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Yan J, Wang M, Li X, Fan J, Yu R, Kang M, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang S. Construction of an infectious clone for enterovirus A89 and mutagenesis analysis of viral infection and cell binding. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0333223. [PMID: 38441464 PMCID: PMC10986554 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03332-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A89 (EV-A89) is an unconventional strain belonging to the Enterovirus A species. Limited research has been conducted on EV-A89, leaving its biological and pathogenic properties unclear. Developing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 would help to unravel its infection mechanisms and aid in the development of vaccines and anti-viral drugs. In this study, an infectious clone for EV-A89 was successfully constructed and recombinant enterovirus A89 (rEV-A89) was generated. The rEV-A89 exhibited similar characteristics such as growth curve, plaque morphology, and dsRNA expression with parental strain. Four amino acid substitutions were identified in the EV-A89 capsid, which were found to enhance viral infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that these substitutions increased the virus's cell-binding ability. Establishing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 will significantly contribute to understanding viral infection and developing anti-viral strategies.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus A species contain many human pathogens and have been classified into conventional cluster and unconventional cluster. Most of the research focuses on various conventional members, while understanding of the life cycle and infection characteristics of unconventional viruses is still very limited. In our study, we constructed the infectious cDNA clone and single-round infectious particles for the unconventional EV-A89, allowing us to investigate the biological properties of recombinant viruses. Moreover, we identified key amino acids residues that facilitate EV-A89 infection and elucidate their roles in enhancing viral binding to host cells. The establishment of the reverse genetics system will greatly facilitate future study on the life cycle of EV-A89 and contribute to the development of prophylactic vaccines and anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Song JM. Experimental animal models for development of human enterovirus vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:291-297. [PMID: 38025911 PMCID: PMC10655152 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections induce infectious diseases in young children, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease which is characterized by highly contagious rashes or blisters around the hands, feet, buttocks, and mouth. This predominantly arises from enterovirus A71 or coxsackievirus A16 infections and in severe cases, they can lead to encephalitis, paralysis, pulmonary edema, or even fatality, representing a global health threat. Due to the absence of effective therapeutic strategies for these infections, various experimental animal models are being investigated for the development of vaccines. During the early stages of research on enterovirus infections, non-human primate infections exhibited symptoms like those in humans, leading to their utilization as model animals. However, due to economic and ethical considerations, their current usage is limited. While enterovirus infections do not readily occur in mice, an infection model with mouse-adapted strain in neonatal mice has been employed. Cellular receptors have been identified in human cells, and genetically modified mice expressing these receptors have been used. Most recently, the utilization of Mongolian gerbil model is actively being considered and should be pursued for further animal model development. So, herein, we provide a summarized overview of the current portfolio of available enterovirus infection models, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Li CH, Mao JJ, Wu YJ, Zhang B, Zhuang X, Qin G, Liu HM. Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011286. [PMID: 37205641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding geospatial impacts of multi-sourced influencing factors on the epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is of great significance for formulating disease control policies tailored to regional-specific needs, yet the knowledge is very limited. We aim to identify and further quantify the spatiotemporal heterogeneous effects of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HFMD dynamics. METHODS We collected monthly province-level HFMD incidence and related environmental and socioeconomic data in China during 2009-2018. Hierarchical Bayesian models were constructed to investigate the spatiotemporal relationships between regional HFMD and various covariates: linear and nonlinear effects for environmental covariates, and linear effects for socioeconomic covariates. RESULTS The spatiotemporal distribution of HFMD cases was highly heterogeneous, indicated by the Lorenz curves and the corresponding Gini indices. The peak time (R2 = 0.65, P = 0.009), annual amplitude (R2 = 0.94, P<0.001), and semi-annual periodicity contribution (R2 = 0.88, P<0.001) displayed marked latitudinal gradients in Central China region. The most likely cluster areas for HFMD were located in south China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan) from April 2013 to October 2017. The Bayesian models achieved the best predictive performance (R2 = 0.87, P<0.001). We found significant nonlinear associations between monthly average temperature, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index and HFMD transmission. Besides, population density (RR = 1.261; 95%CI, 1.169-1.353), birth rate (RR = 1.058; 95%CI, 1.025-1.090), real GDP per capita (RR = 1.163; 95%CI, 1.033-1.310) and school vacation (RR = 0.507; 95%CI, 0.459-0.559) were identified to have positive or negative effects on HFMD respectively. Our model could successfully predict months with HFMD outbreaks versus non-outbreaks in provinces of China from Jan 2009 to Dec 2018. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of refined spatial and temporal data, as well as environmental and socioeconomic information, on HFMD transmission dynamics. The spatiotemporal analysis framework may provide insights into adjusting regional interventions to local conditions and temporal variations in broader natural and social sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hu Li
- Joint Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, School of Public Health of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun-Jie Mao
- Joint Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, School of Public Health of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - You-Jia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xun Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Joint Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, School of Public Health of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- School of Transportation and Civil Engineering of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Peterson CJ, Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Van Wettere AJ, Gibson SA, Smee DF, Tarbet EB. Human IVIG treatment in a neurological disease model for Enterovirus A71 infection in 28-day-old AG129 mice. Virology 2023; 580:62-72. [PMID: 36780728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 can cause serious neurological disease in young children. Animal models for EV-A71 are needed to evaluate potential antiviral therapies. Existing models have limitations, including lack of lethality or crucial disease signs. Here we report the development of an EV-A71 model in 28-day-old mice. Virus was serially passaged until it produced consistent lethality and rear-limb paralysis. Onset of disease occurred between days 6-9 post-infection, with mortality following weight loss and neurological signs on days 9-14. In addition, a single administration of human intravenous immunoglobulin at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg at 4h post-infection was evaluated in the model. Protection from weight loss, neurological signs, and mortality (between 50 and 89%) were observed at doses of 400 mg/kg or greater. Based on these results, IVIG was selected for use as a positive control in this acute model, and suggest that IVIG is a potential therapeutic for EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Peterson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Carilion Clinic-Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Scott A Gibson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
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Luan G, Liu S, Zhang W, Zhai L, Zhang Y, Sun L, Yao H. Estimating the influence of high temperature on hand, foot, and mouth disease incidence in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1477-1484. [PMID: 35915310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease caused by ambient high temperature has become a public health concern, but the associations between high temperature and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remain indistinct. We used distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to estimate the burden of disease attribute to high temperature, adjusting for long-term trend and weather confounders. Total 18,167,455 cases were reported in 31 Chinese provinces, the incidence of HFMD showed a gradually increasing trend from 2008 to 2017 in China. Minimum morbidity temperature (MMT) was mainly concentrated at 17 to 23 °C in ≤ 5 years old group, 18 to 25 °C in 6 ~ 10 years old group and 19 to 27 °C in > 10 years old group. The greatest relative risk (RR) in age group ≤ 5 years old was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.85 ~ 2.30) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00 ~ 1.05) in Guangdong; the greatest RR in age group 6 ~ 10 years old was 2.24 (95% CI: 1.72 ~ 2.91) in Guizhou, and the lowest RR was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.97 ~ 1.12) in Tianjin; the greatest RR in the age group > 10 years old was 2.53 (95% CI: 1.66 ~ 3.87) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.71 ~ 1.46) in Henan. We found the positive association between high temperature and HFMD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Luan
- Office of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shaonan Liu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Long Zhai
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- Office of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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6
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Meng L, Zhou C, Xu Y, Liu F, Zhou C, Yao M, Li X. The lagged effect and attributable risk of apparent temperature on hand, foot, and mouth disease in Changsha, China: a distributed lag non-linear model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11504-11515. [PMID: 36094702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is the leading Category C infectious disease affecting millions of children in China every year. In the context of global climate change, the understanding and quantification of the impact of weather factors on human health are particularly critical to the development and implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study was to quantify the attributable burden of a combined bioclimatic indicator (apparent temperature) on HFMD and to identify temperature-specific sensitive populations. A total of 123,622 HFMD cases were included in the study. The non-linear relationship between apparent temperature and the incidence of HFMD was approximately M-shaped, with hot weather being more likely to be attributable than cold conditions, of which moderately hot accounting for the majority of cases (21,441, 17.34%). Taking the median apparent temperature (19.2 °C) as reference, the cold effect showed a short acute effect with the highest risk on the day of lag 0 (RR = 1.086, 95% CI: 1.024 ~ 1.152), whereas the hot effect lasted longer with the greatest risk at a lag of 7 days (RR = 1.081, 95% CI: 1.059 ~ 1.104). Subgroup analysis revealed that males, children under 3 years old, and scattered children tended to be more vulnerable to HFMD in hot weather, while females, those aged 3 ~ 5 years, and nursery children were sensitive to cold conditions. This study suggests that high temperatures have a greater impact on HFMD than low temperatures as well as lasting longer, of particular concern being moderately high temperatures rather than extreme temperatures. Early intervention takes on greater importance during cold days, while the duration of HFMD intervention must be longer during hot days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Chunliang Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqing Xu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xingli Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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8
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Bello AM, Roshorm YM. Recent progress and advances towards developing enterovirus 71 vaccines for effective protection against human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Biologicals 2022; 79:1-9. [PMID: 36089444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogen causing severe and neurotrophic hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is enterovirus A71 (EV71). EV71 infection is among the major cause of serious public health burden and economic loss especially in the Asia-pacific region. Yet, no specific anti-viral treatment against this life-threatening infection is currently available. Thus, the best way to control EV71 infection is by vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Several strategies are being employed to develop vaccines against EV71. These include conventional and modern recombinant vaccine strategies. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated EV71 vaccines are the most studied and advanced vaccines against HFMD. Recombinant HFMD vaccines developed based on the recombinant DNA technology have been employed but are mostly at early or late preclinical development stage. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and advances in modern recombinant strategies of EV71 vaccine development including subunit, VLP, epitope-based, DNA, and vector-based vaccines, as well as conventional approaches, focusing on their various prospects, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Lu B, Tang Q, Wang Q, Liu X, Peng H, Zhu B, Xie L, Li Z, Wang H, Zheng Z, Wang L, Li B. Recovery Infectious Enterovirus 71 by Bac-to-Bac Expression System in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825111. [PMID: 35356523 PMCID: PMC8959925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important etiological agents for hand–foot–mouth disease. Compared with coxsackievirus A16 infection, EV71 infection is often associated with severe central nervous system complications, such as encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and acute flaccid paralysis in infants and young children. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus with T7 ribonucleic acid polymerase under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter and simultaneously engineered the T7 promoter upstream of a full-length EV71 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. After transduction into mammalian cells, typical cytopathic effects (CPEs) and VP1 signals were detected in cells transfected with recombinant baculovirus. Additionally, viral particles located in the cytoplasm of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (Rd) and Vero cells were observed by electron microscope, indicating that EV71 was recovered using a Bac-to-Bac expression system in vitro. After four passages, the rescued virus had a growth curve and plaque morphology similar to those of the parental virus. Furthermore, the Vp1 gene and the protein from the mouse brain were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry after intracerebral injection of purified recombinant baculovirus. Typical CPEs were observed after inoculation of the supernatant from mouse brain to Rd cells, revealing a reconstruction of EV71 in vivo. Thus, we established a new approach to rescue EV71 based on a baculovirus expression system in vitro and in vivo, which may provide a safe and convenient platform for fundamental research and a strategy to rescue viruses that currently lack suitable cell culture and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojing Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Baojing Lu,
| | - Qi Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianyun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Linding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Linding Wang,
| | - Bao Li
- The Comprehensive Lab, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Li,
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Conserved Residues Adjacent to ß-Barrel and Loop Intersection among Enterovirus VP1 Affect Viral Replication: Potential Target for Anti-Enteroviral Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020364. [PMID: 35215957 PMCID: PMC8877150 DOI: 10.3390/v14020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus genus has over one hundred genotypes and could cause several kinds of severe animal and human diseases. Understanding the role of conserved residues in the VP1 capsid protein among the enterovirus genus may lead to anti-enteroviral drug development. The highly conserved residues were found to be located at the loop and ß-barrel intersections. To elucidate the role of these VP1 residues among the enterovirus genus, alanine substitution reverse genetics (rg) variants were generated, and virus properties were investigated for their impact. Six highly conserved residues were identified as located near the inside of the canyon, and four of them were close to the ß-barrel and loop intersection. The variants rgVP1-R86A, rgVP1-P193A, rgVP1-G231A, and rgVP1-K256A were unable to be obtained, which may be due to disruption in the virus replication process. In contrast, rgVP1-E134A and rgVP1-P157A replicated well and rgVP1-P157A showed smaller plaque size, lower viral growth kinetics, and thermal instability at 39.5°C when compared to the rg wild type virus. These findings showed that the conserved residues located at the ß-barrel and loop junction play roles in modulating viral replication, which may provide a pivotal role for pan-enteroviral inhibitor candidate.
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Fang CY, Liu CC. Novel strategies for the development of hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccines and antiviral therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:27-39. [PMID: 34382876 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1965987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a great threat to young children in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD is usually caused by enterovirus A, and infection with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is particularly associated with severe complications. However, coxsackievirus CV-A16, CV-A6, and CV-A10 pandemics have been observed in recent HFMD outbreaks. Inactivated monovalent EV-A71 vaccines are available to prevent EV-A71 infection; however, they cannot prevent infections by non-EV-A71 enteroviruses. Anti-enteroviral drugs are still in the developmental stage. Application of novel strategies will facilitate the development of new therapies against these emerging HFMD-associated enteroviruses. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight the current approaches for anti-enterovirus therapeutic development and discuss the application of these novel strategies for the discovery of vaccines and antiviral drugs for enteroviruses. EXPERT OPINION The maturation of DNA/RNA vaccine technology could be applied for rapid and robust development of multivalent enterovirus vaccines. Structure biology and neutralization antibody studies decipher the immunodominant sites of enteroviruses for vaccine design. Nucleotide aptamer library screening is a novel, fast, and cost-effective strategy for the development of antiviral agents. Animal models carrying viral receptors and attachment factors are required for enterovirus study and vaccine/antiviral development. Currently developed antivirals require effectiveness evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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A Novel Attenuated Enterovirus A71 Mutant with VP1-V238A,K244R Exhibits Reduced Efficiency of Cell Entry/Exit and Augmented Binding Affinity to Sulfated Glycans. J Virol 2021; 95:e0105521. [PMID: 34468173 PMCID: PMC8549518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01055-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and infection occasionally leads to fatal neurological complications in children. However, only inactivated whole-virus vaccines against EV-A71 are commercially available in Mainland China. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the infectivity and pathogenesis of EV-A71 remain to be better understood. By adaptation of an EV-A71 B5 strain in monkey Vero cells in the presence of brilliant black BN (E151), an anti-EV-A71 agent, a double mutant with VP1-V238A,K244R emerged whose infection was enhanced by E151. The growth of the reverse genetics (RG) mutant RG/B5-VP1-V238A,K244R (RG/B5-AR) was promoted by E151 in Vero cells but inhibited in other human and murine cells, while its parental wild type, RG/B5-wt, was strongly prevented by E151 from infection in all tested cells. In the absence of E151, RG/B5-AR exhibited defective cell entry/exit, resulting in reduced viral transmission and growth in vitro. It had augmented binding affinity to sulfated glycans, cells, and tissue/organs, which probably functioned as decoys to restrict viral dissemination and infection. RG/B5-AR was also attenuated, with a 355 times higher 50% lethal dose (LD50) and a shorter timing of virus clearance than those of RG/B5-wt in suckling AG129 mice. However, it remained highly immunogenic in adult AG129 mice and protected their suckling mice from lethal EV-A71 challenges through maternal neutralizing antibodies. Overall, discovery of the attenuated mutant RG/B5-AR contributes to better understanding of virulence determinants of EV-A71 and to further development of novel vaccines against EV-A71. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is highly contagious in children and has been responsible for thousands of deaths in Asia-Pacific region since the 1990s. Unfortunately, the virulence determinants and pathogenesis of EV-A71 are not fully clear. We discovered that a novel EV-A71 mutant, VP1-V238A,K244R, showed growth attenuation with reduced efficiency of cell entry/exit. In the Vero cell line, which has been approved for manufacturing EV-A71 vaccines, the growth defects of the mutant were compensated by a food dye, brilliant black BN. The mutant also showed augmented binding affinity to sulfated glycans and other cellular components, which probably restricted viral infection and dissemination. Therefore, it was virulence attenuated in a mouse model but still retained its immunogenicity. Our findings suggest the mutant as a promising vaccine candidate against EV-A71 infection.
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Xi J, Ma C, Wei Z, Yin B, Zhao S, Quan W, Yang J, Yuan J, Qiang B, Ye F, Peng X. A single mutation in the cis-acting replication element identified within the EV-A71 2C-coding region causes defects in virus production in cell culture. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1988-1999. [PMID: 34511027 PMCID: PMC8526025 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1977590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological and systemic complications, most frequently affecting children and infants. We describe a cis-acting replication element (cre) with a conserved stem-loop structure within the EV-A71 2C-coding region. By site-directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics using the EV-A71 full-length genome and the EV-A71 replicon containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene in place of the P1 region, the stem-loop structure and the AAACA in the loop of the cre were confirmed to be required for the EV-A71 replication phenotype. EV-A71 genomes containing a mutation at the first or third A residue of AAACA could not be recovered. Insertion of a wild-type cre from EV-A71 or poliovirus in the 5'UTR led to successful recovery of the replication of nonviable mutants. Furthermore, the cre mutants showed lower binding capacity with the host cellular factor IGF2BP2, knockdown of which resulted in a significant decrease in EV-A71 production. All the available evidence shows the location independence but functional importance of the interaction of the cre with the cellular host for efficient production of EV-A71, contributing to the growing body of knowledge regarding picornavirus cres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Quan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Adaptation and Virulence of Enterovirus-A71. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081661. [PMID: 34452525 PMCID: PMC8402912 DOI: 10.3390/v13081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) can result in many deaths, due to central nervous system complications. Outbreaks with many fatalities have occurred sporadically in the Asia-Pacific region and have become a serious public health concern. It is hypothesized that virulent mutations in the EV-A71 genome cause these occasional outbreaks. Analysis of EV-A71 neurovirulence determinants is important, but there are no virulence determinants that are widely accepted among researchers. This is because most studies have been done in artificially infected mouse models and because EV-A71 mutates very quickly to adapt to the artificial host environment. Although EV-A71 uses multiple receptors for infection, it is clear that adaptation-related mutations alter the binding specificity of the receptors and allow the virus to adopt the best entry route for each environment. Such mutations have confused interpretations of virulence in animal models. This article will discuss how environment-adapted mutations in EV-A71 occur, how they affect virulence, and how such mutations can be avoided. We also discuss future perspectives for EV-A71 virulence research.
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Abstract
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is usually a self-limiting, mild childhood disease that is caused mainly by Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), both members of the Picornaviridae family. However, recurring HFMD outbreaks and epidemics due to EV-A71 infection in the Western Pacific region, and the propensity of EV-A71 strains to cause severe neurological complications have made this neurotropic virus a serious public health concern in afflicted countries. High mutation rate leading to viral quasispecies combined with frequent intra- and inter-typic recombination events amongst co-circulating EV-A71 strains have contributed to the great diversity and fast evolution of EV-A71 genomes, making impossible any accurate prediction of the next epidemic strain. Comparative genome sequence analyses and mutagenesis approaches have led to the identification of a number of viral determinants involved in EV-A71 fitness and virulence. These viral determinants include amino acid residues located in the structural proteins of the virus, affecting attachment to the host cell surface, receptor binding, and uncoating events. Critical residues in non-structural proteins have also been identified, including 2C, 3A, 3C proteases and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Finally, mutations altering key secondary structures in the 5’ untranslated region were also found to influence EV-A71 fitness and virulence. While our current understanding of EV-A71 pathogenesis remains fragmented, these studies may help in the rational design of effective treatments and broadly protective vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yi Ang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Connie Wan Hui Chong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Zhang R, Lin Z, Guo Z, Chang Z, Niu R, Wang Y, Wang S, Li Y. Daily mean temperature and HFMD: risk assessment and attributable fraction identification in Ningbo China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:664-671. [PMID: 33547422 PMCID: PMC8263339 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a significant public health issue, especially in developing countries. Many studies have reported the association between environmental temperature and HFMD. However, the results are highly heterogeneous in different regions. In addition, there are few studies on the attributable risk of HFMD due to temperature. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the association between temperature and HFMD incidence and to evaluate the attributable burden of HFMD due to temperature in Ningbo China. METHODS The research used daily incidence of HFMD from 2014 to 2017 and distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to investigate the effects of daily mean temperature (Tmean) on HFMD incidence from lag 0 to 30 days, after controlling potential confounders. The lag effects and cumulative relative risk (CRR) were analyzed. Attributable fraction (AF) of HFMD incidence due to temperature was calculated. Stratified analysis by gender and age were also conducted. RESULTS The significant associations between Tmean and HFMD incidence were observed in Ningbo for lag 0-30. Two peaks were observed at both low (5-11 °C) and high (16-29 °C) temperature scales. For low temperature scale, the highest CRR was 2.22 (95% CI: 1.61-3.07) at 7 °C on lag 0-30. For high temperature scale, the highest CRR was 3.54 (95% CI: 2.58-4.88) at 24 °C on lag 0-30. The AF due to low and high temperature was 5.23% (95% CI: 3.10-7.14%) and 39.55% (95% CI: 30.91-45.51%), respectively. There was no significant difference between gender- and age-specific AFs, even though the school-age and female children had slightly higher AF values. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that both high and low temperatures were associated with daily incidence of HFMD, and more burdens were caused by heat in Ningbo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhehan Lin
- China Population Communication Center, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Institute of Medical Information/Medical Library, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhaorui Chang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ran Niu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Songwang Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Lu H, Hong M, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Zhang M, Zhang K, Song Y, Han Z, Yang Q, Wang D, Yan D, Zhu S, Xu W. A novel interspecies recombinant enterovirus (Enterovirus A120) isolated from a case of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1733-1743. [PMID: 32672504 PMCID: PMC7473298 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1796527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
EV-A120 is a recently identified serotype of the enterovirus A species. Only one full-length genomic sequence is currently available in GenBank, and very few studies have been conducted on EV-A120 globally. Thus, additional information and research on EV-A120 are needed to explore its genetic characteristics, phylogeny, and relationship with enteroviral disease. In this study, we report the phylogenetic characteristics of a EV-A120 strain (Q0082/XZ/CHN/2000) from Tibet, China. The amino acid sequence similarity and nucleotide sequence similarity of the full-length genomic sequence of this EV-A120 strain and the EV-A120 prototype strain were 96.3% and 79.9%, respectively, showing an evolutionary trend. Recombination analysis found intraspecies recombination in the 5′ -UTR, 2B, 2C, and 3D regions. Serum neutralization testing of the EV-A120 (Q0082) strain was also carried out. Low serum-positive rates and geometric mean titres (GMTs) indicated that the extent of EV-A120 transmission and exposure in the population was very limited compared with that in the outbreaks of EV-A71 and CV-A16 in China since 2008. The EV-A120 strain (Q0082) is non-temperature sensitive, indicating its potential to spread in the population. In summary, this study reports the full-length genomic sequence of EV-A120 and provides important information for its global molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Lu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Safety and Immunogenicity of a Stable, Cold-Adapted, Temperature-Sensitive/Conditional Lethal Enterovirus A71 in Monkey Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030438. [PMID: 33803356 PMCID: PMC8001754 DOI: 10.3390/v13030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are major etiological agents of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, which may result in fatal neurological complications. The development of safe, cost effective vaccines against HFMD, especially for use in developing countries, is still a top public health priority. We have successfully generated a stable, cold-adapted, temperature sensitive/conditional lethal EV-A71 through adaptive culturing in Vero cells at incrementally lower cultivation temperatures. An additional 40 passages at an incubation temperature of 28 °C, and a temperature reversion study at an incubation temperature of 37 °C and 39.5 °C, reveals the virus’s phenotypic and genetic stability at the predefined culture conditions. Six unique mutations (two in noncoding regions and four in nonstructural protein-coding genes) in combination may have contributed to its stable phenotype and inability to fully revert to its original wild phenotype. The safety and immunogenicity of this stable, cold-adapted, temperature sensitive/conditional lethal EV-A71 was performed in six monkeys. None of the inoculated monkeys developed any obvious clinical illness except one which developed a transient spike of fever. No gross postmortem lesion or abnormal histological finding was noted for all monkeys at autopsy. No virus was reisolated although EV-A71 specific RNA was detected in serum samples collected on both day 4 and day 8 postinoculation. Only EV-A71 RNA and viral antigen were detected in the spleen homogenate and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively, collected on day 4. The two remaining monkeys developed good humoral immune response on day 14 and day 30 post-inoculation.
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Lee MHP, Tan CW, Tee HK, Ong KC, Sam IC, Chan YF. Vaccine candidates generated by codon and codon pair deoptimization of enterovirus A71 protect against lethal challenge in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:1708-1720. [PMID: 33640144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. It is associated with severe neurological complications and death. This study aims to develop a live-attenuated vaccine by codon deoptimization (CD) and codon-pair deoptimization (CPD) of EV-A71. CD is generated by introducing the least preferred codons for amino acids while CPD increases the presence of underrepresented codon pairs in the specific genes. CD and CPD chimeras were generated by synonymous mutations at the VP2, VP3, VP1 and 2A gene regions, designated as XYZ. All twelve deoptimized viruses were viable with similar replication kinetics, but the plaque sizes were inversely proportional to the level of deoptimization. All the deoptimized viruses showed attenuated growth in vitro with reduced viral protein expression at 48 h and lower viral RNA at 39 °C. Six-week-old ICR mice were immunized intraperitoneally with selected CD and CPD X and XY vaccine candidates covering the VP2-VP3 and VP2-VP3-VP1 genes, respectively. All vaccine candidates elicited high anti-EV-A71 IgG levels similar to wild-type (WT) EV-A71. The CD X and CPD X vaccines produced robust neutralizing antibodies but not the CD XY and CPD XY. On lethal challenge, offspring of mice immunized with WT, CD X and CPD X were fully protected, but the CD XY- and CPD XY-vaccinated mice had delayed symptoms and eventually died. Similarly, active immunization of 1-day-old suckling mice with CD X, CPD X and CD XY vaccine candidates provided complete immune protection but CPD XY only protected 40% of the challenged mice. Histology of the muscles from CD X- and CPD X-vaccinated mice showed minimal pathology compared to extensive inflammation in the post-challenged mock-vaccinated mice. Overall, we demonstrated that the CD X and CPD X elicited good neutralizing antibodies, conferred immune protection and are promising live-attenuated vaccine candidates for EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hui Pheng Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Xu J, Yang M, Zhao Z, Wang M, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Rui J, Wang Y, Liu X, Lin S, Luo L, Su Y, Zhao B, Zhou Y, Frutos R, Chen T. Meteorological Factors and the Transmissibility of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Xiamen City, China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:597375. [PMID: 33553200 PMCID: PMC7862718 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.597375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As an emerging infectious disease, the prevention and control of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant challenge to the development of public health in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of the seasonal transmission characteristics of HFMD and to reveal the correlation and potential path between key meteorological factors and the transmissibility of HFMD. Methods: Combined with daily meteorological data such as average temperature, average relative humidity, average wind velocity, amount of precipitation, average air pressure, evaporation capacity, and sunshine duration, a database of HFMD incidence and meteorological factors was established. Spearman rank correlation was used to calculate the correlation between the various meteorological factors and the incidence of HFMD. The effective reproduction number (R eff ) of HFMD was used as an intermediate variable to further quantify the dynamic relationship between the average temperature and R eff . Results: A total of 43,659 cases of HFMD were reported in Xiamen from 2014 to 2018. There was a significantly positive correlation between the average temperature and the incidence of HFMD (r = 0.596, p < 0.001), and a significantly negative correlation between the average air pressure and the incidence of HFMD (r = -0.511, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the average wind velocity (r = 0.045, p > 0.05) or amount of precipitation (r = 0.043, p > 0.05) and incidence. There was a temperature threshold for HFMD's transmissibility. Owing to the seasonal transmission characteristics of HFMD in Xiamen, the temperature threshold of HFMD's transmissibility was 13.4-18.4°C and 14.5-29.3°C in spring and summer and in autumn and winter, respectively. Conclusions: HFMD's transmissibility may be affected by the average temperature; the temperature threshold range of transmissibility in autumn and winter is slightly wider than that in spring and summer. Based on our findings, we suggest that the relevant epidemic prevention departments should pay close attention to temperature changes in Xiamen to formulate timely prevention strategies before the arrival of the high-risk period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Mingzhai Wang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen City, China
| | - Zhinan Guo
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen City, China
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Xingchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Shengnan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Yanhua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Benhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
| | - Roger Frutos
- Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, Université de Montpellier-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
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21
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Zhang G, Hu B, Huo Y, Lu J, Guo J, Deng M, Li P, Wang W, Li L, Meng S, Wang Z, Shen S. Amino acid substitutions in VP2, VP1, and 2C attenuate a Coxsackievirus A16 in mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104603. [PMID: 33271234 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common acute infectious disease affecting infants and young children. Severe symptoms of the central nervous system may develop and even lead to death. Here, a plaque-purified CVA16 strain, L731-P1 (P1), was serially passaged in Vero cells for six times and passage 6 (P6) stock became highly attenuated in newborn mice. Genomic sequencing of the P1 and P6 revealed seven nucleotide substitutions at positions 1434 (C to U), 2744 (A to G), 2747 (A to G), 3161 (G to A), 3182 (A to G), 4968 (C to U), and 6064 (C to U). Six of these substitutions resulted in amino acid changes at VP2-T161 M, VP1-N102D, VP1-T103A, VP1-E241K, VP1-T248A, and 2C-S297F, respectively. P1-based infectious cDNA was generated to further investigate these virulent determinants. Independent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifications for mutant constructions and plaque-purification of the P6 for isolation of variants were performed to determine dominant mutations and strains more related to attenuation. The virulent P1, attenuated P6, as well as a plaque purified strain (PP) and other four recombinant mutants, were inoculated into one-day-old BALB/c mice and the 50% lethal dose of each strain was determined. Comparison of virulence among these strains indicated that amino acid changes of VP1-N102D, VP1-E241K and 2C-S297F might be associated more closely with a high level attenuation of CVA16-L731-P6 than other mutations. Identification of novel residues associated with virulence may contribute to understanding of molecular basis of virulence of CVA16 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Zhang
- Wuhan Huaxia University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People' s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Worldwide Safety and Regulatory Pfizer, Inc., Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Shengli Meng
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China.
| | - Shuo Shen
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China.
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22
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Enteroviruses from Humans and Great Apes in the Republic of Congo: Recombination within Enterovirus C Serotypes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111779. [PMID: 33202777 PMCID: PMC7709013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are viruses of the family Picornaviridae that cause mild to severe infections in humans and in several animal species, including non-human primates (NHPs). We conducted a survey and characterization of enteroviruses circulating between humans and great apes in the Congo. Fecal samples (N = 24) of gorillas and chimpanzees living close to or distant from humans in three Congolese parks were collected, as well as from healthy humans (N = 38) living around and within these parks. Enteroviruses were detected in 29.4% of gorilla and 13.15% of human feces, including wild and human-habituated gorillas, local humans and eco-guards. Two identical strains were isolated from two humans coming from two remote regions. Their genomes were similar and all genes showed their close similarity to coxsackieviruses, except for the 3C, 3D and 5′-UTR regions, where they were most similar to poliovirus 1 and 2, suggesting recombination. Recombination events were found between these strains, poliovirus 1 and 2 and EV-C99. It is possible that the same EV-C species circulated in both humans and apes in different regions in the Congo, which must be confirmed in other investigations. In addition, other studies are needed to further investigate the circulation and genetic diversity of enteroviruses in the great ape population, to draw a definitive conclusion on the different species and types of enteroviruses circulating in the Republic of Congo.
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Abstract
To examine the effects of temperature on the daily cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).Data on the daily cases of HFMD in Lanzhou from 2008 to 2015 were obtained, and meteorological data from the same period were collected. A distributed lag nonlinear model was fitted to reveal the relationship between the daily mean temperature and the daily cases of HFMD.From 2008 to 2015, 25,644 cases were reported, of which children under 5 years of age accounted for 78.68% of cases. The highest peak of HFMD cases was usually reported between April to July each year. An inverse V-shaped relationship was observed between daily mean temperature and HFMD cases; a temperature of 18°C was associated with a maximum risk of HFMD. The relative risk (RR) was 1.57 (95% confidence interval: 1.23-1.23), and boys and children aged 3 to 5 years were populations with the highest risk. The cumulative risks of high temperature (20.2°C and 25.2°C) in the total, age-specific, and gender-specific groups peaked on lag 14 days; RR was higher in girls than in boys and in children aged 1 to 2 years than in other age groups. However, the effects of low temperature (-5.3°C, 2.0°C, and 12.8°C) were not significant for both gender-specific and age-specific patients.High temperature may increase the risk of HFMD, and boys and children aged 3 to 5 years were at higher risks on lag 0 day; however, the cumulative risks in girls and children aged 1 to 2 years increased with the increasing number of lag days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University
| | - Sheng Li
- The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, PR China
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24
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Fan C, Liu F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Yang F, Chang Z, Xiao X. An alternative comprehensive index to quantify the interactive effect of temperature and relative humidity on hand, foot and mouth disease: A two-stage time series study including 143 cities in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140106. [PMID: 32927545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive indices have been used to quantify the interactive effect of temperature and humidity on hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The majority of them reflect how weather feels to humans. In this study, we propose an alternative index aiming to reflect the impacts of weather on HFMD and compare its performance with that of previous indices. METHODS We proposed an index defined as the product of temperature and a weight parameter raised to the rescaled relative humidity, denoted by THIa. We then compared its model fit and heterogeneity with those of previous indices (including the humidex, heat index and temperature) by a multicity two-stage time series analysis. We first built a common distributed lag nonlinear model to estimate the associations between different indices and HFMD for each city separately. We then pooled the city-specific estimates and compared the average model fit (measured by the QAIC) and heterogeneity (measured by I2) among the different indices. RESULTS We included the time series of HFMD and meteorological variables from 143 cities in mainland China from 2009 to 2014. By varying the weight parameter of THIa, the results suggested that 100% relative humidity can amplify the effects of temperature on HFMD 1.6-fold compared to 50% relative humidity. By comparing different candidate indices, THIa performed the best in terms of the average of the model fits (QAIC = 9449.37), followed by humidex, heat index and temperature. In addition, the estimated exposure-response curves between THIa and HFMD were consistent across climate regions with minimum heterogeneity (I2 = 65.90), whereas the others varied across climate regions. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed an alternative comprehensive index to characterize the interactive effects of temperature and humidity on HFMD. In addition, the results also imply that previous human-based indices might not be sufficient to reflect the complicated associations between weather and HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease & Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaorui Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease & Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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A Single Mutation in the VP1 Gene of Enterovirus 71 Enhances Viral Binding to Heparan Sulfate and Impairs Viral Pathogenicity in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080883. [PMID: 32823486 PMCID: PMC7472116 DOI: 10.3390/v12080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative pathogen of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (hHFMD) and has evolved to use various cellular receptors for infection. However, the relationship between receptor preference and EV71 virulence has not been fully revealed. By using reverse genetics, we identified that a single E98K mutation in VP1 is responsible for rapid viral replication in vitro. The E98K mutation enhanced binding of EV71-GZCII to cells in a heparan sulfate (HS)-dependent manner, and it attenuated the virulence of EV71-GZCII in BALB/c mice, indicating that the HS-binding property is negatively associated with viral virulence. HS is widely expressed in vascular endothelial cells in different mouse tissues, and weak colocalization of HS with scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2) was detected. The cGZCII-98K virus bound more efficiently to mouse tissue homogenates, and the cGZCII-98K virus titers in mouse tissues and blood were much lower than the cGZCII virus titers. Together, these findings suggest that the enhanced adsorption of the cGZCII-98K virus, which likely occurs through HS, is unable to support the efficient replication of EV71 in vivo. Our study confirmed the role of HS-binding sites in EV71 infection and highlighted the importance of the HS receptor in EV71 pathogenesis.
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26
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Zhang X, Wang H, Sun Y, Qi M, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Enterovirus A71 Oncolysis of Malignant Gliomas. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1533-1546. [PMID: 32304669 PMCID: PMC7264442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, the most lethal type of primary brain tumor, continue to be a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we found that enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can be developed as a novel oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas. EV-A71 preferentially infected and killed malignant glioma cells relative to normal glial cells. The virus receptor human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1)-mediated cell death were involved in EV-A71-induced oncolysis. In mice with implanted subcutaneous gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, in mice bearing intracranial orthotopic gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of EV-A71 substantially prolonged survival. By insertion of brain-specific microRNA-124 (miR124) response elements into the viral genome, we improved the tumor specificity of EV-A71 oncolytic therapy by reducing its neurotoxicity while maintaining its replication potential and oncolytic capacity in gliomas. Our study reveals that EV-A71 is a potent oncolytic agent against malignant gliomas and may have a role in treating this tumor in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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27
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Pearson D, Basu R, Wu XM, Ebisu K. Temperature and hand, foot and mouth disease in California: An exploratory analysis of emergency department visits by season, 2005-2013. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109461. [PMID: 32278924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the past decade, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by entero and coxsackie viruses, has been spreading in Asia, particularly among children, overloading healthcare settings and creating economic hardships for parents. Recent studies have found meteorological factors, such as temperature, are associated with HFMD in Asia. However, few studies have explored the relationship in the United States, although HFMD cases have steadily increased recently. As concerns of climate change grow, we explored the association between temperature and HFMD admissions to the Emergency Department (ED) in California. METHODS Weekly counts of HFMD for 16 California climate zones were collected from 2005 to 2013. We calculated weekly temperature for each climate zone using an inverse distance-weighting method. For each climate zone stratified by season, we conducted a time-series using Poisson regression models. We adjusted models for weekly averaged relative humidity, average number of HFMD cases in previous weeks and long-term temporal trends. Climate zone estimates were combined to obtain an overall seasonal estimate. We attempted stratified analyses by region, race/ethnicity, and sex to identify sensitive subpopulations. RESULTS Risk of ED visits for HFMD per 1 °F increase in mean temperature during the same week increased 2.00% (95% confidence intervals 1.15, 2.86%) and 2.35% (1.38, 3.33%) during the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The coastal region showed a higher, though not statistically different, association during the cold season [3.18% (1.99, 4.39)] than the warm season [1.64% (0.47, 2.82)]. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated an association between temperature and ED visits for HFMD, with variation by season and region. Thus, the causative pathogen's ability to persist in the atmosphere may vary by season. Furthermore, the mild and wet winter in the coastal region of California may contribute to different results than studies in Asia. With the onset of climate change, HFMD cases will likely grow in California, warranting further investigation on this relationship, including new populations at-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshani Pearson
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, United States.
| | - Rupa Basu
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Xiangmei May Wu
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Keita Ebisu
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, United States
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28
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Zhang X, Xu C, Xiao G. Spatial heterogeneity of the association between temperature and hand, foot, and mouth disease risk in metropolitan and other areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136623. [PMID: 31954246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interest in assessing the effects of temperature on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has increased. However, little evidence is available on spatial heterogeneity in relationship to temperature and HFMD in metropolitan (capital city and municipal districts) and other areas where economic levels are significantly different. In this study, the Bayesian space-time hierarchy model was applied to identify the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of HFMD. GeoDetector was then used to quantify the determinant power of temperature to the disease in regions where the economic level has significant spatial heterogeneity. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in the influence of temperature on the incidence of HFMD in metropolitan and other areas. In metropolitan areas, where the disease risk is higher (hot spots), the HFMD incidence was higher alongside an increase in average temperature. However, in non-metropolitan areas, where the disease risk is lower (cold spots), there was an approximately S-shaped relationship between the temperature and the HFMD risk. More specifically, when the temperature was >25 °C, the HFMD incidence no longer increased monotonically with the increasing temperature. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in the effects of temperature on the HFMD incidence in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. This finding may serve as a suggestion and basis for the surveillance and control of this disease and it is conducive to the rational allocation of medical resources in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangXue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - ChengDong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - GeXin Xiao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
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29
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Heparan sulfate attachment receptor is a major selection factor for attenuated enterovirus 71 mutants during cell culture adaptation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008428. [PMID: 32187235 PMCID: PMC7105141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, this infection is sometimes associated with severe neurological complications. Identification of neurovirulence determinants is important to understand the pathogenesis of EV71. One of the problems in evaluating EV71 virulence is that its genome sequence changes rapidly during replication in cultured cells. The factors that induce rapid mutations in the EV71 genome in cultured cells are unclear. Here, we illustrate the population dynamics during adaptation to RD-A cells using EV71 strains isolated from HFMD patients. We identified a reproducible amino acid substitution from glutamic acid (E) to glycine (G) or glutamine (Q) in residue 145 of the VP1 protein (VP1-145) after adaptation to RD-A cells, which was associated with attenuation in human scavenger receptor B2 transgenic (hSCARB2 tg) mice. Because previous reports demonstrated that VP1-145G and Q mutants efficiently infect cultured cells by binding to heparan sulfate (HS), we hypothesized that HS expressed on the cell surface is a major factor for this selection. Supporting this hypothesis, selection of the VP1-145 mutant was prevented by depletion of HS and overexpression of hSCARB2 in RD-A cells. In addition, this mutation promotes the acquisition of secondary amino acid substitutions at various positions of the EV71 capsid to increase its fitness in cultured cells. These results indicate that attachment receptors, especially HS, are important factors for selection of VP1-145 mutants and subsequent capsid mutations. Moreover, we offer an efficient method for isolation and propagation of EV71 virulent strains with minimal selection pressure for attenuation. Viruses must overcome various setbacks in a variety of tissues and cells during transmission from the initial replication site to the final target site. To achieve this, RNA viruses employ a strategy to adapt to different environments by creating a diverse viral population using low-fidelity RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. On the other hand, when the viruses are propagated in clonal cell cultures, in vitro adaptation occurs. The viruses may acquire new properties or lose some properties they had in vivo. In vitro adaptation is often associated with attenuation. Therefore, the selection pressures imposed on viruses replicating in vitro and in vivo are quite different. It is unclear how this environmental difference affects viral populations. Clinical isolates of EV71 replicate in cultured cells poorly. However, after a few passages, the viruses adapt to this condition and replicate efficiently. In this study, we demonstrate that attachment receptor usage is a major selection pressure for in vitro adaptation of EV71 by analyzing the population dynamics of cell culture-adapted viruses. This mechanism appears to be a major mode of attenuation.
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30
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Chen BS, Lee HC, Lee KM, Gong YN, Shih SR. Enterovirus and Encephalitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32153545 PMCID: PMC7044131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-induced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in acute inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and constitutes a significant global burden to human health. These viruses are thought to be highly cytolytic, therefore normal brain function could be greatly compromised following enteroviral infection of the CNS. A further layer of complexity is added by evidence showing that some enteroviruses may establish a persistent infection within the CNS and eventually lead to pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, enterovirus encephalitis is particularly common among young children, suggesting a potential causal link between the development of the neuroimmune system and enteroviral neuroinvasion. Although the CNS involvement in enterovirus infections is a relatively rare complication, it represents a serious underlying cause of mortality. Here we review a selection of enteroviruses that infect the CNS and discuss recent advances in the characterization of these enteroviruses with regard to their routes of CNS infection, tropism, virulence, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hou-Chen Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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31
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Effects of temperature fluctuations on spatial-temporal transmission of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2541. [PMID: 32054890 PMCID: PMC7018740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), predominantly occurs among infants and children. Previous studies have shown that suitable, stable temperatures favor HFMD virus reproduction; however, temperature fluctuations also affect virus transmission, and there are, so far, no studies concerning the association between such fluctuations and the incidence of HFMD. The objective of this study was to map the spatial-temporal distribution of HFMD incidence and quantify the long-term effects of temperature fluctuations on HFMD incidence in children. HFMD cases in children under five, from January 2009 to December 2013, in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces of China, were used in this study. The GeoDetector and Bayesian space-time hierarchy models were employed to explore the spatial-temporal association between temperature fluctuations and HFMD incidence. The results indicate that HFMD incidence had significant spatial stratified heterogeneity (GeoDetector q-statistic = 0.83, p < 0.05), and that areas with higher risk mainly appeared in metropolises and their adjacent regions. HFMD transmission was negatively associated with temperature fluctuations. A 1 °C increase in the standard deviation of maximum and minimum temperatures was associated with decreases of 8.22% and 11.87% in the risk of HFMD incidence, respectively. The study suggests that large temperature fluctuations affect virus growth or multiplication, thereby inhibiting the activity of the virus and potentially even leading to its extinction, and consequently affecting the spatial-temporal distribution of HFMD. The findings can serve as a reference for the practical control of this disease and offer help in the rational allocation of medical resources.
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32
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Huang SW, Cheng D, Wang JR. Enterovirus A71: virulence, antigenicity, and genetic evolution over the years. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:81. [PMID: 31630680 PMCID: PMC6802317 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a neurotropic virus, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) emerge and remerge in the Asia-Pacific region since the 1990s, and has continuously been a threat to global public health, especially in children. Annually, EV-A71 results in hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and occasionally causes severe neurological disease. Here we reviewed the global epidemiology and genotypic evolution of EV-A71 since 1997. The natural selection, mutation and recombination events observed in the genetic evolution were described. In addition, we have updated the antigenicity and virulence determinants that are known to date. Understanding EV-A71 epidemiology, genetic evolution, antigenicity, and virulence determinants can expand our insights of EV-A71 pathogenesis, which may benefit us in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dayna Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, One, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Vakulenko Y, Deviatkin A, Lukashev A. Using Statistical Phylogenetics for Investigation of Enterovirus 71 Genotype A Reintroduction into Circulation. Viruses 2019; 11:E895. [PMID: 31557961 PMCID: PMC6832606 DOI: 10.3390/v11100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovirulent enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) caused a massive epidemic in China in 2008-2011. While subgenotype C4 was the major causative agent, a few isolates were almost identical to the prototype EV-A71 strain and belonged to genotype A. This variant was allegedly extinct since 1970, and its identification in this epidemic suggests reintroduction of the archive virus. Regression analysis of genetic distances (TempEst software) was of moderate utility due to the low resolution of classical phylogenetic methods. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (BEAST software) suggested artificial introduction event based on highly aberrant phylogenetic tree branch rates that differed by over three standard deviations from the mean substitution rate for EV71. Manual nucleotide-level analysis was used to further explore the virus spread pattern after introduction into circulation. Upon reintroduction, the virus accumulated up to seven substitutions in VP1, most of them non-synonymous and located within the capsid's canyon or at its rims, compatible with readaptation of a lab strain to natural circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vakulenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrei Deviatkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119048 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119048 Moscow, Russia.
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No evidence for viral small RNA production and antiviral function of Argonaute 2 in human cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13752. [PMID: 31551491 PMCID: PMC6760161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has strong antiviral activity in a range of animal phyla, but the extent to which RNAi controls virus infection in chordates, and specifically mammals remains incompletely understood. Here we analyze the antiviral activity of RNAi against a number of positive-sense RNA viruses using Argonaute-2 deficient human cells. In line with absence of virus-derived siRNAs, Sindbis virus, yellow fever virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus replicated with similar kinetics in wildtype cells and Argonaute-2 deficient cells. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) carrying mutations in the viral 3A protein, previously proposed to be a virus-encoded suppressor of RNAi in another picornavirus, human enterovirus 71, had a strong replication defect in wildtype cells. However, this defect was not rescued in Argonaute-2 deficient cells, arguing against a role of CVB3 3A as an RNAi suppressor. In agreement, neither infection with wildtype nor 3A mutant CVB3 resulted in small RNA production with the hallmarks of canonical vsiRNAs. Together, our results argue against strong antiviral activity of RNAi under these experimental conditions, but do not exclude that antiviral RNAi may be functional under other cellular, experimental, or physiological conditions in mammals.
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Liu Q, Dan H, Zhao X, Chen H, Chen Y, Zhang N, Mo Z, Liu H. Construction and characterization of an infectious cDNA clone of coxsackievirus A 10. Virol J 2019; 16:98. [PMID: 31387601 PMCID: PMC6685229 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coxsackievirus A10 (CA10) constitutes one of the four major pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease in infants. Infectious clones are of great importance for studying viral gene functions and pathogenic mechanism. However, there is no report on the construction of CA10 infectious clones. Methods The whole genome of CA10 derived from a clinical isolate was amplified into two fragments and ligated into a linearized plasmid vector in one step by In-Fusion Cloning. The obtained CA10 cDNA clones and plasmids encoding T7 RNA polymerase were co-transfected into 293 T cells to rescue CA10 virus. The rescued virus was identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and transmission electron microscopic. One-day-old ICR mice were intracerebrally inoculated with the CA10 virus and clinical symptoms were observed. Multiple tissues of moribund mice were harvested for analysis of pathogenic changes and viral distribution by using H&E staining, real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results CA10 viruses were rescued from the constructed cDNA clone and reached a maximum titer of 108.125TCID50/mL after one generation in RD cells. The virus exhibited similar physical and chemical properties to those of the parental virus. It also showed high virulence and the ability to induce death of neonatal ICR mice. Severe necrotizing myositis, intestinal villus interstitial edema and severe alveolar shrinkage were observed in infected mice. The viral antigen and the maximum amount of viral RNA were detected in limb skeletal muscles, which suggested that the limb skeletal muscles were the most likely site of viral replication. Conclusion Infectious clones of CA10 were successfully constructed for the first time, which will facilitate the establishment of standardized neonatal mouse models infected with CA10 for the evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs, as well as preservation and sharing of model strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,College of Bio-technology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanliang Dan
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongbei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhijing Mo
- College of Bio-technology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China. .,Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
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Yang CH, Liang CT, Jiang ST, Chen KH, Yang CC, Cheng ML, Ho HY. A Novel Murine Model Expressing a Chimeric mSCARB2/hSCARB2 Receptor Is Highly Susceptible to Oral Infection with Clinical Isolates of Enterovirus 71. J Virol 2019; 93:e00183-19. [PMID: 30894476 PMCID: PMC6532076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00183-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is generally associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and may cause severe neurological disorders and even death. An effective murine oral infection model for studying the pathogenesis of various clinical EV71 isolates is lacking. We developed a transgenic (Tg) mouse that expresses an EV71 receptor, that is, human scavenger receptor class B member 2 (hSCARB2), in a pattern highly similar to that of endogenous murine SCARB2 (mSCARB2) protein. A FLAG-tagged SCARB2 cDNA fragment composed of exons 3 to 12 was inserted into a murine Scarb2 gene-containing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, and the resulting transgene was used for establishment of chimeric receptor-expressing Tg mice. Tg mice intragastrically (i.g.) infected with clinical isolates of EV71 showed neurological symptoms, such as ataxia and paralysis, and fatality. There was an age-dependent decrease in susceptibility to viral infection. Pathological characteristics of the infected Tg mice resembled those of encephalomyelitis in human patients. Viral infection was accompanied by microglial activation. Clodronate treatment of the brain slices from Tg mice enhanced viral replication, while lipopolysaccharide treatment significantly inhibited it, suggesting an antiviral role for microglia during EV71 infection. Taken together, this Tg mouse provides a model that closely mimics natural infection for studying EV71 pathogenesis and for evaluating the efficacy of vaccines or other antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCE The availability of a murine model of EV71 infection is beneficial for the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the development and assessment of vaccines and antiviral drugs. However, the lack of a murine oral infection model thwarted the study of pathogenesis induced by clinically relevant EV71 strains that are transmitted via the oral-oral or oral-fecal route. Our Tg mice could be intragastrically infected with clinically relevant EV71 strains in an efficient way and developed neurological symptoms and pathological changes strikingly resembling those of human infection. Moreover, these mice showed an age-dependent change in susceptibility that is similar to the human case. This Tg mouse, when combined with the use of other genetically modified mice, potentially contributes to studying the relationship between developmental changes in immunity and susceptibility to virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Tiang Liang
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Department of Animal Facility, Discovery Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsing Chen
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chiao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wang M, Li J, Yao MX, Zhang YW, Hu T, Carr MJ, Duchêne S, Zhang XC, Zhang ZJ, Zhou H, Tong YG, Ding SJ, Wang XJ, Shi WF. Genome Analysis of Coxsackievirus A4 Isolates From Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Cases in Shandong, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1001. [PMID: 31134033 PMCID: PMC6513881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4) is one of the most prevalent pathogens associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), an acute febrile illness in children, and is also associated with acute localized exanthema, myocarditis, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Despite this, limited CVA4 genome sequences are currently available. Herein, complete genome sequences from CVA4 strains (n = 21), isolated from patients with HFMD in Shandong province, China between 2014 and 2016, were determined and phylogenetically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene from a larger CVA4 collection (n = 175) showed that CVA4 has evolved into four separable genotypes: A, B, C, and D; and genotype D could be further classified in to two sub-genotypes: D1 and D2. Each of the 21 newly described genomes derived from isolates that segregated with sub-genotype D2. The CVA4 genomes displayed significant intra-genotypic genetic diversity with frequent synonymous substitutions occurring at the third codon positions, particularly within the P2 region. However, VP1 was relatively stable and therefore represents a potential target for molecular diagnostics assays and also for the rational design of vaccine epitopes. The substitution rate of VP1 was estimated to be 5.12 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, indicative of ongoing CVA4 evolution. Mutations at amino acid residue 169 in VP1 gene may be responsible for differing virulence of CVA4 strains. Bayesian skyline plot analysis showed that the population size of CVA4 has experienced several dynamic fluctuations since 1948. In summary, we describe the phylogenetic and molecular characterization of 21 complete genomes from CVA4 isolates which greatly enriches the known genomic diversity of CVA4 and underscores the need for further surveillance of CVA4 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Ming-Xiao Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xing-Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Yi-Gang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jun Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
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Hu L, Zhang Y, Hong M, Fan Q, Yan D, Zhu S, Wang D, Xu W. Phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characterisatics of two Tibet EV-C96 strains. Virol J 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 30922336 PMCID: PMC6439968 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus C96 (EV-C96) is a newly named type of enterovirus belonging to species C, and the prototype strain (BAN00-10488) was firstly isolated in 2000 from a stool specimen of a patient with acute flaccid paralysis in Bangladesh. In this study, we report the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of two EV-C96 strains isolated from individuals from the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. METHODS Human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2), and human cervical cancer (Hela) cells were infected with the Tibet EV-C96 strains, and enterovirus RNA in the cell culture was detected with a real time RT-PCR-based enterovirus screening method. The temperature sensitivity of Tibet EV-C96 strains were assayed on a monolayer of RD cells in 24-well plates. Full-length genome sequencing was performed by a 'primer-walking' strategy, and the evolutionary history of EV-C96 was studied by maximum likelihood analysis. RESULTS Strain 2005-T49 grew in all three kinds of cells, and it was not temperature sensitive. In contrast, none of the three cells produced CPE for strain 2012-94H. Phylogenetic analysis of the two Tibetan viruses, other EV-C96 strains, and EV-C prototypes showed that EV-C96 strains were grouped into three clusters (Cluster1-3) based on their VP1 sequences, which may represent three genotypes. Phylogenetic trees based on the P2 and P3 regions highlighted the difference between Chinese EV-C96 strains and the EV-C96 prototype strain BAN-10488. All Chinese strains formed a cluster separate from BAN-10488, which clustered with CV-A1/CV-A22/CV-A19. CONCLUSIONS There is genetic variability between EV-C96 strains which suggest that at least few genetic lineages co-exist and there has been some degree of circulation in different geographical regions for some time. Some recombination events must have occurred during EV-C96 evolution as EV-C96 isolates cluster with different EV-C prototype strains in phylogenetic trees in different genomic regions. However, recombination does not seem to have occurred frequently as EV-C96 isolates from different years and locations appear to cluster together in all genomic regions analysed. These findings expand the understanding of the characterization of EV-C96 and are meaningful for the surveillance of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of the Laboratory, Guanghua Hospital of Traditional and Western Medicine, Changning District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Fan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei city, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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Han Z, Zhang Y, Huang K, Cui H, Hong M, Tang H, Song Y, Yang Q, Zhu S, Yan D, Xu W. Genetic characterization and molecular epidemiological analysis of novel enterovirus EV-B80 in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:193. [PMID: 30482903 PMCID: PMC6258725 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus B80 (EV-B80) is a newly identified serotype belonging to the enterovirus B species. To date, only two full-length genomic sequences of EV-B80 are available in GenBank, and few studies on EV-B80 have been conducted in China or worldwide. More information and research on EV-B80 is needed to assess its genetic characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and association with enteroviral diseases. In this study, we report the phylogenetic characteristics of three Xinjiang EV-B80 strains and one Tibet EV-B80 strain in China. The full-length genomic sequences of four strains show 78.8-79% nucleotide identity and 94-94.2% amino acid identity with the prototype of EV-B80, indicating a tendency for evolution. Based on a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the entire VP1 region, three genotypes (A-C) were defined, revealing the possible origin of EV-B80 strains in the mainland of China. Recombination analysis revealed intraspecies recombinations in all four EV-B80 strains in nonstructural regions along with two recombination patterns. Due to the geographic factor, the coevolution of EV-B strains formed two different patterns of circulation. An antibody seroprevalence study against EV-B80 in two Xinjiang prefectures also showed that EV-B80 strains were widely prevalent in Xinjiang, China, compared to other studies on EV-B106 and EV-B89. All four EV-B80 strains are not temperature sensitive, showing a higher transmissibility in the population. In summary, this study reports the full-length genomic sequences of EV-B80 and provides valuable information on global EV-B80 molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keqiang Huang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cui
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishu Tang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Cheng Y, Liang X, Meng JT, Zuo HJ, Su LY, Wang XX, Yang CB, Luan RS. Molecular characterization of enterovirus 71 sibling strains for thermal adaption in Vero cells with adaptive laboratory evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 67:44-50. [PMID: 30347249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 is the main pathogen that causes severe and fatal hand-foot-mouth-disease (HFMD) cases. As the enterovirus virus mutation has implications for pathogenesis, vaccine development, antiviral therapy, and epidemiological disease management of the virus. In this study, we investigated the variations of enterovirus 71 in thermal adaption, using the method of adaptive laboratory evolution. The sibling virus strains were isolated from a 2-year-old severe case of HFMD (#100) and her symptomless close contact (#101). Both strains were cultured in Vero cells by serial passage of 36 generations at the temperatures of 28.0 °C, 33.0 °C and 39.5 °C to construct adaptive lineages. According to the comparative analysis of phenotypes between adapted strains and parental strains, differences in growth rate were observed in the sibling lineages and a larger plaque was found mainly in the hot adapted strains for lineage #101. Two sets of adaptive strains from six time points (parental, 12th 17th, 31st, 35th passage and endpoint) were sequenced and analyzed by both Sanger sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing. Several variations in most coding genes and one reverse mutation in 5'UTR was observed, along with the identity of 99.8% for complete genome for both lineages. Notably, thermal specific non-synonymous mutations were found in the gene of VP1\VP3\3A\2C\3C. Moreover, the concurrent mutations A292G, A434G and A355C/T of sibling lineages in VP1 showed quantificational trace with distinguishing patterns for different temperatures, which were suspected to be the thermo-sensitive mutation hotspots. These results highlight the possible rules of thermal adaption in enterovirus 71, produce a novel picture of genome evolution of the virus, and shed light on viral variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian-Tong Meng
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao-Jiang Zuo
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Yuan Su
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cai-Bin Yang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Luan
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Coates SJ, Davis MDP, Andersen LK. Temperature and humidity affect the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a systematic review of the literature - a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee. Int J Dermatol 2018; 58:388-399. [PMID: 30187452 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an enterovirus-mediated condition that predominantly affects children under 5 years of age. The tendency for outbreaks to peak in warmer summer months suggests a relationship between HFMD and weather patterns. We reviewed the English-language literature for articles describing a relationship between meteorological variables and HFMD. Seventy-two studies meeting criteria were identified. A positive, statistically significant relationship was identified between HFMD cases and both temperature (61 of 67 studies, or 91.0%, reported a positive relationship) [CI 81.8-95.8%, P = 0.0001] and relative humidity (41 of 54 studies, or 75.9%) [CI 63.1-85.4%, P = 0.0001]. No significant relationship was identified between HFMD and precipitation, wind speed, and/or sunshine. Most countries reported a single peak of disease each year (most commonly early Summer), but subtropical and tropical climate zones were significantly more likely to experience a bimodal distribution of cases throughout the year (two peaks a year; most commonly late spring/early summer, with a smaller peak in autumn). The rising global incidence of HFMD, particularly in Pacific Asia, may be related to climate change. Weather forecasting might be used effectively in the future to indicate the risk of HFMD outbreaks and the need for targeted public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Coates
- Department of Dermatology, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark D P Davis
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Louise K Andersen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Antigenic characteristics and genomic analysis of novel EV-A90 enteroviruses isolated in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10247. [PMID: 29980696 PMCID: PMC6035207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A90 (EV-A90) is a novel serotype of enterovirus A species that is rarely reported. Here, we isolated five enteroviruses from patients with acute flaccid paralysis in Hotan and Kashgar cities in Xinjiang, China that were identified as EV-A90 by molecular typing. The VP1 sequences of these Xinjiang EV-A90 strains showed 88.4–89% nucleotide sequence identity to the prototype EV-A90 strain; however, genome analysis indicated complex recombination events in P2 and P3 regions. Next, the seroprevalence of EV-A90 was examined in 49 serum specimens collected in Hotan and Kashgar, and 37.5% were EV-A90 antibody positive (>1:8), with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 1:10.47. The low positive rate and GMT suggest a low-level EV-A90 epidemic in Xinjiang. Two of the five Xinjiang EV-A90 strains were temperature sensitive, and three were temperature resistant, and a comparative genomics analysis suggested that an amino acid substitution (H1799Y) in the 3Dpol region was related to temperature sensitivity. Although the epidemic strength is low, some EV-A90 strains were temperature resistant, which is suggestive of strong virulence and transmission capacity. This study expanded the number of EV-A90 in GenBank and provided basic data that may be useful for studying the molecular epidemiology of EV-A90.
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Xu J, Wang F, Zhao D, Liu J, Su H, Wang B. Sequence analysis-based characterization and identification of neurovirulence-associated variants of 36 EV71 strains from China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1310-1317. [PMID: 29603282 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and causes several neurological complications. As new strains of EV71 are constantly discovered, it is important to understand the genomic characteristics of the viruses and the mechanism of virulence. Herein, we isolated five strains of EV71 from HFMD patients with or without neurovirulence and sequenced their whole genomes. We then performed whole genome sequence analysis of totally 36 EV71 strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region revealed all five isolated strains are clustered into C4a of C4 subgenotype. In addition, by comparing the complete genome sequences of 36 strains, 253 variable amino acid positions were found, 14 of which were identified to be associated with neurovirulence (P < 0.05). Moreover, a similar pattern of amino acid variants combination was identified in four strains without neurovirulence, indicating this type of variant pattern might be associated with avirulence. The strains with neurovirulence appeared to be distinguished from those without neurovirulence by the variants in VP1 and P2 regions, implying VP1 and P2 are the important regions associated with neurovirulence. Indeed, 3-D modeling of VP1 and P2 regions of non-neurovirulent and neurovirulent strains revealed that the different variants resulted in different protein structures and amino acid composition of ligand binding site, which might account for their difference in neurovirulence. In summary, our study reveals 14 variable amino acid positions of VP1, P2 and P3 regions are related to the virulence and that mutations in the capsid proteins of EV71 might contribute to neurovirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Huainan Municipal Commission of Health and Planning, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huainan First People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Desheng Zhao
- The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Huainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Royston L, Essaidi-Laziosi M, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Piuz I, Geiser J, Krause KH, Huang S, Constant S, Kaiser L, Garcin D, Tapparel C. Viral chimeras decrypt the role of enterovirus capsid proteins in viral tropism, acid sensitivity and optimal growth temperature. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006962. [PMID: 29630666 PMCID: PMC5908207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their genetic similarities, enteric and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) have highly heterogeneous biophysical properties and cause a vast diversity of human pathologies. In vitro differences include acid sensitivity, optimal growth temperature and tissue tropism, which reflect a preferential in vivo replication in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract and are thus key determinants of EV virulence. To investigate the underlying cause of these differences, we generated chimeras at the capsid-level between EV-D68 (a respiratory EV) and EV-D94 (an enteric EV). Although some chimeras were nonfunctional, EV-D94 with both the capsid and 2A protease or the capsid only of EV-D68 were both viable. Using this latter construct, we performed several functional assays, which indicated that capsid proteins determine acid sensitivity and tropism in cell lines and in respiratory, intestinal and neural tissues. Additionally, capsid genes were shown to also participate in determining the optimal growth temperature, since EV-D94 temperature adaptation relied on single mutations in VP1, while constructs with EV-D68 capsid could not adapt to higher temperatures. Finally, we demonstrate that EV-D68 maintains residual binding-capacity after acid-treatment despite a loss of infectivity. In contrast, non-structural rather than capsid proteins modulate the innate immune response in tissues. These unique biophysical insights expose another layer in the phenotypic diversity of one of world's most prevalent pathogens and could aid target selection for vaccine or antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Royston
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manel Essaidi-Laziosi
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Rodríguez
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Piuz
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johan Geiser
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Song Huang
- Epithelix Sàrl, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Garcin
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Pathinayake PS, Gayan Chathuranga WA, Lee HC, Chowdhury MYE, Sung MH, Lee JS, Kim CJ. Inactivated enterovirus 71 with poly-γ-glutamic acid/Chitosan nano particles (PC NPs) induces high cellular and humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2073-2083. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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RSAD2 and AIM2 Modulate Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus A71 Replication in Neuronal Cells in Different Ways That May Be Associated with Their 5' Nontranslated Regions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01914-17. [PMID: 29263272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01914-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) are closely related enteroviruses that cause the same hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), but neurological complications occur only very rarely in CV-A16 compared to EV-A71 infections. To elucidate host responses that may be able to explain these differences, we performed transcriptomic analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in CV-A16-infected neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH), and the results showed that the radical S-adenosylmethionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) was the highest upregulated gene in the antimicrobial pathway. Increased RSAD2 expression was correlated with reduced viral replication, while RSAD2 knockdown cells were correlated with increased replication. EV-A71 replication showed no apparent correlation to RSAD2 expressions. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), which is associated with pyroptotic cell death, was upregulated in EV-A71-infected neurons but not in CV-A16 infection, suggesting that the AIM2 inflammasome played a significant role in suppressing EV-A71 replication. Chimeric viruses derived from CV-A16 and EV-A71 but containing swapped 5' nontranslated regions (5' NTRs) showed that RSAD2 expression/viral replication and AIM2 expression/viral replication patterns may be linked to the 5' NTRs of parental viruses. Differences in secondary structure of internal ribosomal entry sites within the 5' NTR may be responsible for these findings. Overall, our results suggest that CV-A16 and EV-A71 elicit different host responses to infection, which may help explain the apparent lower incidence of CV-A16-associated neurovirulence in HFMD outbreaks compared to EV-A71 infection.IMPORTANCE Although coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus A17 (EV-A71) both cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, EV-A71 has emerged as a leading cause of nonpolio, enteroviral fatal encephalomyelitis among young children. The significance of our research is in the identification of the possible differing and novel mechanisms of CV-A16 and EV-A71 inhibition in neuronal cells that may impact viral neuropathogenesis. We further showed that viral 5' NTRs may play significant roles in eliciting different host response mechanisms.
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A Selective Bottleneck Shapes the Evolutionary Mutant Spectra of Enterovirus A71 during Viral Dissemination in Humans. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01062-17. [PMID: 28931688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01062-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses accumulate mutations to rapidly adapt to environmental changes. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes various clinical manifestations with occasional severe neurological complications. However, the mechanism by which EV-A71 evolves within the human body is unclear. Utilizing deep sequencing and haplotype analyses of viruses from various tissues of an autopsy patient, we sought to define the evolutionary pathway by which enterovirus A71 evolves fitness for invading the central nervous system in humans. Broad mutant spectra with divergent mutations were observed at the initial infection sites in the respiratory and digestive systems. After viral invasion, we identified a haplotype switch and dominant haplotype, with glycine at VP1 residue 31 (VP1-31G) in viral particles disseminated into the integumentary and central nervous systems. In vitro viral growth and fitness analyses indicated that VP1-31G conferred growth and a fitness advantage in human neuronal cells, whereas VP1-31D conferred enhanced replication in human colorectal cells. A higher proportion of VP1-31G was also found among fatal cases, suggesting that it may facilitate central nervous system infection in humans. Our data provide the first glimpse of EV-A71 quasispecies from oral tissues to the central nervous system within humans, showing broad implications for the surveillance and pathogenesis of this reemerging viral pathogen.IMPORTANCE EV-A71 continues to be a worldwide burden to public health. Although EV-A71 is the major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, it can also cause neurological pulmonary edema, encephalitis, and even death, especially in children. Understanding selection processes enabling dissemination and accurately estimating EV-A71 diversity during invasion in humans are critical for applications in viral pathogenesis and vaccine studies. Here, we define a selection bottleneck appearing in respiratory and digestive tissues. Glycine substitution at VP1 residue 31 helps viruses break through the bottleneck and invade the central nervous system. This substitution is also advantageous for replication in neuronal cells in vitro Considering that fatal cases contain enhanced glycine substitution at VP1-31, we suggest that the increased prevalence of VP1-31G may alter viral tropism and aid central nervous system invasion. Our findings provide new insights into a dynamic mutant spectral switch active during acute viral infection with emerging viral pathogens.
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Du Z, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhang D, Yu S, Hao Y. Predicting the hand, foot, and mouth disease incidence using search engine query data and climate variables: an ecological study in Guangdong, China. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016263. [PMID: 28988169 PMCID: PMC5640051 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has caused a substantial burden in China, especially in Guangdong Province. Based on the enhanced surveillance system, we aimed to explore whether the addition of temperate and search engine query data improves the risk prediction of HFMD. DESIGN Ecological study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Information on the confirmed cases of HFMD, climate parameters and search engine query logs was collected. A total of 1.36 million HFMD cases were identified from the surveillance system during 2011-2014. Analyses were conducted at aggregate level and no confidential information was involved. OUTCOME MEASURES A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model with external variables (ARIMAX) was used to predict the HFMD incidence from 2011 to 2014, taking into account temperature and search engine query data (Baidu Index, BDI). Statistics of goodness-of-fit and precision of prediction were used to compare models (1) based on surveillance data only, and with the addition of (2) temperature, (3) BDI, and (4) both temperature and BDI. RESULTS A high correlation between HFMD incidence and BDI (r=0.794, p<0.001) or temperature (r=0.657, p<0.001) was observed using both time series plot and correlation matrix. A linear effect of BDI (without lag) and non-linear effect of temperature (1 week lag) on HFMD incidence were found in a distributed lag non-linear model. Compared with the model based on surveillance data only, the ARIMAX model including BDI reached the best goodness-of-fit with an Akaike information criterion (AIC) value of -345.332, whereas the model including both BDI and temperature had the most accurate prediction in terms of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 101.745%. CONCLUSIONS An ARIMAX model incorporating search engine query data significantly improved the prediction of HFMD. Further studies are warranted to examine whether including search engine query data also improves the prediction of other infectious diseases in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Du
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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A highly conserved amino acid in VP1 regulates maturation of enterovirus 71. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006625. [PMID: 28938017 PMCID: PMC5634653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, causing severe clinical outcomes and even death. Here, we report an important role of the highly conserved alanine residue at position 107 in the capsid protein VP1 (VP1A107) in the efficient replication of EV71. Substitutional mutations of VP1A107 significantly diminish viral growth kinetics without significant effect on viral entry, expression of viral genes and viral production. The results of mechanistic studies reveal that VP1A107 regulates the efficient cleavage of the VP0 precursor during EV71 assembly, which is required, in the next round of infection, for the transformation of the mature virion (160S) into an intermediate or A-particle (135S), a key step of virus uncoating. Furthermore, the results of molecular dynamic simulations and hydrogen-bond networks analysis of VP1A107 suggest that flexibility of the VP1 BC loop or the region surrounding the VP1107 residue directly correlates with viral infectivity. It is possible that sufficient flexibility of the region surrounding the VP1107 residue favors VP0 conformational change that is required for the efficient cleavage of VP0 as well as subsequent viral uncoating and viral replication. Taken together, our data reveal the structural role of the highly conserved VP1A107 in regulating EV71 maturation. Characterization of this novel determinant of EV71 virulence would promote the study on pathogenesis of Enteroviruses.
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Shao L, Zhao J. Isolation of a highly pathogenic spring viraemia of carp virus strain from grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) in late summer, China, 2016. Virus Res 2017; 238:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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