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Giri-Rachman EA, Irasonia Tan M, Ramesh A, Fajar PA, Nurul Ilmi A, Retnoningrum DS, Hertadi R, Irawan A, Wojciechowska GEP, Yuan L. Development of Chimeric Hepatitis B (HBV) - Norovirus (NoV) P particle as candidate vaccine against Hepatitis B and norovirus infection. Vaccine X 2023; 14:100354. [PMID: 37519778 PMCID: PMC10372314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B remains a global problem with no effective treatment. Here, a mucosal vaccine candidate was developed with HBsAg and HBcAg, to provide both prophylactic and therapeutic protection against hepatitis B. The antigens were presented using the P particle of human norovirus (HuNov). As a result, the chimeric HBV - HuNoV P particle can act as a dual vaccine for hepatitis B and HuNoV. Methods The vaccine candidate was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles were successfully expressed and isolated, with sizes of approximately 25.64 nm. Then, the HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles were evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in mice and gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. After three doses (5 µg/dose in mice and 200 µg/dose in Gn pigs) of intranasal immunization, humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as toxicity, were evaluated. Results The vaccine candidate induced strong HBV-HuNoV specific IFN-γ producing T-cell responses in the ileum, spleen, and blood of Gn pigs. Serum IgG and IgA antibodies against HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles also increased significantly in Gn pigs. Increased HBsAg- and HuNoV-specific serum IgG responses were observed in mice and Gn pigs, although not statistically significant. The vaccine candidate did not show any toxicity in mice. Conclusions In summary, the chimeric HBV-HuNoV P particle vaccine given intranasally was safe and induced strong cellular and humoral immune responses in Gn pig. Modifications to the vaccine structure and dosage need to be evaluated in future studies to further enhance immunogenicity and induce more balanced humoral and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marselina Irasonia Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Putri Ayu Fajar
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Nurul Ilmi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Rukman Hertadi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Apriliani Irawan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gladys Emmanuella Putri Wojciechowska
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Detection of Porcine Deltacoronavirus RNA in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract and Biliary Fluid and the Effect of Infection on Serum Cholesterol Levels and Blood T Cell Population Frequencies in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020117. [PMID: 36851421 PMCID: PMC9962660 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first identified approximately a decade ago, but much is still obscure in terms of its pathogenesis. We aimed to further characterize PDCoV infection by investigating the presence of virus in respiratory and biliary tissues or fluids; T cell population frequencies in blood; and altered serum cholesterol levels. Twelve, 6-day-old, gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated oronasally with PDCoV OH-FD22 (2.6 × 107 FFU/pig). Six control piglets were not inoculated. Rectal swab (RS), nasal swab (NS), nasal wash (NW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and biliary fluid (BF) samples were collected at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (DPI) and tested for PDCoV RNA by RT-qPCR. Blood T cell populations and serum cholesterol levels were determined by flow cytometry and a colorimetric assay, respectively. Moderate to high, and low to moderate titers of PDCoV RNA were detected in RS and in NS, NW, BAL, and BF samples, respectively, of inoculated piglets. There were trends toward decreased CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ blood T cell frequencies in inoculated piglets. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were increased in inoculated piglets. Overall, we found that PDCoV infection does not exclusively involve the intestine, since the respiratory and biliary systems and cholesterol metabolism also can be affected.
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Matamoros DJP, Worsfold CS, Campos RC, Acuña HMB, Chacón EC, Sánchez CFJ. Molecular characterization of norovirus and sapovirus detected in animals and humans in Costa Rica: Zoo-anthropozoonotic potential of human norovirus GII.4. Open Vet J 2023; 13:74-89. [PMID: 36777439 PMCID: PMC9897497 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoV) and sapoviruses (SaV) are major causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, as well as gastrointestinal infections in animals. However, it has not been determined whether these viruses are zoonotic pathogens. Aim In this study, we investigated the presence of NoV and SaV in stool samples from dogs, pigs, cows, and humans to determine some aspects of the molecular epidemiology and the genetic relationship of several strains present in these species. Methods Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of NoV and SaV strains present in stool samples from humans and dogs with diarrhea, pigs, and cattle with and without diarrhea were carried out during fragmented periods from 2002 to 2012. Results Of all samples analyzed, 11.6% (123/1,061) of the samples were positive for NoV and 0.88% (9/1,023) were positive for SaV. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed 16 human strains of NoV (HuNoV) belonging to HuNoV G?/GII.P2 (1), GII.4/GII.P4 (5), G?/GII.P4 (9), and GII.6/GII.P6 (1) and allowed us to verify and assign three strains of human SaV to genotypes GI.2 (1) and GII.5 (2). In dogs, eight strains of NoV [HuNoV G?/GII.P4 (4) and canine G?/GVI.P1 (4)] and two strains of canine SaV were determined. In pigs, six strains were assigned to HuNoV G?/GII.P4 and four strains to porcine SaV were assigned to genogroup GIII (2), GVIII (1), and GXI (1). In bovines, five strains were characterized as HuNoV G?/GII.P4. Conclusions This study showed that NoV and SaV prototype strains have been present in humans and dogs in Costa Rica. Additionally, it revealed that the zoonotic potential of SaV is very limited, while the zoonotic implications for HuNoV GII.4 are stronger due to the simultaneous circulation of strains related to HuNoV GII.4 in four species, which suggests a zoo-anthropozoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derling José Pichardo Matamoros
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (PPCARN), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Pedro, Costa Rica,Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Corresponding Author: Derling José Pichardo Matamoros. Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (PPCARN), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Pedro, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Rocío Cortés Campos
- Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Hilda María Bolaños Acuña
- National Bacteriological Reference Center of the Costa Rican Institute for Teaching and Research in Health and Nutrition (CNRB-INCIENSA), San Diego, Costa Rica
| | - Elena Campos Chacón
- National Bacteriological Reference Center of the Costa Rican Institute for Teaching and Research in Health and Nutrition (CNRB-INCIENSA), San Diego, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Francisco Jiménez Sánchez
- Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica
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Artman C, Idegwu N, Brumfield KD, Lai K, Hauta S, Falzarano D, Parreño V, Yuan L, Geyer JD, Goepp JG. Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112371. [PMID: 36366469 PMCID: PMC9698945 DOI: 10.3390/v14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. METHODS Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4/CHDC2094/1974/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. RESULTS IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p < 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg/mL), and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Artman
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
| | | | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Shirley Hauta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- INCUINTA, IVIT, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Argentina), Buenos Aires 1712, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James D. Geyer
- Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Julius G. Goepp
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-820-9937
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Deere D, Ryan U. Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1543-1557. [PMID: 36308498 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of drinking water from Norovirus (NoV) and other waterborne viruses is a major public health concern globally. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is being used to assess the various risks from waterborne pathogens and evaluate control strategies. As urban populations grow and expand, there is increasing demand for recreational activities in drinking water catchments. QMRA relies on context-specific data to map out the pathways by which viruses can enter water and be transferred to drinking water consumers and identify risk factors and appropriate controls. This review examines the current evidence base and assumptions for QMRA analysis of NoV and other waterborne viral pathogens and recommends numerical values based on the most recent evidence to better understand the health risks associated with recreators in Australian drinking water sources; these are broadly applicable to all drinking water sources where recreational access is allowed. Key issues include the lack of an agreed upon data and dose-response models for human infectious NoV genotypes, faecal shedding by bathers, the extent of NoV infectivity and aggregation, resistance (secretor status) to NoV and the extent of secondary transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Deere
- Water Futures and Water Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia E-mail:
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Takano T, Ryu M, Doki T, Kusuhara H. Immunodominant B-Cell Linear Epitope on the VP1 P Domain of a Feline Norovirus Cat Model. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070731. [PMID: 35889977 PMCID: PMC9316177 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection remains a major public health concern worldwide. Appropriate animal models are essential for the development of effective NoV vaccines. We previously established the feline NoV (FNoV)-cat model as a surrogate animal model for human NoV infection. In the present study, we analyzed the B-cell linear epitope in the P domain of FNoV to confirm the basic immunological features of the FNoV-cat model. B-cell linear epitopes were present in the P2 subdomain. We compared antibody levels to peptides containing the B-cell linear epitope (P-10) in three FNoV-infected cats with time-course changes in viral load and symptom scoring. After FNoV infection, viral shedding and clinical symptoms were shown to improve by elevated levels of antibodies against P-10 in the plasma. This report provides important information for understanding NoV infections in humans and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mizuki Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 34-8628, Japan; (M.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Hajime Kusuhara
- Health and Environment Research Institute, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan;
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Cavicchio L, Laconi A, Piccirillo A, Beato MS. Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030537. [PMID: 35336944 PMCID: PMC8953536 DOI: 10.3390/v14030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus, an ssRNA + virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a leading disease burden in humans worldwide, causing an estimated 600 million cases of acute gastroenteritis every year. Since the discovery of norovirus in the faeces of swine in Japan in the 1990s, swine norovirus has been reported in several countries on several continents. The identification of the human-associated GII.4 genotype in swine has raised questions about this animal species as a reservoir of norovirus with zoonotic potential, even if species-specific P-types are usually detected in swine. This review summarises the available data regarding the geographic distribution of norovirus in swine, the years of detection, the genotype characterisation, and the prevalence in specific production groups. Furthermore, we discuss the major bottlenecks for the detection and characterisation of swine noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cavicchio
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy;
| | - Andrea Laconi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever and Ruminant retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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Kocher J, Castellucci TB, Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Lei S, Jiang X, Yuan L. Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T Cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070829. [PMID: 34357979 PMCID: PMC8308729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. P particles are a potential vaccine candidate against NoV. Simvastatin is a cholesterol-reducing drug that is known to increase NoV infectivity. In this study, we examined simvastatin’s effects on P particle-induced protective efficacy and T-cell immunogenicity using the gnotobiotic pig model of human NoV infection and diarrhea. Pigs were intranasally inoculated with three doses (100 µg/dose) of GII.4/VA387-derived P particles together with monophosphoryl lipid A and chitosan adjuvants. Simvastatin-fed pigs received 8 mg/day orally for 11 days prior to challenge. A subset of pigs was orally challenged with 10 ID50 of a NoV GII.4/2006b variant at post-inoculation day (PID) 28 and monitored for 7 days post-challenge. Intestinal and systemic T cell responses were determined pre- and postchallenge. Simvastatin abolished the P particle’s protection and significantly increased diarrhea severity after NoV infection. Simvastatin decreased proliferation of virus-specific and non-specific CD8 T cells in duodenum and virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in spleen and significantly reduced numbers of intestinal mononuclear cells in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly decreased numbers of duodenal CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and regulatory T cells and total duodenal activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated pigs pre-challenge at PID 28. Following challenge, simvastatin prevented the IFN-γ+ T cell response in spleen of vaccinated pigs. These results indicate that simvastatin abolished P particle vaccine-induced partial protection through, at least in part, impairing T cell immunity. The findings have specific implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against NoV gastroenteritis, especially for the elderly population who takes statin-type drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Tammy Bui Castellucci
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke Wen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Guohua Li
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Factors associated with the detection of norovirus among asymptomatic adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:299.e1-299.e8. [PMID: 34126230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about asymptomatic norovirus infection and its risk factors in healthy adults. This study investigated detection of norovirus in stool and its associated factors among asymptomatic healthy adults in a high-income country. METHODS This prospective cross-sectional study-conducted between February 2016 and January 2017 at a teaching hospital in Japan-included apparently healthy adults aged ≥18 years who underwent voluntary health check-ups. Our primary outcome was detection of norovirus in stool specimens confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. We evaluated descriptive statistics and associated factors, including demographics, social habits, and clinical parameters. RESULTS Among 15 532 participants, 4536 (29.2%, mean age 58.0 (standard deviation 11.8) years, male 44.6%) were enrolled, and 112 (2.5%, GI 57, GII 54, GI + GII 1) were norovirus-positive. Monthly prevalence rates of the GI norovirus were consistent throughout the year, while those of GII were high in May. Participants aged <40 and ≥ 80 years had higher rates of GII norovirus detection. Participants who occasionally consume alcohol, especially wine (odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-0.68), had lower norovirus detection rates than abstainers. Participants with untreated dyslipidaemia and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level had higher detection rates than those with treated dyslipidaemia (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.07-2.05) and a normal HDL cholesterol level (OR 2.60, 95%CI 1.46-4.61). Some gastrointestinal and female genital diseases were associated with norovirus detection. CONCLUSIONS The norovirus detection rate in asymptomatic adults was 2.5%. Participants with specific lifestyles or medical histories may have higher risks of asymptomatic norovirus infection.
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Aggarwal S, Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:975. [PMID: 34070283 PMCID: PMC8225081 DOI: 10.3390/v13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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12
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Park BJ, Ahn HS, Han SH, Go HJ, Kim DH, Choi C, Jung S, Myoung J, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Lee HT, Choi IS. Analysis of the Immune Responses in the Ileum of Gnotobiotic Pigs Infected with the Recombinant GII.p12_GII.3 Human Norovirus by mRNA Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010092. [PMID: 33440894 PMCID: PMC7826840 DOI: 10.3390/v13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) induces acute gastrointestinal food-borne illness in humans. Because gnotobiotic pigs can be infected with human norovirus (HuNoV) GII, they are frequently used to analyze the associated pathogenic mechanisms and immune responses, which remain poorly understood. Recently, mRNA sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) has been used to identify cellular responses to viruses. In this study, we investigated the host immune response and possible mechanisms involved in virus evasion in the ileum of gnotobiotic pigs infected with HuNoV by RNA-Seq. HuNoV was detected in the feces, blood, and tissues of the jejunum, ileum, colon, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen of pigs infected with HuNoV. In analysis of mRNA sequencing, expression of anti-viral protein genes such as OAS1, MX1, and MX2 were largely decreased, whereas type I IFN was increased in pigs infected with HuNoV. In addition, expression of TNF and associated anti-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IL10 was increased in HuNoV-infected pigs. Expression of genes related to natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and CD8+ T cell exhaustion was increased, whereas that of MHC class I genes was decreased. Expression profiles of selected genes were further confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. These results suggest that infection with HuNoV induces NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity but suppresses type I IFN- and CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (C.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (C.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hoon-Taek Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2049-6228
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13
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Evaluation of the 50% Infectious Dose of Human Norovirus Cin-2 in Gnotobiotic Pigs: A Comparison of Classical and Contemporary Methods for Endpoint Estimation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090955. [PMID: 32872283 PMCID: PMC7552045 DOI: 10.3390/v12090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading causative agents of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis that affect people of all ages worldwide. However, very few dose–response studies have been carried out to determine the median infectious dose of HuNoVs. In this study, we evaluated the median infectious dose (ID50) and diarrhea dose (DD50) of the GII.4/2003 variant of HuNoV (Cin-2) in the gnotobiotic pig model of HuNoV infection and disease. Using various mathematical approaches (Reed–Muench, Dragstedt–Behrens, Spearman–Karber, logistic regression, and exponential and approximate beta-Poisson dose–response models), we estimated the ID50 and DD50 to be between 2400–3400 RNA copies, and 21,000–38,000 RNA copies, respectively. Contemporary dose–response models offer greater flexibility and accuracy in estimating ID50. In contrast to classical methods of endpoint estimation, dose–response modelling allows seamless analyses of data that may include inconsistent dilution factors between doses or numbers of subjects per dose group, or small numbers of subjects. Although this investigation is consistent with state-of-the-art ID50 determinations and offers an advancement in clinical data analysis, it is important to underscore that such analyses remain confounded by pathogen aggregation. Regardless, challenging virus strain ID50 determination is crucial for identifying the true infectiousness of HuNoVs and for the accurate evaluation of protective efficacies in pre-clinical studies of therapeutics, vaccines and other prophylactics using this reliable animal model.
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14
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Jung S, Seo DJ, Yeo D, Wang Z, Min A, Zhao Z, Song M, Choi IS, Myoung J, Choi C. Experimental infection of hepatitis E virus induces pancreatic necroptosis in miniature pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12022. [PMID: 32694702 PMCID: PMC7374588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by hepatitis E virus (HEV) via the oral route causes acute hepatitis. Extra-hepatic manifestations of HEV infection may stem from various causes; however, its distribution in organs such as the liver, as well as the mechanisms underlying HEV-induced cell injury, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the chronological distribution of HEV in various tissues of HEV-challenged miniature pigs and to investigate the mechanisms underlying HEV-induced cell death in the pancreas and liver. Virological and serological analyses were performed on blood and faecal samples. Histopathology of the liver and extra-hepatic tissues was analysed. Cell death pathways and immune cell characterisation in inflammatory lesions were analysed using immunohistochemistry. The liver and pancreas displayed inflammation and cellular injury, and a large amount of HEV was observed in the lesions. The liver was infiltrated by T and natural killer cells. HEV was identified in all organs except the heart, and was associated with immune cells. Although the liver and the pancreas strongly expressed TNF-α and TRAIL, TUNEL assay results were negative. RIP3 and pMLKL were expressed in the pancreas. RIP3, but not pMLKL, was expressed in the liver. Pancreatitis induced in HEV-infected miniature pigs is associated with necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju, 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Mengxiao Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lei S, Twitchell EL, Ramesh AK, Bui T, Majette E, Tin CM, Avery R, Arango-Argoty G, Zhang L, Becker-Dreps S, Azcarate-Peril MA, Jiang X, Yuan L. Enhanced GII.4 human norovirus infection in gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with a human gut microbiota. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1530-1540. [PMID: 31596195 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of commensal microbiota in enteric viral infections has been explored extensively, but the interaction between human gut microbiota (HGM) and human norovirus (HuNoV) is poorly understood. In this study, we established an HGM-Transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HuNoV infection and disease, using an infant stool as HGM transplant and a HuNoV GII.4/2006b strain for virus inoculation. Compared to germ-free Gn pigs, HuNoV inoculation in HGMT Gn pigs resulted in increased HuNoV shedding, characterized by significantly higher shedding titres on post inoculation day (PID) 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9, and significantly longer mean duration of virus shedding. In addition, virus titres were significantly higher in duodenum and distal ileum of HGMT Gn pigs on PID10, while comparable and transient HuNoV viremia was detected in both groups. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that HuNoV infection dramatically altered intestinal microbiota in HGMT Gn pigs at the phylum (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and genus (Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Anaerococcus, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus) levels. In summary, enhanced GII.4 HuNoV infection was observed in the presence of HGM, and host microbiota was susceptible to disruption upon HuNoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Present address: Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica L Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Elizabeth Majette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christine M Tin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Roger Avery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Gustavo Arango-Argoty
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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16
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Hosmillo M, Chaudhry Y, Nayak K, Sorgeloos F, Koo BK, Merenda A, Lillestol R, Drumright L, Zilbauer M, Goodfellow I. Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Restricted by the Interferon-Induced JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway and RNA Polymerase II-Mediated Transcriptional Responses. mBio 2020; 11:e00215-20. [PMID: 32184238 PMCID: PMC7078467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00215-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recent finding that HuNoV can be propagated in B cells and mucosa-derived intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) has transformed our ability to dissect the life cycle of noroviruses. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of HuNoV-infected intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we have found that replication of HuNoV in IECs results in interferon (IFN)-induced transcriptional responses and that HuNoV replication in IECs is sensitive to IFN. This contrasts with previous studies that suggested that the innate immune response may play no role in the restriction of HuNoV replication in immortalized cells. We demonstrated that inhibition of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/JAK2 enhanced HuNoV replication in IECs. Surprisingly, targeted inhibition of cellular RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription was not detrimental to HuNoV replication but instead enhanced replication to a greater degree than blocking of JAK signaling directly. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that IECs generated from genetically modified intestinal organoids, engineered to be deficient in the interferon response, were more permissive to HuNoV infection. Taking the results together, our work revealed that IFN-induced transcriptional responses restrict HuNoV replication in IECs and demonstrated that inhibition of these responses mediated by modifications of the culture conditions can greatly enhance the robustness of the norovirus culture system.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, and yet the challenges associated with their growth in culture have greatly hampered the development of therapeutic approaches and have limited our understanding of the cellular pathways that control infection. Here, we show that human intestinal epithelial cells, which represent the first point of entry of human noroviruses into the host, limit virus replication by induction of innate responses. Furthermore, we show that modulating the ability of intestinal epithelial cells to induce transcriptional responses to HuNoV infection can significantly enhance human norovirus replication in culture. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the biological pathways that control norovirus infection but also identify mechanisms that enhance the robustness of norovirus culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Merenda
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Reidun Lillestol
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Drumright
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Yuan L, Hensley C, Mahsoub HM, Ramesh AK, Zhou P. Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:15-60. [PMID: 32475521 PMCID: PMC7181997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens-from human and animal studies-that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hassan M Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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18
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Cieslak TJ, Herstein JJ, Kortepeter MG, Hewlett AL. A Methodology for Determining Which Diseases Warrant Care in a High-Level Containment Care Unit. Viruses 2019; 11:E773. [PMID: 31443440 PMCID: PMC6784089 DOI: 10.3390/v11090773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of high-level containment care (HLCC or 'biocontainment'), dates back to 1969, the 2014-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) brought with it a renewed emphasis on the use of specialized HLCC units in the care of patients with EVD. Employment of these units in the United States and Western Europe resulted in a significant decrease in mortality compared to traditional management in field settings. Moreover, this employment appeared to significantly lessen the risk of nosocomial transmission of disease; no secondary cases occurred among healthcare workers in these units. While many now accept the wisdom of utilizing HLCC units and principles in the management of EVD (and, presumably, of other transmissible and highly hazardous viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as those caused by Marburg and Lassa viruses), no consensus exists regarding additional diseases that might warrant HLCC. We propose here a construct designed to make such determinations for existing and newly discovered diseases. The construct examines infectivity (as measured by the infectious dose needed to infect 50% of a given population (ID50)), communicability (as measured by the reproductive number (R0)), and hazard (as measured by morbidity and mortality). Diseases fulfilling all three criteria (i.e., those that are highly infectious, communicable, and highly hazardous) are considered candidates for HLCC management if they also meet a fourth criterion, namely that they lack effective and available licensed countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Cieslak
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jocelyn J Herstein
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mark G Kortepeter
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Angela L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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19
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Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050478. [PMID: 31130647 PMCID: PMC6563253 DOI: 10.3390/v11050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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20
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Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030204. [PMID: 30823663 PMCID: PMC6466045 DOI: 10.3390/v11030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.
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21
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Todd KV, Tripp RA. Human Norovirus: Experimental Models of Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020151. [PMID: 30759780 PMCID: PMC6410082 DOI: 10.3390/v11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoV infections lead to substantial societal and economic burdens. There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of HuNoVs. A lack of well-characterized in vitro and in vivo infection models has limited the development of HuNoV countermeasures. Experimental infection of human volunteers and the use of related viruses such as murine NoV have provided helpful insights into HuNoV biology and vaccine and therapeutic development. There remains a need for robust animal models and reverse genetic systems to further HuNoV research. This review summarizes available HuNoV animal models and reverse genetic systems, while providing insight into their usefulness for vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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22
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Stobnicka A, Gołofit-Szymczak M, Wójcik-Fatla A, Zając V, Korczyńska-Smolec J, Górny RL. Prevalence of Human Parainfluenza Viruses and Noroviruses Genomes on Office Fomites. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:133-140. [PMID: 29196954 PMCID: PMC5951877 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of office fomites in respiratory (human parainfluenza virus 1-HPIV1, human parainfluenza virus 3-HPIV3) and enteric (norovirus GI-NoV GI, norovirus GII-NoV GII) viruses transmission by assessing the occurrence of these viruses on surfaces in office buildings. Between 2016 and 2017, a total of 130 surfaces from open-space and non-open-space rooms in office buildings located in one city were evaluated for HPIV1, HPIV3, NoV GI, and NoV GII viral RNA presence. Detection of viruses was performed by RT-qPCR method. Study revealed 27 positive samples, among them 59.3% were HPIV3-positive, 25.9% HPIV1-positive, and 14.8% NoV GII-positive. All tested surfaces were NoV GI-negative. Statistical analysis of obtained data showed that the surfaces of office equipment including computer keyboards and mice, telephones, and desktops were significantly more contaminated with respiratory viruses than the surfaces of building equipment elements such as door handles, light switches, or ventilation tracts (χ 2 p = 0.006; Fisher's Exact p = 0.004). All examined surfaces were significantly more contaminated with HPIVs than NoVs (χ 2 p = 0.002; Fisher's Exact p = 0.003). Office fomites in open-space rooms were more often contaminated with HPIVs than with NoVs (χ 2 p = 0.016; Fisher's Exact p = 0.013). The highest average concentration of HPIVs RNA copies was observed on telephones (1.66 × 102 copies/100 cm2), while NoVs on the light switches (1.40 × 102 copies/100 cm2). However, the Kruskal-Wallis test did not show statistically significant differences in concentration levels of viral RNA copies on surfaces between the all tested samples. This study unequivocally showed that individuals in office environment may have contact with both respiratory and enteric viral particles present on frequently touched surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stobnicka
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16 Street, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Gołofit-Szymczak
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16 Street, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Rafał L Górny
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16 Street, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
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Seo DJ, Jung D, Jung S, Ha SK, Ha SD, Choi IS, Myoung J, Choi C. Experimental miniature piglet model for the infection of human norovirus GII. J Med Virol 2017; 90:655-662. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Day Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology; NINDS; National Institute of Health (NIH); Bethesda Maryland
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju-si Jeollabuk-do South Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition; College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources; Chung-Ang University; Anseong Gyeonggi South Korea
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24
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Wang C, Liu C, Gao H, Liu H. Order of aging of major human organs or systems and evaluation of health status based on aging. Biomarkers 2016; 22:145-148. [PMID: 27800690 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the functional age of an individual, a quantitative system for the assessment of aging status was developed in the present study. A total of 1579 subjects were selected randomly from patients undergoing physical examination. The index of organic mild impairment (IOMI) and IOMI corrected for age (COMI) were calculated. By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the IOMIs of younger and elderly subjects, a cutoff value for COMI of 30% was obtained. About 95% of <30-year-old subjects were healthy. These data suggest that organs and systems reflect the aging status of an individual and may be a useful tool for evaluating health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Wang
- a Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Chunqing Liu
- b College of Medical Laboratory , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Hanboya Gao
- a Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Hui Liu
- b College of Medical Laboratory , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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25
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Lei S, Ramesh A, Twitchell E, Wen K, Bui T, Weiss M, Yang X, Kocher J, Li G, Giri-Rachman E, Trang NV, Jiang X, Ryan EP, Yuan L. High Protective Efficacy of Probiotics and Rice Bran against Human Norovirus Infection and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1699. [PMID: 27853451 PMCID: PMC5090003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been recognized as vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic agents to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. We previously showed that rice bran (RB) reduced human rotavirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major pathogens causing non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) were first screened for their ability to bind HuNoV P particles and virions derived from clinical samples containing HuNoV genotype GII.3 and GII.4, then the effects of LGG+EcN and RB on HuNoV infection and diarrhea were investigated using the gnotobiotic pig model. While LGG+EcN colonization inhibited HuNoV shedding, probiotic cocktail regimens in which RB feeding started 7 days prior to or 1 day after viral inoculation in the LGG+EcN colonized gnotobiotic pigs exhibited high protection against HuNoV diarrhea and shedding, characterized by significantly reduced incidence (89 versus 20%) and shorter mean duration of diarrhea (2.2 versus 0.2 days), as well as shorter mean duration of virus shedding (3.2 versus 1.0 days). In both probiotic cocktail groups, the diarrhea reduction rates were 78% compared with the control group, and diarrhea severity was reduced as demonstrated by the significantly lower cumulative fecal scores. The high protective efficacy of the probiotic cocktail regimens was attributed to stimulation of IFN-γ+ T cell responses, increased production of intestinal IgA and IgG, and maintenance of healthy intestinal morphology (manifested as longer villi compared with the control group). Therefore, probiotic cocktail regimens containing LGG+EcN and RB may represent highly efficacious strategies to prevent and treat HuNoV gastroenteritis, and potentially other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ernawati Giri-Rachman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi, BandungWest Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
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26
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Ali ES, Rajapaksha H, Carr JM, Petrovsky N. Norovirus drug candidates that inhibit viral capsid attachment to human histo-blood group antigens. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:14-22. [PMID: 27421712 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading causative agents of epidemic and sporadic viral gastroenteritis and childhood diarrhoea worldwide. Human histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) serve as receptors for norovirus capsid protein attachment and play a critical role in infection. This makes HBGA-norovirus binding a promising target for drug development. Recently solved crystal structures of norovirus bound to HBGA have provided a structural basis for identification of potential anti-norovirus drugs and subsequently performed in silico and in vitro drug screens have identified compounds that block norovirus binding and may thereby serve as structural templates for design of therapeutic norovirus inhibitors. This review explores norovirus therapeutic options based on the strategy of blocking norovirus-HBGA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunüs S Ali
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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27
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de Graaf M, van Beek J, Koopmans MPG. Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:421-33. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Lei S, Ryu J, Wen K, Twitchell E, Bui T, Ramesh A, Weiss M, Li G, Samuel H, Clark-Deener S, Jiang X, Lee K, Yuan L. Increased and prolonged human norovirus infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient gnotobiotic pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25222. [PMID: 27118081 PMCID: PMC4846862 DOI: 10.1038/srep25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of genetically engineered (GE) large animals carrying multi-allelic modifications has been hampered by low efficiency in production and extended gestation period compared to rodents. Here, we rapidly generated RAG2/IL2RG double knockout pigs using direct injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos. RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs were immunodeficient, characterized by depletion of lymphocytes and either absence of or structurally abnormal immune organs. Pigs were maintained in gnotobiotic facility and evaluated for human norovirus (HuNoV) infection. HuNoV shedding lasted for 16 days in wild type pigs, compared to 27 days (until the end of trials) in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs. Additionally, higher HuNoV titers were detected in intestinal tissues and contents and in blood, indicating increased and prolonged HuNoV infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs and the importance of lymphocytes in HuNoV clearance. These results suggest that GE immunodeficient gnotobiotic pigs serve as a novel model for biomedical research and will facilitate HuNoV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Helen Samuel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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29
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Lei S, Samuel H, Twitchell E, Bui T, Ramesh A, Wen K, Weiss M, Li G, Yang X, Jiang X, Yuan L. Enterobacter cloacae inhibits human norovirus infectivity in gnotobiotic pigs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25017. [PMID: 27113278 PMCID: PMC4845002 DOI: 10.1038/srep25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Study of HuNoV biology has been hampered by the lack of an efficient cell culture system. Recently, enteric commensal bacteria Enterobacter cloacae has been recognized as a helper in HuNoV infection of B cells in vitro. To test the influences of E. cloacae on HuNoV infectivity and to determine whether HuNoV infects B cells in vivo, we colonized gnotobiotic pigs with E. cloacae and inoculated pigs with 2.74 × 10(4) genome copies of HuNoV. Compared to control pigs, reduced HuNoV shedding was observed in E. cloacae colonized pigs, characterized by significantly shorter duration of shedding in post-inoculation day 10 subgroup and lower cumulative shedding and peak shedding in individual pigs. Colonization of E. cloacae also reduced HuNoV titers in intestinal tissues and in blood. In both control and E. cloacae colonized pigs, HuNoV infection of enterocytes was confirmed, however infection of B cells was not observed in ileum, and the entire lamina propria in sections of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were HuNoV-negative. In summary, E. cloacae inhibited HuNoV infectivity, and B cells were not a target cell type for HuNoV in gnotobiotic pigs, with or without E. cloacae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Helen Samuel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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30
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Newman KL, Leon JS. Norovirus immunology: Of mice and mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2742-57. [PMID: 26256101 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe and are responsible for 20% of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over the past decade, the understanding of NoV immunology has grown immensely. Studies of the natural immune response to NoV in humans and animal models have laid the foundation for innovations in cell culture systems for NoV and development of new therapeutics. Evidence from animal models, NoV surrogates, observational human research, and human challenge studies suggest that the innate immune response is critical for limiting NoV infection but is insufficient for viral clearance. NoV may antagonize the innate immune response to establish or prolong infection. However, once a robust adaptive immune response is initiated, the immune system clears the infection through the action of T and B cells, simultaneously generating highly specific protective immunologic memory. We review here both the current knowledge on NoV immunity and exciting new developments, with a focus on ongoing vaccine development work, novel cell culture systems, and advances in understanding the role of the gut microbiome. These changes reinforce the need for a better understanding of the human immune response to NoV and suggest novel hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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A Gnotobiotic Pig Model for Determining Human Norovirus Inactivation by High-Pressure Processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6679-87. [PMID: 26187968 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01566-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is responsible for over 90% of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and accounts for 60% of cases of foodborne illness in the United States. Currently, the infectivity of human NoVs is poorly understood due to the lack of a cell culture system. In this study, we determined the survival of a human NoV genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) strain in seeded oyster homogenates after high-pressure processing (HPP) using a novel receptor binding assay and a gnotobiotic pig model. Pressure conditions of 350 MPa at 0°C for 2 min led to a 3.7-log10 reduction in the number of viral RNA copies in oysters, as measured by the porcine gastric mucin-conjugated magnetic bead (PGM-MB) binding assay and real-time RT-PCR, whereas pressure conditions of 350 MPa at 35°C for 2 min achieved only a 1-log10 reduction in the number of RNA copies. Newborn gnotobiotic piglets orally fed oyster homogenate treated at 350 MPa and 0°C for 2 min did not have viral RNA shedding in feces, histologic lesions, or viral replication in the small intestine. In contrast, gnotobiotic piglets fed oysters treated at 350 MPa and 35°C for 2 min had high levels of viral shedding in feces and exhibited significant histologic lesions and viral replication in the small intestine. Collectively, these data demonstrate that (i) human NoV survival estimated by an in vitro PGM-MB virus binding assay is consistent with the infectivity determined by an in vivo gnotobiotic piglet model and (ii) HPP is capable of inactivating a human NoV GII.4 strain at commercially acceptable pressure levels.
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32
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Kocher J, Yuan L. Norovirus vaccines and potential antinorovirus drugs: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Virol 2015; 10:899-913. [PMID: 26568768 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute, nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a cell culture system and smaller animal model has delayed the development and commercial availability of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Current vaccines rely on recombinant capsid proteins, such as P particles and virus-like particles (VLPs), which have been promising in clinical trials. Anti-HuNoV drug development is another area of extensive research, including currently available antiviral drugs for other viral pathogens. This review will provide an overview of recent advances in vaccine and antiviral development. The implication of recent advances in HuNoV cell culture for improving vaccine and antiviral development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
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Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F, van Drunen Littel - van den Hurk S, Wilson D, Walker S, Wheler C, Townsend H, Potter AA. Large Animal Models for Vaccine Development and Testing. ILAR J 2015; 56:53-62. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Purpose of review To provide an overview of the burden of norovirus disease in healthcare settings and the factors responsible for outbreaks in these institutions; to assess progress on interventions aimed at reducing the burden of norovirus disease. Recent findings Norovirus outbreaks in healthcare settings are driven by confluence of viral diversity, the built environment, and host factors. Some of these characteristics may be modifiable and the target of successful interventions. Summary Most norovirus outbreaks in hospital and residential care institutions are associated with a particular genotype, known as GII.4. The persistence of norovirus is associated with strain diversity, which is driven by immune evasion and viral adaptation to interaction with a variety of human histo-blood group antigens. The healthcare environment presents serious challenges for control, both because of the physical structure of the built space and the high levels of contact among patient populations who may have compromised hygiene. Increased vulnerability among the populations in healthcare institutions is likely to be multifactorial and may include the following: nutritional status, immunodeficiency or senescence, chronic inflammation, and microbiome alterations. Current control measures are based on general infection control principles, and treatment is mainly supportive and nonspecific. Vaccines and antiviral agents are being developed with promising results, but none are currently available.
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35
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Pan ZH, Gao K, Hou CX, Wu P, Qin GX, Geng T, Guo XJ. dsRNA interference on expression of a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Gene 2015; 565:56-61. [PMID: 25839934 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is one of the major viral pathogens in silkworm. Its infection often results in significant losses to sericulture. Studies have demonstrated that RNAi is one of the important anti-viral mechanisms in organisms. In this study, three dsRNAs targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene of BmCPV were designed and synthesized with 2'-F modification to explore their interference effects on BmCPV replication in silkworm larvae. The results showed that injecting dsRNA in the dosage of 4-6 ng per mg body weight into the 5th instar larvae can interfere with the BmCPV-RDRP expression by 93% after virus infection and by 99.9% before virus infection. In addition, the expression of two viral structural protein genes (genome RNA segments 1 and 5) was also decreased with the decrease of RDRP expression, suggesting that RNAi interference of BmCPV-RDRP expression could affect viral replication. The study provides an effective method for investigating virus replication as well as the virus-host interactions in the silkworm larvae using dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Pan
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Guang-Xing Qin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Tao Geng
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xi-Jie Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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Karst SM, Zhu S, Goodfellow IG. The molecular pathology of noroviruses. J Pathol 2015; 235:206-16. [PMID: 25312350 DOI: 10.1002/path.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus infection in humans typically results in acute gastroenteritis but may also occur in many animal species. Noroviruses are recognized as one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis in the world, being responsible for almost 20% of all cases. Despite their prevalence and impact, our knowledge of the norovirus life cycle and the pathological processes associated with norovirus-induced disease is limited. Whilst infection of the intestine is the norm, extraintestinal spread and associated pathologies have also been described. In addition, long-term chronic infections are now recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to norovirus pathology and the underlying mechanisms that have been characterized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Karst
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Intranasal P particle vaccine provided partial cross-variant protection against human GII.4 norovirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. J Virol 2014; 88:9728-43. [PMID: 24920797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01249-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide in people of all ages. The P particle is a novel vaccine candidate derived from the protruding (P) domain of the NoV VP1 capsid protein. This study utilized the neonatal gnotobiotic pig model to evaluate the protective efficacies of primary infection, P particles, and virus-like particles (VLPs) against NoV infection and disease and the T cell responses to these treatments. Pigs either were vaccinated intranasally with GII.4/1997 NoV (VA387)-derived P particles or VLPs or were inoculated orally with a GII.4/2006b NoV variant. At postinoculation day (PID) 28, pigs either were euthanized or were challenged with the GII.4/2006b variant and monitored for diarrhea and virus shedding for 7 days. The T cell responses in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues were examined. Primary NoV infection provided 83% homologous protection against diarrhea and 49% homologous protection against virus shedding, while the P particle and VLP vaccines provided cross-variant protection (47% and 60%, respectively) against diarrhea. The protection rates against diarrhea are significantly inversely correlated with T cell expansion in the duodenum and are positively correlated with T cell expansion in the ileum and spleen. The P particle vaccine primed for stronger immune responses than VLPs, including significantly higher numbers of activated CD4+ T cells in all tissues, gamma interferon-producing (IFN-γ+) CD8+ T cells in the duodenum, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the blood, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-producing CD4+ CD25- FoxP3+ Tregs in the spleen postchallenge, indicating that P particles are more immunogenic than VLPs at the same dose. In conclusion, the P particle vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate worthy of further development. IMPORTANCE The norovirus (NoV) P particle is a vaccine candidate derived from the protruding (P) domain of the NoV VP1 capsid protein. P particles can be easily produced in Escherichia coli at high yields and thus may be more economically viable than the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the cross-variant protection (46.7%) of the intranasal P particle vaccine against human NoV diarrhea and revealed in detail the intestinal and systemic T cell responses by using the gnotobiotic pig model. The cross-variant protective efficacy of the P particle vaccine was comparable to that of the VLP vaccine in pigs (60%) and to the homologous protective efficacy of the VLP vaccine in humans (47%). NoV is now the leading cause of pediatric dehydrating diarrhea, responsible for approximately 1 million hospital visits for U.S. children and 218,000 deaths in developing countries. The P particle vaccine holds promise for reducing the disease burden and mortality.
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide and can chronically infect immunocompromised patients. Efforts to develop effective vaccines and antivirals have been hindered by the uncultivable nature and extreme genetic diversity of human noroviruses. Although they remain a particularly challenging pathogen to study, recent advances in norovirus animal models and in vitro cultivation systems have led to an increased understanding of norovirus molecular biology and replication, pathogenesis, cell tropism, and innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, clinical trials of vaccines consisting of nonreplicating virus-like particles have shown promise. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and discuss controversies in the field, which is rapidly progressing toward generation of antiviral agents and increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Karst
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Kim Y Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Newcastle disease virus vector producing human norovirus-like particles induces serum, cellular, and mucosal immune responses in mice. J Virol 2014; 88:9718-27. [PMID: 24920815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01570-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human norovirus infection is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Development of an effective vaccine is required for reducing norovirus outbreaks. The inability to grow human norovirus in cell culture has hindered the development of live-attenuated vaccines. To overcome this obstacle, we generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV)-vectored experimental norovirus vaccine by expressing the capsid protein (VP1) of norovirus strain VA387. We compared two different NDV vectors, a conventional rNDV vector and a modified rNDV vector, for their efficiencies in expressing VP1 protein. Our results showed that the modified vector replicated to higher titers and expressed higher levels of VP1 protein in DF1 cells and in allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs than did the conventional vector. We further demonstrated that the VP1 protein produced by rNDVs was able to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically similar to baculovirus-expressed VLPs. Evaluation of their immunogenicity in mice showed that the modified rNDV vector induced a higher level of IgG response than those induced by the conventional vector and by the baculovirus-expressed VLPs. The rNDV vectors predominantly induced IgG2a subclass antibody for the Th1 response, and specifically, high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were detected in splenocytes. In addition, the modified rNDV vector induced a higher level of fecal IgA response in mice than did baculovirus-expressed VLPs. Our findings suggest that the rNDV vector is an efficient system to produce cost-effective VLPs in embryonated chicken eggs and has the potential to be used as a live-attenuated vaccine in humans. IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, effective vaccines against norovirus infection are not available. In this study, we have evaluated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a vaccine vector for norovirus. Our results suggest that NDV can be used not only as a cost-effective method for large-scale production of norovirus-like particle vaccines but also as a live-attenuated vectored vaccine.
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Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Jochmans D. Norovirus: targets and tools in antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:1-11. [PMID: 24893351 PMCID: PMC7111065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of antiviral strategies to treat or prevent norovirus infections is a pressing matter. Noroviruses are the number 1 cause of acute gastroenteritis, of foodborne illness, of sporadic gastroenteritis in all age groups and of severe acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old seeking medical assistance [USA/CDC]. In developing countries, noroviruses are linked to significant mortality (~200,000 children <5 years old). Noroviruses are a major culprit for the closure of hospital wards, and associated with increased hospitalization and mortality among the elderly. Transplant patients have significant risk of acquiring persistent norovirus gastroenteritis. Control and prevention strategies are limited to the use of disinfectants and hand sanitizers, whose efficacy is frequently insufficient. Hence, there is an ample need for antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of norovirus infections. The fact that only a handful of inhibitors of norovirus replication have been reported can largely be attributable to the hampering inability to cultivate human noroviruses in cell culture. The Norwalk replicon-bearing cells and the murine norovirus-infected cell lines are the available models to assess in vitro antiviral activity of compounds. Human noroviruses have been shown to replicate (to some extent) in mice, calves, gnotobiotic pigs, and chimpanzees. Infection of interferon-deficient mice with the murine norovirus results in virus-induced diarrhea. Here we review recent developments in understanding which norovirus proteins or host cell factors may serve as targets for inhibition of viral replication. Given the recent advances, significant progress in the search for antiviral strategies against norovirus infections is expected in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are important pathogens causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to the inability to cultivate NoVs, current NoV vaccine development relies on bioengineering technologies to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) and other subviral particles of NoVs as subunit vaccines. The first VLP vaccine has reached phase II clinical trials and several others are under development in pre-clinical research. Several subviral complexes made from the protruding (P) domains of NoV capsid share common features of easy production, high stability and high immunogenicity and thus are candidates for low cost vaccines. These P domain complexes can also be used as vaccine platforms to present foreign antigens for potential dual vaccines against NoVs and other pathogens. Development of NoV vaccines also faces other challenges, including genetic diversity of NoVs, limit understanding of NoV immunology and evolution, and lack of an efficient NoV animal model for vaccine assessment, which are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This review summarizes recent NoV disease burden estimates, epidemiology findings and provides an update on virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine studies. RECENT FINDINGS NoVs are the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis and are replacing rotavirus as the predominant gastrointestinal pathogen in pediatric populations. Genogroup II, genotype 4 NoVs (GII.4) remain the dominant genotype worldwide. Increased NoV activity reported in late 2012 was associated with the emergence of a new GII.4 variant called Sydney 2012. New studies suggest that human NoVs can bind a larger range of histoblood group antigens, a susceptibility factor for NoV illness, thus expanding the susceptible population pool for infection. Intranasal immunization with a monovalent GI NoV VLP vaccine showed proof-of-concept efficacy. Studies using intramuscular immunization with a bivalent formulation including GII.4 VLPs are now underway. SUMMARY The importance of NoVs as a major gastrointestinal pathogen underscores the need for well tolerated and effective vaccines. Results of VLP vaccine trials appear promising. However, the rapid evolution of NoV genotypes through antigenic drift and changing glycan specificities provide new challenges to epidemiology studies and vaccine trials.
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