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Mishra R, Biswas SK, Nandi S, Mahajan S, Sai Balaji KG, Gairola V, Poloju D, Gulzar S, Singh KP, Singh RK, Sharma GK. Deciphering the genetic landscape of lumpy skin disease: Unraveling variable virulence through comprehensive genome sequence analysis in India. Virology 2024; 596:110123. [PMID: 38805805 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), a poxvirus disease affecting cattle, emerged in India in 2019 and intensified in 2022, resulting in significant economic losses for dairy farmers. There was unusual shift in mortality and morbidity patterns during the second wave. A comprehensive genetic study conducted, analyzing samples from 2019 to 2022 revealed circulation of two distinct subclades (subclade 1.2a and 1.2b) in India, with the latter showing a different pattern in morbidity and mortality. Notably, the Ankyrin repeats gene-based analysis could differentiate animals with varying clinical scores. Genetic variations were significant, with unique deletions identified, including a 12-nucleotide deletion in the GPCR gene in virus isolates collected during 2022 outbreaks, not reported earlier in Indian LSDV strains. A crucial finding was a significant 95-nucleotide deletion in the Functional Resolution Sequence (FRS) repeats of LSDV genomes from 2022 outbreaks, absent in 2019 samples. These deletions may have influenced the virus's virulence in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mishra
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - S K Biswas
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - S Nandi
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - S Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - K G Sai Balaji
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - V Gairola
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - D Poloju
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - S Gulzar
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - K P Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
| | - G K Sharma
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
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2
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Ezzemani W, Ouladlahsen A, Altawalah H, Saile R, Sarih M, Kettani A, Ezzikouri S. Identification of novel T-cell epitopes on monkeypox virus and development of multi-epitopes vaccine using immunoinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5349-5364. [PMID: 37354141 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPV) is closely related to the smallpox virus, and previous data from Africa suggest that the smallpox vaccine (VARV) is at least 85% effective in preventing MPV. No multi-epitope vaccine has yet been developed to prevent MPV infection. In this work, we used in silico structural biology and advanced immunoinformatic strategies to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against MPV infection. The designed vaccine sequence is adjuvanted with CpG-ODN and includes HTL/CTL epitopes for similar proteins between vaccinia virus (VACV) that induced T-cell production in vaccinated volunteers and the first draft sequence of the MPV genome associated with the suspected outbreak in several countries, May 2022. In addition, the specific binding of the modified vaccine and the immune Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was estimated by molecular interaction studies. Strong interaction in the binding groove as well as good docking scores confirmed the stringency of the modified vaccine. The stability of the interaction was confirmed by a classical molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Then, the immune simulation also indicated the ability of this vaccine to induce an effective immune response against MPV. Codon optimization and in silico cloning of the vaccine into the pET-28a (+) vector also showed its expression potential in the E. coli K12 system. The promising data obtained from the various in silico studies indicate that this vaccine is effective against MPV. However, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are still needed to confirm its efficacy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Ezzemani
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rachid Saile
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Wang H, Tian J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhang G. Current Status of Poultry Recombinant Virus Vector Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:630. [PMID: 38932359 PMCID: PMC11209050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are the mainstays of preventing viral poultry diseases. However, the development of recombinant DNA technology in recent years has enabled the generation of recombinant virus vector vaccines, which have the advantages of preventing multiple diseases simultaneously and simplifying the vaccination schedule. More importantly, some can induce a protective immune response in the presence of maternal antibodies and offer long-term immune protection. These advantages compensate for the shortcomings of traditional vaccines. This review describes the construction and characterization of primarily poultry vaccine vectors, including fowl poxvirus (FPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT). In addition, the pathogens targeted and the immunoprotective effect of different poultry recombinant virus vector vaccines are also presented. Finally, this review discusses the challenges in developing vector vaccines and proposes strategies for improving immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (J.T.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Suraweera CD, Espinoza B, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Mastering Death: The Roles of Viral Bcl-2 in dsDNA Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:879. [PMID: 38932171 PMCID: PMC11209288 DOI: 10.3390/v16060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family regulate cellular fate via multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, metabolism, inflammation, redox homeostasis, and calcium flux. There are several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and autophagy, that use distinct molecular mechanisms to elicit the death response. However, the same proteins/genes may be deployed in multiple biochemical pathways. In apoptosis, Bcl-2 proteins control the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) by regulating the formation of pores in the MOM and apoptotic cell death. A number of prosurvival genes populate the genomes of viruses including those of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family. Viral Bcl-2 proteins are sequence and structural homologs of their cellular counterparts and interact with cellular proteins in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, potentially allowing them to modulate these pathways and determine cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Espinoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Araf Y, Nipa JF, Naher S, Maliha ST, Rahman H, Arafat KI, Munif MR, Uddin MJ, Jeba N, Saha S, Zhai J, Hasan SMN, Xue M, Hossain MG, Zheng C. Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:8839830. [PMID: 38836166 PMCID: PMC11150048 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8839830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Araf
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous Nipa
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sabekun Naher
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Tasnim Maliha
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Ifthi Arafat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Raguib Munif
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Nurejunnati Jeba
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - S M Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Loganathan T, Fletcher J, Abraham P, Kannangai R, Chakraborty C, El Allali A, Alsamman AM, Zayed H, C GPD. Expression analysis and mapping of Viral-Host Protein interactions of Poxviridae suggests a lead candidate molecule targeting Mpox. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:483. [PMID: 38730352 PMCID: PMC11088078 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox (Mpox) is an important human pathogen without etiological treatment. A viral-host interactome study may advance our understanding of molecular pathogenesis and lead to the discovery of suitable therapeutic targets. METHODS GEO Expression datasets characterizing mRNA profile changes in different host responses to poxviruses were analyzed for shared pathway identification, and then, the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) maps were built. The viral gene expression datasets of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and Vaccinia virus (VACV) were used to identify the significant viral genes and further investigated for their binding to the library of targeting molecules. RESULTS Infection with MPXV interferes with various cellular pathways, including interleukin and MAPK signaling. While most host differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are predominantly downregulated upon infection, marked enrichments in histone modifiers and immune-related genes were observed. PPI analysis revealed a set of novel virus-specific protein interactions for the genes in the above functional clusters. The viral DEGs exhibited variable expression patterns in three studied cell types: primary human monocytes, primary human fibroblast, and HeLa, resulting in 118 commonly deregulated proteins. Poxvirus proteins C6R derived protein K7 and K7R of MPXV and VACV were prioritized as targets for potential therapeutic interventions based on their histone-regulating and immunosuppressive properties. In the computational docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) experiments, these proteins were shown to bind the candidate small molecule S3I-201, which was further prioritized for lead development. RESULTS MPXV circumvents cellular antiviral defenses by engaging histone modification and immune evasion strategies. C6R-derived protein K7 binding candidate molecule S3I-201 is a priority promising candidate for treating Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamizhini Loganathan
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632004, India
| | | | - Achraf El Allali
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Mohammed, Morocco.
| | - Alsamman M Alsamman
- Department of Genome Mapping, Molecular Genetics, and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, QU. Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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da Silva GB, de Carvalho Braga G, Simões JLB, Kempka AP, Bagatini MD. Cytokine storm in human monkeypox: A possible involvement of purinergic signaling. Cytokine 2024; 177:156560. [PMID: 38447385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Some evidence has indicated that monkeypox can induce a cytokine storm. Purinergic signaling is a cell pathway related to the cytokine storm. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to cytokine storms in monkeypox infections and the possible involvement of purinergic signaling in the immune response to this virus remain unknown. In this review article, we aimed to highlight a body of scientific evidence that consolidates the role of the cytokine storm in monkeypox infection and proposes a new hypothesis regarding the roles of purinergic signaling in this immune-mediated mechanism. We further suggested some purinergic signaling modulators to mitigate the deleterious and aggravating effects of immune dysregulation in human monkeypox virus infection by inhibiting P2X3, P2X7, P2Y2, and P2Y12, reducing inflammation, and activating A1 and A2A receptors to promote an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilnei Bruno da Silva
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Aniela Pinto Kempka
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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8
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Yaseen AR, Suleman M, Jabeen A, Nezami L, Qadri AS, Arif A, Arshad I, Iqbal K, Yaqoob T, Khan Z. Design and computational evaluation of a novel multi-epitope hybrid vaccine against monkeypox virus: Potential targets and immunogenicity assessment for pandemic preparedness. Biologicals 2024; 86:101770. [PMID: 38749079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a type of DNA-enveloped virus that belongs to the orthopoxvirus family, closely related to the smallpox virus. It can cause an infectious disease in humans known as monkeypox disease. Although there are multiple drugs and vaccines designed to combat orthopoxvirus infections, with a primary focus on smallpox, the recent spread of the monkeypox virus to over 50 countries have ignited a mounting global concern. This unchecked viral proliferation has raised apprehensions about the potential for a pandemic corresponding to the catastrophic impact of COVID-19. This investigation explored the structural proteins of monkeypox virus as potential candidates for designing a novel hybrid multi-epitope vaccine. The epitopes obtained from the selected proteins were screened to ensure their non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, and antigenicity to trigger T and B-cell responses. The interaction of the vaccine with toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) and major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) was assessed using Cluspro 2.0. To establish the reliability of the docked complexes, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted using Immune and MD Simulations and Normal Mode Analysis. However, to validate the computational results of this study, additional in-vitro and in-vivo research is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Rakha Yaseen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Aqsa Jabeen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Laiba Nezami
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Salam Qadri
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Arif
- Centre for Applied Molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Iram Arshad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Khadija Iqbal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tasuduq Yaqoob
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Zoha Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Rabaan AA, Alshahrani FS, Garout M, Alissa M, Mashraqi MM, Alshehri AA, Alsaleh AA, Alwarthan S, Sabour AA, Alfaraj AH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, Abduljabbar WA, Aljeldah M, Alestad JH. Repositioning of anti-infective compounds against monkeypox virus core cysteine proteinase: a molecular dynamics study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8. [PMID: 38652365 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) core cysteine proteinase (CCP) is one of the major drug targets used to examine the inhibitory action of chemical moieties. In this study, an in silico technique was applied to screen 1395 anti-infective compounds to find out the potential molecules against the MPXV-CCP. The top five hits were selected after screening and processed for exhaustive docking based on the docked score of ≤ -9.5 kcal/mol. Later, the top three hits based on the exhaustive-docking score and interaction profile were selected to perform MD simulations. The overall RMSD suggested that two compounds, SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate, showed a highly stable complex with a standard deviation of 0.18 and 0.23 nm, respectively. Later, the MM/GBSA binding free energies of complexes showed significant binding strength with ΔGTOTAL from -21.59 to -15 kcal/mol. This report reported the potential inhibitory activity of SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate against MPXV-CCP by competitively inhibiting the binding of the native substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Fatimah S Alshahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 11362, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, 34222, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 34212, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Sabour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, 33261, Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical laboratory sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, 21134, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, 39831, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehan H Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UK.
- Microbiology Department, Collage of Medicine, 46300, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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Yang CH, Song AL, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Cross-species transmission and host range genes in poxviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:177-193. [PMID: 38272237 PMCID: PMC11074647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent epidemic of human mpox, caused by mpox virus (MPXV), raises concerns about the future spread of MPXV and other poxviruses. MPXV is a typical zoonotic virus which can infect human and cause smallpox-like symptoms. MPXV belongs to the Poxviridae family, which has a relatively broad host range from arthropods to vertebrates. Cross-species transmission of poxviruses among different hosts has been frequently reported and resulted in numerous epidemics. Poxviruses have a complex linear double-strand DNA genome that encodes hundreds of proteins. Genes related to the host range of poxvirus are called host range genes (HRGs). This review briefly introduces the taxonomy, phylogeny and hosts of poxviruses, and then comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge about the cross-species transmission of poxviruses. In particular, the HRGs of poxvirus are described and their impacts on viral host range are discussed in depth. We hope that this review will provide a comprehensive perspective about the current progress of researches on cross-species transmission and HRG variation of poxviruses, serving as a valuable reference for academic studies and disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - A-Ling Song
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
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11
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Bahreyni A, Mohamud Y, Luo H. Oncolytic virus-based combination therapy in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216634. [PMID: 38309616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to pose significant challenges in the field of oncology, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. Among these, oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising frontier in the battle against various types of cancer, including breast cancer. These viruses, often genetically modified, have the unique ability to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Their efficacy in tumor eradication is not only owing to direct cell lysis but also relies on their capacity to activate the immune system, thereby eliciting a potent and sustained antitumor response. While oncolytic viruses represent a significant advancement in cancer treatment, the complexity and adaptability inherent to cancer require a diverse array of therapies. The concept of combining oncolytic viruses with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies, has received significant attention. This synergistic approach capitalizes on the strengths of each therapy, thus creating a comprehensive strategy to tackle the heterogeneous and evolving nature of breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth discussion of preclinical and clinical viro-based combination therapy in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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12
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Samolej J, White IJ, Strang BL, Mercer J. Cardiac glycosides inhibit early and late vaccinia virus protein expression. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001971. [PMID: 38546099 PMCID: PMC10995631 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural steroid glycosides, which act as inhibitors of the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Although traditionally considered toxic to human cells, CGs are widely used as drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular-related medical conditions. More recently, CGs have been explored as potential anti-viral drugs and inhibit replication of a range of RNA and DNA viruses. Previously, a compound screen identified CGs that inhibited vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. However, no further investigation of the inhibitory potential of these compounds was performed, nor was there investigation of the stage(s) of the poxvirus lifecycle they impacted. Here, we investigated the anti-poxvirus activity of a broad panel of CGs. We found that all CGs tested were potent inhibitors of VACV replication. Our virological experiments showed that CGs did not impact virus infectivity, binding, or entry. Rather, experiments using recombinant viruses expressing reporter proteins controlled by VACV promoters and arabinoside release assays demonstrated that CGs inhibited early and late VACV protein expression at different concentrations. Lack of virus assembly in the presence of CGs was confirmed using electron microscopy. Thus, we expand our understanding of compounds with anti-poxvirus activity and highlight a yet unrecognized mechanism by which poxvirus replication can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samolej
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Kumar A, Singh N, Anvikar AR, Misra G. Monkeypox virus: insights into pathogenesis and laboratory testing methods. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38357674 PMCID: PMC10861412 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that transmits between monkeys and humans, exhibiting clinical similarities with the smallpox virus. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of MPXV revealed that an initial strong innate immune response is elicited on viral infection that subsequently helps in circumventing the host defense. Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global public health emergency in July 2022, it became essential to clearly demarcate the MPXV-induced symptoms from other viral infections. We have exhaustively searched the various databases involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline to extract the information comprehensively compiled in this review. The primary focus of this review is to describe the diagnostic methods for MPXV such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays, along with developments in viral isolation, imaging techniques, and next-generation sequencing. These innovative technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Significant discoveries involving MPXV immunopathogenesis have also been highlighted. Overall, this will be a knowledge repertoire that will be crucial for the development of efficient monitoring and control strategies in response to the MPXV infection helping clinicians and researchers in formulating healthcare strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Neeraj Singh
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Gauri Misra
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
- Head Molecular Diagnostics and COVID-19 Kit Testing Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), Noida, U.P. 201309 India
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14
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Saha S, Chatterjee P, Nasipuri M, Basu S, Chakraborti T. Computational drug repurposing for viral infectious diseases: a case study on monkeypox. Brief Funct Genomics 2024:elad058. [PMID: 38183212 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional method of drug reuse or repurposing has significantly contributed to the identification of new antiviral compounds and therapeutic targets, enabling rapid response to developing infectious illnesses. This article presents an overview of how modern computational methods are used in drug repurposing for the treatment of viral infectious diseases. These methods utilize data sets that include reviewed information on the host's response to pathogens and drugs, as well as various connections such as gene expression patterns and protein-protein interaction networks. We assess the potential benefits and limitations of these methods by examining monkeypox as a specific example, but the knowledge acquired can be applied to other comparable disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Techno Main Salt Lake, EM-4/1, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Garia, Kolkata-700152, India
| | - Mita Nasipuri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India
| | - Tapabrata Chakraborti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Health Science Programme, The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- Linacre College, University of Oxford, UK
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15
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Rabaan AA, Halwani MA, Alshehri AA, Al-Subaie MF, Almansour ZH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, Khamis F, Al Kaabi NA, Alsomali G, Alqahtani AS, Alissa M. Bioprospecting of Meliaceae family phytomolecules for the treatment of monkeypox virus infection: a QSAR modeling and MD simulation approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38174404 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections show the risk of MPXV transmission that persists today and the significance of surveillance and quick response methods to stop the virus's spread. Currently, the monkeypox virus infection is not specifically treated. In this study, QSAR models were designed using known inhibitors of cysteine proteinase from the vaccinia virus, where the Random Forest model and Ridge model had showed the best correlation between predicted and observed EC50. These models were used to screen Maliaceae family phytochemicals against MPXV cysteine proteinase. The compound, IMPHY010637 was detected in top 5 from both the QSAR screening models and showed best docked score (-8.6 kcal/mol) and thus selected for further investigation. Further, the IMPHY010637 showed interaction with the catalytic residue His241 of the protein as reported in earlier studies. The ADMET analysis of the compound showed the acceptable drug-like properties of IMPHY010637. However, these properties could be improved after experimental validation of protein-ligand binding. Both docked complex and poses created in 100 ns MD simulation of the protein-ligand complex showed the presence of multiple hydrogen bonds. RMSD and conformation analysis showed stable binding of IMPHY010637 with the cysteine proteinase of MPXV at its active site. Compared to the known inhibitor, IMPHY010637 showed better binding with the protein as observed by the PCA and MM/GBSA analysis. This study concluded IMPHY010637 as a potential inhibitor for the cysteine proteinase of MPXV using computational methods that could be tested in in-vitro experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F Al-Subaie
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab H Almansour
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faryal Khamis
- Infection Diseases unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nawal A Al Kaabi
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaneema Alsomali
- Infection prevention and control Department, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Li Y, Zhu J, Guo Y, Yan R. Structural insight into the assembly and working mechanism of helicase-primase D5 from Mpox virus. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:68-81. [PMID: 38177671 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox pandemic, caused by the Mpox virus (or monkeypox virus, MPXV), has gained global attention. The D5 protein, a putative helicase-primase found in MPXV, plays a vital role in viral replication and genome uncoating. Here we determined multiple cryo-EM structures of full-length hexameric D5 in diverse states. These states were captured during ATP hydrolysis while moving along the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) track. Through comprehensive structural analysis combined with the helicase activity system, we revealed that when the primase domain is truncated or the interaction between the primase and helicase domains is disrupted, the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) unwinds into ssDNA, suggesting a critical regulatory role of the primase domain. Two transition states bound with ssDNA substrate during unwinding reveals that two ATP molecules were consumed to drive DNA moving forward two nucleotides. Collectively, our findings shed light on the molecular mechanism that links ATP hydrolysis to the DNA unwinding in poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Rohaim MA, Naggar RFE, Atasoy MO, Munir M. Molecular Virology of Orthopoxviruses with Special Reference to Monkeypox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:111-124. [PMID: 38801574 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses are large (200-450 nm) and enveloped viruses carrying double-stranded DNA genome with an epidermal cell-specific adaptation. The genus Orthopoxvirus within Poxviridae family constitutes several medically and veterinary important viruses including variola (smallpox), vaccinia, monkeypox virus (MPXV), and cowpox. The monkeypox disease (mpox) has recently emerged as a public health emergency caused by MPXV. An increasing number of human cases of MPXV have been documented in non-endemic nations without any known history of contact with animals brought in from endemic and enzootic regions, nor have they involved travel to an area where the virus was typically prevalent. Here, we review the MPXV replication, virus pathobiology, mechanism of viral infection transmission, virus evasion the host innate immunity and antiviral therapies against Mpox. Moreover, preventive measures including vaccination were discussed and concluded that cross-protection against MPXV may be possible using antibodies that are directed against an Orthopoxvirus. Despite the lack of a specialised antiviral medication, several compounds such as Cidofovir and Ribavirin warrant consideration against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Mustafa O Atasoy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
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18
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Pockenvirusinfektionen in der Dermatologie: Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-96. [PMID: 38212918 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Familie Poxviridae umfasst derzeit 22 Gattungen, die Wirbeltiere infizieren können. Humanpathogene Pockenviren gehören den Gattungen Ortho‐, Para‐, Mollusci‐ und Yatapoxvirus an. Bis zur Eradikation der Variola vera im Jahr 1979 waren die Pocken, im Volksmund auch Blattern genannt, eine schwerwiegende Gesundheitsbedrohung für die Bevölkerung. Noch heute sind Dermatologen mit zahlreichen Pockenvirusinfektionen konfrontiert, wie den Bauernhofpocken, die als Zoonosen nach Tierkontakten in ländlichen Gebieten oder nach Massenversammlungen auftreten können. In den Tropen können Erkrankungen durch Tanapox‐ oder Vaccinia‐Viren zu den Differenzialdiagnosen gehören. Dellwarzen sind weltweit verbreitet und werden in bestimmten Fällen als sexuell übertragbare Pockenvirusinfektion angesehen. In jüngster Zeit hatten sich Mpox (Affenpocken) zu einer gesundheitlichen Notlage von internationaler Tragweite entwickelt, die eine rasche Identifizierung und angemessene Behandlung durch Dermatologen und Infektiologen erfordert. Fortschritte und neue Erkenntnisse über Epidemiologie, Diagnose, klinische Manifestationen und Komplikationen sowie Behandlung und Prävention von Pockenvirusinfektionen erfordern ein hohes Maß an Fachwissen und interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen Virologie, Infektiologie und Dermatologie. Dieser CME‐Artikel bietet einen aktualisierten systematischen Überblick, um praktizierende Dermatologen bei der Identifizierung, Differenzialdiagnose und Behandlung klinisch relevanter Pockenvirusinfektionen zu unterstützen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, Fachgebiet Sexuell übertragbare bakterielle Krankheitserreger, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-93. [PMID: 38085140 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae currently comprises 22 genera that infect vertebrates. Of these, members of the Ortho-, Para-, Mollusci- and Yatapoxvirus genera have been associated with human diseases of high clinical relevance in dermatology. Historically, smallpox had been a notorious health threat until it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979. Today, dermatologists are confronted with a variety of poxviral infections, such as farmyard pox, which occurs as a zoonotic infection after contact with animals. In the tropics, tanapox or vaccinia may be in the differential diagnosis as neglected tropical dermatoses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection accounts for significant disease burden worldwide and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection in certain scenarios. Recently, mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern, requiring rapid recognition and appropriate management by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. Advances and new insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and complications, treatment, and prevention of poxviral infections require a high level of expertise and interdisciplinary skills from healthcare professionals linking virology, infectious diseases, and dermatology. This CME article provides a systematic overview and update to assist the practicing dermatologist in the identification, differential diagnosis, and management of poxviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- German Reference Laboratory for Gonococci, Unit Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens, Department for Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Agarwala P, Sharma A. Role of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Poxvirus Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:239-252. [PMID: 38801582 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although WHO-led global efforts led to eradication of smallpox over four decades ago, other poxviruses, especially monkeypox, have re-emerged to occupy the ecological niche vacated by smallpox. Many of these viruses produce similar lesions thus mandating a prompt laboratory confirmation. There has been considerable evolution in the techniques available to diagnose these infections and differentiate between them. With the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox, significant efforts were made to apprise the laboratory diagnosis of the virus and numerous real-time-PCR-based assays were made commercially available. This chapter discusses the sample collection and biosafety aspects along with the repertoire of diagnostic modalities, both traditional and emerging, for poxviruses which a special focus on monkeypox. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been illustrated. We have also reflected upon the newer advances and the existing lacunae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, 492001, India.
| | - Archa Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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21
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Shah BM, Modi P. Breaking Barriers: Current Advances and Future Directions in Mpox Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:62-76. [PMID: 38151842 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281263231218070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox, a newly discovered zoonotic infection, can be transmitted from animal to human and between humans. Serological and genomic studies are used to identify the virus. OBJECTIVE Currently, there are no proven effective treatments for Mpox. Also, the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccinia immune globulin, oral Tecovirimat (an inhibitor of intracellular viral release), and oral Brincidofovir (a DNA polymerase inhibitor) against the Mpox virus are uncertain, highlighting the need for more effective and safe treatments. As a result, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy to identify previously licensed drugs that can be repurposed to treat Mpox. RESULTS Various approaches have been employed to identify previously approved drugs that can target specific Mpox virus proteins, including thymidylate kinase, D9 decapping enzyme, E8 protein, Topoisomerase1, p37, envelope proteins (D13, A26, and H3), F13 protein, virus's main cysteine proteases, and DNA polymerase. CONCLUSION In this summary, we provide an overview of potential drugs that could be used to treat Mpox and discuss the underlying biological processes of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
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22
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Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Orf, a Human Parapoxvirus Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:171-181. [PMID: 38801578 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite being common worldwide, parapoxvirus infections are regarded as neglected zoonoses because their incidence is either unknown or grossly overestimated. In ruminants all throughout the world, parapoxvirus produces oral lesions and infectious pustular dermatitis. The pathogen is typically spread directly via items contaminated with parapoxvirus and indirectly via a near contact with dermatological lesions that contain the virus on affected animals. Animals infected with the parapoxvirus typically exhibit no clinical symptoms, and the mode of parapoxvirus transmission is occasionally unclear. For accurate etiological diagnosis and appropriate therapy of patients affected by zoonotic infections, the significance of adopting a "One Health" approach and cross-sector collaboration between human and veterinary medicine should be emphasized. The causative pathogen of ecthyma contagiosum in general people is the orf virus, which mostly infects various animals, either pets or wildlife species. The illness primarily affects minute wild ruminants, sheep, cattle, deer, and goats, and it can spread to people through contact with infected animals or contaminated meats anywhere in the world. Taxonomically speaking, the virus belongs to the parapoxvirus genus. Thus pathogen can be detected from crusts for a very long period (several months to several years), and the virus is found to be resistant to inactivation with a hot or dry atmosphere. In immunocompetent individuals, the lesions often go away on their own with a period as long 2 months. Nevertheless, it necessitates the applying of diverse strategies, such as antiviral, immunological modulator, or modest surgical excisions in immunosuppressed patients. The interaction of the virus with various host populations aids in the development of a defense mechanism against the immune system. The parapoxvirus illness in humans is covered in this chapter. The orf illness, a significant known human parapoxvirus infection, is given specific attention.
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Gopi P, Krishna G, Veettil MV. Biology of Variola Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:139-149. [PMID: 38801576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Variola virus is an anthroponotic agent that belongs to the orthopoxvirus family. It is an etiological agent of smallpox, an ancient disease that caused massive mortality of human populations. Twentieth century has witnessed the death of about 300 million people due to the unavailability of an effective vaccine. Early detection is the primary strategy to prevent an outbreak of smallpox. Variola virus forms the characteristic pus-filled pustules and centrifugal rash distribution in the infected patients while transmission occurs mainly through respiratory droplets during the early stage of infection. No antiviral drugs are approved for variola virus till date. Generation of first-generation vaccines helped in the eradication of smallpox which was declared by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India
| | - Gayathri Krishna
- Institute of Advanced Virology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695317, India
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Aggarwal T, Kondabagil K. Assembly and Evolution of Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:35-54. [PMID: 38801570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxvirus assembly has been an intriguing area of research for several decades. While advancements in experimental techniques continue to yield fresh insights, many questions are still unresolved. Large genome sizes of up to 380 kbp, asymmetrical structure, an exterior lipid bilayer, and a cytoplasmic life cycle are some notable characteristics of these viruses. Inside the particle are two lateral bodies and a protein wall-bound-biconcave core containing the viral nucleocapsid. The assembly progresses through five major stages-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane alteration and rupture, crescent formation, immature virion formation, genome encapsidation, virion maturation and in a subset of viruses, additional envelopment of the virion prior to its dissemination. Several large dsDNA viruses have been shown to follow a comparable sequence of events. In this chapter, we recapitulate our understanding of the poxvirus morphogenesis process while reviewing the most recent advances in the field. We also briefly discuss how virion assembly aids in our knowledge of the evolutionary links between poxviruses and other Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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Nucera F, Bonina L, Cipolla A, Pirina P, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Poxviridae Pneumonia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:183-204. [PMID: 38801579 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral pneumonia (with or without bacterial superinfections). Historically variola virus has been the poxviridae most frequently associated with the development of pneumonia with many large outbreaks worldwide before its eradication in 1980. It is still considered a biological threat for its potential in biological warfare and bioterrorism. Smallpox pneumonia can be severe with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Vaccinia virus, used for vaccination against smallpox exceptionally, in immunocompromised patients, can induce generalized (with also lung involvement) severe disease after vaccination. MPXV virus occasionally can cause pneumonia particularly in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of poxviridae pneumonia is still an area of active research; however, in animal models these viruses can cause both direct damage to the lower airways epithelium and a hyperinflammatory syndrome, like a cytokine storm. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have also been described. The treatment of poxviridae pneumonia is mainly based on careful supportive care. Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials in patients with poxviridae pneumonia there are antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir, FDA-approved for use in smallpox and also available under an expanded access protocol for treatment of MPXV. There are 2 (replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara and replication-competent vaccinia virus) smallpox vaccines FDA-approved with the first one also approved for prevention of MPXV in adults that are at high risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Bonina
- Virologia, Dipartimento di Patologia delle Malattie Umane "G. Barresi", Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Cipolla
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Kumari R, Arya P, Yadav SP, Mishra RC, Yadav JP. Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) Infection: A Review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:76-82. [PMID: 38243966 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265258451231214063506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- Department of Psychology, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Surya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Yoga, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Ratish Chandra Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Department of Zoology, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, 122502, India
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Al-Eitan L, Haddad M, Mihyar A. Poxviruses from the Concept of One Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:21-33. [PMID: 38801569 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the last 4 years, the world has experienced two pandemics of bat-borne viruses. Firstly, in 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started and has been causing millions of deaths around the world. In 2022, a Monkeypox pandemic rose in various countries of the world. Those pandemics have witnessed movements and initiatives from healthcare and research institutions to establish a worldwide understanding to battle any future pandemics and biological threats. One Health concept is a modern, comprehensive, unifying ways to improve humans, animals, and ecosystems' health. This concept shows how much they are intertwined and related to one another, whether it is an environmental, or a pathological relation. This review aims to describe Poxviridae and its impact on the One Health concept, by studying the underlying causes of how poxviruses can affect the health of animals, humans, and environments. Reviewing the effect of disease transmission between animal to human, human to human, and animal to animal with pox viruses as a third party to achieve a total understanding of infection and viral transmission. Thus, contributing to enhance detection, diagnosis, research, and treatments regarding the application of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mountaser Haddad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Chakraborty P, Kumar R, Karn S, Raviya DD, Mondal P. Application of Oncolytic Poxviruses: An Emerging Paradigm in Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:369-381. [PMID: 38801591 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant advancement of new tools and technology in the field of medical biology and molecular biology, the challenges in the treatment of most cancer types remain constant with the problem of developing resistance toward drugs and no substantial enhancement in the overall survival rate of cancer patients. Immunotherapy has shown the most promising results in different clinical and preclinical trials in the treatment of various cancer due to its higher efficacy and minimum collateral damage in many cancer patients as compared to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. An oncolytic virus is a new class of immunotherapy that can selectively replicate in tumor cells and destroy them by the process of cell lysis while exerting minimum or no effect on a normal cell. Besides this, it can also activate the host's innate immune system, which generates an anti-tumor immune response to eliminate the tumor cells. Several wild types and genetically modified viruses have been investigated to show oncolytic behavior. Vaccinia virus has been studied extensively and tested for its promising oncolytic nature on various model systems and clinical trials. Recently, several engineered vaccinia viruses have been developed that express the desired genes encoded for selective penetration in tumor cells and enhanced activation of the immune system for generating anti-tumor immunity. However, further investigation is required to prove their potential and enhance their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Chakraborty
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
| | - Randhir Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Sanjay Karn
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Dharmiben D Raviya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Priya Mondal
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Pei L, Overdahl KE, Shannon JP, Hornick KM, Jarmusch AK, Hickman HD. Profiling whole-tissue metabolic reprogramming during cutaneous poxvirus infection and clearance. J Virol 2023; 97:e0127223. [PMID: 38009914 PMCID: PMC10734417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human poxvirus infections have caused significant public health burdens both historically and recently during the unprecedented global Mpox virus outbreak. Although vaccinia virus (VACV) infection of mice is a commonly used model to explore the anti-poxvirus immune response, little is known about the metabolic changes that occur in vivo during infection. We hypothesized that the metabolome of VACV-infected skin would reflect the increased energetic requirements of both virus-infected cells and immune cells recruited to sites of infection. Therefore, we profiled whole VACV-infected skin using untargeted mass spectrometry to define the metabolome during infection, complementing these experiments with flow cytometry and transcriptomics. We identified specific metabolites, including nucleotides, itaconic acid, and glutamine, that were differentially expressed during VACV infection. Together, this study offers insight into both virus-specific and immune-mediated metabolic pathways that could contribute to the clearance of cutaneous poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E. Overdahl
- Metabolomics Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John P. Shannon
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine M. Hornick
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan K. Jarmusch
- Metabolomics Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Santos D, Fagulha T, Duarte MD, Duarte A, Ramos F, Barros SC, Luís T, Henriques AM. Snapshot of the Phylogenetic Relationships among Avian Poxviruses Circulating in Portugal between 2017 and 2023. Vet Sci 2023; 10:693. [PMID: 38133244 PMCID: PMC10747575 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Avipoxvirus (APV), a linear dsDNA virus belonging to the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of the family Poxviridae, infects more than 278 species of domestic and wild birds. It is responsible for causing avian pox disease, characterized by its cutaneous and diphtheric forms. With a high transmission capacity, it can cause high economic losses and damage to the ecosystem. Several diagnostic methods are available, and bird vaccination can be an effective preventive measure. Ten APV-positive samples were analyzed to update the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of viruses isolated in Portugal between 2017 and 2023. A P4b gene fragment was amplified using a PCR, and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicons was determined using Sanger sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned using ClustalW, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed. With this study, it was possible to verify that the analyzed sequences are distributed in subclades A1, A2, B1, and B3. Since some of them are quite similar to others from different countries and obtained in different years, it is possible to conclude that there have been several viral introductions in Portugal. Finally, it was possible to successfully update the data on Avipoxviruses in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Margarida Dias Duarte
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Ramos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Sílvia Carla Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Tiago Luís
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.S.); (T.F.); (M.D.D.); (A.D.); (F.R.); (S.C.B.); (T.L.)
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Wang X, Ma L, Li N, Gao N. Structural insights into the assembly and mechanism of mpox virus DNA polymerase complex F8-A22-E4-H5. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4398-4412.e4. [PMID: 37995690 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The DNA replication of mpox virus is performed by the viral polymerase F8 and also requires other viral factors, including processivity factor A22, uracil DNA glycosylase E4, and phosphoprotein H5. However, the molecular roles of these viral factors remain unclear. Here, we characterize the structures of F8-A22-E4 and F8-A22-E4-H5 complexes in the presence of different primer-template DNA substrates. E4 is located upstream of F8 on the template single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and is catalytically active, highlighting a functional coupling between DNA base-excision repair and DNA synthesis. Moreover, H5, in the form of tetramer, binds to the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) region downstream of F8 in a similar position as PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) does in eukaryotic polymerase complexes. Omission of H5 or disruption of its DNA interaction showed a reduced synthesis of full-length DNA products. These structures provide snapshots for the working cycle of the polymerase and generate insights into the mechanisms of these essential factors in viral DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ningning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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32
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Johnson HM, Ahmed CM. Disparate viral pandemics from COVID19 to monkeypox and beyond: a simple, effective and universal therapeutic approach hiding in plain sight. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208828. [PMID: 38106428 PMCID: PMC10722180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of antiviral therapeutics is fixated on COVID19 and rightly so as the fatalities at the height of the pandemic in the United States were almost 1,000,000 in a twelve month period spanning parts of 2020/2021. A coronavirus called SARS-CoV2 is the causative virus. Development of a vaccine through molecular biology approaches with mRNA as the inducer of virus spike protein has played a major role in driving down mortality and morbidity. Antivirals have been of marginal value in established infections at the level of hospitalization. Thus, the current focus is on early symptomatic infection of about the first five days. The Pfizer drug paxlovid which is composed of nirmatrelvir, a peptidomimetic protease inhibitor of SARS-CoV2 Mpro enzyme, and ritonavir to retard degradation of nirmatrelvir, is the current FDA recommended treatment of early COVID19. There is no evidence of broad antiviral activity of paxlovid against other diverse viruses such as the influenza virus, poxviruses, as well as a host of respiratory viruses. Although type I interferons (IFNs) are effective against SARS-CoV2 in cell cultures and in early COVID19 infections, they have not been broadly recommended as therapeutics for COVID19. We have developed stable peptidomimetics of both types I and II IFNs based on our noncanonical model of IFN signaling involving the C-terminus of the IFNs. We have also identified two members of intracellular checkpoint inhibitors called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), SOCS1 and SOCS3 (SOCS1/3), and shown that they are virus induced intrinsic virulence proteins with activity against IFN signaling enzymes JAK2 and TYK2. We developed a peptidomimetic antagonist, based on JAK2 activation loop, against SOCS1/3 and showed that it synergizes with the IFN mimetics for potent broad spectrum antiviral activity without the toxicity of intact IFN molecules. IFN mimetics and the SOCS1/3 antagonist should have an advantage over currently used antivirals in terms of safety and potency against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Lucena-Neto FD, Falcão LFM, Vieira-Junior AS, Moraes ECS, David JPF, Silva CC, Sousa JR, Duarte MIS, Vasconcelos PFC, Quaresma JAS. Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:2301. [PMID: 38140542 PMCID: PMC10747317 DOI: 10.3390/v15122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the Poxviridae family and Orthopoxvirus genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestations and immune evasion associated with the monkeypox viral infection and its complications, making it appropriate as a narrative review. Common external ocular manifestations of MPXV typically involve a generalized pustular rash, keratitis, discharges, and dried secretions related to conjunctival pustules, photophobia, and lacrimation. Orthopoxviruses can evade host immune responses by secreting proteins that antagonize the functions of host IFNγ, CC and CXC chemokines, IL-1β, and the complement system. One of the most important transcription factors downstream of pattern recognition receptors binding is IRF3, which controls the expression of the crucial antiviral molecules IFNα and IFNβ. We strongly recommend that ophthalmologists include MPXV as part of their differential diagnosis when they encounter similar cases presenting with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or corneal lesions. Furthermore, because non-vaccinated individuals are more likely to exhibit these symptoms, it is recommended that healthcare administrators prioritize smallpox vaccination for at-risk groups, including very young children, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, especially those in close contact with MPXV cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. Lucena-Neto
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Luiz F. M. Falcão
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Evelly C. S. Moraes
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Joacy P. F. David
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Camilla C. Silva
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Jorge R. Sousa
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Maria I. S. Duarte
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Juarez A. S. Quaresma
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Hirani R, Noruzi K, Iqbal A, Hussaini AS, Khan RA, Harutyunyan A, Etienne M, Tiwari RK. A Review of the Past, Present, and Future of the Monkeypox Virus: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons from COVID-19 for Global Health Security. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2713. [PMID: 38004725 PMCID: PMC10673257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a rare but significant zoonotic and orthopoxviral disease, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its recent resurgence in multiple countries throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania. The disease has emerged as a novel threat to the global health systems that are still striving to recover from the major shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual manifestation of the illness highlights a substantial knowledge deficit and necessitates the immediate development of a public health action strategy, considering the epidemiological differences observed in the ongoing outbreak and the appearance of cases in non-endemic nations. This literature review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on monkeypox, encompassing its historical context, etiology, epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and recent outbreak. Particular attention is given to both advances and gaps in our understanding of monkeypox, and we point toward future directions for research and intervention efforts as pertains to vaccine development and distribution. Lastly, we will also review the recent outbreak through a sociopolitical lens as relates to decision-making strategies, especially given the lessons learned from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Hirani
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Kaleb Noruzi
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aroubah Iqbal
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Anum S. Hussaini
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rafay A. Khan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aleksandr Harutyunyan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Mill Etienne
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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O’Toole Á, Neher RA, Ndodo N, Borges V, Gannon B, Gomes JP, Groves N, King DJ, Maloney D, Lemey P, Lewandowski K, Loman N, Myers R, Omah IF, Suchard MA, Worobey M, Chand M, Ihekweazu C, Ulaeto D, Adetifa I, Rambaut A. APOBEC3 deaminase editing in mpox virus as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016. Science 2023; 382:595-600. [PMID: 37917680 PMCID: PMC10880385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Historically, mpox has been characterized as an endemic zoonotic disease that transmits through contact with the reservoir rodent host in West and Central Africa. However, in May 2022, human cases of mpox were detected spreading internationally beyond countries with known endemic reservoirs. When the first cases from 2022 were sequenced, they shared 42 nucleotide differences from the closest mpox virus (MPXV) previously sampled. Nearly all these mutations are characteristic of the action of APOBEC3 deaminases, host enzymes with antiviral function. Assuming APOBEC3 editing is characteristic of human MPXV infection, we developed a dual-process phylogenetic molecular clock that-inferring a rate of ~6 APOBEC3 mutations per year-estimates that MPXV has been circulating in humans since 2016. These observations of sustained MPXV transmission present a fundamental shift to the perceived paradigm of MPXV epidemiology as a zoonosis and highlight the need for revising public health messaging around MPXV as well as outbreak management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine O’Toole
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nnaemeka Ndodo
- Nigeria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Vitor Borges
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA); Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ben Gannon
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down; Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA); Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Natalie Groves
- UK Health Security Agency; London, E14 5EA, United Kingdom
| | - David J King
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory; Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Maloney
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Nicholas Loman
- UK Health Security Agency; London, E14 5EA, United Kingdom
- University of Birmingham; Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Myers
- UK Health Security Agency; London, E14 5EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ifeanyi F. Omah
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California; Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona; Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Meera Chand
- UK Health Security Agency; London, E14 5EA, United Kingdom
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David Ulaeto
- UK Health Security Agency; London, E14 5EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
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Dudani P, Sharma A, Tammineni MS, Gupta S. Monkeypox (Mpox): Evolution of Transmission and Comprehensive Review. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:647-656. [PMID: 38371541 PMCID: PMC10869021 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_335_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The human monkeypox (mpox) virus is an orthopox virus that can be transmitted to humans. Though the disease has been endemic in Africa, the recent mpox outbreak since May 2022. We attempted to examine differences between the endemic form of mpox and the current outbreak. Review of electronic medical database with relevant keywords. The current outbreak of mpox has disproportionately impacted the gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) community. This is also the first time that widespread semen testing has turned up evidence of mpox viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Cases in the present outbreak are more likely to affect adults, involve the genitalia, and have no prodrome. Close diagnostic differentials include varicella and hand-foot-mouth disease. The disease is usually self-limiting; though secondary infections, anorectal pain, pharyngitis, ocular lesions and rarely, renal injury and myocarditis may occur. This review focuses primarily on the novel clinical characteristics and emerging sexual transmission route of the mpox virus, which, although unconfirmed, appears extremely likely as the route of spread. Dermatologists have an important role in this health emergency, as early diagnosis can cause a significant reduction in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankhuri Dudani
- From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ananya Sharma
- From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Morini S. Tammineni
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Somesh Gupta
- From the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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37
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Kannan SR, Reddy AS, Burris DM, Byrareddy SN, Singh K. Missing subunits of Mpox replication complex: Possible impact on structural organization. J Infect 2023; 87:445-447. [PMID: 37625552 PMCID: PMC10720701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saathvik R Kannan
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Dana M Burris
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Kamal Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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38
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Gao Z, He X, Chen G, Fang Y, Meng Z, Tian H, Zhang H, Jing Z. The Viral Protein Poly(A) Polymerase Catalytic Subunit Interacts with Guanylate-Binding Proteins 2 to Antagonize the Antiviral Ability of Targeting Ectromelia Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15750. [PMID: 37958732 PMCID: PMC10648259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent spread of the monkeypox virus among humans has heightened concerns regarding orthopoxvirus infections. Consequently, conducting a comprehensive study on the immunobiology of the monkeypox virus is imperative for the development of effective therapeutics. Ectromelia virus (ECTV) closely resembles the genetic and disease characteristics of monkeypox virus, making it a valuable research tool for studying orthopoxvirus-host interactions. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), highly expressed interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), have antagonistic effects against various intracellular pathogenic microorganisms. Our previous research has shown that GBP2 has a mild but statistically significant inhibitory effect on ECTV infection. The presence of a significant number of molecules in the poxvirus genome that encode the host immune response raises questions about whether it also includes proteins that counteract the antiviral activity of GBP2. Using IP/MS and co-IP technology, we discovered that the poly(A) polymerase catalytic subunit (PAPL) protein of ECTV is a viral regulatory molecule that interacts with GBP2. Further studies have shown that PAPL antagonizes the antiviral activity of GBP2 by reducing its protein levels. Knocking out the PAPL gene of ECTV with the CRISPR/Cas9 system significantly diminishes the replication ability of the virus, indicating the indispensable role of PAPL in the replication process of ECTV. In conclusion, our study presents preliminary evidence supporting the significance of PAPL as a virulence factor that can interact with GBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zejing Meng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Huihui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
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Pesonel E, Hoffmann I, Guiraud L, Bourner J, Diallo A, Dunning J, Horby P, Kali S, Laouénan C, Mentré F, Merson L, Molino D, Palich R, Rojek A, Tacconelli E, Tardivon C, Yazdanpanah Y, Calmy A, Lescure FX, Olliaro P. MOSAIC: A cohort study of human mpox virus disease. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:415. [PMID: 38031544 PMCID: PMC10685065 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19616.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human mpox is a viral disease caused by an Orthopoxvirus, human mpox virus (hMPXV), typically causing fever and a rash. Mpox has historically been endemic to parts of Central and West Africa, with small numbers of imported cases reported elsewhere, but starting May 2022 an unprecedented global outbreak caused by clade IIb hMPXV was reported outside traditionally endemic countries. This prompted the initiation of MOSAIC, a cohort study implemented in Europe and Asia that aims to describe clinical and virologic outcomes of PCR-confirmed hMPXV disease, including those who receive antiviral therapy. The study is ongoing. Methods MOSAIC recruits participants of any age with laboratory-confirmed mpox disease who provide informed consent. Participants enrol in the cohort for a total of six months. Blood, lesion and throat samples are collected at several timepoints from the day of diagnosis or the first day of treatment (Day 1) until Day 28 for PCR detection of hMPXV. Clinical data are collected by clinicians and participants ( via a self-completion questionnaire) for six months to characterize the signs and symptoms associated with the illness, as well as short- and more long-term outcomes. Discussion The design and prompt implementation of clinical research response is key in addressing emerging outbreaks. MOSAIC began enrolment within two months of the start of the international mpox epidemic. While the number of cases is now low, the study remains open for inclusion. ICTRP registration EU CT number: 2022-501132-42-00 (22/06/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pesonel
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabelle Hoffmann
- AP-HP. Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Guiraud
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Bourner
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jake Dunning
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Horby
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Cédric Laouénan
- AP-HP. Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - France Mentré
- AP-HP. Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Laura Merson
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Romain Palich
- Sorbonne University, Infectious Diseases department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM U1136, Paris, France
| | - Amanda Rojek
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Coralie Tardivon
- AP-HP. Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Paris, France
| | - MOSAIC study group
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- AP-HP. Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Paris, France
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- INSERM-ANRS| MIE, France, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, Infectious Diseases department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM U1136, Paris, France
- University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- INSERM-ANRS| MIE, France, Paris, France
- AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F-Xavier Lescure
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IAME UMR 1137, Paris, France
- AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Piero Olliaro
- ISARIC - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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40
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Molteni C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Bravo IG, Sironi M. Evolution and diversity of nucleotide and dinucleotide composition in poxviruses. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37792576 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses (family Poxviridae) have long dsDNA genomes and infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. These viruses have substantial incidence, prevalence and disease burden in humans and in other animals. Nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, mostly CpG and TpA, have been largely studied in viral genomes because of their evolutionary and functional implications. We analysed here the nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, as well as codon usage bias, of a set of representative poxvirus genomes, with a very diverse host spectrum. After correcting for overall nucleotide composition, entomopoxviruses displayed low overall GC content, no enrichment in TpA and large variation in CpG enrichment, while chordopoxviruses showed large variation in nucleotide composition, no obvious depletion in CpG and a weak trend for TpA depletion in GC-rich genomes. Overall, intergenome variation in dinucleotide composition in poxviruses is largely accounted for by variation in overall genomic GC levels. Nonetheless, using vaccinia virus as a model, we found that genes expressed at the earliest times in infection are more CpG-depleted than genes expressed at later stages. This observation has parallels in betahepesviruses (also large dsDNA viruses) and suggests an antiviral role for the innate immune system (e.g. via the zinc-finger antiviral protein ZAP) in the early phases of poxvirus infection. We also analysed codon usage bias in poxviruses and we observed that it is mostly determined by genomic GC content, and that stratification after host taxonomy does not contribute to explaining codon usage bias diversity. By analysis of within-species diversity, we show that genomic GC content is the result of mutational biases. Poxvirus genomes that encode a DNA ligase are significantly AT-richer than those that do not, suggesting that DNA repair systems shape mutation biases. Our data shed light on the evolution of poxviruses and inform strategies for their genetic manipulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Molteni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Univ Montpellier CNRS, IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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Momin ZK, Lee A, Vandergriff TW, Bowling JE, Chamseddin B, Dominguez A, Hosler GA, Wang RC, Kitchell E. A plague passing over: Clinical features of the 2022 mpox outbreak in patients of color living with HIV. HIV Med 2023; 24:1056-1065. [PMID: 37336551 PMCID: PMC10592586 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared with previous geographically localized outbreaks of monkeypox (MPOX), the scale of the 2022 global mpox outbreak has been unprecedented, yet the clinical features of this outbreak remain incompletely characterized. METHODS We identified patients diagnosed with mpox by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; n = 36) from July to September 2022 at a single, tertiary care institution in the USA. Demographics, clinical presentation, infection course, and histopathologic features were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Men who have sex with men (89%) and people living with HIV (97%) were disproportionately affected. While fever and chills (56%) were common, some patients (23%) denied any prodromal symptoms. Skin lesions showed a wide range of morphologies, including papules and pustules, and lesions showed localized, not generalized, spread. Erythema was also less appreciable in skin of colour patients (74%). Atypical clinical features and intercurrent skin diseases masked the clinical recognition of several cases, which were ultimately diagnosed by PCR. Biopsies showed viral cytopathic changes consistent with Orthopoxvirus infections. All patients in this case series recovered without complications, although six patients (17%) with severe symptoms were treated with tecovirimat without complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha K. Momin
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Aleuna Lee
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Travis W. Vandergriff
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jason E. Bowling
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A
| | - Bahir Chamseddin
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Arturo Dominguez
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Gregory A. Hosler
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- ProPath Dermatopathology, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Kitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
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Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Muralitharan I, Vivek-Ananth RP, Kumar K, Kumar G, Ranganathan G, Samal A. In silico identification of potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins from FDA approved drugs. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2169-2184. [PMID: 36331784 PMCID: PMC9638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox outbreak 'A public health emergency of international concern'. The monkeypox virus belongs to the same Orthopoxvirus genus as smallpox. Although smallpox drugs are recommended for use against monkeypox, monkeypox-specific drugs are not yet available. Drug repurposing is a viable and efficient approach in the face of such an outbreak. Therefore, we present a computational drug repurposing study to identify the existing approved drugs which can be potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins, thymidylate kinase and D9 decapping enzyme. The target protein structures of the monkeypox virus were modelled using the corresponding protein structures in the vaccinia virus. We identified four potential inhibitors namely, Tipranavir, Cefiderocol, Doxorubicin, and Dolutegravir as candidates for repurposing against monkeypox virus from a library of US FDA approved antiviral and antibiotic drugs using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The main goal of this in silico study is to identify potential inhibitors against monkeypox virus proteins that can be further experimentally validated for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against monkeypox disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | | | - R P Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishan Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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43
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Gao Z, Meng Z, He X, Chen G, Fang Y, Tian H, Zhang H, Jing Z. Guanylate-Binding Protein 2 Exerts GTPase-Dependent Anti-Ectromelia Virus Effect. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2258. [PMID: 37764102 PMCID: PMC10534507 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are highly expressed interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that play significant roles in protecting against invading pathogens. Although their functions in response to RNA viruses have been extensively investigated, there is limited information available regarding their role in DNA viruses, particularly poxviruses. Ectromelia virus (ECTV), a member of the orthopoxvirus genus, is a large double-stranded DNA virus closely related to the monkeypox virus and variola virus. It has been intensively studied as a highly effective model virus. According to the study, GBP2 overexpression suppresses ECTV replication in a dose-dependent manner, while GBP2 knockdown promotes ECTV infection. Additionally, it was discovered that GBP2 primarily functions through its N-terminal GTPase activity, and the inhibitory effect of GBP2 was disrupted in the GTP-binding-impaired mutant GBP2K51A. This study is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of GBP2 on ECTV, and it offers insights into innovative antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zejing Meng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huihui Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Z.G.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (H.T.); (H.Z.)
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
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Alandijany TA, El-Daly MM, Tolah AM, Bajrai LH, Khateb AM, Kumar GS, Dubey A, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. A multi-targeted computational drug discovery approach for repurposing tetracyclines against monkeypox virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14570. [PMID: 37666979 PMCID: PMC10477205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox viral infection is an emerging threat and a major concern for the human population. The lack of drug molecules to treat this disease may worsen the problem. Identifying potential drug targets can significantly improve the process of developing potent drug molecules for treating monkeypox. The proteins responsible for viral replication are attractive drug targets. Identifying potential inhibitors from known drug molecules that target these proteins can be key to finding a cure for monkeypox. In this work, two viral proteins, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp) and viral core cysteine proteinase, were considered as potential drug targets. Sixteen antibiotic drugs from the tetracycline class were screened against both viral proteins through high-throughput virtual screening. These tetracycline class of antibiotic drugs have the ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, which makes these antibiotics drugs a prominent candidate for drug repurposing. Based on the screening result obtained against DdRp, top two compounds, namely Tigecycline and Eravacycline with docking scores of - 8.88 and - 7.87 kcal/mol, respectively, were selected for further analysis. Omadacycline and minocycline, with docking scores of - 10.60 and - 7.51 kcal/mol, are the top two compounds obtained after screening proteinase with the drug library. These compounds, along with reference compounds GTP for DdRp and tecovirimat for proteinase, were used to form protein-ligand complexes, followed by their evaluation through a 300 ns molecular dynamic simulation. The MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation and principal components analysis of these selected complexes were also conducted for understanding the dynamic stability and binding affinity of these compounds with respective target proteins. Overall, this study demonstrates the repurposing of tetracycline-derived drugs as a therapeutic solution for monkeypox viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir A Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena H Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiah M Khateb
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geethu S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India.
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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45
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Rehman UU, Ghafoor D, Ullah A, Ahmad R, Hanif S. Epigenetics regulation during virus-host interaction and their effects on the virus and host cell. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106271. [PMID: 37517745 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics, a field of study focused on cellular gene regulation independent of DNA sequence alterations, encompasses DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA modification. Epigenetics processes play a pivotal role in governing the life cycles of viruses, enabling their transmission, persistence, and maintenance with in host organisms. This review examines the epigenetics regulation of diverse virus including orthomoxyviruses, coronavirus, retroviridae, mononegavirales, and poxviruses among others. The investigation encompasses ten representative viruses from these families. Detailed exploration of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying each virus type, involving miRNA modification, histone modification and DNA methylation, sheds light on the intricate and multifaceted epigenetic interplay between viruses and their hosts. Furthermore, this review investigates the influence of these epigenetic processes on infection cycles, emphasizing the utilization of epigenetics by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to regulate gene expression during chronic or latent infections, control latency, and transition to lytic infection. Finally, the paper explores the novel treatments possibilities stemming from this epigenetic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaid Ur Rehman
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Dawood Ghafoor
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Asad Ullah
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Hanif
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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46
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Lee W, Kim YJ, Lee SJ, Ahn DG, Kim SJ. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for the Re-Emerging Human Monkeypox Virus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:981-991. [PMID: 37519276 PMCID: PMC10468680 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, a member of the Poxviridae family, causes a severe illness similar to smallpox, which is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, rash, and pustules. Human-to-human transmission cases have been reported but remained low since the first recorded case of human infection occurred in the Congo in 1970. Recently, Mpox has re-emerged, leading to an alarming surge in infections worldwide since 2022, originating in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the '2022-23 Mpox outbreak'. Currently, no specific therapy or vaccine is available for Mpox. Therefore, patients infected with Mpox are treated using conventional therapies developed for smallpox. However, the vaccines developed for smallpox have demonstrated only partial efficacy against Mpox, allowing viral transmission among humans. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology of the ongoing Mpox outbreak and provide an update on the progress made in diagnosis, treatment, and development of vaccines for Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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47
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Nakhaie M, Pirmoradi Z, Bashash D, Rukerd MRZ, Charostad J. Beyond skin deep: shedding light on the neuropsychiatric consequences of Monkeypox (Mpox). Acta Neurol Belg 2023:10.1007/s13760-023-02361-4. [PMID: 37624565 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This review is attempted in view of World Health Organization (WHO) warning on Monkeypox virus (Mpox) to summarize the available data regarding the potential effect on central nervous system (CNS), its complications, and diagnostic methods. We combed various international databases (including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) for articles mentioning Mpox infection, orthopox infection, and the central nervous system that were published between the years 2000 and 2022. Further evidence was evaluated from relevant studies published in the literature. There is emerging evidence of central nervous system neurological involvement. In addition to encephalopathy, which is one of the most serious neurological complications of Mpox, the most common complications of Mpox infection are headache, weakness, myalgia, anorexia, and altered consciousness. Anxiety and depression have also been identified as the most common psychiatric symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeynab Pirmoradi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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48
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Li M, Zhang M, Ye Q, Liu Y, Qian W. Preclinical and clinical trials of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202. [PMID: 37615308 PMCID: PMC10546091 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for human cancers owing to an ability to elicit curative effects via systemic administration. Tumor cells often create an unfavorable immunosuppressive microenvironment that degrade viral structures and impede viral replication; however, recent studies have established that viruses altered via genetic modifications can serve as effective oncolytic agents to combat hostile tumor environments. Specifically, oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) has gained popularity owing to its safety, potential for systemic delivery, and large gene insertion capacity. This review highlights current research on the use of engineered mutated viruses and gene-armed OVVs to reverse the tumor microenvironment and enhance antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials and combination therapies. In addition, we discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of OVV as a cancer therapy, and explore different perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Minghuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qian Ye
- Hangzhou Rong-Gu Biotechnology Limited Company, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Shehryar A, Halappa Nagaraj R, Kanwal F, Reddy SM, Grezenko H, Raut Y, Fareed MU, Abdur Rehman, Şahin D, Bakht D, Ramteke P. Unraveling Monkeypox: An Emerging Threat in Global Health. Cureus 2023; 15:e43961. [PMID: 37753017 PMCID: PMC10518525 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a viral zoonotic ailment originating in the Central and West African regions, has escalated into a global health issue of growing concern. The current analysis offers an exhaustive examination of monkeypox, emphasizing its historical progression, etiology, epidemiological patterns, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, treatment modalities, and preventive strategies. The worldwide discontinuation of smallpox vaccination has contributed to an increased incidence of monkeypox, driven by the expansion of vulnerable host populations. Significant strides in diagnostic procedures, prospective antiviral treatments, and vaccine development exhibit potential in managing this affliction, yet obstacles remain in terms of disease control, prevention, and treatment. Additionally, the international propagation of monkeypox underscores the need for robust public health initiatives and the significant role played by global health institutions in disease containment. Prospective research endeavors should strive to enhance our comprehension of the natural reservoirs of monkeypox and its transmission dynamics, evaluate sustained immune responses to novel vaccines, and investigate the potential impact of One Health strategies. This analysis underscores the pressing necessity for increased research and synchronized global efforts to tackle this emergent infectious malady.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fnu Kanwal
- Medicine, Chandka Medical College, Larkana, PAK
| | - Shivani M Reddy
- Student, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
| | - Han Grezenko
- Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, USA
| | - Yogesh Raut
- Medicine, Narendra Kumar Prasadrao (NKP) Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, IND
| | | | | | - Defne Şahin
- Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, Ege University Hospital, İzmir, TUR
| | - Danyal Bakht
- Medicine and Surgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Palash Ramteke
- Medicine, Narendra Kumar Prasadrao (NKP) Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, IND
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50
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Imran M, Abida, Alotaibi NM, Thabet HK, Alruwaili JA, Eltaib L, Alshehri A, Alsaiari AA, Kamal M, Alshammari AMA. Repurposing Anti-Dengue Compounds against Monkeypox Virus Targeting Core Cysteine Protease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2025. [PMID: 37509664 PMCID: PMC10377189 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopox viruses. In recent years, the virus has spread to countries where it was previously unknown, turning it into a worldwide emergency for public health. This study employs a structural-based drug design approach to identify potential inhibitors for the core cysteine proteinase of MPXV. During the simulations, the study identified two potential inhibitors, compound CHEMBL32926 and compound CHEMBL4861364, demonstrating strong binding affinities and drug-like properties. Their docking scores with the target protein were -10.7 and -10.9 kcal/mol, respectively. This study used ensemble-based protein-ligand docking to account for the binding site conformation variability. By examining how the identified inhibitors interact with the protein, this research sheds light on the workings of the inhibitors' mechanisms of action. Molecular dynamic simulations of protein-ligand complexes showed fluctuations from the initial docked pose, but they confirmed their binding throughout the simulation. The MMGBSA binding free energy calculations for CHEMBL32926 showed a binding free energy range of (-9.25 to -9.65) kcal/mol, while CHEMBL4861364 exhibited a range of (-41.66 to -31.47) kcal/mol. Later, analogues were searched for these compounds with 70% similarity criteria, and their IC50 was predicted using pre-trained machine learning models. This resulted in identifying two similar compounds for each hit with comparable binding affinity for cysteine proteinase. This study's structure-based drug design approach provides a promising strategy for identifying new drugs for treating MPXV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nawaf M. Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy Khamees Thabet
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Alhameedi Alruwaili
- Medical Lab Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Eltaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
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