus enterocytes within 3 to 6 h after inoculation into intestinal loops and that the bacterium, as shown for the vaccine bacteria, propagated as well as non-propagated, was able to invade mature enterocytes. Thus, the study demonstrates the early intestinal invasion of L. intracellularis in vivo.
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Moulton K, Ryan P, Lay D, Willard S. Postmortem photonic imaging of lux-modified Salmonella Typhimurium within the gastrointestinal tract of swine after oral inoculation in vivo. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2239-44. [PMID: 19329481 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to monitor Salmonella progression by photonic detection through segments of the gastrointestinal tract after oral inoculation. Pigs (~80 kg) were inoculated orally with 3.1 or 4.1 x 10(10) cfu of Salmonella Typhimurium transformed with plasmid pAK1-lux for a 6-h (n = 6) or 12-h (n = 6) incubation in vivo and then were killed for tissue harvest. Intestinal regions (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine) were divided into 5 replicates of 4 segments (5 cm) each for imaging. For each replicate, n = 2 segments of each region were intact, whereas n = 2 segments were opened to expose the digesta. Subsamples of digesta were analyzed to determine actual colony-forming units, and images were analyzed for relative light units per second. At 6 h, a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of emitting bacteria, and consequently a greater (P < 0.05) detection of photonic emissions, was observed in the small intestine than in the large intestine. The correlations (6 h) of photonic emissions in exposed segments to bacterial colony-forming units were r = 0.73, 0.62, 0.56, and 0.52 (P < 0.05) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and large intestine, respectively. Photonic emissions were greater (P < 0.05) in intact jejunum, ileum, and large intestine than in the duodenum after a 6-h incubation. At 12 h, a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of emitting bacteria in jejunum and ileum of exposed segments was observed than in duodenum and large intestine of exposed segments. Photonic emissions were greater in ileum than duodenum, jejunum, and large intestine of exposed segments (P < 0.05). The correlations (12 h) of photonic emissions in exposed segments to bacterial colony-forming units were r = 0.71 and 0.62 for jejunum and ileum, respectively (P < 0.05). At 12 h, a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of emitting bacteria in jejunum and ileum of intact segments was observed than in duodenum and large intestine. These data indicate that colony-forming units of introduced bacteria remained greater in the small intestine after 6- and 12-h incubations; we have determined that a minimum of 2.0 x 10(5) cfu generates detection through these tissues (~1.0 to 21.0 relative light units/s). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using biophotonics in research models ex vivo for monitoring the pathogenicity of Salmonella in swine, in place of, or in conjunction with, traditional microbiological assessments and whether a greater level of sensitivity of detection and correlation to actual bacterial concentrations can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moulton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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Zlotowski P, Corrêa AM, Barcellos DE, Cruz CE, Asanome W, Barry AF, Alfieri AA, Driemeier D. Intestinal lesions in pigs affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines from 79 unthrifty 3- to 5-month-old postweaning pigs, confirmed as naturally affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), were studied. Pigs originated from 12 farms in southern Brazil and were selected on the basis of clinical signs and/or gross lesions suggestive of enteric disorder. Lymphohistiocytic infiltrates of varying intensity were associated with anti-porcine circovirus type 2 (anti-PCV2) immunostaining (IS) in samples of intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes from all pigs. Although most findings were similar to those described in PCV2-associated enteritis, anti-PCV2 IS in association with depletion of the goblet cell mucin stores (24 pigs), diffuse ileal villous atrophy and fusion (18 pigs), and dilatation of the lymphatic vessels (11 pigs) combined or not with lymphangitis were also observed. PCV2 antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in the cytoplasm and nuclei from intralesional epithelial cells, histiocytes, and endothelial-like cells in intestinal tissues. Together these findings imply an association with PCV2. The presence of co-infections by Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., rotavirus, parvovirus, coronavirus and enteric calicivirus with PCV2 in the intestinal lesions was investigated.
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Eswarappa SM, Panguluri KK, Hensel M, Chakravortty D. The yejABEF operon of Salmonella confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides and contributes to its virulence. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2008; 154:666-678. [PMID: 18227269 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved many strategies to counteract the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that they encounter upon entry into host systems. These strategies play vital roles in the virulence of pathogenic micro-organisms. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genome has a gene cluster consisting of yejA, yejB, yejE and yejF genes, which encode a putative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Our study shows that these genes constitute an operon. We deleted the yejF gene, which encodes the ATPase component of the putative ABC transporter. The DeltayejF strain showed increased sensitivity to protamine, melittin, polymyxin B, human defensin (HBD)-1 and HBD-2, and was compromised in its capacity to proliferate inside activated macrophages and epithelial cells. Inside Intestine 407 cells, Salmonella was found to co-localize with human defensins HD-5 and HBD-1; this suggests that the ability to counteract AMPs in the intracellular milieu is important for Salmonella. In a murine typhoid model, the DeltayejF strain displayed decreased virulence when infected intragastrically. These findings suggest that the putative transporter encoded by the yejABEF operon is involved in counteracting AMPs, and that it contributes to the virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa M Eswarappa
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Panguluri
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Hensel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, Van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis and control. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:1-19. [PMID: 18243591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated pork is an important source of Salmonella infections in humans. The increasing multiple antimicrobial resistance associated with pork-related serotypes such as Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby may become a serious human health hazard in the near future. Governments try to anticipate the issue of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pork by starting monitoring programmes and coordinating control measures worldwide. A thorough knowledge of how these serotypes interact with the porcine host should form the basis for the development and optimisation of these monitoring and control programmes. During recent years, many researchers have focussed on different aspects of the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs. The present manuscript reviews the importance of pigs and pork as a source for salmonellosis in humans and discusses commonly accepted and recent insights in the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs, with emphasis on Salmonella Typhimurium, and to relate this knowledge to possible control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Brown DR, Price LD. Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs decrease early Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into porcine Peyer's patches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 52:29-35. [PMID: 18031537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peyer's patches of the small intestine serve as inductive sites for mucosal immunity as well as targets for invasive enteropathogens, including Salmonella. Because they are innervated by catecholamine-containing enteric nerves, the hypothesis that the endogenous catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine or sympathomimetic drugs alter Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into Peyer's patches was tested. Porcine jejunal Peyer's patch explants were mounted in Ussing chambers and inoculated with a porcine field isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Salmonella recovery from gentamicin-treated tissues increased significantly between 30 and 90 min of bacterial exposure to the mucosal surface. Addition of the neuronal conduction blocker saxitoxin (0.1 micromol L(-1)) or dopamine (30 micromol L(-1)) to the contraluminal aspect of explants decreased bacterial recovery after 60 min of Salmonella exposure. The effects of dopamine were mimicked by cocaine and methamphetamine (30 micromol L(-1)), which act on catecholaminergic nerve terminals to increase synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations. These results suggest that enteric catecholaminergic nerves modulate Salmonella colonization of Peyer's patches at the earliest stages of infection, in part by altering epithelial uptake of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
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Schreiber KL, Price LD, Brown DR. Evidence for Neuromodulation of Enteropathogen Invasion in the Intestinal Mucosa. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:329-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brown DR, Price LD. Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 invasion in an epithelial cell line (IPEC J2) from porcine small intestine. Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:328-33. [PMID: 17157450 PMCID: PMC1858663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 is an emerging enteric pathogen in swine of increasing medical importance. In this study, the time course and the actin-dependent host signaling processes necessary for invasion of a S. Typhimurium DT104 field isolate were investigated in IPEC J2 epithelial cells derived from porcine small intestine. Internalized bacteria were quantified by a gentamicin resistance assay. DT104 internalization into epithelial monolayers increased steadily between 15 and 120min after apical inoculation. Internalization was reduced by the Rho GTPase inhibitor mevastatin, the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin and the actin-disrupting agent cytochalasin D, but not the Rac1 GTPase inhibitor NSC-23766. Early DT104 invasion of porcine enterocytes appears to be mediated by Rac1 GTPase-independent changes in epithelial actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
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Soni J, Baird AW, O'Brien LM, McElroy M, Callanan JJ, Bassett HF, Campion D, Brayden DJ. Rat, ovine and bovine Peyer's patches mounted in horizontal diffusion chambers display sampling function. J Control Release 2006; 115:68-77. [PMID: 16884804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Freshly excised rat, ovine and bovine ileal Peyer's patch (PP) and non-Peyer's patch tissues (NPP) were mounted in modified horizontal polyethylene diffusion chambers with a range of window areas. Rat tissue was initially used to establish that barrier function and histology were maintained for up to 60 min. Horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) fluxes and S. Typhimurium adherence and invasion were significantly higher in rat PP over NPP. Particle uptake was shown to be a rapid, energy-, time-, and size-dependent process, occurring more readily in PP than NPP tissue in each species. In a kinetic analysis, particles were localized initially in the follicle-associated epithelium and then in the dome region. For NPP uptake, particles were initially localized to villous epithelium, and were then detected in the crypts and lamina propria. Electrophysiological parameters including pharmacologically-stimulated inward short-circuit current responses were determined in isolated PP and NPP from each species mounted under identical conditions in Ussing chambers. In conclusion, comparative functional and histological characteristics of PP from several species were demonstrated in horizontal diffusion chambers. Horizontal diffusion chambers are therefore a useful in vitro model in which a range of functions including transport of particulate formulations by PP may be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Soni
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Bimczok D, Post A, Tschernig T, Rothkötter HJ. Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 325:461-8. [PMID: 16673104 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) as key mediators of tolerance and immunity perform crucial immunosurveillance functions at epithelial surfaces. In order to induce an immune response, the DC have to gain access to antigens present at the luminal surface of mucosal epithelia. The mechanisms of this process are still largely unclear. We have therefore analysed the distribution of DC in the porcine intestinal and respiratory mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells by immunohistology. Immunofluorescence analysis of cryosections taken from jejunal Peyer's patches and double-stained for DC and M cells (specialised for antigen uptake) have revealed that 35.2+/-3.9% of M cells are located directly adjacent to DC in the subepithelial domes, representing possible antigen transfer sites. In normal jejunal villi, a rare population of lamina propria DC extending cytoplasmic processes between enterocytes has been identified as a possible correlate for direct luminal antigen uptake. Like small intestinal DC, DC in the porcine trachea mostly co-express CD16 with MHC-II. Tracheal DC have been found at high densities both above and below the basement membrane (BM) of the tracheal epithelium, with 32.4 DC/mm BM and 23.0 DC/mm BM, respectively. The intraepithealial DC population forms a dense network, with many of the cytoplasmic processes being directed towards the tracheal lumen. Our morphological analyses indicate that DC at mucosal epithelial sites are ideally positioned for the uptake of luminal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Grøndahl ML, Unmack MA, Ragnarsdóttir HB, Hansen MB, Olsen JE, Skadhauge E. Effects of nitric oxide in 5-hydroxytryptamine-, cholera toxin-, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli- and Salmonella Typhimurium-induced secretion in the porcine small intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:476-84. [PMID: 16098780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the secretory response to the endogenous secretagogue 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), the enterotoxins heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) toxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT), and various cultures of ETEC and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium in the porcine small intestine (Sus scrofa) were investigated. In anaesthetized pigs, jejunal tied-off loops were instilled with 5-HT, LT, CT, various cultures of ETEC or S. Typhimurium. Pigs were given intravenously isotonic saline or isotonic saline containing the NO synthase inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME significantly induced an increased fluid accumulation in loops induced by 5-HT, ETEC and stn-mutated S. Typhimurium. Fluid accumulation in loops instilled with wild-type S. Typhimurium was increased by L-NAME, although not significantly, while there was no effect on fluid accumulation induced by an invH-mutated isogenic strain. No significant effect of L-NAME was observed on the fluid accumulation induced by the purified enterotoxins LT and CT. The results also demonstrated a relatively large difference in the ability to induce fluid accumulation between the bacteria strains. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressures were significantly increased and the body temperature was significantly decreased in groups of pigs treated with L-NAME. In conclusion, the results suggest that NO has a proabsorptive effect in the intact porcine jejunum and is involved in the systemic vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Louise Grøndahl
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Grønnegårdsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Hyland KA, Brown DR, Murtaugh MP. Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis infection of the porcine jejunal Peyer's patch rapidly induces IL-1beta and IL-8 expression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:1-11. [PMID: 16115691 PMCID: PMC2613298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is an enteric pathogen of swine, producing septicemia, enterocolitis, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The initial molecular events at the site of Salmonella infection are hypothesized to be critical in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses; however, the acute immune response elicited by porcine intestinal tissues is not well understood. To address this need, we employed explants of jejunal Peyer's patch (JPP) mucosa from pigs to examine Salmonella-induced immune responses under controlled conditions as well as to overcome limitations of whole animal approaches. JPP explants mounted in Ussing chambers maintained normal histological structure for 2 h and stable short-circuit current and electrical conductance for 2.5 h. After ex vivo luminal exposure to Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis, JPP responded with an increase in mRNA expression of IL-1beta and IL-8, but not TNFalpha. Increased IL-1beta and IL-8 expression were dependent on efficient Salmonella adhesion and internalization, whereas mutant Salmonella did not induce inflammatory cytokine expression. Commensal enteric bacteria, present in some experiments, also did not induce inflammatory cytokine expression. These findings indicate that Salmonella uptake by Peyer's patch is important in the induction of an innate response involving expression of IL-1beta and IL-8, and that ex vivo intestinal immune tissue explants provide an intact tissue model that will facilitate investigation of mucosal immunity in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael P. Murtaugh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Tel: 612-625-6735, Fax: 612-625-5203,
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van Asten AJAM, Koninkx JFJG, van Dijk JE. Salmonella entry: M cells versus absorptive enterocytes. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:149-52. [PMID: 15885932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Schauser K, Olsen JE, Larsson LI. Salmonella typhimurium infection in the porcine intestine: evidence for caspase-3-dependent and -independent programmed cell death. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 123:43-50. [PMID: 15609044 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The normal intestinal epithelium is renewed with a turnover rate of 3-5 days. During Salmonella infection increased cell loss is observed, possibly as a result of programmed cell death (PCD). We have, therefore, studied the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection on three elements involved in PCD: caspase-3 activation, c-Jun phosphorylation on serine 63 (both detected by immunocytochemistry), and DNA fragmentation (detected by TUNEL reaction), using a pig jejunal loop model. Additionally, we used nuclear staining for detecting signs of classical apoptosis. Activated caspase-3 was detected in scattered epithelial cells and the number of positive cells increased with increasing times of exposure to Salmonella (P<0.0001). An increase in phospho-c-Jun in epithelial cells was already detectable 5 min after infection and often occurred in cells that appeared not to be invaded by the organism. Changes in caspase-3 activation and c-Jun phosphorylation were most marked in the proximal region of the jejunum. Although rarely observed in the epithelium, proper TUNEL-positive cells were frequently found in the intestinal lumen. Some, but not all, TUNEL-positive cells were also positive for caspase-3, indicating that both caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways of PCD increased upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Schauser
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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