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Arita M. An efficient trans complementation system for in vivo replication of defective poliovirus mutants. J Virol 2024; 98:e0052324. [PMID: 38837378 PMCID: PMC11265389 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus genome encodes a large, single polyprotein that is processed by viral proteases to form an active replication complex. The replication complex is formed with the viral genome, host proteins, and viral proteins that are produced/translated directly from each of the viral genomes (viral proteins provided in cis). Efficient complementation in vivo of replication complex formation by viral proteins provided in trans, thus exogenous or ectopically expressed viral proteins, remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report an efficient trans complementation system for the replication of defective poliovirus (PV) mutants by a viral polyprotein precursor in HEK293 cells. Viral 3AB in the polyprotein, but not 2BC, was processed exclusively in cis. Replication of a defective PV replicon mutant, with a disrupted cleavage site for viral 3Cpro protease between 3Cpro and 3Dpol (3C/D[A/G] mutant) could be rescued by a viral polyprotein provided in trans. Only a defect of 3Dpol activity of the replicon could be rescued in trans; inactivating mutations in 2CATPase/hel, 3B, and 3Cpro of the replicon completely abrogated the trans-rescued replication. An intact N-terminus of the 3Cpro domain of the 3CDpro provided in trans was essential for the trans-active function. By using this trans complementation system, a high-titer defective PV pseudovirus (PVpv) (>107 infectious units per mL) could be produced with the defective mutants, whose replication was completely dependent on trans complementation. This work reveals potential roles of exogenous viral proteins in PV replication and offers insights into protein/protein interaction during picornavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Viral polyprotein processing is an elaborately controlled step by viral proteases encoded in the polyprotein; fully processed proteins and processing intermediates need to be correctly produced for replication, which can be detrimentally affected even by a small modification of the polyprotein. Purified/isolated viral proteins can retain their enzymatic activities required for viral replication, such as protease, helicase, polymerase, etc. However, when these proteins of picornavirus are exogenously provided (provided in trans) to the viral replication complex with a defective viral genome, replication is generally not rescued/complemented, suggesting the importance of viral proteins endogenously provided (provided in cis) to the replication complex. In this study, I discovered that only the viral polymerase activity of poliovirus (PV) (the typical member of picornavirus family) could be efficiently rescued by exogenously expressed viral proteins. The current study reveals potential roles for exogenous viral proteins in viral replication and offers insights into interactions during picornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang QY, Li JQ, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR, Li XD, Zhang HQ, Deng CL, Yang FX, Xu Y, Zhang B. Identification of fangchinoline as a broad-spectrum enterovirus inhibitor through reporter virus based high-content screening. Virol Sin 2024; 39:301-308. [PMID: 38452856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by enteroviruses, which are important human pathogens. Currently, there are no available antiviral agents for the therapy of enterovirus infection. In this study, an excellent high-content antiviral screening system utilizing the EV-A71-eGFP reporter virus was developed. Using this screening system, we screened a drug library containing 1042 natural compounds to identify potential EV-A71 inhibitors. Fangchinoline (FAN), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits potential inhibitory effects against various enteroviruses that cause HFMD, such as EV-A71, CV-A10, CV-B3 and CV-A16. Further investigations revealed that FAN targets the early stage of the enterovirus life cycle. Through the selection of FAN-resistant EV-A71 viruses, we demonstrated that the VP1 protein could be a potential target of FAN, as two mutations in VP1 (E145G and V258I) resulted in viral resistance to FAN. Our research suggests that FAN is an efficient inhibitor of EV-A71 and has the potential to be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against human enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yan Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- Hunan Normal University, School of Medicine, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feng-Xia Yang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Department of Infections and Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Feferbaum-Leite S, Santos IA, Grosche VR, da Silva GCD, Jardim ACG. Insights into enterovirus a-71 antiviral development: from natural sources to synthetic nanoparticles. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:334. [PMID: 37730918 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are pathogens responsible for several diseases, being enterovirus A71 (EVA71) the second leading cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), especially in Asia-Pacific countries. HFMD is mostly common in infants and children, with mild symptoms. However, the disease can result in severe nervous system disorders in children as well as in immunosuppressed adults. The virus is highly contagious, and its transmission occurs via fecal-oral, oropharyngeal secretions, and fomites. The EVA71 burdens the healthy systems and economies around the world, however, up to date, there is no antiviral approved to treat infected individuals and the existent vaccines are not available or approved to be used worldwide. In this context, an extensive literature research was conducted to describe and summarize the recent advances in natural and/or synthetic compounds with antiviral activity against EVA71. The summarized data presented here might simply encourage the future studies in EVA71 antiviral development, by encouraging further research encompassing these compounds or even the application of the techniques and technologies to improve or produce new antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Feferbaum-Leite
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Laajala M, Zwaagstra M, Martikainen M, Nekoua MP, Benkahla M, Sane F, Gervais E, Campagnola G, Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Ojha R, Bailliot M, Balistreri G, Peersen O, Hober D, Van Kuppeveld F, Marjomäki V. Vemurafenib Inhibits Acute and Chronic Enterovirus Infection by Affecting Cellular Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type IIIβ. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055223. [PMID: 37436162 PMCID: PMC10433971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant viruses causing mild to serious acute infections in humans and also contributing to chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes. Presently, there are no approved antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. Here, we studied the potency of vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, as an antiviral against enteroviruses. We showed that vemurafenib prevented enterovirus translation and replication at low micromolar dosage in an RAF/MEK/ERK-independent manner. Vemurafenib was effective against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect was related to a cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevented infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicated infection in a chronic cell model, and lowered virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Altogether, instead of acting through the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, vemurafenib affects the cellular PI4KB and, hence, enterovirus replication, opening new possibilities to evaluate further the potential of vemurafenib as a repurposed drug in clinical care. IMPORTANCE Despite the prevalence and medical threat of enteroviruses, presently, there are no antivirals against them. Here, we show that vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, prevents enterovirus translation and replication. Vemurafenib shows efficacy against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect acts through cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevents infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicates infection in a chronic cell model, and lowers virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Our findings open new possibilities to develop drugs against enteroviruses and give hope for repurposing vemurafenib as an antiviral drug against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emily Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bailliot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Masmoudi F, Santos-Ferreira N, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, DeGroot J, Vlaming MLH, Rocha-Pereira J, Buti L. Evaluation of 3D Human Intestinal Organoids as a Platform for EV-A71 Antiviral Drug Discovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081138. [PMID: 37190047 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a leading cause of upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, and neurological infections. Management of enterovirus-related diseases has been hindered by the lack of specific antiviral treatment. The pre-clinical and clinical development of such antivirals has been challenging, calling for novel model systems and strategies to identify suitable pre-clinical candidates. Organoids represent a new and outstanding opportunity to test antiviral agents in a more physiologically relevant system. However, dedicated studies addressing the validation and direct comparison of organoids versus commonly used cell lines are lacking. Here, we described the use of human small intestinal organoids (HIOs) as a model to study antiviral treatment against human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection and compared this model to EV-A71-infected RD cells. We used reference antiviral compounds such as enviroxime, rupintrivir, and 2'-C-methylcytidine (2'CMC) to assess their effects on cell viability, virus-induced cytopathic effect, and viral RNA yield in EV-A71-infected HIOs and cell line. The results indicated a difference in the activity of the tested compounds between the two models, with HIOs being more sensitive to infection and drug treatment. In conclusion, the outcome reveals the value added by using the organoid model in virus and antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanci Santos-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DeGroot
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Charles River Laboratories, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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Arita M, Fuchino H. Characterization of Anti-Poliovirus Compounds Isolated from Edible Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040903. [PMID: 37112883 PMCID: PMC10145814 DOI: 10.3390/v15040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is the causative agent of poliomyelitis and is a target of the global eradication programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). After eradication of type 2 and 3 wild-type PVs, vaccine-derived PV remains a substantial threat against the eradication as well as type 1 wild-type PV. Antivirals could serve as an effective means to suppress the outbreak; however, no anti-PV drugs have been approved at present. Here, we screened for effective anti-PV compounds in a library of edible plant extracts (a total of 6032 extracts). We found anti-PV activity in the extracts of seven different plant species. We isolated chrysophanol and vanicoside B (VCB) as the identities of the anti-PV activities of the extracts of Rheum rhaponticum and Fallopia sachalinensis, respectively. VCB targeted the host PI4KB/OSBP pathway for its anti-PV activity (EC50 = 9.2 μM) with an inhibitory effect on in vitro PI4KB activity (IC50 = 5.0 μM). This work offers new insights into the anti-PV activity in edible plants that may serve as potent antivirals for PV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba 305-0843, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hu K, Onintsoa Diarimalala R, Yao C, Li H, Wei Y. EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030785. [PMID: 36992493 PMCID: PMC10051052 DOI: 10.3390/v15030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71, a non-enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus, enters host cells through three stages: attachment, endocytosis and uncoating. In recent years, receptors/co-receptors anchored on the host cell membrane and involved in this process have been continuously identified. Among these, hSCARB-2 was the first receptor revealed to specifically bind to a definite site of the EV-A71 viral capsid and plays an indispensable role during viral entry. It actually acts as the main receptor due to its ability to recognize all EV-A71 strains. In addition, PSGL-1 is the second EV-A71 receptor discovered. Unlike hSCARB-2, PSGL-1 binding is strain-specific; only 20% of EV-A71 strains isolated to date are able to recognize and bind it. Some other receptors, such as sialylated glycan, Anx 2, HS, HSP90, vimentin, nucleolin and fibronectin, were discovered successively and considered as "co-receptors" because, without hSCARB-2 or PSGL-1, they are not able to mediate entry. For cypA, prohibitin and hWARS, whether they belong to the category of receptors or of co-receptors still needs further investigation. In fact, they have shown to exhibit an hSCARB-2-independent entry. All this information has gradually enriched our knowledge of EV-A71's early stages of infection. In addition to the availability of receptors/co-receptors for EV-A71 on host cells, the complex interaction between the virus and host proteins and various intracellular signaling pathways that are intricately connected to each other is critical for a successful EV-A71 invasion and for escaping the attack of the immune system. However, a lot remains unknown about the EV-A71 entry process. Nevertheless, researchers have been continuously interested in developing EV-A71 entry inhibitors, as this study area offers a large number of targets. To date, important progress has been made toward the development of several inhibitors targeting: receptors/co-receptors, including their soluble forms and chemically designed compounds; virus capsids, such as capsid inhibitors designed on the VP1 capsid; compounds potentially interfering with related signaling pathways, such as MAPK-, IFN- and ATR-inhibitors; and other strategies, such as siRNA and monoclonal antibodies targeting entry. The present review summarizes these latest studies, which are undoubtedly of great significance in developing a novel therapeutic approach against EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghong Hu
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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10
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Rational design of novel nucleoside analogues reveals potent antiviral agents for EV71. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114942. [PMID: 36455356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different viruses belonging to distinct viral families, such as enterovirus 71, rely on the host methyltransferase METTL3 for the completion of fundamental cytoplasmic stages of their life cycle. Modulation of the activity of this enzyme could therefore provide a broad-spectrum approach to interfere with viral infections caused by viruses that depend on its activity for the completion of their viral cycle. With the aim to identify antiviral therapeutics with this effect, a series of new nucleoside analogues was rationally designed to act as inhibitors of human METTL3, as a novel approach to interfere with a range of viral infections. Guided by molecular docking studies on the SAM binding pocket of the enzyme, 24 compounds were prepared following multiple-step synthetic protocols, and evaluated for their ability to interfere with the replication of different viruses in cell-based systems, and to directly inhibit the activity of METTL3. While different molecules displayed moderate inhibition of the human methyltransferase in vitro, multiple novel, potent and selective inhibitors of enterovirus 71 were identified.
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11
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Abd Aziz MF, Yip CW, Md Nor NS. In Silico and In Vitro Antiviral Activity Evaluation of Prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens Against Enterovirus 71. MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY 2022; 51:113-128. [DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Prodigiosin, a red linear tripyrrole pigment found in Serratia marcescens, is one such naturally occurring compound that has gained wide attention owing to its numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, and immunosuppressive properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible antiviral activity of prodigiosin against Enterovirus 71, a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Preliminary studies were done in silico by analyzing the interaction of prodigiosin with amino acid residues of five EV71-target proteins. Interaction refinement analysis with FireDock revealed that 2C helicase (-48.01 kcal/moL) has the most negative global energy, followed by capsid (-36.52 kcal/moL), 3C protease (-34.16 kcal/moL), 3D RNA polymerase (-30.93 kcal/moL) and 2A protease (-20.61 kcal/moL). These values are indicative of the interaction strength. Prodigiosin was shown to form chemical bonds with specific amino acid residues in capsid (Gln-30, Asn-223), 2A protease (Trp-33, Trp-142), 2C helicase (Tyr-150, His-151, Gln-169, Ser-212), 3C protease (Glu-50), and 3D RNA polymerase (Ala-239, Tyr-237). To investigate further, prodigiosin was extracted from S. marcescens using a methanolic extraction method. In vitro studies revealed that prodigiosin, with an IC50 value of 0.5112 μg/mL, reduced virus titers by 0.17 log (32.39%) in 30 min and 0.19 log (35.43%) in 60 min. The findings suggest that prodigiosin has antiviral activity with an intermediate inhibitory effect against EV71. As a result of this research, new biological activities of prodigiosin have been identified.
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12
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Arita M. Essential Domains of Oxysterol-Binding Protein Required for Poliovirus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122672. [PMID: 36560676 PMCID: PMC9786093 DOI: 10.3390/v14122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a host factor required for enterovirus (EV) replication. OSBP locates at membrane contact site and acts as a lipid exchanger of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) between cellular organelles; however, the essential domains required for the viral replication remain unknown. In this study, we define essential domains of OSBP for poliovirus (PV) replication by a functional dominance assay with a series of deletion variants of OSBP. We show that the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and the ligand-binding domain, but not the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain, coiled-coil region, or the FFAT motif, are essential for PV replication. The PHD serves as the primary determinant of OSBP targeting to the replication organelle in the infected cells. These results suggest that not all the domains that support important biological functions of OSBP are essential for the viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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13
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Le TTV, Do PC. Molecular docking study of various Enterovirus—A71 3C protease proteins and their potential inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987801. [PMID: 36246267 PMCID: PMC9563145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection that primarily affects children in preschool and kindergarten; however, there is yet no vaccination or therapy available. Despite the fact that current research is only focused on numerous strains of Enterovirus—A71 (EV-A71) 3C protease (3Cpro), these investigations are entirely separate and unrelated. Antiviral agents must therefore be tested on several EV strains or mutations. In total, 21 previously reported inhibitors were evaluated for inhibitory effects on eight EV-A71 3Cpro, including wild-type and mutant proteins in this study, and another 29 powerful candidates with inhibitory effects on EV-A71 were investigated using the molecular docking approach. This method is to determine the broad-spectrum of the antiviral agents on a range of strains or mutants because the virus frequently has mutations. Even though Rupintrivir is reported to pass phase I clinical trial, 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one moiety (FIOMC) was shown to have a broader anti-3Cpro spectrum than Rupintrivir. Meanwhile, Hesperidin possessed a better 3Cpro inhibitory capability than FIOMC. Thus, it could be considered the most promising candidate for inhibiting various strains of EV-A71 3Cpro proteins in the newly anti-EV compounds group. Furthermore, the mutation at E71A has the most significant impact on the docking results of all ligands evaluated. Future in vitro experiments on Hesperidin’s ability to inhibit 3Cpro activity should be conducted to compare with FIOMC’s in vitro results and validate the current in silico work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thao Vy Le
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc-Chau Do
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Phuc-Chau Do,
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14
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Kobayashi J, Arita M, Sakai S, Kojima H, Senda M, Senda T, Hanada K, Kato R. Ligand Recognition by the Lipid Transfer Domain of Human OSBP Is Important for Enterovirus Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1161-1170. [PMID: 35613096 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), which transports cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIns[4]P) between different organelles, serves as a conserved host factor for the replication of various viruses, and OSBP inhibitors exhibit antiviral effects. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the lipid transfer domain of human OSBP in complex with endogenous cholesterol. The hydrocarbon tail and tetracyclic ring of cholesterol interact with the hydrophobic tunnel of OSBP, and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol forms a hydrogen bond network at the bottom of the tunnel. Systematic mutagenesis of the ligand-binding region revealed that M446W and L590W substitutions confer functional tolerance to an OSBP inhibitor, T-00127-HEV2. Employing the M446W variant as a functional replacement for the endogenous OSBP in the presence of T-00127-HEV2, we have identified previously unappreciated amino acid residues required for viral replication. The combined use of the inhibitor and the OSBP variant will be useful in elucidating the enigmatic in vivo functions of OSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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15
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Li D, Zhang L. Structure Prediction and Potential Inhibitors Docking of Enterovirus 2C Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856574. [PMID: 35572704 PMCID: PMC9100428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus infections are mostly asymptomatic and occasionally could be severe and life-threatening. The conserved non-structural 2C from enteroviruses protein is a promising target in antiviral therapies against human enteroviruses. Understanding of 2C-drug interactions is crucial for developing the potential antiviral agents. While functions of enterovirus 2C proteins have been widely studied, three-dimensional structure information of 2C is limited. In this study, the structures of 2C proteins from 20 enteroviruses were simulated and reconstructed using I-TASSER programs. Subsequent docking studies of the known 22 antiviral inhibitors for 2C proteins were performed to uncover the inhibitor-binding characteristics of 2C. Among the potential inhibitors, the compound hydantoin exhibited the highest broad-spectrum antiviral activities with binding to 2C protein. The anti-enteroviral activity of GuaHCL, compound 19b, R523062, compound 12a, compound 12b, quinoline analogs 12a, compound 19d, N6-benzyladenosine, dibucaine derivatives 6i, TBZE-029, fluoxetine analogs 2b, dibucaine, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (HBB), metrifudil, pirlindole, MRL-1237, quinoline analogs 10a, zuclopenthixol, fluoxetine, fluoxetine HCl, and quinoline analogs 12c showed a trend of gradual decrease. In addition, the free energy with 22 compounds binding to EV 2C ranged from −0.35 to −88.18 kcal/mol. Our in silico studies will provide important information for the development of pan-enterovirus antiviral agents based on 2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Leiliang Zhang
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16
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Zenchenko AA, Oslovsky VE, Varizhuk IV, Karpova EV, Osolodkin DI, Kozlovskaya LI, Ishmukhametov AA, Drenichev MS. Cytotoxicity reduction by O-nicotinoylation of antiviral 6-benzylaminopurine ribonucleosides. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105355. [PMID: 35390475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the promising approaches in the development of nucleoside prodrugs is to use the nucleoside analogs containing lipophilic biodegradable residues, which are cleaved to biologically active forms after metabolic transformations in the cell. The introduction of such fragments makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug candidate and increase its stability in the cell. In order to study the influence of biodegradable lipophilic groups on antiviral activity and cytotoxicity, in this work we synthesized N6-benzyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-nicotinoyl adenosine and N6-(3-fluorobenzyl)-2',3',5'-tri-O-nicotinoyl adenosine, derivatives of N6-benzyladenosine (BAR) and N6-(3-fluorobenzyl)adenosine (FBAR), which had previously shown prominent antiviral activity against human enterovirus EV-A71 but appeared to be cytotoxic. As a result, the obtained fully-O-nicotinoylated BAR and FBAR inhibited reproduction of EV-A71 strains BrCr and 46,973 and manifested significantly lower cytotoxicity compared to non-protected compounds. In addition, we performed enzymatic hydrolysis of the fully-O-nicotinoylated FBAR in the presence of esterases (Cal B and PLE) to investigate metabolic degradation of O-nicotinoylated compounds in cells. As a result, both enzymes hydrolyzed the tested substrate to form the corresponding O-deprotected nucleoside that may suggest the role of hydrolase-type enzymes as general participants of metabolic activation of O-nicotinoylated prodrugs in different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina V Varizhuk
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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17
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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18
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3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid from the Medicinal Plant Ilex kaushue Disrupts the Interaction Between the Five-Fold Axis of Enterovirus A-71 and the Heparan Sulfate Receptor. J Virol 2022; 96:e0054221. [PMID: 35319229 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While infections by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) are generally self-limiting, they can occasionally lead to serious neurological complications and death. No licensed therapies against EV-A71 currently exist. Using anti-virus-induced cytopathic effect assays, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA) from Ilex kaushue extracts was found to exert significant anti-EV-A71 activity, with a broad inhibitory spectrum against different EV-A71 genotypes. Time-of-drug-addition assays revealed that 3,4-DCQA affects the initial phase (entry step) of EV-A71 infection by directly targeting viral particles and disrupting viral attachment to host cells. Using resistant virus selection experiments, we found that 3,4-DCQA targets the glutamic acid residue at position 98 (E98) and the proline residue at position 246 (P246) in the 5-fold axis located within the VP1 structural protein. Recombinant viruses harboring the two mutations were resistant to 3,4-DCQA-elicited inhibition of virus attachment and penetration into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Finally, we showed that 3,4-DCQA specifically inhibited the attachment of EV-A71 to the host receptor heparan sulfate (HS), but not to the scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL1). Molecular docking analysis confirmed that 3,4-DCQA targets the 5-fold axis to form a stable structure with the E98 and P246 residues through noncovalent and van der Waals interactions. The targeting of E98 and P246 by 3,4-DCQA was found to be specific; accordingly, HS binding of viruses carrying the K242A or K244A mutations in the 5-fold axis was successfully inhibited by 3,4-DCQA.The clinical utility of 3,4-DCQA in the prevention or treatment of EV-A71 infections warrants further scrutiny. IMPORTANCE The canyon region and the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 viral particle located within the VP1 protein mediate the interaction of the virus with host surface receptors. The three most extensively investigated cellular receptors for EV-A71 include SCARB2, PSGL1, and cell surface heparan sulfate. In the current study, a RD cell-based anti-cytopathic effect assay was used to investigate the potential broad spectrum inhibitory activity of 3,4-DCQA against different EV-A71 strains. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that 3,4-DCQA disrupts the interaction between the 5-fold axis of EV-A71 and its heparan sulfate receptor; however, no effect was seen on the SCARB2 or PSGL1 receptors. Taken together, our findings show that this natural product may pave the way to novel anti-EV-A71 therapeutic strategies.
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High-Order Epistasis and Functional Coupling of Infection Steps Drive Virus Evolution toward Independence from a Host Pathway. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0080021. [PMID: 34468191 PMCID: PMC8557862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00800-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase IIIβ (PI4KB)/oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I pathway serves as an essential host pathway for the formation of viral replication complex for viral plus-strand RNA synthesis; however, poliovirus (PV) could evolve toward substantial independence from this host pathway with four mutations. Recessive epistasis of the two mutations (3A-R54W and 2B-F17L) is essential for viral RNA replication. Quantitative analysis of effects of the other two mutations (2B-Q20H and 2C-M187V) on each step of infection reveals functional couplings between viral replication, growth, and spread conferred by the 2B-Q20H mutation, while no enhancing effect was conferred by the 2C-M187V mutation. The effects of the 2B-Q20H mutation occur only via another recessive epistasis between the 3A-R54W/2B-F17L mutations. These mutations confer enhanced replication in PI4KB/OSBP-independent infection concomitantly with an increased ratio of viral plus-strand RNA to the minus-strand RNA. This work reveals the essential roles of the functional coupling and high-order, multi-tiered recessive epistasis in viral evolution toward independence from an obligatory host pathway. IMPORTANCE Each virus has a different strategy for its replication, which requires different host factors. Enterovirus, a model RNA virus, requires host factors PI4KB and OSBP, which form an obligatory functional axis to support viral replication. In an experimental evolution system in vitro, virus mutants that do not depend on these host factors could arise only with four mutations. The two mutations (3A-R54W and 2B-F17L) are required for the replication but are not sufficient to support efficient infection. Another mutation (2B-Q20H) is essential for efficient spread of the virus. The order of introduction of the mutations in the viral genome is essential (known as “epistasis”), and functional couplings of infection steps (i.e., viral replication, growth, and spread) have substantial roles to show the effects of the 2B-Q20H mutation. These observations would provide novel insights into an evolutionary pathway of the virus to require host factors for infection.
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20
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Functional Insights into Silymarin as an Antiviral Agent against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168757. [PMID: 34445463 PMCID: PMC8395941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major neurovirulent agent capable of causing severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) associated with neurological complications and death. Currently, no FDA-approved antiviral is available for the treatment of EV-A71 infections. The flavonoid silymarin was shown to exert virucidal effects, but the binding site on the capsid was unknown. In this study, the ligand interacting site of silymarin was determined in silico and validated in vitro. Moreover, the potential of EV-A71 to develop resistance against silymarin was further evaluated. Molecular docking of silymarin with the capsid of EV-A71 indicated that silymarin binds to viral protein 1 (VP1) of EV-A71, specifically at the GH loop of VP1. The in vitro binding of silymarin with VP1 of EV-A71 was validated using recombinant VP1 through ELISA competitive binding assay. Continuous passaging of EV-A71 in the presence of silymarin resulted in the emergence of a mutant carrying a substitution of isoleucine by threonine (I97T) at position 97 of the BC loop of EV-A71. The mutation was speculated to overcome the inhibitory effects of silymarin. This study provides functional insights into the underlying mechanism of EV-A71 inhibition by silymarin, but warrants further in vivo evaluation before being developed as a potential therapeutic agent.
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21
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Chen P, Li Z, Cui S. Picornaviral 2C proteins: A unique ATPase family critical in virus replication. Enzymes 2021; 49:235-264. [PMID: 34696834 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2C proteins of Picornaviridae are unique members of AAA+ protein family. Although picornavirus 2C shares many conserved motifs with Super Family 3 DNA helicases, duplex unwinding activity of many 2C proteins remains undetected, and high-resolution structures of 2C hexamers are unavailable. All characterized 2C proteins exhibit ATPase activity, but the purpose of ATP hydrolysis is not fully understood. 2C is highly conserved among picornaviruses and plays crucial roles in nearly all steps of the virus lifecycle. It is therefore considered as an effective target for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development. Crystallographic investigation of enterovirus 2C proteins provide structural details important for the elucidation of 2C function and development of antiviral drugs. This chapter summarizes not only the findings of enzymatic activities, biochemical and structural characterizations of the 2C proteins, but also their role in virus replication, immune evasion and morphogenesis. The linkage between structure and function of the 2C proteins is discussed in detail. Inhibitors targeting the 2C proteins are also summarized to provide an overview of drug development. Finally, we raise several key questions to be addressed in this field and provide future research perspective on this unique class of ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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22
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Antiviral Peptides Targeting the Helicase Activity of Enterovirus Nonstructural Protein 2C. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02324-20. [PMID: 33789997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae and include four human enterovirus groups (EV-A to -D): the epidemic of enteroviruses such as human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a threat to global public health. Enteroviral protein 2C is the most conserved nonstructural protein among all enteroviruses and possesses RNA helicase activity that plays pivotal roles during enteroviral life cycles, which makes 2C an attractive target for developing antienterovirus drugs. In this study, we designed a peptide, named 2CL, based on the structure of EV-A71 2C. This peptide effectively impaired the oligomerization of EV-A71 2C protein and inhibited the RNA helicase activities of 2C proteins encoded by EV-A71 and CVA16, both of which belong to EV-A, and showed potent antiviral efficacy against EV-A71 and CVA16 in cells. Moreover, the 2CL treatment elicited a strong in vivo protective efficacy against lethal EV-A71 challenge. In addition, the antiviral strategy of targeting the 2C helicase activity can be applied to inhibit the replication of EV-B. Either 2CL or B-2CL, the peptide redesigned based on the 2CL-corresponding sequence of EV-Bs, could exert effective antiviral activity against two important EV-Bs, coxsackievirus B3 and echovirus 11. Together, our findings demonstrated that targeting the helicase activity of 2C with a rationally designed peptide is an efficient antiviral strategy against enteroviruses, and 2CL and B-2CL show promising clinical potential to be further developed as broad-spectrum antienterovirus drugs.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are a large group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses and include numerous human pathogens, such as enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. However, no approved EV antiviral drugs are available. Enteroviral 2C is the most conserved nonstructural protein among all enteroviruses and contains the RNA helicase activity critical for the viral life cycle. Herein, according to the structure of EV-A71 2C, we designed a peptide that effectively inhibited the RNA helicase activities of EV-A71- and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)-encoded 2C proteins. Moreover, this peptide exerted potent antiviral effects against EV-A71 and CVA16 in cells and elicited therapeutic efficacy against lethal EV-A71 challenge in vivo Furthermore, we demonstrate that the strategy of targeting the 2C helicase activity can be used for other relevant enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 and echovirus 11. In summary, our findings provide compelling evidence that the designed peptides targeting the helicase activity of 2C could be broad-spectrum antivirals for enteroviruses.
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Soare AY, Freeman TL, Min AK, Malik HS, Osota EO, Swartz TH. P2RX7 at the Host-Pathogen Interface of Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00055-20. [PMID: 33441488 PMCID: PMC7849353 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2RX7) is an important molecule that functions as a danger sensor, detecting extracellular nucleotides from injured cells and thus signaling an inflammatory program to nearby cells. It is expressed in immune cells and plays important roles in pathogen surveillance and cell-mediated responses to infectious organisms. There is an abundance of literature on the role of P2RX7 in inflammatory diseases and the role of these receptors in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe the current knowledge of the role of P2RX7 in the host response to a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. We describe in vitro and in vivo evidence for the critical role these receptors play in mediating and modulating immune responses. Our observations indicate a role for P2X7 signaling in sensing damage-associated molecular patterns released by nearby infected cells to facilitate immunopathology or protection. In this review, we describe how P2RX7 signaling can play critical roles in numerous cells types in response to a diverse array of pathogens in mediating pathogenesis and immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracey L Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice K Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hagerah S Malik
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Osota
- University of California San Diego, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Loaiza-Cano V, Monsalve-Escudero LM, Filho CDSMB, Martinez-Gutierrez M, de Sousa DP. Antiviral Role of Phenolic Compounds against Dengue Virus: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010011. [PMID: 33374457 PMCID: PMC7823413 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds have been related to multiple biological activities, and the antiviral effect of these compounds has been demonstrated in several viral models of public health concern. In this review, we show the antiviral role of phenolic compounds against dengue virus (DENV), the most widespread arbovirus globally that, after its re-emergence, has caused multiple epidemic outbreaks, especially in the last two years. Twenty phenolic compounds with anti-DENV activity are discussed, including the multiple mechanisms of action, such as those directed against viral particles or viral proteins, host proteins or pathways related to the productive replication viral cycle and the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Loaiza-Cano
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
| | - Laura Milena Monsalve-Escudero
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
| | | | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.-G.); (D.P.d.S.); Tel.: +57-310-543-8583 (M.M.-G.); +55-833-216-7347 (D.P.d.S.)
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, CEP 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.M.-G.); (D.P.d.S.); Tel.: +57-310-543-8583 (M.M.-G.); +55-833-216-7347 (D.P.d.S.)
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Wang SH, Wang K, Zhao K, Hua SC, Du J. The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615965. [PMID: 33381104 PMCID: PMC7767853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. To date, research on enterovirus non-structural proteins has mainly focused on the 2A and 3C proteases and 3D polymerase. However, another non-structural protein, 2C, is the most highly conserved protein, and plays a vital role in the enterovirus life cycle. There are relatively few studies on this protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus 2C is involved in virus uncoating, host cell membrane rearrangements, RNA replication, encapsidation, morphogenesis, ATPase, helicase, and chaperoning activities. Despite ongoing research, little is known about the pathogenesis of enterovirus 2C proteins in viral replication or in the host innate immune system. In this review, we discuss and summarize the current understanding of the structure, function, and mechanism of the enterovirus 2C proteins, focusing on the key mutations and motifs involved in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. We also focus on recent progress in research into the role of 2C proteins in regulating the pattern recognition receptors and type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate viral replication. Given these functions and mechanisms, the potential application of the 2C proteins as a target for anti-viral drug development is also discussed. Future studies will focus on the determination of more crystal structures of enterovirus 2C proteins, which might provide more potential targets for anti-viral drug development against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Department of Neurotrauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Tosh DK, Toti KS, Hurst BL, Julander JG, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationship of novel antiviral nucleosides against Enterovirus A71. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127599. [PMID: 33031923 PMCID: PMC7534897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various (North)-methanocarba adenosine derivatives, containing rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ribose substitution, were screened for activity against representative viruses, and inhibition was observed after treatment of Enterovirus A71 with a 2-chloro-N6-1-cyclopropyl-2-methylpropan-1-yl derivative (17). µM activity was also seen when testing 17 against other enteroviruses in the Picornaviridae family. Based on this hit, structural congeners of 17, containing other N6-alkyl groups and 5' modifications, were synthesized and tested. The structure activity relationship is relatively narrow, with most modifications of the adenine or the methanocarba ring reducing or abolishing the inhibitory potency. 4'-Truncated 31 (MRS5474), 4'-fluoromethyl 48 (MRS7704) and 4'-chloromethyl 49 nucleosides displayed EC50 ~3-4 µM, and 31 and 48 achieved SI ≥10. However, methanocarba analogues of ribavirin and N6-benzyladenosine, shown previously to have anti-EV-A71 activity, were inactive. Thus, we identified methanocarba nucleosides as a new scaffold for enterovirus inhibition with a narrow structure activity relationship and no similarity to previously published anti-enteroviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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29
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Lin WY, Yu YJ, Jinn TR. Evaluation of the virucidal effects of rosmarinic acid against enterovirus 71 infection via in vitro and in vivo study. Virol J 2019; 16:94. [PMID: 31366366 PMCID: PMC6670152 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important public health threat, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, there are still no effective drugs or vaccines to treat and prevent EV71 infection. Therefore, it is critical to develop prophylactic and therapeutic agents against EV71. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phytochemical, has been discovered to possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. METHODS The virucidal effects of RA on EV71 were determined by MTT, western blot, median cell culture infectious dose, apoptosis detection, plaque reduction, semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence detection, molecular docking analysis, and mouse protection assay. RESULTS RA showed a strong protective effect against EV71 infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells when the multiplicity of infection was 1, with a low IC50 value (4.33 ± 0.18 μM) and high therapeutic index (340). RA not only protected cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, but also from EV71-induced apoptosis. The results of time-of-addition analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of RA was highest at the early stage of viral infection. Consistent with this, the infectivity of EV71 in the early stage of viral infection also was observed to be limited in neonatal mice treated with RA. Further, molecular docking predicts that RA could replace the natural pocket factor within the VP1 capsid-binding hydrophobic pocket. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RA has the potential to be developed as an antiviral agent against initial EV71 infection to prevent or reduce EV71-induced pathogenesis and complications, since RA can effectively reduce EV71 infection in the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jen Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzyy-Rong Jinn
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Arita M, Bigay J. Poliovirus Evolution toward Independence from the Phosphatidylinositol-4 Kinase III β/Oxysterol-Binding Protein Family I Pathway. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:962-973. [PMID: 30919621 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III β (PI4KB) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I provide a conserved host pathway required for enterovirus replication. Here, we analyze the role and essentiality of this pathway in enterovirus replication. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) production and cholesterol accumulation in the replication organelle (RO) are severely suppressed in cells infected with a poliovirus (PV) mutant isolated from a PI4KB-knockout cell line (RD[Δ PI4KB]). Major determinants of the mutant for infectivity in RD(Δ PI4KB) cells map to the A5270U(3A-R54W) and U3881C(2B-F17L) mutations. The 3A mutation is required for PI4KB-independent development of RO. The 2B mutation rather sensitizes PV to PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors by itself but confers substantially complete resistance to the inhibitors with the 3A mutation. The 2B mutation also confers hypersensitivity to interferon alpha treatment on PV. These suggest that the PI4KB/OSBP pathway is not necessarily essential for enterovirus replication in vitro. This work supports a two-step resistance model of enterovirus to PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors involving unique recessive epistasis of 3A and 2B and offers insights into a potential evolutionary pathway of enterovirus toward independence from the PI4KB/OSBP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Joëlle Bigay
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France
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Viral engagement with host receptors blocked by a novel class of tryptophan dendrimers that targets the 5-fold-axis of the enterovirus-A71 capsid. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007760. [PMID: 31071193 PMCID: PMC6590834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a non-polio neurotropic enterovirus with pandemic potential. There are no antiviral agents approved to prevent or treat EV-A71 infections. We here report on the molecular mechanism by which a novel class of tryptophan dendrimers inhibits (at low nanomolar to high picomolar concentration) EV-A71 replication in vitro. A lead compound in the series (MADAL385) prevents binding and internalization of the virus but does not, unlike classical capsid binders, stabilize the particle. By means of resistance selection, reverse genetics and cryo-EM, we map the binding region of MADAL385 to the 5-fold vertex of the viral capsid and demonstrate that a single molecule binds to each vertex. By interacting with this region, MADAL385 prevents the interaction of the virus with its cellular receptors PSGL1 and heparan sulfate, thereby blocking the attachment of EV-A71 to the host cells. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the virus responsible for most of the severe forms of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) associated with neurological involvement and mortality in young children under the age of 5. Seasonal outbreaks of HFMD -with a 2–3 years epidemic cycle- are recurring around the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. To date, no antiviral agent has been approved for the treatment of EV-A71 infections. Here, we report on a recently uncovered class of tryptophan dendrimers with an extraordinary antiviral activity in vitro against circulating EV-A71 clinical isolates. Mode of action studies revealed that this class of compounds targets the 5-fold vertex of EV-A71, in turn blocking receptor binding. Our finding may open an entirely novel line of research and largely aid in anti-enterovirus drug development.
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Lin CJ, Liu CH, Wang JY, Lin CC, Li YF, Richardson CD, Lin LT. Small molecules targeting coxsackievirus A16 capsid inactivate viral particles and prevent viral binding. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:162. [PMID: 30254193 PMCID: PMC6156566 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is an etiologic agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that affects young children, and although typically self-limited, severe complications, and fatal cases have been reported. Due to the lack of specific medication and vaccines against CVA16, there is currently a need to develop effective antivirals to better control CVA16 infections in epidemic areas. In this study, we identified the tannins chebulagic acid (CHLA) and punicalagin (PUG) as small molecules that can efficiently disrupt the CVA16 infection of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Both compounds significantly reduced CVA16 infectivity at micromolar concentrations without apparent cytotoxicity. A mechanistic analysis revealed that the tannins particularly targeted the CVA16 entry phase by inactivating cell-free viral particles and inhibiting viral binding. Further examination by molecular docking analysis pinpointed the targets of the tannins in the fivefold axis canyon region of the CVA16 capsid near the pocket entrance that functions in cell surface receptor binding. We suggest that CHLA and PUG are efficient antagonists of CVA16 entry and could be of value as antiviral candidates or as starting points for developing molecules to treat CVA16 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chun-Ching Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, , Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Chang CK, Wu SR, Chen YC, Lee KJ, Chung NH, Lu YJ, Yu SL, Liu CC, Chow YH. Mutations in VP1 and 5'-UTR affect enterovirus 71 virulence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6688. [PMID: 29703921 PMCID: PMC5923339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The current EV71 propagating in Vero (EV-V) or sub-passaged in RD (EV-R) cells was used as a pathogen. Interestingly, EV-R exhibited differential virulence; challenging human scavenger receptor class B2-expressing (hSCARB2-Tg) mice with EV71 revealed that EV-V was more virulent than EV-R: 100% of mice that received lethal amounts of EV-V died, while all the mice that received EV-R survived. Severe pathogenesis correlated with viral burdens and proinflammatory cytokine levels were observed in EV-V-challenged mice, but controversy in EV-R-challenged mice. Consensus sequence analysis revealed EV-R rapidly acquired complete mutations at E145G and S241L and partial mutations at V146I of VP1, and acquired a T to C substitution at nucleotide 494 of the 5'-UTR. EV-R exhibited higher binding affinity for another EV71 receptor, human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (hPSGL-1), than EV-V. Both EV71s exhibited no significant difference in binding to hSCARB2. The molecular modelling indicate that these mutations might influence EV71 engagement with PSGL-1 and in vivo virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Kun Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jin Lee
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Kozlovskaya LI, Golinets AD, Eletskaya AA, Orlov AA, Palyulin VA, Kochetkov SN, Alexandrova LA, Osolodkin DI. Selective Inhibition of Enterovirus A Species Members' Reproduction by Furano[2, 3- d]pyrimidine Nucleosides Revealed by Antiviral Activity Profiling against (+)ssRNA Viruses. ChemistrySelect 2018; 3:2321-2325. [PMID: 32328513 PMCID: PMC7169607 DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of broad-spectrum antivirals requires data on antiviral activity of compounds against multiple viruses, which are often not available. We have developed a panel of (+)ssRNA viruses composed of Enterovirus and Flavivirus genera members allowing to study these activity spectra. Antiviral activity profiling of a set of nucleoside analogues revealed N 4-hydroxycytidine as an efficient inhibitor of replication of coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses, but ineffective against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Furano[2, 3-d]pyrimidine nucleosides with n-pentyl or n-hexyl tails showed selective inhibition of Enterovirus A representatives. 5-(Tetradec-1-yn-1-yl)-uridine showed selective inhibition of tick-borne encephalitis virus at the micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Golinets
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Eletskaya
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Alexey A. Orlov
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
| | | | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhargt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Vavilova, 32Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Liudmila A. Alexandrova
- Engelhargt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Vavilova, 32Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Osolodkin
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
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MicroRNA-134 regulates poliovirus replication by IRES targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12664. [PMID: 28978937 PMCID: PMC5627394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global poliovirus eradication efforts include high vaccination coverage with live oral polio vaccine (OPV), surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis, and OPV “mop-up” campaigns. An important objective involves host-directed strategies to reduce PV replication to diminish viral shedding in OPV recipients. In this study, we show that microRNA-134-5p (miR-134) can regulate Sabin-1 replication but not Sabin-2 or Sabin-3 via direct interaction with the PV 5′UTR. Hypochromicity data showed miR-134 binding to Sabin-1 and 3 but not Sabin-2 IRES. Transfection of a miR-134 mimic repressed translation of Sabin-1 5′UTR driven luciferase validating the mechanism of miR-134-mediated repression of Sabin-1. Further, site directed mutagenesis of the miR-134 binding site in Sabin-1 IRES relieved miR-134-mediated repression indicating that these regulatory molecules have an important role in regulating the host gene response to PV. Binding of miR-134 to Sabin-1 IRES caused degradation of the IRES transcript in a miR-134 and sequence specific manner. The miR-134 binding site was found to be highly conserved in wild type PV-1 as well as EV71 strains indicating that miR-134 may regulate function of these IRES sequences in circulation.
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Zhang Y, Ke X, Zheng C, Liu Y, Xie L, Zheng Z, Wang H. Development of a luciferase-based biosensor to assess enterovirus 71 3C protease activity in living cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10385. [PMID: 28871120 PMCID: PMC5583365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). To date, no antiviral drug has been approved to treat EV71 infection. Due to the essential role that EV71 3 C protease (3Cpro) plays in the viral life cycle, it is generally considered as a highly appealing target for antiviral drug development. In this study, we present a transgene-encoded biosensor that can accurately, sensitively and quantitatively report the proteolytic activity of EV71 3Cpro. This biosensor is based on the catalyzed activity of a pro-interleukin (IL)-1β-enterovirus 3Cpro cleavage site-Gaussia Luciferase (GLuc) fusion protein that we named i-3CS-GLuc. GLuc enzyme is inactive in the fusion protein because of aggregation caused by pro-IL-1β. However, the 3Cpro of EV71 and other enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and poliovirus can recognize and process the canonical enterovirus 3Cpro cleavage site between pro-IL-1β and GLuc, thereby releasing and activating GLuc and resulting in increased luciferase activity. The high sensitivity, ease of use, and applicability as a transgene in cell-based assays of i-3CS-GLuc biosensor make it a powerful tool for studying viral protease proteolytic events in living cells and for achieving high-throughput screening of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Caishang Zheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Arita M, Dobrikov G, Pürstinger G, Galabov AS. Allosteric Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase III Beta by an Antipicornavirus Compound MDL-860. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:585-594. [PMID: 28605587 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MDL-860 is a broad-spectrum antipicornavirus compound discovered in 1982 and one of the few promising candidates effective in in vivo virus infection. Despite the effectiveness, the target and the mechanism of action of MDL-860 remain unknown. Here, we have characterized antipoliovirus activity of MDL-860 and identified host phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta (PI4KB) as the target. MDL-860 treatment caused covalent modification and irreversible inactivation of PI4KB. A cysteine residue at amino acid 646 of PI4KB, which locates at the bottom of a surface pocket apart from the active site, was identified as the target site of MDL-860. This work reveals the mechanism of action of this class of PI4KB inhibitors and offers insights into novel allosteric regulation of PI4KB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department
of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Georgi Dobrikov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gerhard Pürstinger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angel S. Galabov
- The
Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Oslovsky VE, Drenichev MS, Sun L, Kurochkin NN, Kunetsky VE, Mirabelli C, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Fluorination of Naturally Occurring N⁶-Benzyladenosine Remarkably Increased Its Antiviral Activity and Selectivity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071219. [PMID: 28726764 PMCID: PMC6152005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the natural cytokinin nucleosides N⁶-isopentenyladenosine (iPR) and N⁶-benzyladenosine (BAPR) exert a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. In order to further characterize the antiviral profile of this class of compounds, we generated a series of fluorinated derivatives of BAPR and evaluated their activity on the replication of human enterovirus 71 in a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The monofluorination of the BAPR-phenyl group changed the selectivity index (SI) slightly because of the concomitant high cell toxicity. Interestingly, the incorporation of a second fluorine atom resulted in a dramatic improvement of selectivity. Moreover, N⁶-trifluoromethylbenzyladenosines derivatives (9-11) exhibited also a very interesting profile, with low cytotoxicity observed. In particular, the analogue N⁶-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-adenosine (10) with a four-fold gain in potency as compared to BAPR and the best SI in the class represents a promising candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Liang Sun
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vladislav E Kunetsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Investigation of the Role of Protein Kinase D in Human Rhinovirus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00217-17. [PMID: 28228588 PMCID: PMC5391474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00217-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus replication is known to cause extensive remodeling of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and a number of the host proteins involved in the viral replication complex have been identified, including oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB). Since both OSBP and PI4KB are substrates for protein kinase D (PKD) and PKD is known to be involved in the control of Golgi membrane vesicular and lipid transport, we hypothesized that PKD played a role in viral replication. We present multiple lines of evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, infection of HeLa cells with human rhinovirus (HRV) induced the phosphorylation of PKD. Second, PKD inhibitors reduced HRV genome replication, protein expression, and titers in a concentration-dependent fashion and also blocked the replication of poliovirus (PV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in a variety of cells. Third, HRV replication was significantly reduced in HeLa cells overexpressing wild-type and mutant forms of PKD1. Fourth, HRV genome replication was reduced in HAP1 cells in which the PKD1 gene was knocked out by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. Although we have not identified the molecular mechanism through which PKD regulates viral replication, our data suggest that this is not due to enhanced interferon signaling or an inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and PKD inhibitors do not need to be present during viral uptake. Our data show for the first time that targeting PKD with small molecules can inhibit the replication of HRV, PV, and FMDV, and therefore, PKD may represent a novel antiviral target for drug discovery. IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses remain an important family of human and animal pathogens for which we have a very limited arsenal of antiviral agents. HRV is the causative agent of the common cold, which in itself is a relatively trivial infection; however, in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, this virus is a major cause of exacerbations resulting in an increased use of medication, worsening symptoms, and, frequently, hospital admission. Thus, HRV represents a substantial health care and economic burden for which there are no approved therapies. We sought to identify a novel host target as a potential anti-HRV therapy. HRV infection induces the phosphorylation of PKD, and inhibitors of this kinase effectively block HRV replication at an early stage of the viral life cycle. Moreover, PKD inhibitors also block PV and FMDV replication. This is the first description that PKD may represent a target for antiviral drug discovery.
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40
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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Orr-Burks NL, Shim BS, Wu W, Bakre AA, Karpilow J, Tripp RA. MicroRNA screening identifies miR-134 as a regulator of poliovirus and enterovirus 71 infection. Sci Data 2017; 4:170023. [PMID: 28248924 PMCID: PMC5332013 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate virus replication through multiple mechanisms. Poliovirus causes a highly debilitating disease and though global efforts to eradicate polio have sharply decreased polio incidence, unfortunately three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan) remain polio-endemic. We hypothesize that understanding the host factors involved in polio replication will identify novel prophylactic and therapeutic targets against polio and related viruses. In this data set, employing genome wide screens of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, we identified miRNAs which significantly suppressed polio replication. Specifically, miR-134 regulates poliovirus replication via modulation of ras-related nuclear protein (RAN), an important component of the nuclear transport system. MiR-134 also inhibited other Picornaviridae viruses including EV71, a growing concern and a high priority for vaccination in Asian countries like China. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for miRNA regulation of poliovirus and other Picornaviridae viruses in host cells, and thereby may provide a novel approach in combating infection and a potential approach for the development of anti-Picornaviridae strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Lynn Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Byoung-Shik Shim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Weilin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Abhijeet A Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jon Karpilow
- Proventus Bio, 220 Riverbend Rd, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Suramin interacts with the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 capsid and inhibits multiple enterovirus A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42902. [PMID: 28218309 PMCID: PMC5317167 DOI: 10.1038/srep42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was previously shown to bind to the EV-A71 capsid through its naphthalenetrisulfonic acid groups, thereby reducing virus-cell binding and inhibiting viral replication. Here, we identify VP1-145 as the critical amino acid that accounts for the differential sensitivity of EVA-71 viruses to suramin. A single Q or G to E substitution at VP1-145 results in an approximately 30-fold shift of IC50 or IC90 values reproducing the inhibition profile observed with field isolates expressing either the 145Q or E mutation. Our data support the conclusion that suramin binds to the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the capsid and consequently blocks the virus attachment and entry into host cells. In order to assess the antiviral-spectrum of suramin, we analyzed 18 representative enteroviruses: A (n = 7), B (n = 5), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). We show that suramin potency is restricted to enterovirus A species. Clinical development of suramin is further supported by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating bioactive plasma levels after a single dose intramuscular administration in macaques. Altogether, our findings support the clinical development of suramin as a novel entry inhibitor for the treatment of enterovirus A infections.
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Development of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based intracellular assay to identify novel enterovirus 71 antivirals. Arch Virol 2016; 162:713-720. [PMID: 27873071 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is considered one of the most virulent pathogens in the family Picornaviridae. However, there have been no effective treatments for the severe complications caused by EV71. Development of new drugs against targets that are essential for viral replication often requires screening large collections of compounds, for which a high-throughput screening platform is needed. In this study, a drug-screening platform was developed based on a genetically engineered cell line that displays fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and shows a real-time and quantifiable impairment of FRET upon EV71 infection. A library of small molecules consisting of 1280 compounds with defined bioactivities was used for screening drugs with anti-EV71 activity; accurate, rapid, and robust results were obtained from this screening procedure. Ten drugs were identified in the primary screening, and their antiviral activities were indicated by dose-dependent elevation of FRET. Among these, AC-93253, mitoxantrone and N-bromoacetamide had not been reported as enterovirus inhibitors, and it was confirmed that they were able to suppress viral yields in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of this FRET-based platform for efficient screening and identification of novel compounds with activity against EV71 infection.
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Abstract
Since the beginning of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases reported in 2 endemic countries in 2015. The current limited PV transmission suggests that we are in the endgame of the polio eradication program. However, specific challenges have emerged in the endgame, including tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in biorisk management of PV. To overcome these challenges, several PV studies have been implemented in the eradication program. Some of the responses to the emerging challenges in the polio endgame might be valuable in other infectious diseases eradication programs. Here, I will review challenges that confront the polio eradication program and current research to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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45
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In Vitro Assessment of Combinations of Enterovirus Inhibitors against Enterovirus 71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5357-67. [PMID: 27353263 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics. No antiviral therapies are currently available for treating EV-A71 infections. Here, we selected five reported enterovirus inhibitors (suramin, itraconazole [ITZ], GW5074, rupintrivir, and favipiravir) with different mechanisms of action to test their abilities to inhibit EV-A71 replication alone and in combination. All selected compounds have anti-EV-A71 activities in cell culture. The combination of rupintrivir and ITZ or favipiravir was synergistic, while the combination of rupintrivir and suramin was additive. The combination of suramin and favipiravir exerted a strong synergistic antiviral effect. The observed synergy was not due to cytotoxicity, as there was no significant increase in cytotoxicity when compounds were used in combinations at the tested doses. To investigate the potential inhibitory mechanism of favipiravir against enterovirus, two favipiravir-resistant EV-A71 variants were independently selected, and both of them carried an S121N mutation in the finger subdomain of the 3D polymerase. Reverse engineering of this 3D S121N mutation into an infectious clone of EV-A71 confirmed the resistant phenotype. Moreover, viruses resistant to ITZ or favipiravir remained susceptible to other inhibitors. Most notably, combined with ITZ, rupintrivir prevented the development of ITZ-resistant variants. Taken together, these results provide a rational basis for the design of combination regimens for use in the treatment of EV-A71 infections.
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Oslovsky VE, Drenichev MS, Mikhailov SN. Regioselective 1-N-Alkylation and Rearrangement of Adenosine Derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:475-99. [PMID: 26158567 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1016169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several methods for the preparation of some N(6)-substituted adenosines based on selective 1-N-alkylation with subsequent Dimroth rearrangement were developed. The proposed methods seem to be effective for the preparation of natural N(6)-isopentenyl- and N(6)-benzyladenosines, which are known to possess pronounced biological activities. Direct 1-N-alkylation of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine with alkyl halides in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of BaCO3 and KI gave 1-N-substituted derivatives with quantitative yields, whereas 1-N-alkylation of adenosine was accompanied by significant O-alkylation. Moreover, the reaction of trimethylsilyl derivatives of N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and N(6)-acetyl-3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine with alkyl halides leads to the formation of the stable 1-N-substituted adenosines. Dimroth rearrangement of 1-N-substituted adenosines in aqueous ammonia yields pure N(6)-substituted adenosines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Oslovsky
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
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Arita M, Philipov S, Galabov AS. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta is the target of oxoglaucine and pachypodol (Ro 09-0179) for their anti-poliovirus activities, and is located at upstream of the target step of brefeldin A. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:338-47. [PMID: 25891300 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB) has emerged as a conserved target of anti-picornavirus compounds. In the present study, PI4KB was identified as the direct target of the plant-derived anti-picornavirus compounds, oxoglaucine and pachypodol (also known as Ro 09-0179). PI4KB was also identified as the target via which pachypodol interferes with brefeldin A (BFA)-induced Golgi disassembly in non-infected cells. Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor also has interfering activity against BFA. It seems that this interference is not essential for the anti-poliovirus (PV) activities of BFA and PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors. BFA inhibited early to late phase PV replication (0 to 6 hr postinfection) as well as PI4KB inhibitor, but with some delay compared to guanidine hydrochloride treatment. In contrast with PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors, BFA inhibited viral nascent RNA synthesis, suggesting that BFA targets some step of viral RNA synthesis located downstream of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway in PV replication. Our results suggest that PI4KB is a major target of anti-picornavirus compounds identified in vitro for their anti-picornavirus activities and for some uncharacterized biological phenomena caused by these compounds, and that BFA and PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors synergistically repress PV replication by targeting distinct steps in viral RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011
| | - Stefan Philipov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, Bl.9-1113
| | - Angel S Galabov
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, BG-1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Arita M. Mechanism of Poliovirus Resistance to Host Phosphatidylinositol-4 Kinase III β Inhibitor. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:140-8. [PMID: 27624965 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III β (PI4KB) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I have been identified as the major targets of anti-enterovirus drug candidates. Resistance mutations in poliovirus (PV) to these inhibitors have been identified in viral 3A protein, represented by a G5318A (3A-Ala70Thr) mutation, but the mechanism of viral resistance to host PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors remained unknown. In this study, we found that a G5318A mutation enhances the basal levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and of the 3A protein and decreases the levels of the 3AB protein during PV replication. The 3A protein acted as a major effector responsible for the resistance to PI4KB inhibitor, but did not enhance the PI4KB activity in vitro in contrast to the 2C, 2BC, 3AB, and 3D proteins. The 3AB protein acted as the primary target of a G5318A mutation and also as an effector. We identified novel resistance mutations to a PI4KB inhibitor [C5151U (3A-T14M) and C5366U (3A-H86Y) mutations] and found that there is a positive correlation between the extent of the resistance phenotype and the levels of the 3A proteins. These results suggested that the 3A protein overproduced by enhanced processing of the 3AB protein with the resistance mutations overcomes the inhibitory effect of PI4KB inhibitor on PV replication independently of the hyperactivation of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department
of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Wang M, Tao L, Xu H. Chinese herbal medicines as a source of molecules with anti-enterovirus 71 activity. Chin Med 2016; 11:2. [PMID: 26834824 PMCID: PMC4731985 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which sometimes leads to severe neurological disease and death in the Asia-Pacific region. In Chinese medicine, HFMD is caused mainly by an accumulation of damp-heat and toxicity in the body. No effective drugs are currently available for the treatment and prevention of EV71 infection. This review summarizes the potential Chinese herbal extracts and isolated compounds with antiviral activity against EV71 and their clinical applications, especially those categorized as heat-clearing and detoxifying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
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50
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Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Sun L, Tijsma A, Kurochkin NN, Tararov VI, Chizhov AO, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Modification of the length and structure of the linker of N(6)-benzyladenosine modulates its selective antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:84-94. [PMID: 26854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we demonstrated that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, a cytokinin nucleoside, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. The present study is devoted to the structure optimization of another natural compound: N(6)-benzyladenosine. We mainly focused on the exploration of the size and nature of the linker between the adenine and the phenyl ring, as well as on the necessity of the D-ribose residue. More than 30 analogues of N(6)-benzyladenosine were prepared and their antiviral properties were evaluated. Two main methodologies were used for preparation: N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine can be regioselectively alkylated either by alkyl halides under base promoted conditions or by alcohols in Mitsunobu reactions. After deacylation with 4 M PrNH2 in MeOH at room temperature for one day, the desired products were obtained in overall high yields. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship clearly shows that the optimal size of the linker is limited to 2 or 3 atoms (compounds 4-7). 2'-Deoxyadenosine derivatives did not elicit any inhibitory or cytotoxic effect, while 5'-deoxynucleosides still induced some cell protective antiviral activity. Based on these observations, it can be hypothesized that there may be another mechanism that is at the base of the antiviral activity of these compounds against enterovirus 71 besides a possible 5'-triphosphorylation followed by a putative inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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