1
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Wallace R, Bliss CM, Parker AL. The Immune System-A Double-Edged Sword for Adenovirus-Based Therapies. Viruses 2024; 16:973. [PMID: 38932265 PMCID: PMC11209478 DOI: 10.3390/v16060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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2
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Robert S, Roman Ortiz NI, LaRocca CJ, Ostrander JH, Davydova J. Oncolytic Adenovirus for the Targeting of Paclitaxel-Resistant Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:567. [PMID: 38675909 PMCID: PMC11054319 DOI: 10.3390/v16040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant systemic therapies effectively reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence and metastasis, but therapy resistance can develop in some patients due to breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) represents a promising therapeutic approach as it can specifically target cancer cells. However, its potential to target BCSCs remains unclear. Here, we evaluated a Cox-2 promoter-controlled, Ad5/3 fiber-modified OAd designed to encode the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) in breast cancer models. To confirm the potential of OAds to target BCSCs, we employed BCSC-enriched estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) paclitaxel-resistant (TaxR) cells and tumorsphere assays. OAd-hNIS demonstrated significantly enhanced binding and superior oncolysis in breast cancer cells, including ER+ cells, while exhibiting no activity in normal mammary epithelial cells. We observed improved NIS expression as the result of adenovirus death protein deletion. OAd-hNIS demonstrated efficacy in targeting TaxR BCSCs, exhibiting superior killing and hNIS expression compared to the parental cells. Our vector was capable of inhibiting tumorsphere formation upon early infection and reversing paclitaxel resistance in TaxR cells. Importantly, OAd-hNIS also destroyed already formed tumorspheres seven days after their initiation. Overall, our findings highlight the promise of OAd-hNIS as a potential tool for studying and targeting ER+ breast cancer recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Robert
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | | | - Christopher J. LaRocca
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Julie Hanson Ostrander
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julia Davydova
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Thalmann L, Martin-Gonzalez N, Brücher D, Plückthun A, de Pablo PJ, Suomalainen M, Greber UF. Gutless Helper-Dependent and First-Generation HAdV5 Vectors Have Similar Mechanical Properties and Common Transduction Mechanisms. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:163-176. [PMID: 38386500 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivering vectorized information into cells with the help of viruses has been of high interest to fundamental and applied science, and bears significant therapeutic promise. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been at the forefront of gene delivery for many years, and the subject of intensive development resulting in several generations of agents, including replication-competent, -defective or retargeted vectors, and recently also helper-dependent (HD), so-called gutless vectors lacking any viral protein coding information. While it is possible to produce HD-AdVs in significant amounts, physical properties of these virus-like particles and their efficiency of transduction have not been addressed. Here, we used single-cell and single virus particle assays to probe the effect of genome length on HAdV-C5 vector transduction. Our results demonstrate that first-generation C5 vectors lacking the E1/E3 regions of the viral genome as well as HD-AdV-C5 particles with a wild type (wt) ∼36 kbp or an undersized double-strand DNA genome are similar to human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5) wt regarding attachment to human lung epithelial cells, endocytic uptake, endosome penetration and dependency on the E3 RING ubiquitin ligase Mind Bomb 1 for DNA uncoating at the nuclear pore complex. Atomic force microscopy measurements of single virus particles indicated that small changes in the genome length from 94% to 103% of HAdV-C5 have no major impact on physical and mechanical features of AdV vectors. In contrast, an HD-AdV-C5 with ∼30 kbp genome was slightly stiffer and less heat-resistant than the other particles, despite comparable entry and transduction efficiencies in tissue culture cell lines, including murine alveolar macrophage-like Max-Planck-Institute (MPI)-2 cells. Together, our in vitro studies reinforce the use of HD-AdV vectors for effective single round gene delivery. The results illustrate how physical properties and cell entry behavior of single virus particles can provide functional information for anticipated therapeutic vector applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Thalmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominik Brücher
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Mittal SK. Significance of Preexisting Vector Immunity and Activation of Innate Responses for Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122727. [PMID: 36560730 PMCID: PMC9787786 DOI: 10.3390/v14122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adenoviral (AdV)-based vector system is a promising platform for vaccine development and gene therapy applications. Administration of an AdV vector elicits robust innate immunity, leading to the development of humoral and cellular immune responses against the vector and the transgene antigen, if applicable. The use of high doses (1011-1013 virus particles) of an AdV vector, especially for gene therapy applications, could lead to vector toxicity due to excessive levels of innate immune responses, vector interactions with blood factors, or high levels of vector transduction in the liver and spleen. Additionally, the high prevalence of AdV infections in humans or the first inoculation with the AdV vector result in the development of vector-specific immune responses, popularly known as preexisting vector immunity. It significantly reduces the vector efficiency following the use of an AdV vector that is prone to preexisting vector immunity. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. The utilization of rare human AdV types or nonhuman AdVs is the primary strategy to evade preexisting vector immunity. The use of heterologous viral vectors, capsid modification, and vector encapsulation are alternative methods to evade vector immunity. The vectors can be optimized for clinical applications with comprehensive knowledge of AdV vector immunity, toxicity, and circumvention strategies.
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5
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Greber UF, Suomalainen M. Adenovirus entry: Stability, uncoating, and nuclear import. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:309-320. [PMID: 35434852 PMCID: PMC9790413 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are widespread in vertebrates. They infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the eyes, heart, liver, and kidney, and are lethal to immunosuppressed people. Mastadenoviruses infecting mammals comprise several hundred different types, and many specifically infect humans. Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in clinical applications, including cancer treatment and COVID-19 vaccination. AdV vectors are physically and genetically stable and generally safe in humans. The particles have an icosahedral coat and a nucleoprotein core with a DNA genome. We describe the concept of AdV cell entry and highlight recent advances in cytoplasmic transport, uncoating, and nuclear import of the viral DNA. We highlight a recently discovered "linchpin" function of the virion protein V ensuring cytoplasmic particle stability, which is relaxed at the nuclear pore complex by cues from the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb 1 (MIB1) and the proteasome triggering disruption. Capsid disruption by kinesin motor proteins and microtubules exposes the linchpin and renders protein V a target for MIB1 ubiquitination, which dissociates V from viral DNA and enhances DNA nuclear import. These advances uncover mechanisms controlling capsid stability and premature uncoating and provide insight into nuclear transport of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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6
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Dienst EGT, Kremer EJ. Adenovirus receptors on antigen-presenting cells of the skin. Biol Cell 2022; 114:297-308. [PMID: 35906865 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin, the largest human organ, is part of the first line of physical and immunological defense against many pathogens. Understanding how skin antigen-presenting cells (APCs) respond to viruses or virus-based vaccines is crucial to develop antiviral pharmaceutics, and efficient and safe vaccines. Here, we discuss the way resident and recruited skin APCs engage adenoviruses and the impact on innate immune responses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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7
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Shieh WJ. Human adenovirus infections in pediatric population - an update on clinico-pathologic correlation. Biomed J 2021; 45:38-49. [PMID: 34506970 PMCID: PMC9133246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most children have had at least one episode of adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses can cause many symptoms similar to common cold, including rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and sore throat. Lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia can be severe and even fatal. Other diseases such as conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and meningoencephalitis can also be associated with adenovirus infections. A variety of recent advancement of structural and molecular biology methods have revamped the taxonomy of adenoviruses and furthered our understanding of the diversity of related clinical diseases. Because of the wide spectrum and complexity of diseases associated with human adenovirus infections, the scope of this review is limited to basic virology and epidemiology of adenoviruses with a main focus on the clinico–pathologic correlation. Clinical manifestations and pathology of any infectious disease are always related; therefore, it is logical to review clinico–pathologic correlation within the specific disease entity caused by adenoviruses to better understand this common viral infection in pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Ju Shieh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Zhang J, Ma K, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Ou J, Lan W, Guan W, Wu X, Zheng H, Yang B, Wan C, Zhao W, Wu J, Zhang Q. Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) Is A Receptor of Human Adenovirus Type 55 Causing Adult Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1400-1410. [PMID: 34224109 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-B55) is a re-emergent acute respiratory disease pathogen that causes adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Previous studies have shown that the receptor of HAdV-B14, which genome is highly similar with HAdV-B55, is human Desmoglein 2 (DSG2). However, whether the receptor of HAdV-B55 is DSG2 is undetermined because there are three amino acid mutations in the fiber gene between HAdV-B14 and HAdV-B55. Here, firstly we found the 3T3 cells, a mouse embryo fibroblast rodent cell line which does not express human DSG2, were able to be infected by HAdV-B55 after transfected with pcDNA3.1-DSG2, while normal 3T3 cells were still unsusceptible to HAdV-B55 infection. Next, A549 cells with hDSG2 knock-down by siRNA were hard to be infected by HAdV-B3/-B14/-B55, while the control siRNA group was still able to be infected by all these types of HAdVs. Finally, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy indicated visually that Cy3-conjugated HAdV-B55 viruses entered A549 cells by binding to DSG2 protein. Therefore, DSG2 is a major receptor of HAdV-B55 causing adult CAP. Our finding is important for better understanding of interactions between adenoviruses and host cells and may shed light on the development of new drugs that can interfere with these processes as well as for the development of potent prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yinbo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junxian Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wendong Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenyi Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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9
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Persson BD, John L, Rafie K, Strebl M, Frängsmyr L, Ballmann MZ, Mindler K, Havenga M, Lemckert A, Stehle T, Carlson LA, Arnberg N. Human species D adenovirus hexon capsid protein mediates cell entry through a direct interaction with CD46. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020732118. [PMID: 33384338 PMCID: PMC7826407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020732118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) types are currently being explored as vaccine vectors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other severe infectious diseases. The efficacy of such vector-based vaccines depends on functional interactions with receptors on host cells. Adenoviruses of different species are assumed to enter host cells mainly by interactions between the knob domain of the protruding fiber capsid protein and cellular receptors. Using a cell-based receptor-screening assay, we identified CD46 as a receptor for HAdV-D56. The function of CD46 was validated in infection experiments using cells lacking and overexpressing CD46, and by competition infection experiments using soluble CD46. Remarkably, unlike HAdV-B types that engage CD46 through interactions with the knob domain of the fiber protein, HAdV-D types infect host cells through a direct interaction between CD46 and the hexon protein. Soluble hexon proteins (but not fiber knob) inhibited HAdV-D56 infection, and surface plasmon analyses demonstrated that CD46 binds to HAdV-D hexon (but not fiber knob) proteins. Cryoelectron microscopy analysis of the HAdV-D56 virion-CD46 complex confirmed the interaction and showed that CD46 binds to the central cavity of hexon trimers. Finally, soluble CD46 inhibited infection by 16 out of 17 investigated HAdV-D types, suggesting that CD46 is an important receptor for a large group of adenoviruses. In conclusion, this study identifies a noncanonical entry mechanism used by human adenoviruses, which adds to the knowledge of adenovirus biology and can also be useful for development of adenovirus-based vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B David Persson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lijo John
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karim Rafie
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Strebl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, The University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Frängsmyr
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Katja Mindler
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, The University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Menzo Havenga
- Batavia Biosciences, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, The University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden;
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Understanding and addressing barriers to successful adenovirus-based virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:375-389. [PMID: 32951021 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological cancer, with an overall 5-year survival rate below 50% due to a lack of specific symptoms, late stage at time of diagnosis and a high rate of recurrence after standard therapy. A better understanding of heterogeneity, genetic mutations, biological behavior and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have allowed the development of more effective therapies based on anti-angiogenic treatments, PARP and immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies and oncolytic vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are commonly used platforms in cancer gene therapy that selectively replicate in tumor cells and at the same time are able to stimulate the immune system. In addition, they can be genetically modified to enhance their potency and overcome physical and immunological barriers. In this review we highlight the challenges of adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and outline recent advances to improve their potential in combination with immunotherapies.
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11
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Human Desmoglein-2 and Human CD46 Mediate Human Adenovirus Type 55 Infection, but Human Desmoglein-2 Plays the Major Roles. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00747-20. [PMID: 32581096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00747-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV55) represents an emerging respiratory pathogen and causes severe pneumonia with high fatality in humans. The cellular receptors, which are essential for understanding the infection and pathogenesis of HAdV55, remain unclear. In this study, we found that HAdV55 binding and infection were sharply reduced by disrupting the interaction of viral fiber protein with human desmoglein-2 (hDSG2) but only slightly reduced by disrupting the interaction of viral fiber protein with human CD46 (hCD46). Loss-of-function studies using soluble receptors, blocking antibodies, RNA interference, and gene knockout demonstrated that hDSG2 predominantly mediated HAdV55 infection. Nonpermissive rodent cells became susceptible to HAdV55 infection when hDSG2 or hCD46 was expressed, but hDSG2 mediated more efficient HAd55 infection than hCD46. We generated two transgenic mouse lines that constitutively express either hDSG2 or hCD46. Although nontransgenic mice were resistant to HAdV55 infection, infection with HAdV55 was significantly increased in hDSG2+/+ mice but was much less increased in hCD46+/+ mice. Our findings demonstrate that both hDSG2 and hCD46 are able to mediate HAdV55 infection but hDSG2 plays the major roles. The hDSG2 transgenic mouse can be used as a rodent model for evaluation of HAdV55 vaccine and therapeutics.IMPORTANCE Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV55) has recently emerged as a highly virulent respiratory pathogen and has been linked to severe and even fatal pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. However, the cellular receptors mediating the entry of HAdV55 into host cells remain unclear, which hinders the establishment of HAdV55-infected animal models and the development of antiviral approaches. In this study, we demonstrated that human desmoglein-2 (hDSG2) plays the major roles during HAdV55 infection. Human CD46 (hCD46) could also mediate the infection of HAdV55, but the efficiency was much lower than for hDSG2. We generated two transgenic mouse lines that express either hDSG2 or hCD46, both of which enabled HAd55 infection in otherwise nontransgenic mice. hDSG2 transgenic mice enabled more efficient HAdV55 infection than hCD46 transgenic mice. Our study adds to our understanding of HAdV55 infection and provides an animal model for evaluating HAdV55 vaccines and therapeutics.
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12
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Hemminki O, Dos Santos JM, Hemminki A. Oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:84. [PMID: 32600470 PMCID: PMC7325106 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy treatments in general, with a particular focus on adenoviruses. These serve as a model to elucidate how versatile viruses are, and how they can be used to complement other cancer therapies to gain optimal patient benefits. Historical reports from over a hundred years suggest treatment efficacy and safety with adenovirus and other oncolytic viruses. This is confirmed in more contemporary patient series and multiple clinical trials. Yet, while the first viruses have already been granted approval from several regulatory authorities, room for improvement remains. As good safety and tolerability have been seen, the oncolytic virus field has now moved on to increase efficacy in a wide array of approaches. Adding different immunomodulatory transgenes to the viruses is one strategy gaining momentum. Immunostimulatory molecules can thus be produced at the tumor with reduced systemic side effects. On the other hand, preclinical work suggests additive or synergistic effects with conventional treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, the newly introduced checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory drugs could make perfect companions to oncolytic viruses. Especially tumors that seem not to be recognized by the immune system can be made immunogenic by oncolytic viruses. Logically, the combination with checkpoint inhibitors is being evaluated in ongoing trials. Another promising avenue is modulating the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic viruses to allow T cell therapies to work in solid tumors. Oncolytic viruses could be the next remarkable wave in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Hemminki
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - João Manuel Dos Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland. .,Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Kuryk L, Møller ASW. Chimeric oncolytic Ad5/3 virus replicates and lyses ovarian cancer cells through desmoglein-2 cell entry receptor. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1309-1315. [PMID: 31944306 PMCID: PMC7496614 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite new therapies, the estimated 229 875 women living with ovarian cancer have a 5‐year survival rate of 47.6%. This cavity‐localized cancer lends itself to local administration of modalities, such as the oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) Ad5/3‐D24‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor virus (ONCOS‐102). Its repeated administration to a patient with chemotherapy‐refractory ovarian cancer induced CD8+ antitumor immune responses with the overall survival reaching 40 months. Here we probe the dominant receptor used by ONCOS‐102 in four established epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. Ad3 can use the desmoglein‐2 (DSG2) and CD46 receptors on susceptible cells. DSG2 was nearly absent in A2780 cells but was expressed in more than 90% of OAW42, OVCAR3, and OV‐90 cells. After 96 hours, ONCOS‐102 treatment showed significant oncolytic activity (≧50%) in OAW42, OVCAR3, and OV‐90 cells, but minimal activity in A2780 cells, suggesting DSG2 as the dominant receptor for ONCOS‐102. Furthermore, retrospective analyses of phase I clinical trial of ONCOS‐102 treatment of 12 patients with varied tumors indicated a correlation between viral genomes in blood and DSG2 RNA expression. These data support the role of DSG2 expression on cancer cells in virus infectivity and the continued development of ONCOS‐102 for ovarian cancer treatment. These data support the role of DSG2 expression on cancer cells in virus infectivity and the continued development of ONCOS‐102 for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuryk
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Ismail AM, Zhou X, Dyer DW, Seto D, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Genomic foundations of evolution and ocular pathogenesis in human adenovirus species D. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3583-3608. [PMID: 31769017 PMCID: PMC7185199 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus commonly causes infections of respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and ocular surface mucosae. Although most adenovirus eye infections are mild and self-limited, specific viruses within human adenovirus species D are associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a severe and highly contagious ocular surface infection, which can lead to chronic and/or recurrent, visually disabling keratitis. In this review, we discuss the links between adenovirus ontogeny, genomics, immune responses, and corneal pathogenesis, for those viruses that cause EKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrafali M. Ismail
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David W. Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Abstract
More than 80 different adenovirus (AdV) types infect humans through the respiratory, ocular, or gastrointestinal tracts. They cause acute clinical mani-festations or persist under humoral and cell-based immunity. Immuno-suppressed individuals are at risk of death from an AdV infection. Concepts about cell entry of AdV build on strong foundations from molecular and cellular biology-and increasingly physical virology. Here, we discuss how virions enter and deliver their genome into the nucleus of epithelial cells. This process breaks open the virion at distinct sites because the particle has nonisometric mechanical strength and reacts to specific host factors along the entry pathway. We further describe how macrophages and dendritic cells resist AdV infection yet enhance productive entry into polarized epithelial cells. A deep understanding of the viral mechanisms and cell biological and biophysical principles will continue to unravel how epithelial and antigen-presenting cells respond to AdVs and control inflammation and persistence in pathology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Justin W Flatt
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
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16
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Liu L, Ma J, Qin L, Shi X, Si H, Wei Y. Interleukin-24 enhancing antitumor activity of chimeric oncolytic adenovirus for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia cell. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15875. [PMID: 31145345 PMCID: PMC6708966 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a clonal disease arising by hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which characterized by inappropriate proliferation/differentiation or survival of immature myeloid progenitors. Oncolytic adenoviruses have been under widespread investigation as anticancer agents. Recently, our data suggested that tumor cells were cured by AdCN205-IL-24, an adenovirus serotype 5-based conditionally replicating adenovirus expressing IL-24 after infection. METHODS In this study, we created a novel fiber chimeric oncolytic adenovirus AdCN306-IL-24 that has Ad11 tropism and approved CAR (coxsackie adenovirus receptor, CAR)-independent cell entry, which could allow development of selective cytopathic effects (CPE) in APL cells in vitro. RESULTS Formidable cytotoxic effect was specifically implemented in APL cells after infection with AdCN306-IL-24. The expression of IL-24 was up-regulated upon treated with accepted tumors. And the vector also induced superior cytolytic effects activity in APL cells by activation of programmed cell death. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggested that chimeric oncolytic adenovirus AdCN306-IL-24 could express IL-24 gene, representing a potential therapeutics for acute promyelocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shannxi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lanyi Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Si
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shannxi
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17
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Baker AT, Greenshields-Watson A, Coughlan L, Davies JA, Uusi-Kerttula H, Cole DK, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Diversity within the adenovirus fiber knob hypervariable loops influences primary receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 30765704 PMCID: PMC6376029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus based vectors are of increasing importance for wide ranging therapeutic applications. As vaccines, vectors derived from human adenovirus species D serotypes 26 and 48 (HAdV-D26/48) are demonstrating promising efficacy as protective platforms against infectious diseases. Significant clinical progress has been made, yet definitive studies underpinning mechanisms of entry, infection, and receptor usage are currently lacking. Here, we perform structural and biological analysis of the receptor binding fiber-knob protein of HAdV-D26/48, reporting crystal structures, and modelling putative interactions with two previously suggested attachment receptors, CD46 and Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). We provide evidence of a low affinity interaction with CAR, with modelling suggesting affinity is attenuated through extended, semi-flexible loop structures, providing steric hindrance. Conversely, in silico and in vitro experiments are unable to provide evidence of interaction between HAdV-D26/48 fiber-knob with CD46, or with Desmoglein 2. Our findings provide insight into the cell-virus interactions of HAdV-D26/48, with important implications for the design and engineering of optimised Ad-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon, OX14 4RY, Oxon, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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18
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Eberle P, Höller C, Müller P, Suomalainen M, Greber UF, Eghlidi H, Poulikakos D. Single entity resolution valving of nanoscopic species in liquids. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:578-582. [PMID: 29784963 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigating biological and synthetic nanoscopic species in liquids, at the ultimate resolution of single entity, is important in diverse fields1-5. Progress has been made6-10, but significant barriers need to be overcome such as the need for intense fields, the lack of versatility in operating conditions and the limited functionality in solutions of high ionic strength for biological applications. Here, we demonstrate switchable electrokinetic nanovalving able to confine and guide single nano-objects, including macromolecules, with sizes down to around 10 nanometres, in a lab-on-chip environment. The nanovalves are based on spatiotemporal tailoring of the potential energy landscape of nano-objects using an electric field, modulated collaboratively by wall nanotopography and by embedded electrodes in a nanochannel system. We combine nanovalves to isolate single entities from an ensemble, and demonstrate their guiding, confining, releasing and sorting. We show on-demand motion control of single immunoglobulin G molecules, quantum dots, adenoviruses, lipid vesicles, dielectric and metallic particles, suspended in electrolytes with a broad range of ionic strengths, up to biological levels. Such systems can enable nanofluidic, large-scale integration and individual handling of multiple entities in applications ranging from single species characterization and screening to in situ chemical or biochemical synthesis in continuous on-chip processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Eberle
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Höller
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hadi Eghlidi
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Baker AT, Aguirre-Hernández C, Halldén G, Parker AL. Designer Oncolytic Adenovirus: Coming of Age. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E201. [PMID: 29904022 PMCID: PMC6025169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The licensing of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) represented a landmark moment for oncolytic virotherapy, since it provided unequivocal evidence for the long-touted potential of genetically modified replicating viruses as anti-cancer agents. Whilst T-Vec is promising as a locally delivered virotherapy, especially in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the quest continues for a virus capable of specific tumour cell killing via systemic administration. One candidate is oncolytic adenovirus (Ad); it’s double stranded DNA genome is easily manipulated and a wide range of strategies and technologies have been employed to empower the vector with improved pharmacokinetics and tumour targeting ability. As well characterised clinical and experimental agents, we have detailed knowledge of adenoviruses’ mechanisms of pathogenicity, supported by detailed virological studies and in vivo interactions. In this review we highlight the strides made in the engineering of bespoke adenoviral vectors to specifically infect, replicate within, and destroy tumour cells. We discuss how mutations in genes regulating adenoviral replication after cell entry can be used to restrict replication to the tumour, and summarise how detailed knowledge of viral capsid interactions enable rational modification to eliminate native tropisms, and simultaneously promote active uptake by cancerous tissues. We argue that these designer-viruses, exploiting the viruses natural mechanisms and regulated at every level of replication, represent the ideal platforms for local overexpression of therapeutic transgenes such as immunomodulatory agents. Where T-Vec has paved the way, Ad-based vectors now follow. The era of designer oncolytic virotherapies looks decidedly as though it will soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Carmen Aguirre-Hernández
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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20
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Stichling N, Suomalainen M, Flatt JW, Schmid M, Pacesa M, Hemmi S, Jungraithmayr W, Maler MD, Freudenberg MA, Plückthun A, May T, Köster M, Fejer G, Greber UF. Lung macrophage scavenger receptor SR-A6 (MARCO) is an adenovirus type-specific virus entry receptor. PLoS Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29522575 PMCID: PMC5862501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a diverse group of phagocytic cells acting in host protection against stress, injury, and pathogens. Here, we show that the scavenger receptor SR-A6 is an entry receptor for human adenoviruses in murine alveolar macrophage-like MPI cells, and important for production of type I interferon. Scavenger receptors contribute to the clearance of endogenous proteins, lipoproteins and pathogens. Knockout of SR-A6 in MPI cells, anti-SR-A6 antibody or the soluble extracellular SR-A6 domain reduced adenovirus type-C5 (HAdV-C5) binding and transduction. Expression of murine SR-A6, and to a lower extent human SR-A6 boosted virion binding to human cells and transduction. Virion clustering by soluble SR-A6 and proximity localization with SR-A6 on MPI cells suggested direct adenovirus interaction with SR-A6. Deletion of the negatively charged hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of hexon reduced HAdV-C5 binding and transduction, implying that the viral ligand for SR-A6 is hexon. SR-A6 facilitated macrophage entry of HAdV-B35 and HAdV-D26, two important vectors for transduction of hematopoietic cells and human vaccination. The study highlights the importance of scavenger receptors in innate immunity against human viruses. Macrophages are a diverse group of phagocytic cells acting in host protection against stress, injury, and pathogens. They phenotypically and functionally adapt to their local environment, for example, peritoneal macrophages are distinct from brain-resident microglia, from liver-resident Kupffer cells or lung macrophages in the lung. Airway macrophages are among the first cells to encounter human respiratory viruses, such as adenoviruses. They release pro-inflammatory cytokines, kill pathogens, present antigens, and restore tissues. Yet, interactions of viruses with lung macrophages are poorly understood, and it is unclear, how they lead to infection or virus clearance. Here we identified the murine scavenger receptor SR-A6 as a receptor for a subset of human adenoviruses on alveolar macrophage-like cells, so-called MPI cells. Scavenger receptors comprise a large family of trans-membrane proteins, and contribute to the clearance of endogenous proteins, lipoproteins and pathogens. In a series of robust experimentation, we show that adenoviruses use SR-A6 as an entry receptor for infection of MPI cells, and production of type I interferon. MPI cells are non-transformed, self-renewing macrophages derived from fetal murine liver, and closely resemble adult alveolar macrophages. The results demonstrate that SR-A6 binds virions on the surface of alveolar macrophage-like cells, and leads to infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae Infections/immunology
- Adenoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Adenoviridae Infections/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/virology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stichling
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justin W. Flatt
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pacesa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Thorax Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland
- present address: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Mareike D. Maler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina A. Freudenberg
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias May
- Inscreenex GmbH, Inhoffenstr. Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mario Köster
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - György Fejer
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sobhy H. A comparative review of viral entry and attachment during large and giant dsDNA virus infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3567-3585. [PMID: 28866775 PMCID: PMC5671522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses enter host cells via several mechanisms, including endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. They can also fuse at the plasma membrane and can spread within the host via cell-to-cell fusion or syncytia. The mechanism used by a given viral strain depends on its external topology and proteome and the type of cell being entered. This comparative review discusses the cellular attachment receptors and entry pathways of dsDNA viruses belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) belonging to the families Ascoviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Poxviridae, and giant viruses belonging to the families Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae as well as the proposed families Pandoraviridae and Pithoviridae. Although these viruses have several common features (e.g., topology, replication and protein sequence similarities) they utilize different entry pathways to infect wide-range of hosts, including humans, other mammals, invertebrates, fish, protozoa and algae. Similarities and differences between the entry methods used by these virus families are highlighted, with particular emphasis on viral topology and proteins that mediate viral attachment and entry. Cell types that are frequently used to study viral entry are also reviewed, along with other factors that affect virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Pacesa M, Hendrickx R, Bieri M, Flatt JW, Greber UF, Hemmi S. Small-size recombinant adenoviral hexon protein fragments for the production of virus-type specific antibodies. Virol J 2017; 14:158. [PMID: 28821267 PMCID: PMC5563037 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoviruses are common pathogens infecting animals and humans. They are classified based on serology, or genome sequence information. These methods have limitations due to lengthy procedures or lack of infectivity data. Adenoviruses are easy to produce and amenable to genetic and biochemical modifications, which makes them a powerful tool for biological studies, and clinical gene-delivery and vaccine applications. Antibodies directed against adenoviral proteins are important diagnostic tools for virus identification in vivo and in vitro, and are used to elucidate infection mechanisms, often in combination with genomic sequencing and type specific information from hyper-variable regions of structural proteins. Results Here we describe a novel and readily useable method for cloning, expressing and purifying small fragments of hyper-variable regions 1-6 of the adenoviral hexon protein. We used these polypeptides as antigens for generating polyclonal rabbit antibodies against human adenovirus 3 (HAdV-B3), mouse adenovirus 1 (MAdV-1) and MAdV-2 hexon. In Western immunoblots with lysates from cells infected from thirteen human and three mouse viruses, these antibodies bound to homologous full-length hexon protein and revealed variable levels of cross-reactivity to heterologous hexons. Results from immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy studies indicated that HAdV-B3 and MAdV-2 hexon antibodies recognized native forms of hexon. Conclusions The procedure described here can in principle be applied to any adenovirus for which genome sequence information is available. It provides a basis for generating novel type-specific tools in diagnostics and research, and extends beyond the commonly used anti-viral antibodies raised against purified viruses or subviral components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0822-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pacesa
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Bieri
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justin W Flatt
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Role of CD46 Polymorphisms in the Occurrence of Disease in Young Chinese Men With Human Adenovirus Type 55 Infection. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2016; 12:427-430. [PMID: 27645610 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) has recently caused multiple outbreaks. This study examined polymorphisms in CD46 to determine their involvement in HAdV-55 infection. METHODS A total of 214 study subjects infected with HAdV-55 were included in our study. The study subjects were divided into those with silent infections (n=91), minor infections (n=85), and severe infections (n=38). Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CD46 were examined. RESULTS Compared with the AA genotype, the TT genotype at rs2724385 (CD46, A/T) was associated with a protective effect against disease occurrence, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.20 (0.04-0.97) (P=0.038). There were no significant differences between the patients with minor and severe infection and those who had silent HAdV-55 infection in the other CD46 SNPs. We next compared the polymorphisms of these genes according to disease severity in HAdV-55-infected patients with clinical symptoms. The results showed that there were no significant differences between minor infections and severe infections. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the CD46 SNP at rs2724385 is associated with the occurrence of disease in HAdV-55-infected patients. A much larger number of samples is required to understand the role of CD46 polymorphisms in the occurrence and progression of infection by HAdV-55. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:427-430).
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24
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The Use of Adenovirus Dodecahedron in the Delivery of an Enzymatic Activity in the Cell. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5030589. [PMID: 27242929 PMCID: PMC4875972 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Penton-dodecahedron (Pt-Dd) derived from adenovirus type 3 is a symmetric complex of pentameric penton base plus fiber which can be produced in the baculovirus system at a high concentration. The size of Pt-Dd is smaller than the virus, but this virus-like particle (VLP) has the major proteins recognized by specific receptors on the surface of almost all types of cell. In this study, by direct observation with fluorescence microscopy on a fixed and living cell, the intracellular trafficking and localization of Pt-Dd labeled with fluorescence dyes in the cytoplasm of HeLa Tub-GFP showed a rapid internalization characteristic. Subsequently, the linkage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with Pt-Dd as the vector demonstrated an efficient system to deliver this enzyme into the cell without interfering its enzymatic activity as shown by biochemical and cellular experiments. These results were supported by additional studies using Bs-Dd or free form of the HRP used as the control. Overall, this study strengthens the potential role of Pt-Dd as an alternative vector for delivering therapeutic agents.
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25
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LaRocca CJ, Han J, Salzwedel AO, Davydova J, Herzberg MC, Gopalakrishnan R, Yamamoto M. Oncolytic adenoviruses targeted to Human Papilloma Virus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:25-31. [PMID: 27086483 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, the incidence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has markedly increased. Our aim was to design a novel therapeutic agent through the use of conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) that are targeted to the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins. METHODS Each adenovirus included small deletion(s) in the E1a region of the genome (Δ24 or CB016) intended to allow for selective replication in HPV-positive cells. In vitro assays were performed to analyze the transduction efficiency of the vectors and the cell viability following viral infection. Then, the UPCI SCC090 cell line (HPV-positive) was used to establish subcutaneous tumors in the flanks of nude mice. The tumors were then treated with either one dose of the virus or four doses (injected every fourth day). RESULTS The transduction analysis with luciferase-expressing viruses demonstrated that the 5/3 fiber modification maximized virus infectivity. In vitro, both viruses (5/3Δ24 and 5/3CB016) demonstrated profound oncolytic effects. The 5/3CB016 virus was more selective for HPV-positive HNSCC cells, whereas the 5/3Δ24 virus killed HNSCC cells regardless of HPV status. In vivo, single injections of both viruses demonstrated anti-tumor effects for only a few days following viral inoculation. However, after four viral injections, there was statistically significant reductions in tumor growth when compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION CRAds targeted to HPV-positive HNSCCs demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects, and they have the potential to be clinically translated as a novel treatment modality for this emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joohee Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Julia Davydova
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States; Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, United States.
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26
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Ulasov IV, Shah N, Kaverina NV, Lee H, Lin B, Lieber A, Kadagidze ZG, Yoon JG, Schroeder B, Hothi P, Ghosh D, Baryshnikov AY, Cobbs CS. Tamoxifen improves cytopathic effect of oncolytic adenovirus in primary glioblastoma cells mediated through autophagy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3977-87. [PMID: 25738357 PMCID: PMC4414167 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic gene therapy using viral vectors may provide an attractive therapeutic option for malignant gliomas. These viral vectors are designed in a way to selectively target tumor cells and spare healthy cells. To determine the translational impact, it is imperative to assess the factors that interfere with the anti-glioma effects of the oncolytic adenoviral vectors. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of survivin-driven oncolytic adenoviruses pseudotyping with adenoviral fiber knob belonging to the adenoviral serotype 3, 11 and 35 in their ability to kill glioblastoma (GBM) cells selectively without affecting normal cells. Our results indicate that all recombinant vectors used in the study can effectively target GBM in vitro with high specificity, especially the 3 knob-modified vector. Using intracranial U87 and U251 GBM xenograft models we have also demonstrated that treatment with Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus (CRAd-S-5/3) vectors can effectively regress tumor. However, in several patient-derived GBM cell lines, cells exhibited resistance to the CRAd infection as evident from the diminishing effects of autophagy. To improve therapeutic response, tumor cells were pretreated with tamoxifen. Our preliminary data suggest that tamoxifen sensitizes glioblastoma cells towards oncolytic treatment with CRAd-S-5/3, which may prove useful for GBM in future experimental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.,Institute of Experimental Diagnostic and Biotherapy, NN. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- NN. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Moscow, Russia, 115478.,Current address: Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, USA
| | - Hwahyang Lee
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Andre Lieber
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | | | - Jae-Guen Yoon
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
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27
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Electrostatic Interactions between Complement Regulator CD46(SCR1-2) and Adenovirus Ad11/Ad21 Fiber Protein Knob. Mol Biol Int 2015; 2015:967465. [PMID: 26357573 PMCID: PMC4556874 DOI: 10.1155/2015/967465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses bind to a variety of human cells to cause infection. Both the B2 adenovirus 11 and B1 adenovirus 21 use protein knobs to bind to complement regulator CD46(SCR1-2) in order to gain entry into host cells. In each complex, the two proteins are highly negatively charged but bind to each other at an interface with oppositely charged surface patches. We computationally generated single-alanine mutants of charged residues in the complexes CD46(SCR1-2)-Ad11k and CD46(SCR1-2)-Ad21k. We used electrostatic clustering and Poisson-Boltzmann free energy calculations to propose a hypothesis on the role of electrostatics in association. Our results delineate specific interfacial electrostatic interactions that are critical for association in both CD46(SCR1-2)-Ad11k and CD46(SCR1-2)-Ad21k. These results will serve as a predictive tool in the selection of mutants with desired binding affinity in experimental mutagenesis studies. This study will also serve as a foundation for the design of inhibitors to treat adenovirus infections.
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28
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Chronic Activation of Innate Immunity Correlates With Poor Prognosis in Cancer Patients Treated With Oncolytic Adenovirus. Mol Ther 2015; 24:175-83. [PMID: 26310629 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many clinical trials conducted with oncolytic viruses, the exact tumor-level mechanisms affecting therapeutic efficacy have not been established. Currently there are no biomarkers available that would predict the clinical outcome to any oncolytic virus. To assess the baseline immunological phenotype and find potential prognostic biomarkers, we monitored mRNA expression levels in 31 tumor biopsy or fluid samples from 27 patients treated with oncolytic adenovirus. Additionally, protein expression was studied from 19 biopsies using immunohistochemical staining. We found highly significant changes in several signaling pathways and genes associated with immune responses, such as B-cell receptor signaling (P < 0.001), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling (P < 0.001), and leukocyte extravasation signaling (P < 0.001), in patients surviving a shorter time than their controls. In immunohistochemical analysis, markers CD4 and CD163 were significantly elevated (P = 0.020 and P = 0.016 respectively), in patients with shorter than expected survival. Interestingly, T-cell exhaustion marker TIM-3 was also found to be significantly upregulated (P = 0.006) in patients with poor prognosis. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of several functions of the innate immunity before treatment is associated with inferior survival in patients treated with oncolytic adenovirus. Conversely, lack of chronic innate inflammation at baseline may predict improved treatment outcome, as suggested by good overall prognosis.
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29
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Bramante S, Kaufmann JK, Veckman V, Liikanen I, Nettelbeck DM, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Cerullo V, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Matikainen S, Vähä-Koskela M, Koski A, Hemminki A. Treatment of melanoma with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF: Results in vitro, in rodents and in humans. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1775-83. [PMID: 25821063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is refractory to irradiation and chemotherapy, but amenable to immunological approaches such as immune-checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies or adoptive cell therapies. Oncolytic virus replication is an immunogenic phenomenon, and viruses can be armed with immunostimulatory molecules. Therefore, oncolytic immuno-virotherapy of malignant melanoma is an appealing approach, which was recently validated by a positive phase 3 trial. We investigated the potency of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF on a panel of melanoma cell lines and animal models, and summarized the melanoma-specific human data from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP). The virus effectively eradicated human melanoma cells in vitro and subcutaneous SK-MEL-28 melanoma xenografts in nude mice when combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, virally-expressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulated the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. In contrast to human cells, RPMI 1846 hamster melanoma cells exhibited no response to oncolytic viruses and the chimeric 5/3 fiber failed to increase the efficacy of transduction, suggesting limited utility of the hamster model in the context of viruses with this capsid. In ATAP, treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. Four out of nine melanoma patients treated were evaluable for possible therapy benefit with modified RECIST criteria: one patient had minor response, two had stable disease, and one had progressive disease. Two patients were alive at 559 and 2,149 days after treatment. Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF showed promising efficacy in preclinical studies and possible antitumor activity in melanoma patients refractory to other forms of therapy. This data supports continuing the clinical development of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Kaufmann
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ville Veckman
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Chemical induction of unfolded protein response enhances cancer cell killing through lytic virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:13086-98. [PMID: 25187554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02156-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer cells are susceptible to oncolytic viruses, albeit variably. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are widely used oncolytic agents that have been engineered to produce progeny within the tumor and elicit bystander effects. We searched for host factors enhancing bystander effects and conducted a targeted RNA interference screen against guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of small GTPases. We show that the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is readily inducible in aggressive tumor cells, enhances melanoma or epithelial cancer cell killing upon HAdV infection. UPR was triggered by knockdown of Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF-1) or the GBF-1 inhibitor golgicide A (GCA) and stimulated HAdV infection. GBF-1 is a GEF for ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs) regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus and intra-Golgi apparatus membrane transport. Cells treated with GCA enhanced HAdV-induced cytopathic effects in epithelial and melanoma cancer cells but not normal cells, if the drug was applied several hours prior to HAdV inoculation. This was shown by real-time label-free impedance measurements using the xCELLigence system. GCA-treated cells contained fewer incoming HAdVs than control cells, but GCA treatment boosted HAdV titers and spreading in cancer cells. GCA enhanced viral gene expression or transgene expression from the cytomegalovirus promoter of B- or C-species HAdVs but did not enhance viral early region 1A (E1A) expression in uninfected cell lines or cells transfected with plasmid reporter DNA. The UPR-enhanced cell killing required the nuclease activity of the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1) and X box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), which alleviate ER stress. The collective results show that chemical UPR induction and viruses boost tumor cell killing by enhancing oncolytic viral efficacy. IMPORTANCE Cancer is difficult to combat. A wide range of oncolytic viruses show promise for killing cancer cells, yet the efficacy of oncolytic killing is low. We searched for host factors enhancing adenovirus cancer cell killing and found that the knockdown of Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF-1) or chemical inhibition of GBF-1 enhanced adenovirus infection by triggering the IRE-1/XBP-1 branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). IRE-1/XBP-1 promote cell survival and enhanced the levels of the adenoviral immediate early gene product E1A, virus spreading, and killing of cancer cells. Aggressive tumor cells depend on a readily inducible UPR and, hence, present prime targets for a combined strategy involving adenoviruses and small chemicals inducing UPR.
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31
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Bramante S, Koski A, Kipar A, Diaconu I, Liikanen I, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Parviainen S, Cerullo V, Pesonen SK, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Merisalo-Soikkeli M, Hakonen T, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF for treatment of sarcoma in rodents and humans. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:720-30. [PMID: 24374597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a relatively rare cancer, but often incurable at the late metastatic stage. Oncolytic immunotherapy has gained attention over the past years, and a wide range of oncolytic viruses have been delivered via intratumoral injection with positive safety and promising efficacy data. Here, we report preclinical and clinical results from treatment of sarcoma with oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF (CGTG-102). Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF is a serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF was evaluated on a panel of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) cell lines and in two animal models. Sarcoma specific human data were also collected from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP), in preparation for further clinical development. Efficacy was seen in both in vitro and in vivo STS models. Fifteen patients with treatment-refractory STS (13/15) or primary bone sarcoma (2/15) were treated in ATAP, and treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. A total of 12 radiological RECIST response evaluations were performed, and two cases of minor response, six cases of stable disease and four cases of progressive disease were detected in patients progressing prior to virus treatment. Overall, the median survival time post treatment was 170 days. One patient is still alive at 1,459 days post virus treatment. In summary, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF appears promising for the treatment of advanced STS; a clinical trial for treatment of refractory injectable solid tumors including STS is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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A direct and versatile assay measuring membrane penetration of adenovirus in single cells. J Virol 2013; 87:12367-79. [PMID: 24027314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01833-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is the most prevalent entry port for viruses into cells, but viruses must escape from the lumen of endosomes to ensure that viral genomes reach a site for replication and progeny formation. Endosomal escape also helps viruses bypass endolysosomal degradation and presentation to certain Toll-like intrinsic immunity receptors. The mechanisms for cytosolic delivery of nonenveloped viruses or nucleocapsids from enveloped viruses are poorly understood, in part because no quantitative assays are readily available which directly measure the penetration of viruses into the cytosol. Following uptake by clathrin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis, the nonenveloped adenoviruses penetrate from endosomes to the cytosol, and they traffic with cellular motors on microtubules to the nucleus for replication. In this report, we present a novel single-cell imaging assay which quantitatively measures individual cytosolic viruses and distinguishes them from endosomal viruses or viruses at the plasma membrane. Using this assay, we showed that the penetration of human adenoviruses of the species C and B occurs rapidly after virus uptake. Efficient penetration does not require acidic pH in endosomes. This assay is versatile and can be adapted to other adenoviruses and members of other nonenveloped and enveloped virus families.
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33
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Oncolytic adenovirus with temozolomide induces autophagy and antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1212-23. [PMID: 23546299 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses and certain chemotherapeutics can induce autophagy and immunogenic cancer cell death. We hypothesized that the combination of oncolytic adenovirus with low-dose temozolomide (TMZ) is safe, effective, and capable of inducing antitumor immune responses. Metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide (CP) was added to selectively reduce regulatory T-cells. Preclinically, combination therapy inhibited tumor growth, increased autophagy, and triggered immunogenic cell death as indicated by elevated calreticulin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and nuclear protein high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) secretion. A total of 41 combination treatments given to 17 chemotherapy-refractory cancer patients were well tolerated. We observed anti- and proinflammatory cytokine release, evidence of virus replication, and induction of neutralizing antibodies. Tumor cells showed increased autophagy post-treatment. Release of HMGB1 into serum--a possible indicator of immune response--increased in 60% of treatments, and seemed to correlate with tumor-specific T-cell responses, observed in 10/15 cases overall (P = 0.0833). Evidence of antitumor efficacy was seen in 67% of evaluable treatments with a trend for increased survival over matched controls treated with virus only. In summary, the combination of oncolytic adenovirus with low-dose TMZ and metronomic CP increased tumor cell autophagy, elicited antitumor immune responses, and showed promising safety and efficacy.
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34
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Alternative serotype adenovirus vaccine vectors elicit memory T cells with enhanced anamnestic capacity compared to Ad5 vectors. J Virol 2012; 87:1373-84. [PMID: 23152535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02058-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine in the STEP study has led to the development of adenovirus vectors derived from alternative serotypes, such as Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48. We have recently demonstrated that vaccines using alternative-serotype Ad vectors confer partial protection against stringent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges in rhesus monkeys. However, phenotypic differences between the T cell responses elicited by Ad5 and those of alternative-serotype Ad vectors remain unexplored. Here, we report the magnitude, phenotype, functionality, and recall capacity of memory T cell responses elicited in mice by Ad5, Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48 vectors expressing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP). Our data demonstrate that memory T cells elicited by Ad5 vectors were high in magnitude but exhibited functional exhaustion and decreased anamnestic potential following secondary antigen challenge compared to Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48 vectors. These data suggest that vaccination with alternative-serotype Ad vectors offers substantial immunological advantages over Ad5 vectors, in addition to circumventing high baseline Ad5-specific neutralizing antibody titers.
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35
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Li X, Mao Q, Wang D, Xia H. A novel Ad5/11 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus for improved glioma therapy. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2159-65. [PMID: 23117867 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies are needed for malignant glioma patients because of the poor prognosis. Gene therapy combined with virotherapy could be the strategy of choice. In this study, we constructed a modified conditionally replicating adenoviral vector CRAd5/11-Sp-eGFP. The novel vector has the following features: i) the transduction efficiency of CRAd5 was increased using a chimeric fiber 5/11 consisting of an Ad5 tail and an Ad11 shaft and knob; ii) the tumor-specific replication of the vector was improved by utilizing the human survivin promoter to control E1 expression and a poly-A signal inserted right after the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) to stop the non-specific transcriptional activity of the ITR; iii) an expression cassette was inserted into the region between the fiber and E4 region for expressing eGFP. In vitro assays demonstrated that the novel vector could efficiently replicate and kill human glioma cells. Furthermore, CRAd5/11‑Sp-eGFP exhibited significantly increased antitumor effects compared with the control adenoviruses in a xenograft model of glioma. Our results indicate that CRAd5/11-Sp-eGFP represents a promising candidate drug in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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36
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Ad3-hTERT-E1A, a fully serotype 3 oncolytic adenovirus, in patients with chemotherapy refractory cancer. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1821-30. [PMID: 22871667 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five patients with chemotherapy refractory cancer were treated with a fully serotype 3-based oncolytic adenovirus Ad3-hTERT-E1A. In mice, Ad3 induced higher amounts of cytokines but less liver damage than Ad5 or Ad5/3. In humans, the only grade 3 adverse reactions were self-limiting cytopenias and generally the safety profile resembled Ad5-based oncolytic viruses. Patients that had been previously treated with Ad5 viruses presented longer lasting lymphocytopenia but no median increase in Ad3-specific T-cells in blood, suggesting immunological activity against antigens other than Ad3 hexon. Frequent alterations in antitumor T-cells in blood were seen regardless of previous virus exposure. Neutralizing antibodies against Ad3 increased in all patients, whereas Ad5 neutralizing antibodies remained stable. Treatment with Ad3-hTERT-E1A resulted in re-emergence of Ad5 viruses from previous treatments into blood and vice versa. Signs of possible efficacy were seen in 11/15 (73%) patients evaluable for tumor markers, four of which were treated only intravenously. Particularly promising results were seen in breast cancer patients and especially those receiving concomitant trastuzumab. Taken together, Ad3-hTERT-E1A seems safe for further clinical testing or development of armed versions. It offers an immunologically attractive alternative, with possible pharmacodynamic differences and a different receptor compared to Ad5.
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37
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Li X, Mao Q, Wang D, Zhang W, Xia H. A fiber chimeric CRAd vector Ad5/11-D24 double-armed with TRAIL and arresten for enhanced glioblastoma therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:589-96. [PMID: 22136065 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas remain refractory to treatment despite advances in chemotherapy and surgical techniques. Conditionally replicating adenoviral vector (CRAd) could kill the tumor cells by selectively replicating in neoplastic cells, which represents a novel strategy for tumor therapy. Although CRAd with a 24-bp deletion in CR2 of the E1 region (CRAd5-D24) has been shown to have a better therapeutic effect over the other types of CRAd vectors, the current CRAd5-D24 still has some shortcomings for an efficient therapy of gliomas. In this study, we developed for the first time a novel vector CRAd5/11-D24.TRAIL/arresten by the following strategies: (1) modify CRAd5-D24 with Ad5/11 chimeric fiber to improve its infection efficiency for glioblastoma; and (2) insert two transgene expression cassettes into the E3 region and the region between the fiber and E4, respectively, for an enhanced therapeutic effect. The results indicated that the CRAd5/11-D24.TRAIL/arresten achieved nearly complete inhibition of glioma growth in nude mice possibly by increased antiangiogenesis and enhanced tumor apoptosis. The vector is the first reported E1A D24-deleted, Ad5/11 chimeric, and dual-armed oncolytic virus that shows markedly improved antitumor activities compared with the conventional oncolytic viruses. This novel antitumor agent should be evaluated further in future preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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38
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Avidity binding of human adenovirus serotypes 3 and 7 to the membrane cofactor CD46 triggers infection. J Virol 2011; 86:1623-37. [PMID: 22130529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06181-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The species B human adenoviruses (HAdVs) infect cells upon attaching to CD46 or desmoglein 2 (DSG-2) by one or several of their 12 fiber knob trimers (FKs). To test whether DSG-2 and CD46 simultaneously serve as virus receptors for adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), we performed individual and combined CD46/DSG-2 loss-of-function studies in human lung A549 and 16HBE14o cells. Our results suggest that in these cells, DSG-2 functions as a major attachment receptor for Ad3, whereas CD46 exerts a minor contribution to virus attachment and uptake in the range of ∼10%. However, in other cells the role of CD46 may be more pronounced depending on, e.g., the expression levels of the receptors. To test if avidity allows Ad3/7 to use CD46 as a receptor, we performed gain-of-function studies. The cell surface levels of ectopically expressed CD46 in CHO or human M010119 melanoma cells lacking DSG-2 positively correlated with Ad3/7 infections, while Ad11/35 infections depended on CD46 but less on CD46 levels. Antibody-cross-linked soluble CD46 blocked Ad3/7/11/35 infections, while soluble CD46 alone blocked Ad11/35 but not Ad3/7. Soluble Ad3/7-FKs poorly inhibited Ad3/7 infection of CHO-CD46 cells, illustrating that Ad3/7-FKs bind with low affinity to CD46. This was confirmed by Biacore studies. Ad3/7-FK binding to immobilized CD46 at low density was not detected, unlike that of Ad11/35-FK. At higher CD46 densities, however, Ad3/7-FK bound to CD46 with only 15-fold-higher dissociation constants than those of Ad11/35-FK. These data show that an avidity mechanism for Ad3/7 binding to CD46 leads to infection of CD46-positive cells.
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Faure M, Rabourdin-Combe C. Innate immunity modulation in virus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:6-12. [PMID: 22440562 PMCID: PMC7102793 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entry into a cell submits viruses to detection by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leading to an early innate anti-viral response. Several viruses evolved strategies to avoid or subvert PRR recognition at the step of virus entry to promote infection. Whereas viruses mostly escape from soluble PRR detection, endocytic/phagocytic PRRs, such as the mannose receptor or DC-SIGN, are commonly used for virus entry. Moreover, virion-incorporated proteins may also offer viruses a way to dampen anti-viral innate immunity upon virus entry, and entering viruses might usurp autophagy to improve their own infectivity.
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Silver J, Mei YF. Transduction and oncolytic profile of a potent replication-competent adenovirus 11p vector (RCAd11pGFP) in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17532. [PMID: 21455297 PMCID: PMC3063781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors promise to be more efficient gene delivery vehicles than their replication-deficient counterparts, and chimeric Ad5 vectors that are capable of targeting CD46 are more effective than Ad5 vectors with native fibers. Although several strategies have been used to improve gene transduction and oncolysis, either by modifying their tropism or enhancing their replication capacity, some tumor cells are still relatively refractory to infection by chimeric Ad5. The oncolytic effects of the vectors are apparent in certain tumors but not in others. Here, we report the biological and oncolytic profiles of a replication-competent adenovirus 11p vector (RCAd11pGFP) in colon carcinoma cells. CD46 was abundantly expressed in all cells studied; however, the transduction efficiency of RCAd11pGFP varied. RCAd11pGFP efficiently transduced HT-29, HCT-8, and LS174T cells, but it transduced T84 cells, derived from a colon cancer metastasis in the lung, less efficiently. Interestingly, RCAd11p replicated more rapidly in the T84 cells than in HCT-8 and LS174T cells and as rapidly as in HT-29 cells. Cell toxicity and proliferation assays indicated that RCAd11pGFP had the highest cell-killing activities in HT29 and T84 cells, the latter of which also expressed the highest levels of glycoproteins of the carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) family. In vivo experiments showed significant growth inhibition of T84 and HT-29 tumors in xenograft mice treated with either RCAd11pGFP or Ad11pwt compared to untreated controls. Thus, RCAd11pGFP has a potent cytotoxic effect on colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Silver
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ya-Fang Mei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
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Wang H, Li ZY, Liu Y, Persson J, Beyer I, Möller T, Koyuncu D, Drescher MR, Strauss R, Zhang XB, Wahl JK, Urban N, Drescher C, Hemminki A, Fender P, Lieber A. Desmoglein 2 is a receptor for adenovirus serotypes 3, 7, 11 and 14. Nat Med 2010; 17:96-104. [PMID: 21151137 PMCID: PMC3074512 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have identified desmoglein 2 (DSG2) as the primary high-affinity receptor used by adenovirus (Ad) serotypes Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, and Ad14. These serotypes represent important human pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. In epithelial cells, adenovirus binding to DSG2 triggers events reminiscent of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, leading to transient opening of intercellular junctions. This improves access to receptors, e.g. CD46 and Her2/neu, that are trapped in intercellular junctions. In addition to complete virions, dodecahedral particles (PtDd), formed by viral penton and fiber in excess during viral replication, can trigger DSG2-mediated opening of intercellular junctions as shown by studies with recombinant Ad3 PtDd. Our findings shed light on adenovirus biology and pathogenesis and have implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Unity and diversity in the human adenoviruses: exploiting alternative entry pathways for gene therapy. Biochem J 2010; 431:321-36. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Ads (adenoviruses) have been extensively utilized for the development of vectors for gene transfer, as they infect many cell types and do not integrate their genome into host-cell chromosomes. In addition, they have been widely studied as cytolytic viruses, termed oncolytic adenoviruses in cancer therapy. Ads are non-enveloped viruses with a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 30–38 kb which encodes 30–40 genes. At least 52 human Ad serotypes have been identified and classified into seven species, A–G. The Ad capsid has icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 252 capsomers, of which 240 are located on the facets of the capsid and consist of a trimeric hexon protein and the remaining 12 capsomers, the pentons, are at the vertices and comprise the penton base and projecting fibre protein. The entry of Ads into human cells is a two-step process. In the first step, the fibre protein mediates a primary interaction with the cell, effectively tethering the virus particle to the cell surface via a cellular attachment protein. The penton base then interacts with cell-surface integrins, leading to virus internalization. This interaction of the fibre protein with a number of cell-surface molecules appears to be important in determining the tropism of adenoviruses. Ads from all species, except species B and certain serotypes of species D, utilize CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor) as their primary cellular-attachment protein, whereas most species B Ads use CD46, a complement regulatory protein. Such species-specific differences, as well as adaptations or modifications of Ads required for applications in gene therapy, form the major focus of the present review.
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Murakami M, Ugai H, Wang M, Belousova N, Dent P, Fisher PB, Glasgow JN, Everts M, Curiel DT. An adenoviral vector expressing human adenovirus 5 and 3 fiber proteins for targeting heterogeneous cell populations. Virology 2010; 407:196-205. [PMID: 20828776 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5) attaches to its primary receptor, the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) as the first step of infection. However, CAR expression decreases as tumors progress, thereby diminishing the utility of HAdV-5-based vectors for cancer therapy. In contrast, many aggressive tumor cells highly express CD46, a cellular receptor for HAdV-3. We hypothesized that a mosaic HAdV vector, containing two kinds of fiber proteins, would provide extensive transduction in a heterogeneous population of tumor cells with varying expression levels of HAdV receptors. We therefore generated a fiber-mosaic HAdV vector displaying both a chimeric HAdV-3 fiber and the HAdV-5 fiber protein. We verified the structural integrity of purified viral particles and confirmed that the fiber-mosaic HAdV vector has expanded tropism. We conclude that the use of fiber-mosaic HAdV vectors is a promising approach for transducing a heterogeneous cell population with different expression levels of adenovirus receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Murakami
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Treatment of cancer patients with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing GMCSF. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1874-84. [PMID: 20664527 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmenting antitumor immunity is a promising way to enhance the potency of oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) can mediate antitumor effects by recruiting natural killer cells and by induction of tumor-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Serotype 5 adenoviruses (Ad5) are commonly used in cancer gene therapy. However, expression of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor is variable in many advanced tumors and preclinical data have demonstrated an advantage for replacing the Ad5 knob with the Ad3 knob. Here, a 5/3 capsid chimeric and p16-Rb pathway selective oncolytic adenovirus coding for GMCSF was engineered and tested preclinically. A total of 21 patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapies were then treated intratumorally and intravenously with Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF, which was combined with low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide to reduce regulatory T cells. No severe adverse events occurred. Analysis of pretreatment samples of malignant pleural effusion and ascites confirmed the efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF in transduction and cell killing. Evidence of biological activity of the virus was seen in 13/21 patients and 8/12 showed objective clinical benefit as evaluated by radiology with Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Antiadenoviral and antitumoral immune responses were elicited after treatment. Thus, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF seems safe in treating cancer patients and promising signs of efficacy were seen.
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Gustafsson DJ, Andersson EK, Hu YL, Marttila M, Lindman K, Strand M, Wang L, Mei YF. Adenovirus 11p downregulates CD46 early in infection. Virology 2010; 405:474-82. [PMID: 20638094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus 11 prototype (Ad11p), belonging to species B, uses CD46 as an attachment receptor. CD46, a complement regulatory molecule, is expressed on all human nucleated cells. We show here that Ad11p virions downregulate CD46 on the surface of K562 cells as early as 5min p.i. Specific binding to CD46 by the Ad11p fiber knob was required to mediate downregulation. The complement regulatory factors CD55 and CD59 were also reduced to a significant extent as a consequence of Ad11p binding to K562 cells. In contrast, binding of Ad7p did not result in downregulation of CD46 early in infection. Thus, the presumed interaction between Ad7p and CD46 did not have the same consequences as the Ad11p-CD46 interaction, the latter virus (Ad11p) being a promising gene therapy vector candidate. These findings may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of species B adenovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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46
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Adenovirus interactions with CD46 on transgenic mouse erythrocytes. Virology 2010; 402:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Macropinocytotic uptake and infection of human epithelial cells with species B2 adenovirus type 35. J Virol 2010; 84:5336-50. [PMID: 20237079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02494-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus serotype 35 (HAdV-35; here referred to as Ad35) causes kidney and urinary tract infections and infects respiratory organs of immunocompromised individuals. Unlike other adenoviruses, Ad35 has a low seroprevalence, which makes Ad35-based vectors promising candidates for gene therapy. Ad35 utilizes CD46 and integrins as receptors for infection of epithelial and hematopoietic cells. Here we show that infectious entry of Ad35 into HeLa cells, human kidney HK-2 cells, and normal human lung fibroblasts strongly depended on CD46 and integrins but not heparan sulfate and variably required the large GTPase dynamin. Ad35 infections were independent of expression of the carboxy-terminal domain of AP180, which effectively blocks clathrin-mediated uptake. Ad35 infections were inhibited by small chemicals against serine/threonine kinase Pak1 (p21-activated kinase), protein kinase C (PKC), sodium-proton exchangers, actin, and acidic organelles. Remarkably, the F-actin inhibitor jasplakinolide, the Pak1 inhibitor IPA-3, or the sodium-proton exchange inhibitor 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) blocked endocytic uptake of Ad35. Dominant-negative proteins or small interfering RNAs against factors driving macropinocytosis, including the small GTPase Rac1, Pak1, or the Pak1 effector C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1), potently inhibited Ad35 infection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron microscopy, and live cell imaging showed that Ad35 colocalized with fluid-phase markers in large endocytic structures that were positive for CD46, alphanu integrins, and also CtBP1. Our results extend earlier observations with HAdV-3 (Ad3) and establish macropinocytosis as an infectious pathway for species B human adenoviruses in epithelial and hematopoietic cells.
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Murakami M, Ugai H, Belousova N, Pereboev A, Dent P, Fisher PB, Everts M, Curiel DT. Chimeric adenoviral vectors incorporating a fiber of human adenovirus 3 efficiently mediate gene transfer into prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2010; 70:362-76. [PMID: 19902467 PMCID: PMC2862273 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a range of adenoviral (Ad) vectors based on human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5) displaying the fiber shaft and knob domains of species B viruses (HAdV-3, -11, or -35). These species B Ads utilize different cellular receptors than HAdV-5 for infection. We evaluated whether Ad vectors displaying species B fiber shaft and knob domains (Ad5F3Luc1, Ad5F11Luc1, and Ad5F35Luc1) would efficiently infect cancer cells of distinct origins, including prostate cancer. METHODS The fiber chimeric Ad vectors were genetically generated and compared with the original Ad vector (Ad5Luc1) for transductional efficiency in a variety of cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer cells and primary prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), using luciferase as a reporter gene. RESULTS Prostate cancer cell lines infected with Ad5F3Luc1 expressed higher levels of luciferase than Ad5Luc1, as well as the other chimeric Ad vectors. We also analyzed the transductional efficiency via monitoring of luciferase activity in prostate cancer cells when expressed as a fraction of the gene transfer in PrEC cells. In the PC-3 and DU145 cell lines, the gene transfer ratio of cancer cells versus PrEC was once again highest for Ad5F3Luc1. CONCLUSION Of the investigated chimeric HAdV-5/species B vectors, Ad5F3Luc1 was judged to be the most suitable for targeting prostate cancer cells as it showed the highest transductional efficiency in these cells. It is foreseeable that an Ad vector incorporating the HAdV-3 fiber could potentially be used for prostate cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Murakami
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hideyo Ugai
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Natalya Belousova
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexander Pereboev
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Maaike Everts
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Correspondence to: David T. Curiel, MD. Ph.D., Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2-502, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 USA. Phone: (205) 934-8627. Fax: (205) 975-7476.
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Koski A, Rajecki M, Guse K, Kanerva A, Ristimäki A, Pesonen S, Escutenaire S, Hemminki A. Systemic adenoviral gene delivery to orthotopic murine breast tumors with ablation of coagulation factors, thrombocytes and Kupffer cells. J Gene Med 2010; 11:966-77. [PMID: 19670332 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid clearance of adenoviruses from blood by macrophage lineage cells of the liver and spleen, and binding to platelets, hinder their successful systemic use for cancer gene therapy. Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors are important mediators for the adenovirus liver tropism. Here we aim to determine the effects of coagulation factor, thrombocyte and liver macrophage (Kupffer cell) ablation on biodistribution of serotype 5 adenoviruses in mice with orthotopic breast tumors. METHODS Prior to intravenous injection of adenoviruses, mice bearing orthotopic breast tumors were pretreated with warfarin to inhibit vitamin K dependent coagulation factor synthesis, an anti-platelet antibody causing thrombocytopenia or an inhibitor of the Kupffer cell scavenger receptor or their combination. Virus availability in blood after injection was determined from blood samples and transgene expression in tissues analyzed 72 hours afterwards with In Vivo Imaging and luciferase assays. RESULTS Warfarin pretreatment reduced gene delivery to liver, spleen and lung. Kupffer cell ablation increased persistence of adenoviruses in blood but didn't affect biodistribution significantly. Depletion of Kupffer cells combined with thrombocytopenia doubled the systemic gene delivery of 5/3 chimeric adenovirus to tumors (p < 0.05). Triple ablation of platelets, Kupffer cells and coagulation factors increased the tumor to liver ratio of systemic adenovirus gene delivery by 81% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Depletion of coagulation factors can reduce transduction of liver, spleen and lung. Kupffer cell depletion is the most feasible method of increasing amount adenovirus in systemic blood flow and in combination with ablation of thrombocytes can increase the transduction of adenovirus to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Selective transduction of mature DC in human skin and lymph nodes by CD80/CD86-targeted fiber-modified adenovirus-5/3. J Immunother 2010; 32:895-906. [PMID: 19816192 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b56deb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo targeting of dendritic cells (DC) represents an attractive alternative to currently apply ex vivo DC-based genetic tumor vaccination protocols. Finding the optimal vector for in vivo targeting of DC is important for such strategies. We, therefore, tested a panel of subgroup C/B chimeric and fiber-modified adenoviruses (Ads) for their relative capacity to transduce human DC. We made use of in vitro generated Langerhans cells, and of ex vivo human skin and melanoma-draining lymph node derived DC. Of the tested viruses the C/B-chimeric adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)/3 virus most efficiently transduced in vitro generated Langerhans cells. In addition, Ad5/3 preferentially targeted mature myeloid DC from human skin and draining lymph node and transduced them at significantly higher frequencies than Ad5. In addition, Ad5/3 was more specific for mature human skin-derived CD1a+ CD83+ DC than the previously reported DC-transducing C/B-chimeric vector Ad5/35, infecting less bystander cells. It was previously reported that Ad5/3 transduced human monocyte-derived DC by binding to the B7 molecules CD80 and CD86. High-efficiency transduction of mature skin-derived DC was similarly shown to be mediated through binding to CD80/CD86 and not to interfere with subsequent T-cell priming. We conclude that Ad5/3, in combination with DC-activating adjuvants, represents a promising therapeutic tool for the in vivo transduction of mature DC, and may be less likely to induce unwanted side effects such as immune tolerance through the infection of nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells.
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