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Letafati A, Bahari M, Salahi Ardekani O, Nayerain Jazi N, Nikzad A, norouzi F, Mahdavi B, Aboofazeli A, Mozhgani SH. HTLV-1 vaccination Landscape: Current developments and challenges. Vaccine X 2024; 19:100525. [PMID: 39105133 PMCID: PMC11298643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is distinguished for its correlation to myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). As well, HTLV-1 has been documented to have links with other inflammatory diseases, such as uveitis and dermatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global distribution of HTLV-1 infection is estimated to extend between 5 and 10 million individuals. Recent efforts in HTLV-1 vaccine development primarily involve selecting viral components, such as antigens, from structural and non-structural proteins. These components are chosen to trigger a vigorous immune response from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), helper T lymphocytes (HTLs), and B cells. Investigation into developing a vaccine against HTLV-1 is ongoing, and current surveys have explored several approaches, including viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, protein and peptide vaccines, dendritic cell-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and other platforms. Despite these investigations have shown promising results, challenges like the necessity for long-term protective immunity, addressing viral diversity, and managing potential side effects remain. It is critical to keep track of the progress made in HTLV-1 vaccination research to comprehend the development status and its possible impacts. The evolving nature of vaccine development underscores the importance of staying informed about advancements as we strive to combat HTLV-1-associated diseases through effective vaccination strategies. In this review, our goal is to provide an overview of the current status of HTLV-1 vaccination efforts, emphasizing the progress, challenges, and potential future directions in this vital area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Bahari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Nayerain Jazi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abuzar Nikzad
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale Universita’ di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Farnaz norouzi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Mahdavi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Aboofazeli
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Yu X, Zhu Y, Yin G, Wang Y, Shi X, Cheng G. Exploiting hosts and vectors: viral strategies for facilitating transmission. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:3187-3201. [PMID: 39048750 PMCID: PMC11315993 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed various strategies to ensure their survival and transmission. One intriguing strategy involves manipulating the behavior of infected arthropod vectors and hosts. Through intricate interactions, viruses can modify vector behavior, aiding in crossing barriers and improving transmission to new hosts. This manipulation may include altering vector feeding preferences, thus promoting virus transmission to susceptible individuals. In addition, viruses employ diverse dissemination methods, including cell-to-cell and intercellular transmission via extracellular vesicles. These strategies allow viruses to establish themselves in favorable environments, optimize replication, and increase the likelihood of spreading to other individuals. Understanding these complex viral strategies offers valuable insights into their biology, transmission dynamics, and potential interventions for controlling infections. Unraveling interactions between viruses, hosts, and vectors enables the development of targeted approaches to effectively mitigate viral diseases and prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650092, China.
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3
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Bittencourt AL, Farre L. Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1, an underdiagnosed disease. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 145:107058. [PMID: 38697604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) (IDH) is a severe form of chronically infected eczema occurring in early childhood, although very rarely cases have been reported in adults. Most of the cases are from Jamaica and Brazil and occur in individuals with low socioeconomic status. IDH is always associated with refractory Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection of the skin and nasal vestibules. Patients with IDH may develop other even more severe HTLV-1-associated diseases, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) of early or late appearance and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In the context of the Brazilian experience, it has been observed that 54% of IDH patients exhibit the juvenile form of HAM/TSP while the estimated incidence of adult HAM/TSP is 3%. As there are no curative treatments for HTLV-1 infection (or vaccines) or most of its associated diseases, prevention of infection is fundamental, mainly by vertical transmission, as it is responsible for the development of IDH, infantojuvenile HAM/TSP, and ATL. Public measures to reduce this transmission must be implemented urgently. Furthermore, it is recommended, mainly in HTLV-1 endemic areas, to search for HTLV-1 infection in all patients with infected eczema, even in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bittencourt
- Department of Pathology, Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - L Farre
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), ONCOBELL, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain.
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4
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Gholamzad A, Khakpour N, Gholamzad M, Roudaki Sarvandani MR, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Rashidi M, Hashemi M. Stem cell therapy for HTLV-1 induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155172. [PMID: 38340584 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. The emerging field of stem cell therapies for ATLL is discussed, highlighting the potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and genetically modified stem cells. HSCT aims to eradicate malignant T-cells and restore a functional immune system through the infusion of healthy donor stem cells. Genetically modified stem cells show promise in enhancing their ability to target and eliminate ATLL cells. The article presents insights from preclinical studies and limited clinical trials, emphasizing the need for further research to establish the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of stem cell therapies for ATLL and challenges associated with these innovative approaches are also explored. Overall, stem cell therapies hold significant potential in revolutionizing ATLL treatment, and ongoing clinical trials aim to determine their benefits in larger patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholamzad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khakpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Komatsu N, Iwanaga M, Hasegawa Y, Miura S, Fuchi N, Moriuchi H, Yanagihara K, Miura K. Frequency of HTLV-1 seroconversion between pregnancies in Nagasaki, Japan, 2011–2018. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1036955. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1036955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is transmitted vertically from an infected mother to her child via breastfeeding during infancy or horizontally via sexual contact. However, little information is available on the HTLV-1 seroconversion rate in pregnant mothers and the impact of new HTLV-1 infection on mothers and babies during the perinatal period.MethodsFrom the database of a prefecture-wide antenatal adult T-cell leukemia prevention program in Nagasaki, Japan, we extracted data on 57,323 pregnant women who were screened for anti-HTLV-1 antibody during 2011–2018. Data on the 16,863 subjects whose HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) was measured more than twice were included in our analyses.ResultsIn total, 133 (0.79%) pregnant women were HTLV-1-positive during their first pregnancy and nine (0.05%) seroconverted before or during subsequent pregnancies (between pregnancies). The median PVL (per 100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was significantly lower in the seroconverted mothers (0.10%) than in the initially seropositive mothers (0.15%). A repeated measures correlation analysis for the individual PVLs of the HTLV-1-positive pregnant women showed that PVL increased with parity number (rrm = 0.25) with no perinatal problems.ConclusionThe HTLV-1 seroconversion rate between pregnancies was 0.05%, and their HTLV-1 PVL increased annually but no perinatal problems were noted.
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6
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AlShamrani NH, Alshaikh MA, Elaiw AM, Hattaf K. Dynamics of HIV-1/HTLV-I Co-Infection Model with Humoral Immunity and Cellular Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081719. [PMID: 36016341 PMCID: PMC9415130 DOI: 10.3390/v14081719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses which infect the same target, CD4+ T cells. This type of cell is considered the main component of the immune system. Since both viruses have the same means of transmission between individuals, HIV-1-infected patients are more exposed to the chance of co-infection with HTLV-I, and vice versa, compared to the general population. The mathematical modeling and analysis of within-host HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection dynamics can be considered a robust tool to support biological and medical research. In this study, we have formulated and analyzed an HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection model with humoral immunity, taking into account both latent HIV-1-infected cells and HTLV-I-infected cells. The model considers two modes of HIV-1 dissemination, virus-to-cell (V-T-C) and cell-to-cell (C-T-C). We prove the nonnegativity and boundedness of the solutions of the model. We find all steady states of the model and establish their existence conditions. We utilize Lyapunov functions and LaSalle’s invariance principle to investigate the global stability of all the steady states of the model. Numerical simulations were performed to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results. The effects of humoral immunity and C-T-C transmission on the HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection dynamics are discussed. We have shown that humoral immunity does not play the role of clearing an HIV-1 infection but it can control HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we note that the omission of C-T-C transmission from the HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection model leads to an under-evaluation of the basic HIV-1 mono-infection reproductive ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matuka A. Alshaikh
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Khalid Hattaf
- Equipe de Recherche en Modélisation et Enseignement des Mathématiques (ERMEM), Centre Régional des Métiers de l’Education et de la Formation (CRMEF), Derb Ghalef, Casablanca 20340, Morocco
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7
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Velázquez-Libera JL, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Testing Affordable Strategies for the Computational Study of Reactivity in Cysteine Proteases: The Case of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibition. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4005-4013. [PMID: 35549334 PMCID: PMC9115880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
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Cysteine proteases are an important target for the development of inhibitors that could
be used as drugs to regulate the activity of these kinds of enzymes involved in many
diseases, including COVID-19. For this reason, it is important to have methodological
tools that allow a detailed study of their activity and inhibition, combining
computational efficiency and accuracy. We here explore the performance of different
quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods to explore the inhibition reaction
mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease with a hydroxymethyl ketone derivative. We
selected two density functional theory (DFT) functionals (B3LYP and M06-2X), two
semiempirical Hamiltonians (AM1d and PM6), and two tight-binding DFT methods (DFTB3 and
GFN2-xTB) to explore the free energy landscape associated with this reaction. We show
that it is possible to obtain an accurate description combining molecular dynamics
simulations performed using tight-binding DFT methods and single-point energy
corrections at a higher QM description. The use of a computational strategy that
provides reliable results at a reasonable computational cost could assist the in silico
screening of possible candidates during the design of new drugs directed against
cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramos-Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - José Luis Velázquez-Libera
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain.,Departamento de Bioinformática, Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - J Javier Ruiz-Pernía
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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8
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Tu JJ, Maksimova V, Ratner L, Panfil AR. The Past, Present, and Future of a Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:897346. [PMID: 35602078 PMCID: PMC9114509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.897346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic human retrovirus which causes a lifelong infection. An estimated 5-10 million persons are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide - a number which is likely higher due to lack of reliable epidemiological data. Most infected individuals remain asymptomatic; however, a portion of HTLV-1-positive individuals will develop an aggressive CD4+ T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or a progressive neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Few treatment options exist for HAM/TSP outside of palliative care and ATL carries an especially poor prognosis given the heterogeneity of the disease and lack of effective long-term treatments. In addition, the risk of HTLV-1 disease development increases substantially if the virus is acquired early in life. Currently, there is no realistic cure for HTLV-1 infection nor any reliable measure to prevent HTLV-1-mediated disease development. The severity of HTLV-1-associated diseases (ATL, HAM/TSP) and limited treatment options highlights the need for development of a preventative vaccine or new therapeutic interventions. This review will highlight past HTLV-1 vaccine development efforts, the current molecular tools and animal models which might be useful in vaccine development, and the future possibilities of an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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9
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Ramos‐Guzmán CA, Ruiz‐Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Inhibition Mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease with Ketone‐Based Inhibitors Unveiled by Multiscale Simulations: Insights for Improved Designs**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física Universidad de Valencia 46100 Burjassot Spain
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10
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Inhibition Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease with Ketone-Based Inhibitors Unveiled by Multiscale Simulations: Insights for Improved Designs*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25933-25941. [PMID: 34581471 PMCID: PMC8653175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of classical and QM/MM simulations for the inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 3CL protease by a hydroxymethylketone inhibitor, PF‐00835231. In the noncovalent complex the carbonyl oxygen atom of the warhead is placed in the oxyanion hole formed by residues 143 to 145, while P1–P3 groups are accommodated in the active site with interactions similar to those observed for the peptide substrate. According to alchemical free energy calculations, the P1′ hydroxymethyl group also contributes to the binding free energy. Covalent inhibition of the enzyme is triggered by the proton transfer from Cys145 to His41. This step is followed by the nucleophilic attack of the Sγ atom on the carbonyl carbon atom of the inhibitor and a proton transfer from His41 to the carbonyl oxygen atom mediated by the P1′ hydroxyl group. Computational simulations show that the addition of a chloromethyl substituent to the P1′ group may lower the activation free energy for covalent inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Javier Ruiz-Pernía
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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11
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Computational simulations on the binding and reactivity of a nitrile inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9096-9099. [PMID: 34498651 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed computational analysis of the binding mode and reactivity of the novel oral inhibitor PF-07321332 developed against the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. Alchemical free energy calculations suggest that positions P3 and P4 could be susceptible to improvement in order to get a larger binding strength. QM/MM simulations unveil the reaction mechanism for covalent inhibition, showing that the nitrile warhead facilitates the recruitment of a water molecule for the proton transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Javier Ruiz-Pernía
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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12
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Tam NM, Pham MQ, Nguyen HT, Hong ND, Hien NK, Quang DT, Thu Phung HT, Ngo ST. Potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro from marine compounds. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22206-22213. [PMID: 35480831 PMCID: PMC9034196 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03852d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing the biological activity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using natural compounds is of great interest. In this context, using a combination of AutoDock Vina and fast pulling of ligand simulations, eleven marine fungi compounds were identified that probably play as highly potent inhibitors for preventing viral replication. In particular, four compounds including M15 (3-O-(6-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,4-dimethoxyxanthone), M8 (wailupemycins H), M11 (cottoquinazolines B), and M9 (wailupemycins I) adopted the predicted ligand-binding free energy of −9.87, −9.82, −9.62, and −9.35 kcal mol−1, respectively, whereas the other adopted predicted ligand-binding free energies in the range from −8.54 to −8.94 kcal mol−1. The results were obtained using a combination of Vina and FPL simulations. Notably, although, AutoDock4 adopted higher accurate results in comparison with Vina, Vina is proven to be a more suitable technique for rapidly screening ligand-binding affinity with a large database of compounds since it requires much smaller computing resources. Furthermore, FPL is better than Vina to classify inhibitors upon ROC-AUC analysis. Preventing the biological activity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using natural compounds is of great interest.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tam
- Computational Chemistry Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Minh Quan Pham
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam.,Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nam Dao Hong
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khoa Hien
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam.,Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hue City Thua Thien Hue Province Vietnam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department of Chemistry, Hue University Hue City Thua Thien Hue Province Vietnam
| | | | - Son Tung Ngo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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13
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Ramos-Guzmán C, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Multiscale Simulations of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibition with Aldehyde Derivatives. Role of Protein and Inhibitor Conformational Changes in the Reaction Mechanism. ACS Catal 2021; 11:4157-4168. [PMID: 34192090 PMCID: PMC8008790 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We here investigate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibition by one of the most promising families of inhibitors, those containing an aldehyde group as a warhead. These compounds are covalent inhibitors that inactivate the protease, forming a stable hemithioacetal complex. Inhibitor 11a is a potent inhibitor that has been already tested in vitro and in animals. Using a combination of classical and QM/MM simulations, we determined the binding mode of the inhibitor into the active site and the preferred rotameric state of the catalytic histidine. In the noncovalent complex, the aldehyde group is accommodated into the oxyanion hole formed by the NH main-chain groups of residues 143 to 145. In this pose, P1-P3 groups of the inhibitor mimic the interactions established by the natural peptide substrate. The reaction is initiated with the formation of the catalytic dyad ion pair after a proton transfer from Cys145 to His41. From this activated state, covalent inhibition proceeds with the nucleophilic attack of the deprotonated Sγ atom of Cys145 to the aldehyde carbon atom and a water-mediated proton transfer from the Nε atom of His41 to the aldehyde oxygen atom. Our proposed reaction transition-state structure is validated by comparison with X-ray data of recently reported inhibitors, while the activation free energy obtained from our simulations agrees with the experimentally derived value, supporting the validity of our findings. Our study stresses the interplay between the conformational dynamics of the inhibitor and the protein with the inhibition mechanism and the importance of including conformational diversity for accurate predictions about the inhibition of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. The conclusions derived from our work can also be used to rationalize the behavior of other recently proposed inhibitor compounds, including aldehydes and ketones with high inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
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14
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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Shamsian SAA, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Miri R, Ashrafi F, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. HTLV-1 oncovirus-host interactions: From entry to the manifestation of associated diseases. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2235. [PMID: 33742509 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a well-known human oncovirus, associated with two life-threatening diseases, adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The study of this oncogenic virus is significant from two different aspects. First, HTLV-1 can be considered as a neglected public health problem, which may spread slowly worldwide. Second, the incidence of HTLV-1 associated diseases due to oncogenic effects and deterioration of the immune system towards autoimmune diseases are not fully understood. Furthermore, knowledge about viral routes of transmission is important for considering potential interventions, treatments or vaccines in endemic regions. In this review, novel characteristics of HTLV-1, such as the unusual infectivity of virions through the virological synapse, are discussed in the context of the HTLV-1 associated diseases (ATL and HAM/TSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Akbar Shamsian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Miri
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ashrafi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that infect the susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells. It is known that HIV and HTLV-I have in common a way of transmission through direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected individuals. Therefore, it is not surprising that a mono-infected person with one of these viruses can be co-infected with the other virus. In the literature, a great number of mathematical models has been presented to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV or HTLV-I mono-infection. However, the within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been modeled. In this paper, we develop a new within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model. The model includes the impact of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the progression of viral co-infection. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. We first show the nonnegativity and boundedness of the model’s solutions and then we calculate all possible equilibria. We derive the threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of our main results. In addition, we discuss the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV-infected patients and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P. O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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16
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. A microscopic description of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition with Michael acceptors. Strategies for improving inhibitor design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3489-3496. [PMID: 34163622 PMCID: PMC8179461 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The irreversible inhibition of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 by a Michael acceptor known as N3 has been investigated using multiscale methods. The noncovalent enzyme-inhibitor complex was simulated using classical molecular dynamics techniques and the pose of the inhibitor in the active site was compared to that of the natural substrate, a peptide containing the Gln-Ser scissile bond. The formation of the covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex was then simulated using hybrid QM/MM free energy methods. After binding, the reaction mechanism was found to be composed of two steps: (i) the activation of the catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41) to form an ion pair and (ii) a Michael addition where the attack of the Sγ atom of Cys145 to the Cβ atom of the inhibitor precedes the water-mediated proton transfer from His41 to the Cα atom. The microscopic description of protease inhibition by N3 obtained from our simulations is strongly supported by the excellent agreement between the estimated activation free energy and the value derived from kinetic experiments. Comparison with the acylation reaction of a peptide substrate suggests that N3-based inhibitors could be improved by adding chemical modifications that could facilitate the formation of the catalytic dyad ion pair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia 46100 Burjassot Spain
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17
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Analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model with immunity. Virus Res 2020; 295:198204. [PMID: 33157165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the immune cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. In the present paper, we are concerned to formulate and analyze a new HIV/HTLV co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4+T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by two routes of transmission, virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact, and (ii) vertical transmission through mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle's invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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18
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Abstract
A critical step in the life cycle of a virus is spread to a new target cell, which generally involves the release of new viral particles from the infected cell which can then initiate infection in the next target cell. While cell-free viral particles released into the extracellular environment are necessary for long distance spread, there are disadvantages to this mechanism. These include the presence of immune system components, the low success rate of infection by single particles, and the relative fragility of viral particles in the environment. Several mechanisms of direct cell-to-cell spread have been reported for animal viruses which would avoid the issues associated with cell-free particles. A number of viruses can utilize several different mechanisms of direct cell-to-cell spread, but our understanding of the differential usage by these pathogens is modest. Although the mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread differ among viruses, there is a common exploitation of key pathways and components of the cellular cytoskeleton. Remarkably, some of the viral mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread are surprisingly similar to those used by bacteria. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the conventional and non-conventional mechanisms of viral spread, the common methods used to detect viral spread, and the impact that these mechanisms can have on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cifuentes-Munoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farah El Najjar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.
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19
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Unraveling the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Mechanism Using Multiscale Methods. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12544-12554. [PMID: 34192089 PMCID: PMC7556163 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical analysis of the reaction mechanism of proteolysis catalyzed by the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Using multiscale simulation methods, we have characterized the interactions established by a peptidic substrate in the active site, and then we have explored the free energy landscape associated with the acylation and deacylation steps of the proteolysis reaction, characterizing the transition states of the process. Our mechanistic proposals can explain most of the experimental observations made on the highly similar ortholog protease of SARS-CoV. We point to some key interactions that may facilitate the acylation process and thus can be crucial in the design of more specific and efficient inhibitors of the main protease activity. In particular, from our results, the P1' residue can be a key factor to improve the thermodynamics and kinetics of the inhibition process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química
Física, Universidad de Valencia,
46100 Burjassot, Spain
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20
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Zhang T, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang Z, Han X. Dynamics analysis of a delayed virus model with two different transmission methods and treatments. ADVANCES IN DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 2020; 2020:1. [PMID: 32226454 PMCID: PMC7100214 DOI: 10.1186/s13662-019-2438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a delayed virus model with two different transmission methods and treatments is investigated. This model is a time-delayed version of the model in (Zhang et al. in Comput. Math. Methods Med. 2015:758362, 2015). We show that the virus-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is smaller than one, and by regarding the time delay as a bifurcation parameter, the existence of local Hopf bifurcation is investigated. The results show that time delay can change the stability of the endemic equilibrium. Finally, we give some numerical simulations to illustrate the theoretical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqian Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Jiang
- Fundamental Science Department, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
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21
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Showa SP, Nyabadza F, Hove-Musekwa SD. On the efficiency of HIV transmission: Insights through discrete time HIV models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222574. [PMID: 31532803 PMCID: PMC6750597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different views on which of the two forms of viral spread is more efficient in vivo between cell-free and cell-associated virus. In this study, discrete time human immunodeficiency virus models are formulated and analysed with the goal of determining the form of viral spread that is more efficient in vivo. It is shown that on its own, cell-free viral spread cannot sustain an infection owing to the low infectivity of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus can sustain an infection because of the high infectivity of cell-associated virus. When acting concurrently, cell-associated virus is more efficient in spreading the infection upon exposure to the virus. However, in the long term, the two forms of viral spread contribute almost equally. Both forms of viral spread are shown to be able to initiate an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarudzai P Showa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Farai Nyabadza
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Senelani D Hove-Musekwa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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22
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Qi K, Jiang D, Hayat T, Alsaedi A. The stationary distribution and extinction of a double thresholds HTLV-I infection model with nonlinear CTL immune response disturbed by white noise. INT J BIOMATH 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451950058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the stochastic HTLV-I infection model with CTL immune response, and the corresponding deterministic model has two basic reproduction numbers. We consider the nonlinear CTL immune response for the interaction between the virus and the CTL immune cells. Firstly, for the theoretical needs of system dynamical behavior, we prove that the stochastic model solution is positive and global. In addition, we obtain the existence of ergodic stationary distribution by stochastic Lyapunov functions. Meanwhile, sufficient condition for the extinction of the stochastic system is acquired. Reasonably, the dynamical behavior of deterministic model is included in our result of stochastic model when the white noise disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qi
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Daqing Jiang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM)-Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tasawar Hayat
- Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM)-Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Alsaedi
- Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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23
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Nozuma S, Jacobson S. Neuroimmunology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31105674 PMCID: PMC6492533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of both adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is clinically characterized by chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, urinary incontinence, and mild sensory disturbance. Given its well-characterized clinical presentation and pathophysiology, which is similar to the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), HAM/TSP is an ideal system to better understand other neuroimmunological disorders such as MS. Since the discovery of HAM/TSP, large numbers of clinical, virological, molecular, and immunological studies have been published. The host-virus interaction and host immune response play an important role for the development with HAM/TSP. HTLV-1-infected circulating T-cells invade the central nervous system (CNS) and cause an immunopathogenic response against virus and possibly components of the CNS. Neural damage and subsequent degeneration can cause severe disability in patients with HAM/TSP. Little progress has been made in the discovery of objective biomarkers for grading stages and predicting progression of disease and the development of molecular targeted therapy based on the underlying pathological mechanisms. We review the recent understanding of immunopathological mechanism of HAM/TSP and discuss the unmet need for research on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nozuma
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Bayliss RJ, Piguet V. Masters of manipulation: Viral modulation of the immunological synapse. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12944. [PMID: 30123959 PMCID: PMC6492149 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to thrive, viruses have evolved to manipulate host cell machinery for their own benefit. One major obstacle faced by pathogens is the immunological synapse. To enable efficient replication and latency in immune cells, viruses have developed a range of strategies to manipulate cellular processes involved in immunological synapse formation to evade immune detection and control T-cell activation. In vitro, viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 utilise structures known as virological synapses to aid transmission of viral particles from cell to cell in a process termed trans-infection. The formation of the virological synapse provides a gateway for virus to be transferred between cells avoiding the extracellular space, preventing antibody neutralisation or recognition by complement. This review looks at how viruses are able to subvert intracellular signalling to modulate immune function to their advantage and explores the role synapse formation has in viral persistence and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Bayliss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of DermatologyWomen's College HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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25
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The novel immunogenic chimeric peptide vaccine to elicit potent cellular and mucosal immune responses against HTLV-1. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:404-414. [PMID: 30075250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the immunogenicity assessment of a novel chimeric peptide vaccine including Tax, gp21, gp46, and gag immunodominant epitopes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to induce immunity against HTLV-1 after subcutaneous (SC) or intranasal administration in a mice model. Additionally, to elevate the efficacy of the HTLV-1 vaccine, the chimera was physically mixed with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) or ISCOMATRIX (IMX) adjuvants. For this purpose, the ISCOMATRIX with a size range of 40-60 nm were prepared using lipid film hydration method. Our investigation revealed that the mixture of IMX and chimera could significantly increase antibody titers containing IgG2a, and mucosal IgA, as well as IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines and decrease the level of TGF-β1, compared to other vaccine formulations. The intranasal delivery of chimera vaccine in the absence or presence adjuvants stimulated potent mucosal sIgA titer relative to subcutaneous immunization. Furthermore, the SC or nasal delivery of various vaccine formulations could shift the immunity toward cell-mediated responses, as evident by higher IgG2a and IFN-γ, as well as suppressed TGF-β1 level. Our findings suggest that proper design, construction, and immunization of multi-epitope vaccine are essential for developing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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26
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The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020065. [PMID: 29415518 PMCID: PMC5850372 DOI: 10.3390/v10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ) are key components of the innate immune system contributing to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the development/resolution of immune responses to pathogens. Monocytes and DC, circulating in the blood or infiltrating various lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, are derived from distinct bone marrow precursors and are typically short lived. Conversely, recent studies revealed that subsets of tissue resident MΦ are long-lived as they originate from embryonic/fetal precursors that have the ability to self-renew during the life of an individual. Pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) highjack the functions of myeloid cells for viral replication (e.g., MΦ) or distal dissemination and cell-to-cell transmission (e.g., DC). Although the long-term persistence of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T-cells during viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well documented, the ability of myeloid cells to harbor replication competent viral reservoirs is still a matter of debate. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of monocytes and DC during homeostasis and in the context of HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of future studies on long-lived resident MΦ to HIV persistence in ART-treated patients.
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27
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The role of spatial heterogeneity in the evolution of local and global infections of viruses. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005952. [PMID: 29370194 PMCID: PMC5800656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have two modes spread in a host body, one is to release infectious particles from infected cells (global infection) and the other is to infect directly from an infected cell to an adjacent cell (local infection). Since the mode of spread affects the evolution of life history traits, such as virulence, it is important to reveal what level of global and local infection is selected. Previous studies of the evolution of global and local infection have paid little attention to its dependency on the measures of spatial configuration. Here we show the evolutionarily stable proportion of global and local infection, and how it depends on the distribution of target cells. Using an epidemic model on a regular lattice, we consider the infection dynamics by pair approximation and check the evolutionarily stable strategy. We also conduct the Monte-Carlo simulation to observe evolutionary dynamics. We show that a higher local infection is selected as target cells become clustered. Surprisingly, the selected strategy depends not only on the degree of clustering but also the abundance of target cells per se. Viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus and measles virus can spread through physical contact between infected and susceptible cells (cell-to-cell infection), as well as normal cell-free infection through virions. Some experimental evidences support the possibility that high ability of cell-to-cell infection is selected in the host. Since the mode of spread affects the evolution of life history traits, it is important to reveal what condition favors high ability of cell-to-cell infection. Here we address what level of cell-to-cell infection is selected in different target cell distributions. Analysis of ordinary differential equations that keep track of dynamics for spatial configuration of infected cells and the Monte-Carlo simulations show that higher proportion of local infection is selected as target cells become clustered. The selected strategy depends not only on the degree of clustering but also the abundance of target cells per se. Our results suggest viruses have more chances to evolve the ability of local infection in a host body than previously thought. In particular, this may explain the emergence of measles virus strains that gained the ability to infect the central nervous system.
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28
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Retroviral envelope proteins: Involvement in neuropathogenesis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:151-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Iwasaki M, Sharma SM, Marro BS, de la Torre JC. Resistance of human plasmacytoid dendritic CAL-1 cells to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is caused by restricted virus cell entry, which is overcome by contact of CAL-1 cells with LCMV-infected cells. Virology 2017; 511:106-113. [PMID: 28843812 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a main source of type I interferon in response to viral infection, are an early cell target during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, which has been associated with the LCMV's ability to establish chronic infections. Human blood-derived pDCs have been reported to be refractory to ex vivo LCMV infection. In the present study we show that human pDC CAL-1 cells are refractory to infection with cell-free LCMV, but highly susceptible to infection with recombinant LCMVs carrying the surface glycoprotein of VSV, indicating that LCMV infection of CAL-1 cells is restricted at the cell entry step. Co-culture of uninfected CAL-1 cells with LCMV-infected HEK293 cells enabled LCMV to infect CAL-1 cells. This cell-to-cell spread required direct cell-cell contact and did not involve exosome pathway. Our findings indicate the presence of a novel entry pathway utilized by LCMV to infect pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siddhartha M Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brett S Marro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Hindawi S, Badawi M, Fouda F, Mallah B, Mallah B, Rajab H, Madani TA. Testing for HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 among blood donors in Western Saudi Arabia: prevalence and cost considerations. Transfus Med 2017; 28:60-64. [PMID: 28656665 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening all blood donors for human T-cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV 1 and HTLV 2) is mandatory in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results and costs associated with the current testing policy for HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 in blood donors at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah. STUDY DESIGNS AND METHODS Donor-testing results from Blood Transfusion Services at KAUH were reviewed over a 10-year period, from January 2006 through December 2015. All donors were screened using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Reactive samples were then tested by Western blot for confirmation. Costs associated with testing were calculated. RESULTS Data of 107 419 donations in the study period were reviewed. Saudi nationals constituted 51 168 donors (47·6%). Of 107 419 blood donors tested for HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 antibody, and 95 (0·088%) donors were reactive to screening tests. None of the samples found to be reactive to screening tests was positive by Western blot. The average cost of testing was US$ 171 870 per year. CONCLUSION No donors were confirmed to have HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 in this cohort exceeding 100 000 donors. We propose changes to the policy mandating universal testing by replacing it with universal leukodepletion coupled with targeted screening to donors coming from endemic area or donors at risk. Such changes are expected to lead to a reduction of testing cost without affecting safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hindawi
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Badawi
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Fouda
- Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Mallah
- Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Mallah
- Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Rajab
- Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Madani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Santos RFS, Conceição GC, Martins MS, Kraychete A, Penalva MAC, Carvalho EM, Lopes AA, Rocha PN. Prevalence and risk factors for Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) among maintenance hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:64. [PMID: 28202003 PMCID: PMC5312583 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), although asymptomatic in most cases, can lead to potentially grave consequences, such as adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis. Its prevalence varies widely across different populations and geographic regions. A population-based study in the city of Salvador, located in the Northeast region of Brazil, showed an overall prevalence of HTLV-1 seropositivity of 1.7%. Blood borne virus infections are recognized as important hazards for patients and staff in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) units but most studies focus on hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses. There are scarce data about HTLV-1 infection in the MHD population. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HTLV-1 infection among MHD patients in the city of Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. Methods We conducted a multi-center, cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort of MHD patients enrolled from four outpatient clinics. HTLV-1 screening was performed with ELISA and positive cases were confirmed by Western Blot. Factors associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Results 605 patients were included in the study. The overall prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 2.48% (15/605), which was similar to that of hepatitis B [1.98% (12/605)] and C [3.14% (19/605)] viruses in our sample. HTLV-1 seropositivity was positively associated with age [prevalence odds ratio (POR) 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.08], unmarried status (POR 3.65; 95% CI 1.13–11.65), and history of blood transfusion (POR 3.35; 95% CI 1.01–11.13). Conclusions The overall prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in a sample of MHD patients was similar to that of other viral infections, such as hepatitis B and C. Our data revealed that MHD patients who are older, unmarried or who have received blood transfusions are at higher risk for HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilma F S Santos
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, Salvador, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia S Martins
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Angiolina Kraychete
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fiocruz-Ba), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alberto Lopes
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Novis Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Nasr R, Marçais A, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A. Overview of Targeted Therapies for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1582:197-216. [PMID: 28357672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is the first human malignancy associated with a chronic infection by a retrovirus, the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). ATL occurs, after a long latency period, only in about 5% of 10-20 millions infected individuals. ATL has a dismal prognosis with a median survival of less than 1 year, mainly due to its resistance to chemotherapy and to a profound immunosuppression. The viral oncoprotein, Tax, plays a major role in ATL oncogenic transformation by interfering with cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The diversity in ATL clinical features and prognosis led to Shimoyama classification of ATL into four clinical subtypes (acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering) requiring different therapeutic strategies. Clinical trials, mainly conducted in Japan, demonstrated that combination of chemotherapy could induce acceptable response rate in the lymphoma subtype but not in acute ATL. However, long-term prognosis remains poor for both subtypes, due to a high relapse rate. Similarly, whether managed by a watchful waiting or treated with chemotherapy, the indolent forms (smoldering and chronic) have a poor long-term outcome. An international meta-analysis showed improved survival in the leukemic subtypes of ATL (chronic, smoldering as well as a subset of the acute subtype) with the use of two antiviral agents, zidovudine and interferon-alpha, and accordingly, this combination should be considered the standard first-line treatment in this context. ATL patients with lymphoma subtype benefit from induction chemotherapy, given simultaneously or sequentially with an antiviral combination of zidovudine and interferon-alpha. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation remains a promising and potentially curative approach but is limited to a small number of patients. Novel drugs such as arsenic trioxide in combination with interferon-alpha or monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CXCR4 have shown promising results and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Americain University of Beirut, 113-6044, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ambroise Marçais
- Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Americain University of Beirut, 113-6044, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, 113-6044, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Santos DND, Santos KOB, Paixão AB, Andrade RCPD, Costa DT, S-Martin DL, Sá KN, Baptista AF. Factors associated with pain in individuals infected by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 21:133-139. [PMID: 28011062 PMCID: PMC9427659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the high prevalence of chronic pain in individuals infected with HTLV-1, predictive and protective factors for its development are still unclear. Objective To identify factors associated with chronic pain in individuals with HTLV-1. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in a reference center for treatment of patients infected with HTLV-1 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study included individuals infected with HTLV-1, over 18 years, and excluded those with difficulty to respond the pain protocol. Data on sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics were collected in a standardized way. The prevalence ratio (PR) of pain is described, as well as the factors independently associated with the presence of pain, which were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 142 individuals were included in the study, mostly female (62.7%), aged 20–64 years (73.2%), married (61.3%), with less than eight years of education (54.2%), and with a steady income (79.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that being symptomatic for HTLV-1 – sensory manifestations, erectile dysfunction, overactive bladder, and/or HAM/TSP (PR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.38), self-medication (PR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.53), physiotherapy (PR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02–1.28), and depression (PR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.29) were associated with an increased likelihood of presenting pain. On the other hand, physical activity (PR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93) and religious practice (PR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72–0.95) were associated with a decreased likelihood of having pain. Conclusion The use of self-medication, physiotherapy and the presence of depression are independently associated with neurological symptoms in HTLV-1 infected patients. Religious practice and physical activity are both protective for the development of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dislene N Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Kionna O B Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alaí B Paixão
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Davi T Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel L S-Martin
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Katia N Sá
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Pós graduação e pesquisa, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Abrahão F Baptista
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Laboratório de Eletroestimulação Funcional, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Pós graduação e pesquisa, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Cilião Alves DC, Haddad R, Rocha-Júnior MC, de Deus Wagatsuma VM, Martelli-Palomino G, Marques AA, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Kashima S, Donadi EA. HLA-G 3'-untranslated region polymorphisms are associated with HTLV-1 infection, proviral load and HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis development. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2742-2752. [PMID: 27449667 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected patients remain asymptomatic throughout life. The factors associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development have not been fully elucidated; immunological and genetic factors may be involved. The association of 14 bp INS/DEL HLA-G polymorphism with HTLV-1 infection susceptibility has been reported previously. Here, other polymorphic sites at the HLA-G 3'-UTR (14-bp D/I, +3003C/T, +3010C/G, +3027A/C, +3035C/T, +3142C/G, +3187A/G and +3196C/G) were evaluated in 37 HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibiting HAM/TSP, 45 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (HAC) and 153 uninfected individuals, followed up at University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. It was observed that: (i) 14bpDI genotype is a risk factor for HTLV-1 infection, while the 14bpDD and +3142CC genotypes were associated with protection against infection; (ii) the +3142C allele and the +3003CT and +3142CC genotypes were associated with susceptibility, while 14bpII and +3003TT genotypes were associated with protection against HAM/TSP development; and (iii) the 14bpII, +3010CC, +3142GG and +3187AA genotypes were associated with lower HTLV-1 proviral load compared to respective counterpart genotypes. Findings that HLA-G has a well-recognized immunomodulatory role and that the genetic variability at HLA-G 3'-UTR may post-transcriptionally modify HLA-G production indicate a differential genetic susceptibility to: (i) the development of HTLV-1 infection, (ii) the magnitude of HTLV-1 proviral load and (iii) HAM/TSP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Cristina Cilião Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Haddad
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP: 72220-900, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP: 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Maurício Cristiano Rocha-Júnior
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Martelli-Palomino
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriana Aparecida Marques
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil.,Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Donadi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14049-900, Brazil
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Manivannan K, Rowan AG, Tanaka Y, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. CADM1/TSLC1 Identifies HTLV-1-Infected Cells and Determines Their Susceptibility to CTL-Mediated Lysis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005560. [PMID: 27105228 PMCID: PMC4841533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) primarily infects CD4+ T cells, causing inflammatory disorders or a T cell malignancy in 5% to 10% of carriers. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a key factor that controls the viral load and thus the risk of disease. The ability to detect the viral protein Tax in primary cells has made it possible to estimate the rate at which Tax-expressing infected cells are eliminated by CTLs in persistently infected people. However, most HTLV-1-infected cells are Tax–at a given time, and their immunophenotype is poorly defined. Here, we aimed to identify a cell-surface molecule expressed by both Tax+ and Tax–HTLV-1-infected cells and use it to analyse the CTL response in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1/TSLC1) was the best single marker of HTLV-1 infection, identifying HTLV-1-infected cells with greater sensitivity and specificity than CD25, CCR4 or ICAM-1. CADM1+CD4+ T cells carried a median of 65% of proviral copies in peripheral blood. In a cohort of 23 individuals, we quantified the rate of CTL-mediated killing of Tax+ and Tax−CADM1+ cells. We show that CADM1 expression is associated with enhanced susceptibility of infected cells to CTL lysis: despite the immunodominance of Tax in the CTL response, Tax+CADM1– cells were inefficiently lysed by CTLs. Upregulation of the CADM1 ligand CRTAM on CD8+ T cells correlated with efficient lysis of infected cells. Tax–CADM1+ cells were lysed at a very low rate by autologous CTLs, however, were efficiently killed when loaded with exogenous peptide antigen. High expression of CADM1 on most HTLV-1-infected cells in the face of enhanced CTL counterselection implies that CADM1 confers a strong benefit on the virus. Human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infects white blood cells (CD4+ T cells) for the lifetime of the host. The immune response limits viral spread, and people with a weak immune response have a high risk of developing an aggressive blood cancer, or a condition involving irreversible spinal cord damage. Virus and host are engaged in a constant battle: virus proteins drive the host cell to divide or infect new cells. We know that the viral protein Tax is an important target of the immune response, and cells which produce Tax are killed quickly. Infected cells which do not produce Tax are difficult to detect, so we have no idea how quickly they are killed. In this paper we show that most infected cells have a host protein ‘CADM1’ on their surface. We measured killing of CADM1 cells and saw that Tax+CADM1+ cells are the only infected cells which are strongly targeted by the immune response. We also found that infected cells which did not have CADM1 on the surface escaped killing, showing that CADM1 aids in immune control of HTLV-1. These findings are an important step forward in our understanding of cellular turnover and immune control in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthika Manivannan
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen G. Rowan
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Allen LJ, Schwartz EJ. Free-virus and cell-to-cell transmission in models of equine infectious anemia virus infection. Math Biosci 2015; 270:237-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang T, Meng X, Zhang T. Global Dynamics of a Virus Dynamical Model with Cell-to-Cell Transmission and Cure Rate. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:758362. [PMID: 26504489 PMCID: PMC4609528 DOI: 10.1155/2015/758362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cure effect of a virus model with both cell-to-cell transmission and cell-to-virus transmission is studied. By the method of next generation matrix, the basic reproduction number is obtained. The locally asymptotic stability of the virus-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium is considered by investigating the characteristic equation of the model. The globally asymptotic stability of the virus-free equilibrium is proved by constructing suitable Lyapunov function, and the sufficient condition for the globally asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium is obtained by constructing suitable Lyapunov function and using LaSalle invariance principal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqian Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Xinzhu Meng
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Tonghua Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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Abstract
In this paper, a HTLV-I infection model with two delays is considered. It is found that the dynamics of this model are determined by two threshold parameters R0 and R1, basic reproduction numbers for viral infection and for CTL response, respectively. If R0 < 1, the infection-free equilibrium P0 is globally asymptotically stable. If R1 < 1 < R0, the asymptomatic-carrier equilibrium P1 is globally asymptotically stable. If R1 > 1, there exists a unique HAM/TSP equilibrium P2. The stability of P2 is changed when the second delay τ2 varies, that is there exist stability switches for P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Sun
- Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
- School of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
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Demontis MA, Sadiq MT, Golz S, Taylor GP. HTLV-1 viral RNA is detected rarely in plasma of HTLV-1 infected subjects. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2130-4. [PMID: 25982784 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma of patients infected with HTLV-1 is considered non-infectious but detection of HTLV-1 genomic RNA in plasma has been recently reported. The aim of this project was to detect and quantify HTLV-1 RNA in plasma and assess its potential value in diagnosis and prognosis. RNA from 1 ml of plasma from 65 subjects infected with HTLV-1 (27 asymptomatic carriers [AC]), 17 patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), 14 with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), two co-infected with HIV, and five with other HTLV-1-associated disease, was extracted and reverse transcribed. HTLV-1 specific nested PCR was performed using primers to amplify the conserved Tax region. All samples were run in quadruplicate, nested PCR products were detected by gel electrophoresis. HTLV-1 RNA was detected in plasma from 18 (28%) patients, always at a very low copy number (3-13 copies viral cDNA per milliliter of plasma). Mean values of HTLV-1 proviral load did not differ between patients in whom HTLV-1 RNA was detected and patients in whom it was not possible to detect HTLV-1 RNA in plasma. HTLV-1 genomic RNA can be detected in the plasma of a minority of patients but not at a level or frequency to be useful clinically or diagnostically. Lack of transmission of HTLV-1 by plasma is due to the rare presence of HTLV-1 virions, regardless of any other factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Demontis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maaz Tahir Sadiq
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Golz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Yang Y, Zou L, Ruan S. Global dynamics of a delayed within-host viral infection model with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions. Math Biosci 2015; 270:183-91. [PMID: 25998145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A within-host viral infection model with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions and three distributed delays is investigated, in which the first distributed delay describes the intracellular latency for the virus-to-cell infection, the second delay represents the intracellular latency for the cell-to-cell infection, and the third delay describes the time period that viruses penetrated into cells and infected cells release new virions. The global stability analysis of the model is carried out in terms of the basic reproduction number R0. If R0≤1, the infection-free (semi-trivial) equilibrium is the unique equilibrium and is globally stable; if R0>1, the chronic infection (positive) equilibrium exists and is globally stable under certain assumptions. Examples and numerical simulations for several special cases are presented, including various within-host dynamics models with discrete or distributed delays that have been well-studied in the literature. It is found that the global stability of the chronic infection equilibrium might change in some special cases when the assumptions do not hold. The results show that the model can be applied to describe the within-host dynamics of HBV, HIV, or HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zou
- Department of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shigui Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-4250, USA.
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41
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Younger DS. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and peripheral neuropathy following live-donor renal transplantation. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51:455-6. [PMID: 25196582 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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42
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Nagamine Y, Hayashi T, Kato Y, Horiuchi Y, Tanahashi N. Human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated myelopathy manifesting shortly after living-donor renal transplantation. Intern Med 2015; 54:75-8. [PMID: 25742898 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 38-year-old woman experienced numbness in both lower extremities and spastic paralysis a few months after undergoing living-donor renal transplantation. The patient was negative for human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) antibodies prior to the procedure; however, she was diagnosed with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) based on positive serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody titers after the surgery. Because the donor was also positive for HTLV-1 antibodies, the infection likely originated from the transplanted kidney. Clinical and imaging improvements were noted following the administration of interferon-α. HAM has been reported to occur after living-donor renal transplantation; however, there are no previous reports of onset within such a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuito Nagamine
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Japan
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. The cytoplasmic tail of retroviral envelope glycoproteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:253-84. [PMID: 25595807 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses comprise a large, diverse group that infects a broad range of host organisms. Pathogenicity varies widely; the human immunodeficiency virus is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, one of the world's leading infectious causes of death, while many nonhuman retroviruses cause cancer in the host. Retroviruses have been studied intensively, and great strides have been made in understanding aspects of retroviral biology. While the principal functions of the viral structural proteins are well understood, there remain many incompletely characterized domains. One of these is the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the envelope glycoprotein. Several functions of the CT are highly conserved, whereas other properties are unique to a specific retrovirus. For example, the lentiviruses encode envelope glycoproteins with particularly large cytoplasmic domains. The functions of the long lentiviral envelope CT are still being deciphered. The reported functions of retroviral envelope CTs are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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44
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Shimauchi T, Piguet V. DC-T cell virological synapses and the skin: novel perspectives in dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:1-4. [PMID: 25039899 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Virological synapses (VS) increase cell-to-cell viral transmission and facilitate propagation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). VS formation also plays a more general role in viral replication and dissemination. VS have been observed in vitro and ex vivo between uninfected T cells and T cells infected with HIV-1 or HTLV-1. In addition, dendritic cells (DC) infected with HIV-1 also play an important role in viral transmission to uninfected CD4+ T cells via VS formation. Recent studies revealed that several DC subsets are also infected with HTLV-1. These findings may help explain the rapid dissemination of both viruses within secondary lymphoid tissues in vivo. VS also explain, at least in part, why HIV-1 can propagate in the mucosal sites during sexual transmission. Furthermore, in the case of HTLV-1, VS can potentially explain some of the features of HTLV-1-associated dermatitis as infected T cells in the skin contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University and University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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45
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Proviral load determination of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 24158833 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
TaqMan real-time PCR assays were developed to determine the proviral load (PVL) of human T-cell leukemia viruses type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of infected subjects. In particular, separate single-plex assays for HTLV-1 tax-1, and HTLV-2 tax-2 and pol-2 genes were designed for quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PVLs. The specificity of both tax-2 and pol-2 assays was verified by testing the DNA extracted from C10, a chronically HTLV-1-infected cell line, used as a negative control. As far as HTLV-2 assay, the specificity was checked by testing C344 cells which are stably infected by HTLV-2. Quantitative determination of HTLV PVLs was obtained by performing standard reference curves by a serial dilution of DNA extracted from C10 and C344 cells, assuming one proviral genome per C10 cell and two per C344 cell. The human albumin gene, of which there are 2 copies per cell, was quantified in the same reactions to normalize the results. Intra-assay reproducibility was checked by running 30 replicates of the same sample in a plate (coefficient of variance <6 %), while inter-assay reproducibility was measured by amplifying the same sample in three independent experiments (coefficient of variance <6 %).
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Treviño A, Soriano V. Infecciones por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 2 y por los virus linfotrópicos de células T humanas en España. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 142:323-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lim AG, Maini PK. HTLV-I infection: a dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. J Theor Biol 2014; 352:92-108. [PMID: 24583256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. HTLV-I has been clinically linked to the development of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive blood cancer, and HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease. Infected individuals typically mount a large, persistently activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HTLV-I-infected cells, but ultimately fail to effectively eliminate the virus. Moreover, the identification of determinants to disease manifestation has thus far been elusive. A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I and virus-specific host immunity. Recent experimental hypotheses for the persistence of HTLV-I in vivo have led to the development of mathematical models illuminating the balance between proviral latency and activation in the target cell population. We investigate the role of a constantly changing anti-viral immune environment acting in response to the effects of infected T-cell activation and subsequent viral expression. The resulting model is a four-dimensional, non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that describes the dynamic interactions among viral expression, infected target cell activation, and the HTLV-I-specific CTL response. The global dynamics of the model is established through the construction of appropriate Lyapunov functions. Examining the particular roles of viral expression and host immunity during the chronic phase of HTLV-I infection offers important insights regarding the evolution of viral persistence and proposes a hypothesis for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Lim
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
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Menezes SM, Decanine D, Brassat D, Khouri R, Schnitman SV, Kruschewsky R, López G, Alvarez C, Talledo M, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme AM, Galvão-Castro B, Liblau R, Weyenbergh JV. CD80+ and CD86+ B cells as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24472094 PMCID: PMC3922160 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of the incapacitating, neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies with long-term clinical benefits or validated biomarkers for clinical follow-up in HAM/TSP. Although CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules play prominent roles in immune regulation and reflect disease status in multiple sclerosis (MS), data in HAM/TSP are lacking. Methods Using flow cytometry, we quantified ex vivo and in vitro expression of CD80 and CD86 in PBMCs of healthy controls, HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without HAM/TSP, and MS patients. We hypothesized ex vivo CD80 and CD86 expressions and their in vitro regulation by interferon (IFN)-α/β mirror similarities between HAM/TSP and MS and hence might reveal clinically useful biomarkers in HAM/TSP. Results Ex vivo expression of CD80 and CD86 in T and B cells increased in all HTLV-1 infected individuals, but with a selective defect for B cell CD86 upregulation in HAM/TSP. Despite decreased total B cells with increasing disease duration (p = 0.0003, r = −0.72), CD80+ B cells positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0017, r = 0.69) in HAM/TSP. B cell CD80 expression was higher in women with HAM/TSP, underscoring that immune markers can reflect the female predominance observed in most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to MS patients, CD80+ (p = 0.0001) and CD86+ (p = 0.0054) lymphocytes expanded upon in vitro culture in HAM/TSP patients. The expansion of CD80+ and CD86+ T cells but not B cells was associated with increased proliferation in HTLV-1 infection. In vitro treatment with IFN-β but not IFN-α resulted in a pronounced increase of B cell CD86 expression in healthy controls, as well as in patients with neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP and MS), similar to in vivo treatment in MS. Conclusions We propose two novel biomarkers, ex vivo CD80+ B cells positively correlating to disease severity and CD86+ B cells preferentially induced by IFN-β, which restores defective upregulation in HAM/TSP. This study suggests a role for B cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and opens avenues to B cell targeting (with proven clinical benefit in MS) in HAM/TSP but also CD80-directed immunotherapy, unprecedented in both HAM/TSP and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R McKendall
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston,TX,USA.
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50
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Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
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