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Geay J, Margaron Y, Gentien D, Reyal F, Puisieux A, Blanchoin L, Guyon L, Théry M. Plakins are involved in the regulation of centrosome position in polarized epithelial cells. Biol Cell 2024; 116:e2400048. [PMID: 38850178 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The control of epithelial cell polarity is key to their function. Its dysregulation is a major cause of tissue transformation. In polarized epithelial cells,the centrosome is off-centred toward the apical pole. This asymmetry determines the main orientation of the microtubule network and intra-cellular traffic. However, the mechanism regulating centrosome positioning at the apical pole of polarized epithelial cells is still poorly undertood. RESULTS In this study we used transcriptomic data from breast cancer cells to identify molecular changes associated with the different stages of tumour transformation. We correlated these changes with variations in centrosome position or with cell progression along the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that involves centrosome repositioning. We found that low levels of epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin correlated with centrosome mispositioning in cells that had progressed through EMT or tissue transformation. We further tested the causal role of these plakins in the regulation of centrosome position by knocking down their expression in a non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). The downregulation of periplakin reduced the length of intercellular junction, which was not affected by the downregulation of epiplakin or desmoplakin. However, down-regulating any of them disrupted centrosome polarisation towards the junction without affecting microtubule stability. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrated that epiplakin, desmoplakin and periplakin are involved in the maintenance of the peripheral position of the centrosome close to inter-cellular junctions. They also revealed that these plakins are downregulated during EMT and breast cancer progression, which are both associated with centrosome mispositioning. SIGNIFICANCE These results revealed that the down-regulation of plakins and the consequential centrosome mispositioning are key signatures of disorganised cytoskeleton networks, inter-cellular junction weakening, shape deregulation and the loss of polarity in breast cancer cells. These metrics could further be used as a new readouts for early phases of tumoral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Geay
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Yoran Margaron
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - David Gentien
- Université PSL, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Université Paris Cité, Université PSL, INSERM U932, Breast Gynecological and Reconstructive Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université PSL, Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/INSERM, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, BioSanté UMR_S 1292, Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Université de Paris, CEA/INSERM/AP-HP, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMR976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA/INRA/CNRS, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
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Kacker S, Parsad V, Singh N, Hordiichuk D, Alvarez S, Gohar M, Kacker A, Rai SK. Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: Coordinated Crosstalk for Cell Orientation. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:12. [PMID: 38804432 PMCID: PMC11130840 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) system is essential for positioning cells in 3D networks to establish the proper morphogenesis, structure, and function of organs during embryonic development. The PCP system uses inter- and intracellular feedback interactions between components of the core PCP, characterized by coordinated planar polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell populations inside the cells. PCP signaling connects the anterior-posterior to left-right embryonic plane polarity through the polarization of cilia in the Kupffer's vesicle/node in vertebrates. Experimental investigations on various genetic ablation-based models demonstrated the functions of PCP in planar polarization and associated genetic disorders. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PCP signaling history, core components of the PCP signaling pathway, molecular mechanisms underlying PCP signaling, interactions with other signaling pathways, and the role of PCP in organ and embryonic development. Moreover, we will delve into the negative feedback regulation of PCP to maintain polarity, human genetic disorders associated with PCP defects, as well as challenges associated with PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kacker
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Varuneshwar Parsad
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Daria Hordiichuk
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Stacy Alvarez
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahnoor Gohar
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anshu Kacker
- Department of Histology and Human Physiology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Sunil Kumar Rai
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
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3
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Sandegaard SL, Riishede A, Birn H, Damkier HH, Praetorius J. The Cyst Epithelium in Polycystic Kidney Disease Patients Displays Normal Apical-Basolateral Cell Polarity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1904. [PMID: 38339183 PMCID: PMC10855726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The main characteristic of polycystic kidney disease is the development of multiple fluid-filled renal cysts. The discovery of mislocalized sodium-potassium pump (Na,K-ATPase) in the apical membrane of cyst-lining epithelia alluded to reversal of polarity as a possible explanation for the fluid secretion. The topic of apical Na,K-ATPase in cysts remains controversial. We investigated the localization of the Na,K-ATPase and assessed the apical-basolateral polarization of cyst-lining epithelia by means of immunohistochemistry in kidney tissue from six polycystic kidney disease patients undergoing nephrectomy. The Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit was conventionally situated in the basolateral membrane of all immunoreactive cysts. Proteins of the Crumbs and partitioning defective (Par) complexes were localized to the apical membrane domain in cyst epithelial cells. The apical targeting protein Syntaxin-3 also immunolocalized to the apical domain of cyst-lining epithelial cells. Proteins of the basolateral Scribble complex immunolocalized to the basolateral domain of cysts. Thus, no deviations from the typical epithelial distribution of basic cell polarity proteins were observed in the cysts from the six patients. Furthermore, we confirmed that cysts can originate from virtually any tubular segment with preserved polarity. In conclusion, we find no evidence of a reversal in apical-basolateral polarity in cyst-lining epithelia in polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Loft Sandegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (S.L.S.); (A.R.); (H.B.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Andreas Riishede
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (S.L.S.); (A.R.); (H.B.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (S.L.S.); (A.R.); (H.B.); (H.H.D.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Helle Hasager Damkier
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (S.L.S.); (A.R.); (H.B.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (S.L.S.); (A.R.); (H.B.); (H.H.D.)
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Peglion F, Etienne-Manneville S. Cell polarity changes in cancer initiation and progression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308069. [PMID: 38091012 PMCID: PMC10720656 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, which consists of the morphological, structural, and functional organization of cells along a defined axis, is a feature of healthy cells and tissues. In contrast, abnormal polarity is a hallmark of cancer cells. At the molecular level, key evolutionarily conserved proteins that control polarity establishment and maintenance in various contexts are frequently altered in cancer, but the relevance of these molecular alterations in the oncogenic processes is not always clear. Here, we summarize the recent findings, shedding new light on the involvement of polarity players in cancer development, and discuss the possibility of harnessing cell polarity changes to better predict, diagnose, and cure cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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5
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Metkari AS, Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Matrix Degradability Contributes to the Development of Salivary Gland Progenitor Cells with Secretory Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32148-32161. [PMID: 37364369 PMCID: PMC10529452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic matrices that are cytocompatible, cell adhesive, and cell responsive are needed for the engineering of implantable, secretory salivary gland constructs to treat radiation induced xerostomia or dry mouth. Here, taking advantage of the bioorthogonality of the Michael-type addition reaction, hydrogels with comparable stiffness but varying degrees of degradability (100% degradable, 100DEG; 50% degradable, 50DEG; and nondegradable, 0DEG) by cell-secreted matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) were synthesized using thiolated HA (HA-SH), maleimide (MI)-conjugated integrin-binding peptide (RGD-MI), and MI-functionalized peptide cross-linkers that are protease degradable (GIW-bisMI) or nondegradable (GIQ-bisMI). Organized multicellular structures developed readily in all hydrogels from dispersed primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). As the matrix became progressively degradable, cells proliferated more readily, and the multicellular structures became larger, less spherical, and more lobular. Immunocytochemical analysis showed positive staining for stem/progenitor cell markers CD44 and keratin 5 (K5) in all three types of cultures and positive staining for the acinar marker α-amylase under 50DEG and 100DEG conditions. Quantitatively at the mRNA level, the expression levels of key stem/progenitor markers KIT, KRT5, and ETV4/5 were significantly increased in the degradable gels as compared to the nondegradable counterparts. Western blot analyses revealed that imparting matrix degradation led to >3.8-fold increase in KIT expression by day 15. The MMP-degradable hydrogels also promoted the development of a secretary phenotype, as evidenced by the upregulation of acinar markers α-amylase (AMY), aquaporin-5 (AQP5), and sodium-potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A2). Collectively, we show that cell-mediated matrix remodeling is necessary for the development of regenerative pro-acinar progenitor cells from hS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva S. Metkari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Cai T, Peng J, Omrane M, Benzoubir N, Samuel D, Gassama-Diagne A. Septin 9 Orients the Apico-Basal Polarity Axis and Controls Plasticity Signals. Cells 2023; 12:1815. [PMID: 37508480 PMCID: PMC10377970 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a master organizer of the cellular cortex and membrane trafficking and therefore plays a crucial role in apico-basal polarity. Septins form a family of GTPases that assemble into non-polar filaments, which bind to membranes and recruit cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules and actin using their polybasic (PB) domains, to perform their broad biological functions. Nevertheless, the role of septins and the significance of their membrane-binding ability in apico-basal polarity remains under-investigated. Here, using 3D cultures, we demonstrated that septin 9 localizes to the basolateral membrane (BM). Its depletion induces an inverted polarity phenotype, decreasing β-catenin at BM and increasing transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers. Similar effects were observed after deleting its two PB domains. The mutant became cytoplasmic and apical. The cysts with an inverted polarity phenotype displayed an invasive phenotype, with src and cortactin accumulating at the peripheral membrane. The inhibition of TGFβ-receptor and RhoA rescued the polarized phenotype, although the cysts from overexpressed septin 9 overgrew and presented a filled lumen. Both phenotypes corresponded to tumor features. This suggests that septin 9 expression, along with its assembly through the two PB domains, is essential for establishing and maintaining apico-basal polarity against tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Juan Peng
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Mohyeddine Omrane
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Nassima Benzoubir
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hepato-Biliaire, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- Unité 1193 INSERM, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S 1193, F-94800 Villejuif, France
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7
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Obino D, Maurin M, Dingli F, Loew D, Lescure A, Terriac E, Goudot C, Malbec O, Lankar D, Yuseff MI, Lennon-Duménil AM, Moreau HD. Medium-throughput image-based phenotypic siRNA screen to unveil the molecular basis of B cell polarization. Sci Data 2023; 10:401. [PMID: 37353541 PMCID: PMC10290135 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an essential and highly conserved process governing cell function. Cell polarization is generally triggered by an external signal that induces the relocation of the centrosome, thus defining the polarity axis of the cell. Here, we took advantage of B cells as a model to study cell polarity and perform a medium-throughput siRNA-based imaging screen to identify new molecular regulators of polarization. We first identified candidates based on a quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins differentially associated with the centrosome of resting non-polarized and stimulated polarized B cells. We then targeted 233 candidates in a siRNA screen and identified hits regulating the polarization of the centrosome and/or lysosomes in B cells upon stimulation. Our dataset of proteomics, images, and polarity indexes provides a valuable source of information for a broad community of scientists interested in the molecular mechanisms regulating cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Obino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurianne Lescure
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, BioPhenics Platform, PICT-IBISA, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Odile Malbec
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France.
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Biswas A, Ng BH, Prabhakaran VS, Chan CJ. Squeezing the eggs to grow: The mechanobiology of mammalian folliculogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1038107. [PMID: 36531957 PMCID: PMC9756970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1038107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of functional eggs (oocyte) in ovarian follicles is arguably one of the most important events in early mammalian development since the oocytes provide the bulk genetic and cytoplasmic materials for successful reproduction. While past studies have identified many genes that are critical to normal ovarian development and function, recent studies have highlighted the role of mechanical force in shaping folliculogenesis. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanobiological principles and the force-generating cellular structures and extracellular matrix that control the various stages of follicle development. We also highlight emerging techniques that allow for the quantification of mechanical interactions and follicular dynamics during development, and propose new directions for future studies in the field. We hope this review will provide a timely and useful framework for future understanding of mechano-signalling pathways in reproductive biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arikta Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Heng Ng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chii Jou Chan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rousselle P, Laigle C, Rousselet G. The basement membrane in epidermal polarity, stemness, and regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1807-C1822. [PMID: 36374168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a specialized epithelium that constitutes the outermost layer of the skin, and it provides a protective barrier against environmental assaults. Primarily consisting of multilayered keratinocytes, the epidermis is continuously renewed by proliferation of stem cells and the differentiation of their progeny, which undergo terminal differentiation as they leave the basal layer and move upward toward the surface, where they die and slough off. Basal keratinocytes rest on a basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction that is composed of specific extracellular matrix proteins organized into interactive and mechanically supportive networks. Firm attachment of basal keratinocytes, and their dynamic regulation via focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes, is essential for maintaining major skin processes, such as self-renewal, barrier function, and resistance to physical and chemical stresses. The adhesive integrin receptors expressed by epidermal cells serve structural, signaling, and mechanosensory roles that are critical for epidermal cell anchorage and tissue homeostasis. More specifically, the basement membrane components play key roles in preserving the stem cell pool, and establishing cell polarity cues enabling asymmetric cell divisions, which result in the transition from a proliferative basal cell layer to suprabasal cells committed to terminal differentiation. Finally, through a well-regulated sequence of synthesis and remodeling, the components of the dermal-epidermal junction play an essential role in regeneration of the epidermis during skin healing. Here too, they provide biological and mechanical signals that are essential to the restoration of barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Laigle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gaelle Rousselet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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10
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Chan CJ, Hirashima T. Tissue hydraulics in reproduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:124-133. [PMID: 35606275 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of functional eggs and sperm are critical processes in mammalian development as they ensure successful reproduction and species propagation. While past studies have identified important genes that regulate these processes, the roles of luminal flow and fluid stress in reproductive biology remain less well understood. Here, we discuss recent evidence that support the diverse functions of luminal fluid in oogenesis, spermatogenesis and embryogenesis. We also review emerging techniques that allow for precise quantification and perturbation of tissue hydraulics in female and male reproductive systems, and propose new questions and approaches in this field. We hope this review will provide a useful resource to inspire future research in tissue hydraulics in reproductive biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii Jou Chan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The Hakubi Center/Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan.
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11
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Calvi I, Schwager F, Gotta M. PP1 phosphatases control PAR-2 localization and polarity establishment in C. elegans embryos. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213453. [PMID: 36083688 PMCID: PMC9467853 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity relies on the asymmetric distribution of the conserved PAR proteins, which is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions. While the kinases involved have been well studied, the role of phosphatases remains poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes, phosphorylation of the posterior PAR-2 protein by the atypical protein kinase PKC-3 inhibits PAR-2 cortical localization. Polarity establishment depends on loading of PAR-2 at the posterior cortex. We show that the PP1 phosphatases GSP-1 and GSP-2 are required for polarity establishment in embryos. We find that codepletion of GSP-1 and GSP-2 abrogates the cortical localization of PAR-2 and that GSP-1 and GSP-2 interact with PAR-2 via a PP1 docking motif in PAR-2. Mutating this motif in vivo, to prevent binding of PAR-2 to PP1, abolishes cortical localization of PAR-2, while optimizing this motif extends PAR-2 cortical localization. Our data suggest a model in which GSP-1/-2 counteracts PKC-3 phosphorylation of PAR-2, allowing its cortical localization at the posterior and polarization of the one-cell embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Calvi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Schwager
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Gotta
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Myconoside Affects the Viability of Polarized Epithelial MDCKII Cell Line by Interacting with the Plasma Membrane and the Apical Junctional Complexes. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenyl glycoside myconoside, extracted from Balkan endemic Haberlea rhodopensis, has a positive effect on human health, but the exact molecular mechanism of its action is still unknown. The cell membrane and its associated junctional complex are the first targets of exogenous compound action. We aimed to study the effect of myconoside on membrane organization and cytoskeleton components involved in the maintenance of cell polarity in the MDCKII cell line. By fluorescent spectroscopy and microscopy, we found that at low concentrations, myconoside increases the cell viability by enhancing membrane lipid order and adherent junctions. The opposite effect is observed in high myconoside doses. We hypothesized that the cell morphological and physicochemical changes of the analyzed cell compartments are directly related to cell viability and cell apical-basal polarity. Our finding contributes to a better understanding of the beneficial application of phytochemical myconoside in pharmacology and medicine.
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13
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Villari G, Gioelli N, Valdembri D, Serini G. Vesicle choreographies keep up cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion dynamics in polarized epithelial and endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:62-71. [PMID: 35961423 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives the development, functioning, and repair of different tissues, organs, and systems. Disruption or dysregulation of cell-to-ECM adhesion promote the initiation and progression of several diseases, such as bleeding, immune disorders and cancer. Integrins are major ECM transmembrane receptors, whose function depends on both allosteric changes and exo-endocytic traffic, which carries them to and from the plasma membrane. In apico-basally polarized cells, asymmetric adhesion to the ECM is maintained by continuous targeting of the plasma membrane by vesicles coming from the trans Golgi network and carrying ECM proteins. Active integrin-bound ECM is indeed endocytosed and replaced by the exocytosis of fresh ECM. Such vesicular traffic is finely driven by the teamwork of microtubules (MTs) and their associated kinesin and dynein motors. Here, we review the main cytoskeletal actors involved in the control of the spatiotemporal distribution of active integrins and their ECM ligands, highlighting the key role of the synchronous (ant)agonistic cooperation between MT motors transporting vesicular cargoes, in the same or in opposite direction, in the regulation of traffic logistics, and the establishment of epithelial and endothelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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14
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Schoeman D, Cloete R, Fielding BC. The Flexible, Extended Coil of the PDZ-Binding Motif of the Three Deadly Human Coronavirus E Proteins Plays a Role in Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081707. [PMID: 36016329 PMCID: PMC9416557 DOI: 10.3390/v14081707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The less virulent human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 cause mild, self-limiting respiratory tract infections, while the more virulent SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have caused severe outbreaks. The CoV envelope (E) protein, an important contributor to the pathogenesis of severe hCoV infections, may provide insight into this disparate severity of the disease. We, therefore, generated full-length E protein models for SARS-CoV-1 and -2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 and docked C-terminal peptides of each model to the PDZ domain of the human PALS1 protein. The PDZ-binding motif (PBM) of the SARS-CoV-1 and -2 and MERS-CoV models adopted a more flexible, extended coil, while the HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 models adopted a less flexible alpha helix. All the E peptides docked to PALS1 occupied the same binding site and the more virulent hCoV E peptides generally interacted more stably with PALS1 than the less virulent ones. We hypothesize that the increased flexibility of the PBM in the more virulent hCoVs facilitates more stable binding to various host proteins, thereby contributing to more severe disease. This is the first paper to model full-length 3D structures for both the more virulent and less virulent hCoV E proteins, providing novel insights for possible drug and/or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewald Schoeman
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Ruben Cloete
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Milas A, Telley IA. Polarity Events in the Drosophila melanogaster Oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895876. [PMID: 35602591 PMCID: PMC9117655 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a pre-requirement for many fundamental processes in animal cells, such as asymmetric cell division, axon specification, morphogenesis and epithelial tissue formation. For all these different processes, polarization is established by the same set of proteins, called partitioning defective (Par) proteins. During development in Drosophila melanogaster, decision making on the cellular and organism level is achieved with temporally controlled cell polarization events. The initial polarization of Par proteins occurs as early as in the germline cyst, when one of the 16 cells becomes the oocyte. Another marked event occurs when the anterior–posterior axis of the future organism is defined by Par redistribution in the oocyte, requiring external signaling from somatic cells. Here, we review the current literature on cell polarity events that constitute the oogenesis from the stem cell to the mature egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- *Correspondence: Ana Milas, ; Ivo A. Telley,
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16
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Sun S, Li JY, Nim HT, Piers A, Ramialison M, Porrello ER, Konstantinov IE, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. CD90 Marks a Mesenchymal Program in Human Thymic Epithelial Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846281. [PMID: 35371075 PMCID: PMC8966383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelium is critical for the structural integrity of the thymus and for T cell development. Within the fully formed thymus, large numbers of hematopoietic cells shape the thymic epithelium into a scaffold-like structure which bears little similarity to classical epithelial layers, such as those observed in the skin, intestine or pancreas. Here, we show that human thymic epithelial cells (TECs) possess an epithelial identity that also incorporates the expression of mesenchymal cell associated genes, whose expression levels vary between medullary and cortical TECs (m/cTECs). Using pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation systems, we identified a unique population of cells that co-expressed the master TEC transcription factor FOXN1, as well as the epithelial associated marker EPCAM and the mesenchymal associated gene CD90. Using the same serum free culture conditions, we also observed co-expression of EPCAM and CD90 on cultured TECs derived from neonatal human thymus in vitro. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed these cultured TECs possessed an immature mTEC phenotype and expressed epithelial and mesenchymal associated genes, such as EPCAM, CLDN4, CD90 and COL1A1. Importantly, flow cytometry and single cell RNA-sequencing analysis further confirmed the presence of an EPCAM+CD90+ population in the CD45- fraction of neonatal human thymic stromal cells in vivo. Using the human thymus cell atlas, we found that cTECs displayed more pronounced mesenchymal characteristics than mTECs during embryonic development. Collectively, these results suggest human TECs possess a hybrid gene expression program comprising both epithelial and mesenchymal elements, and provide a basis for the further exploration of thymus development from primary tissues and from the in vitro differentiation of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Li
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hieu T Nim
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Piers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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17
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Ma R, Gong D, You H, Xu C, Lu Y, Bergers G, Werb Z, Klein OD, Petritsch CK, Lu P. LGL1 binds to Integrin β1 and inhibits downstream signaling to promote epithelial branching in the mammary gland. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110375. [PMID: 35172155 PMCID: PMC9113222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental process by which organs in invertebrates and vertebrates form branches to expand their surface areas. The current dogma holds that directional cell migration determines where a new branch forms and thus patterns branching. Here, we asked whether mouse Lgl1, a homolog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor Lgl, regulates epithelial polarity in the mammary gland. Surprisingly, mammary glands lacking Lgl1 have normal epithelial polarity, but they form fewer branches. Moreover, we find that Lgl1 null epithelium is unable to directionally migrate, suggesting that migration is not essential for mammary epithelial branching as expected. We show that LGL1 binds to Integrin β1 and inhibits its downstream signaling, and Integrin β1 overexpression blocks epithelial migration, thus recapitulating the Lgl1 null phenotype. Altogether, we demonstrate that Lgl1 modulation of Integrin β1 signaling is essential for directional migration and that epithelial branching in invertebrates and the mammary gland is fundamentally distinct. Ma et al. show that Lgl1 is essential for mammary gland branching morphogenesis but not epithelial polarity. Lgl1 is required for directional migration by regulating Integrin β1 signaling levels and focal adhesion strengths. Finally, branching mechanisms are distinct between mammary gland and Drosophila systems where directional migration is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Difei Gong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huanyang You
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 0422, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE1508, San Francisco, CA 94143-0422, USA
| | - Claudia K Petritsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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18
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Bugda Gwilt K, Thiagarajah JR. Membrane Lipids in Epithelial Polarity: Sorting out the PIPs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:893960. [PMID: 35712665 PMCID: PMC9197455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.893960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cell polarity in epithelia, is critical for tissue morphogenesis and vectorial transport between the environment and the underlying tissue. Epithelial polarity is defined by the development of distinct plasma membrane domains: the apical membrane interfacing with the exterior lumen compartment, and the basolateral membrane directly contacting the underlying tissue. The de novo generation of polarity is a tightly regulated process, both spatially and temporally, involving changes in the distribution of plasma membrane lipids, localization of apical and basolateral membrane proteins, and vesicular trafficking. Historically, the process of epithelial polarity has been primarily described in relation to the localization and function of protein 'polarity complexes.' However, a critical and foundational role is emerging for plasma membrane lipids, and in particular phosphoinositide species. Here, we broadly review the evidence for a primary role for membrane lipids in the generation of epithelial polarity and highlight key areas requiring further research. We discuss the complex interchange that exists between lipid species and briefly examine how major membrane lipid constituents are generated and intersect with vesicular trafficking to be preferentially localized to different membrane domains with a focus on some of the key protein-enzyme complexes involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Kattner AA. After me, the deluge: The intricacies of pulmonary surfactant. Biomed J 2021; 44:645-650. [PMID: 34942391 PMCID: PMC8847826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of the Biomedical Journal provides a comprehensive insight into the role of pulmonary surfactant and influencing its components as well as involved molecules to treat a variety of respiratory distress disorders. We also discover how epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be targeted as part of a therapeutic strategy against lung cancer. Furthermore, a method is described to eliminate chemoresistance against gemcitabine, a drug administered to treat pancreatic cancer. We gain an insight into the composition of salivary calcium particles in periodontitis, a technique to circumvent complications in hip surgery, and a potential treatment to accelerate diabetic wound healing. Moreover, we get to know an essential oil that exerts a similar effect as diazepam on the central nervous system. A trial in patients with myofascial pain syndrome demonstrates how laser assisted trigger point therapy leads to immediate relief. Finally, a case study outlines the discovery of a genetic mutation that plays a role in intellectual disability.
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20
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Hirose Y, Hirai Y. Cooperation of membrane-translocated syntaxin4 and basement membrane for dynamic mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273506. [PMID: 34676419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelia undergo dramatic morphogenesis after puberty. During pregnancy, luminal epithelial cells in ductal trees are arranged to form well-polarized cystic structures surrounded by a myoepithelial cell layer, an active supplier of the basement membrane (BM). Here, we identified a novel regulatory mechanism involved in this process by using a reconstituted BM-based three-dimensional culture and aggregates of a model mouse cell line, EpH4, that had either been manipulated for inducible expression of the t-SNARE protein syntaxin4 in intact or signal peptide-connected forms, or that were genetically deficient in syntaxin4. We found that cells extruded syntaxin4 upon stimulation with the lactogenic hormone prolactin, which in turn accelerated the turnover of E-cadherin. In response to extracellular expression of syntaxin4, cell populations that were less affected by the BM actively migrated and integrated into the cell layer facing the BM. Concurrently, the BM-facing cells, which were simultaneously stimulated with syntaxin4 and BM, acquired unique epithelial characteristics to undergo dramatic cellular arrangement for cyst formation. These results highlight the importance of the concerted action of extracellular syntaxin4 extruded in response to the lactogenic hormone and BM components in epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
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21
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Lu P, Lu Y. Born to Run? Diverse Modes of Epithelial Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:704939. [PMID: 34540829 PMCID: PMC8448196 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.704939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bundled with various kinds of adhesion molecules and anchored to the basement membrane, the epithelium has historically been considered as an immotile tissue and, to migrate, it first needs to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since its initial description more than half a century ago, the EMT process has fascinated generations of developmental biologists and, more recently, cancer biologists as it is believed to be essential for not only embryonic development, organ formation, but cancer metastasis. However, recent progress shows that epithelium is much more motile than previously realized. Here, we examine the emerging themes in epithelial collective migration and how this has impacted our understanding of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Almotiri A, Alzahrani H, Menendez-Gonzalez JB, Abdelfattah A, Alotaibi B, Saleh L, Greene A, Georgiou M, Gibbs A, Alsayari A, Taha S, Thomas LA, Shah D, Edkins S, Giles P, Stemmler MP, Brabletz S, Brabletz T, Boyd AS, Siebzehnrubl FA, Rodrigues NP. Zeb1 modulates hematopoietic stem cell fates required for suppressing acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:129115. [PMID: 33108352 PMCID: PMC7773410 DOI: 10.1172/jci129115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeb1, a zinc finger E-box binding homeobox epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor, confers properties of "stemness," such as self-renewal, in cancer. Yet little is known about the function of Zeb1 in adult stem cells. Here, we used the hematopoietic system as a well-established paradigm of stem cell biology to evaluate Zeb1-mediated regulation of adult stem cells. We employed a conditional genetic approach using the Mx1-Cre system to specifically knock out (KO) Zeb1 in adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their downstream progeny. Acute genetic deletion of Zeb1 led to rapid-onset thymic atrophy and apoptosis-driven loss of thymocytes and T cells. A profound cell-autonomous self-renewal defect and multilineage differentiation block were observed in Zeb1-KO HSCs. Loss of Zeb1 in HSCs activated transcriptional programs of deregulated HSC maintenance and multilineage differentiation genes and of cell polarity consisting of cytoskeleton-, lipid metabolism/lipid membrane-, and cell adhesion-related genes. Notably, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression was prodigiously upregulated in Zeb1-KO HSCs, which correlated with enhanced cell survival, diminished mitochondrial metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, and differentiation capacity and an activated transcriptomic signature associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) signaling. ZEB1 expression was downregulated in AML patients, and Zeb1 KO in the malignant counterparts of HSCs - leukemic stem cells (LSCs) - accelerated MLL-AF9- and Meis1a/Hoxa9-driven AML progression, implicating Zeb1 as a tumor suppressor in AML LSCs. Thus, Zeb1 acts as a transcriptional regulator in hematopoiesis, critically coordinating HSC self-renewal, apoptotic, and multilineage differentiation fates required to suppress leukemic potential in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhomidi Almotiri
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,College of Applied Medical Sciences-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Alzahrani
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali Abdelfattah
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Badi Alotaibi
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lubaid Saleh
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adelle Greene
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mia Georgiou
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Gibbs
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Amani Alsayari
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarab Taha
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh-Anne Thomas
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruv Shah
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wales Gene Park and Wales Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Giles
- Wales Gene Park and Wales Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, FAU University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, FAU University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, FAU University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ashleigh S Boyd
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Rodrigues
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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23
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Sallee MD, Pickett MA, Feldman JL. Apical PAR complex proteins protect against programmed epithelial assaults to create a continuous and functional intestinal lumen. eLife 2021; 10:64437. [PMID: 34137371 PMCID: PMC8245128 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained polarity and adhesion of epithelial cells is essential for the protection of our organs and bodies, and this epithelial integrity emerges during organ development amidst numerous programmed morphogenetic assaults. Using the developing Caenorhabditis elegans intestine as an in vivo model, we investigated how epithelia maintain their integrity through cell division and elongation to build a functional tube. Live imaging revealed that apical PAR complex proteins PAR-6/Par6 and PKC-3/aPkc remained apical during mitosis while apical microtubules and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) proteins were transiently removed. Intestine-specific depletion of PAR-6, PKC-3, and the aPkc regulator CDC-42/Cdc42 caused persistent gaps in the apical MTOC as well as in other apical and junctional proteins after cell division and in non-dividing cells that elongated. Upon hatching, gaps coincided with luminal constrictions that blocked food, and larvae arrested and died. Thus, the apical PAR complex maintains apical and junctional continuity to construct a functional intestinal tube.
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity-dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high-resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue-scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro-environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
- CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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25
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Burns KE, Uhrig RF, Jewett ME, Bourbon MF, Krupa KA. Characterizing the Role of Biologically Relevant Fluid Dynamics on Silver Nanoparticle Dependent Oxidative Stress in Adherent and Suspension In Vitro Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060832. [PMID: 34071095 PMCID: PMC8224783 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being employed in numerous consumer goods and applications; however, they are renowned for inducing negative cellular consequences including toxicity, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory response. Nanotoxicological outcomes are dependent on numerous factors, including physicochemical, biological, and environmental influences. Currently, NP safety evaluations are carried out in both cell-based in vitro and animal in vivo models, with poor correlation between these mechanisms. These discrepancies highlight the need for enhanced exposure environments, which retain the advantages of in vitro models but incorporate critical in vivo influences, such as fluid dynamics. This study characterized the effects of dynamic flow on AgNP behavior, cellular interactions, and oxidative stress within both adherent alveolar (A549) and suspension monocyte (U937) models. This study determined that the presence of physiologically relevant flow resulted in substantial modifications to AgNP cellular interactions and subsequent oxidative stress, as assessed via reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione levels, p53, NFκB, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Within the adherent model, dynamic flow reduced AgNP deposition and oxidative stress markers by roughly 20%. However, due to increased frequency of contact, the suspension U937 cells were associated with higher NP interactions and intracellular stress under fluid flow exposure conditions. For example, the increased AgNP association resulted in a 50% increase in intracellular ROS and p53 levels. This work highlights the potential of modified in vitro systems to improve analysis of AgNP dosimetry and safety evaluations, including oxidative stress assessments.
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26
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The Role of Csmd1 during Mammary Gland Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020162. [PMID: 33530646 PMCID: PMC7912059 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cub Sushi Multiple Domains-1 (CSMD1) protein is a tumour suppressor which has been shown to play a role in regulating human mammary duct development in vitro. CSMD1 knockdown in vitro demonstrated increased cell proliferation, invasion and motility. However, the role of Csmd1 in vivo is poorly characterised when it comes to ductal development and is therefore an area which warrants further exploration. In this study a Csmd1 knockout (KO) mouse model was used to identify the role of Csmd1 in regulating mammary gland development during puberty. Changes in duct development and protein expression patterns were analysed by immunohistochemistry. This study identified increased ductal development during the early stages of puberty in the KO mice, characterised by increased ductal area and terminal end bud number at 6 weeks. Furthermore, increased expression of various proteins (Stat1, Fak, Akt, Slug/Snail and Progesterone receptor) was shown at 4 weeks in the KO mice, followed by lower expression levels from 6 weeks in the KO mice compared to the wild type mice. This study identifies a novel role for Csmd1 in mammary gland development, with Csmd1 KO causing significantly more rapid mammary gland development, suggesting an earlier adult mammary gland formation.
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27
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Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of the mesenchymal phenotype greatly increased the complexity of tissue architecture and composition in early Metazoan species. At the molecular level, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was permitted by the innovation of specific transcription factors whose expression is sufficient to repress the epithelial transcriptional program. The reverse process, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), involves direct inhibition of EMT transcription factors by numerous mechanisms including tissue-specific MET-inducing transcription factors (MET-TFs), micro-RNAs, and changes to cell and tissue architecture, thus providing an elegant solution to the need for tight temporal and spatial control over EMT and MET events during development and adult tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Srijakotre N, Liu HJ, Nobis M, Man J, Yip HYK, Papa A, Abud HE, Anderson KI, Welch HCE, Tiganis T, Timpson P, McLean CA, Ooms LM, Mitchell CA. PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28056-28067. [PMID: 33097662 PMCID: PMC7668035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac-GEF, P-Rex1, activates Rac1 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K. Increased P-Rex1 expression promotes melanoma progression; however, its role in breast cancer is complex, with differing reports of the effect of its expression on disease outcome. To address this we analyzed human databases, undertook gene array expression analysis, and generated unique murine models of P-Rex1 gain or loss of function. Analysis of PREX1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cDNA arrays and a METABRIC cohort revealed that higher PREX1 mRNA in ER+ve/luminal tumors was associated with poor outcome in luminal B cancers. Prex1 deletion in MMTV-neu or MMTV-PyMT mice reduced Rac1 activation in vivo and improved survival. High level MMTV-driven transgenic PREX1 expression resulted in apicobasal polarity defects and increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation associated with hyperplasia and development of de novo mammary tumors. MMTV-PREX1 expression in MMTV-neu mice increased tumor initiation and enhanced metastasis in vivo, but had no effect on primary tumor growth. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 or MEK1/2 reduced P-Rex1-driven tumoroid formation and cell invasion. Therefore, P-Rex1 can act as an oncogene and cooperate with HER2/neu to enhance breast cancer initiation and metastasis, despite having no effect on primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuthasuda Srijakotre
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Heng-Jia Liu
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Joey Man
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hon Yan Kelvin Yip
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Antonella Papa
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Tumour Cell Migration, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, G611BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy, Francis Crick Institute, NW11AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
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29
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Gonzalez Curto G, Der Vartanian A, Frarma YEM, Manceau L, Baldi L, Prisco S, Elarouci N, Causeret F, Korenkov D, Rigolet M, Aurade F, De Reynies A, Contremoulins V, Relaix F, Faklaris O, Briscoe J, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Ribes V. The PAX-FOXO1s trigger fast trans-differentiation of chick embryonic neural cells into alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with tissue invasive properties limited by S phase entry inhibition. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009164. [PMID: 33175861 PMCID: PMC7682867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome translocations generating PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 chimeric proteins are the primary hallmarks of the paediatric fusion-positive alveolar subtype of Rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS). Despite the ability of these transcription factors to remodel chromatin landscapes and promote the expression of tumour driver genes, they only inefficiently promote malignant transformation in vivo. The reason for this is unclear. To address this, we developed an in ovo model to follow the response of spinal cord progenitors to PAX-FOXO1s. Our data demonstrate that PAX-FOXO1s, but not wild-type PAX3 or PAX7, trigger the trans-differentiation of neural cells into FP-RMS-like cells with myogenic characteristics. In parallel, PAX-FOXO1s remodel the neural pseudo-stratified epithelium into a cohesive mesenchyme capable of tissue invasion. Surprisingly, expression of PAX-FOXO1s, similar to wild-type PAX3/7, reduce the levels of CDK-CYCLIN activity and increase the fraction of cells in G1. Introduction of CYCLIN D1 or MYCN overcomes this PAX-FOXO1-mediated cell cycle inhibition and promotes tumour growth. Together, our findings reveal a mechanism that can explain the apparent limited oncogenicity of PAX-FOXO1 fusion transcription factors. They are also consistent with certain clinical reports indicative of a neural origin of FP-RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Line Manceau
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Baldi
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Selene Prisco
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Aurade
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien De Reynies
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Contremoulins
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Ribes
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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30
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Díaz-Díaz C, Baonza G, Martín-Belmonte F. The vertebrate epithelial apical junctional complex: Dynamic interplay between Rho GTPase activity and cell polarization processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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A Weak Link with Actin Organizes Tight Junctions to Control Epithelial Permeability. Dev Cell 2020; 54:792-804.e7. [PMID: 32841596 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the tight junction (TJ) formed by specialized adhesive membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the TJ's critical physiological role, a molecular-level understanding of how TJ assembly sets the permeability of epithelial tissue is lacking. Here, we identify a 28-amino-acid sequence in the TJ adaptor protein ZO-1, which is responsible for actin binding, and show that this interaction is essential for TJ permeability. In contrast to the strong interactions at the adherens junction, we find that the affinity between ZO-1 and actin is surprisingly weak, and we propose a model based on kinetic trapping to explain how affinity could affect TJ assembly. Finally, by tuning the affinity of ZO-1 to actin, we demonstrate that epithelial monolayers can be engineered with a spectrum of permeabilities, which points to a promising target for treating transport disorders and improving drug delivery.
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32
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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33
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Soetje B, Fuellekrug J, Haffner D, Ziegler WH. Application and Comparison of Supervised Learning Strategies to Classify Polarity of Epithelial Cell Spheroids in 3D Culture. Front Genet 2020; 11:248. [PMID: 32292417 PMCID: PMC7119422 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional culture systems that allow generation of monolayered epithelial cell spheroids are widely used to study epithelial function in vitro. Epithelial spheroid formation is applied to address cellular consequences of (mono)-genetic disorders, that is, ciliopathies, in toxicity testing, or to develop treatment options aimed to restore proper epithelial cell characteristics and function. With the potential of a high-throughput method, the main obstacle to efficient application of the spheroid formation assay so far is the laborious, time-consuming, and bias-prone analysis of spheroid images by individuals. Hundredths of multidimensional fluorescence images are blinded, rated by three persons, and subsequently, differences in ratings are compared and discussed. Here, we apply supervised learning and compare strategies based on machine learning versus deep learning. While deep learning approaches can directly process raw image data, machine learning requires transformed data of features extracted from fluorescence images. We verify the accuracy of both strategies on a validation data set, analyse an experimental data set, and observe that different strategies can be very accurate. Deep learning, however, is less sensitive to overfitting and experimental batch-to-batch variations, thus providing a rather powerful and easily adjustable classification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birga Soetje
- Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joachim Fuellekrug
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Ziegler
- Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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34
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Manning L, Holmes J, Bonin K, Vidi PA. Radial Profile Analysis of Epithelial Polarity in Breast Acini: A Tool for Primary (Breast) Cancer Prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:314. [PMID: 31998733 PMCID: PMC6970192 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing cancer is vastly better than treating the disease in terms of a patient's quality of life and healthcare costs. Yet, to screen for chemopreventative drugs or evaluate interventions aimed at lowering cancer risk, quantitative readouts of risk are needed. In the breast and in other organs of epithelial origin, apical-basal polarity is key to homeostasis and is one of the first tissue characteristics lost during cancer initiation. Therefore, apical-basal polarity may be leveraged as an "architectural" determinant of cancer risk. A classic approach to quantify the localization of epithelial polarity markers is visual scoring at the microscope by trained investigators. This approach is time-intensive and limited to low throughput. To increase the speed, accuracy, and scoring volume, we developed an algorithm that essentially replaces the human eye to objectively quantify epithelial polarity in microscopy images of breast glandular units (acini). Acini in culture are identified based on a nuclear stain and the corresponding masks are divided into concentric terraces of equal width. This positional information is used to calculate radial intensity profiles (RP) of polarity markers. Profiles with a steep slope represent polarized structures, whereas more horizontal curves are indicative of non-polarized acini. To compare treatment effects, RP curves are integrated into summary values of polarity. We envision applications of this method for primary cancer prevention research with acini organoids, specifically (1) to screen for chemoprevention drugs, (2) for toxicological assessment of suspected carcinogens and pharmacological hit compounds, and (3) for personalized evaluation of cancer risk and risk-reducing interventions. The RadialProfiler algorithm developed for the MATLAB computing environment and for users without prior informatics knowledge is publicly available on the Open Science Framework (OSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton Manning
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Julia Holmes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Keith Bonin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Vidi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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35
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Li X, Miao Y, Pal DS, Devreotes PN. Excitable networks controlling cell migration during development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:133-142. [PMID: 31836289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The directed movements of individual, groups, or sheets of cells at specific times in particular locations bring about form and complexity to developing organisms. Cells move by extending protrusions, such as macropinosomes, pseudopods, lamellipods, filopods, or blebs. Although many of the cytoskeletal components within these structures are known, less is known about the mechanisms that determine their location, number, and characteristics. Recent evidence suggests that control may be exerted by a signal transduction excitable network whose components and activities, including Ras, PI3K, TorC2, and phosphoinositides, self-organize on the plasma membrane and propagate in waves. The waves drive the various types of protrusions, which in turn, determine the modes of cell migration. Acute perturbations at specific points in the network produce abrupt shifts in protrusion type, including transitions from pseudopods to filopods or lamellipods. These observations have also contributed to a delineation of the signal transduction network, including candidate fast positive and delayed negative feedback loops. The network contains many oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and other molecules which have recently been implicated in developmental and metabolic abnormalities. Thus, the concept of signal transduction network excitability in cell migration can be used to understand disease states and morphological changes occurring in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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36
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van IJzendoorn SCD, Agnetti J, Gassama-Diagne A. Mechanisms behind the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183145. [PMID: 31809710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are polarized cells and typically display distinct plasma membrane domains: basal plasma membrane domains face the underlying tissue, lateral domains contact adjacent cells and apical domains face the exterior lumen. Each membrane domain is endowed with a specific macromolecular composition that constitutes the functional identity of that domain. Defects in apical-basal plasma membrane polarity altogether or more subtle defects in the composition of either apical or basal plasma membrane domain can give rise to severe diseases. Lipids are the main component of cellular membranes and mechanisms that control their polarized distribution in epithelial cells are emerging. In particular sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositol lipids have taken center stage in the organization of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domain. This short review article discusses mechanisms that contribute to the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Agnetti
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
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37
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Bauer R, Tondl P, Schneider WJ. A differentiation program induced by bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 in endodermal epithelial cells provides the molecular basis for efficient nutrient transport by the chicken yolk sac. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:222-236. [PMID: 31691430 PMCID: PMC7028021 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian yolk sac provides nutrients for the growing fetus during critical early developmental processes such as neural tube closure, which precedes the functional maturation of the placenta. In contrast, oviparous species such as the chicken rely solely on the yolk sac for transfer of nutrients from the yolk to the developing embryo. However, the molecular mechanisms that provide the yolk sac with nutrient transfer competence remain poorly understood. RESULTS We demonstrate that the chicken endodermal epithelial cells (EEC), which are in close contact with the yolk, gain their nutrient-transport competence by a paracrine crosstalk with the blood-vessel forming mesodermal cell layer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) 4 and 7 produced by ectodermal and mesodermal cell layers likely initiate a differentiation program of EECs during the transition from the area vitellina to the area vasculosa. BMPs, by inducing SMAD signaling, promote the up-regulation of endocytic receptor expression and thereby provide the EECs with the molecular machinery to produce triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles. CONCLUSION This paracrine signaling cascade may constitute the basis for the EEC-mediated mechanism underlying the efficient uptake, degradation, resynthesis, and transfer of yolk-derived nutrients into the embryonic circulation, which assures proper energy supply and development of the growing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Bauer
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Tondl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Seker M, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Martínez-Cruz LA, Müller D. Mouse Models of Human Claudin-Associated Disorders: Benefits and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215504. [PMID: 31694170 PMCID: PMC6862546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher organisms, epithelia separate compartments in order to guarantee their proper function. Such structures are able to seal but also to allow substances to pass. Within the paracellular pathway, a supramolecular structure, the tight junction transport is largely controlled by the temporospatial regulation of its major protein family called claudins. Besides the fact that the expression of claudins has been identified in different forms of human diseases like cancer, clearly defined mutations in the corresponding claudin genes have been shown to cause distinct human disorders. Such disorders comprise the skin and its adjacent structures, liver, kidney, the inner ear, and the eye. From the phenotype analysis, it has also become clear that different claudins can cause a complex phenotype when expressed in different organs. To gain deeper insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of claudin-associated disorders, several mouse models have been generated. In order to model human disorders in detail, they have been designed either as full knockouts, knock-downs or knock-ins by a variety of techniques. Here, we review human disorders caused by CLDN mutations and their corresponding mouse models that have been generated thus far and assess their usefulness as a model for the corresponding human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seker
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | | | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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New insights into apical-basal polarization in epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31505411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an apical-basal axis of polarity is essential for the organization and functioning of epithelial cells. Polarization of epithelial cells is orchestrated by a network of conserved polarity regulators that establish opposing cortical domains through mutually antagonistic interactions and positive feedback loops. While our understanding is still far from complete, the molecular details behind these interactions continue to be worked out. Here, we highlight recent findings on the mechanisms that control the activity and localization of apical-basal polarity regulators, including oligomerization and higher-order complex formation, auto-inhibitory interactions, and electrostatic interactions with the plasma membrane.
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40
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Lebreton S, Paladino S, Zurzolo C. Clustering in the Golgi apparatus governs sorting and function of GPI‐APs in polarized epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2351-2365. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Simona Paladino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse Institut Pasteur Paris France
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by the relentless growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2, genes that encode polycystin 1 and 2, respectively, are responsible for most cases of ADPKD. Currently, the cellular mechanisms responsible for cyst formation remain poorly understood. In vitro models have been used by researchers to investigate cellular processes for cyst formation in carefully controlled experimental conditions. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, a distal tubule epithelial cell line, were first used to form 3-dimensional (3-D) cysts within a hydrated collagen gel. This method was applied to epithelial cells cultured from cysts of human ADPKD kidneys, allowing investigators to study cellular mechanisms for cyst growth using cells that harbor the genetic mutations responsible for ADPKD in humans. Studies using ADPKD in vitro cysts have provided insight into cellular processes regulating cell proliferation, fluid secretion, and cell polarity. These assays were used to demonstrate the central role of cAMP agonists, such as arginine vasopressin, on cyst growth; and to test the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents, including tolvaptan. Results obtained from in vitro cyst experiments demonstrate the translational value of cell model systems for investigating the mechanisms for cyst formation in human ADPKD. In this chapter, we describe protocols for growing ADPKD cells in a 3-D in vitro cyst assay and measuring total cyst volume by microscopy and image analysis.
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42
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Xu W, Gulvady AC, Goreczny GJ, Olson EC, Turner CE. Paxillin-dependent regulation of apical-basal polarity in mammary gland morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev.174367. [PMID: 30967426 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Establishing apical-basal epithelial cell polarity is fundamental for mammary gland duct morphogenesis during mammalian development. While the focal adhesion adapter protein paxillin is a well-characterized regulator of mesenchymal cell adhesion signaling, F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling and single cell migration, its role in epithelial tissue organization and mammary gland morphogenesis in vivo has not been investigated. Here, using a newly developed paxillin conditional knockout mouse model with targeted ablation in the mammary epithelium, in combination with ex vivo three-dimensional organoid and acini cultures, we identify new roles for paxillin in the establishment of apical-basal epithelial cell polarity and lumen formation, as well as mammary gland duct diameter and branching. Paxillin is shown to be required for the integrity and apical positioning of the Golgi network, Par complex and the Rab11/MyoVb trafficking machinery. Paxillin depletion also resulted in reduced levels of apical acetylated microtubules, and rescue experiments with the HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin highlight the central role for paxillin-dependent regulation of HDAC6 activity and associated microtubule acetylation in controlling epithelial cell apical-basal polarity and tissue branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Anushree C Gulvady
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Gregory J Goreczny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Eric C Olson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Primary Cilium-Mediated Retinal Pigment Epithelium Maturation Is Disrupted in Ciliopathy Patient Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:189-205. [PMID: 29298421 PMCID: PMC6166245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from the cell membrane. Defects in the primary cilium cause ciliopathy disorders, with retinal degeneration as a prominent phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), essential for photoreceptor development and function, requires a functional primary cilium for complete maturation and that RPE maturation defects in ciliopathies precede photoreceptor degeneration. Pharmacologically enhanced ciliogenesis in wild-type induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-RPE leads to fully mature and functional cells. In contrast, ciliopathy patient-derived iPSC-RPE and iPSC-RPE with a knockdown of ciliary-trafficking protein remain immature, with defective apical processes, reduced functionality, and reduced adult-specific gene expression. Proteins of the primary cilium regulate RPE maturation by simultaneously suppressing canonical WNT and activating PKCδ pathways. A similar cilium-dependent maturation pathway exists in lung epithelium. Our results provide insights into ciliopathy-induced retinal degeneration, demonstrate a developmental role for primary cilia in epithelial maturation, and provide a method to mature iPSC epithelial cells for clinical applications. May-Simera et al. show that primary cilia regulate the maturation and polarization of human iPSC-RPE, mouse RPE, and human iPSC-lung epithelium through canonical WNT suppression and PKCδ activation. RPE cells derived from ciliopathy patients exhibit defective structure and function. These results provide insights into ciliopathy-induced retinal degeneration.
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Njoroge RN, Vatapalli RJ, Abdulkadir SA. Organoids Increase the Predictive Value of in vitro Cancer Chemoprevention Studies for in vivo Outcome. Front Oncol 2019; 9:77. [PMID: 30842936 PMCID: PMC6391333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical data suggest that antioxidants are protective against prostate cancer whose pathogenesis has been linked to oxidative stress. However, the selenium and vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), found no efficacy for selenium in reducing prostate cancer incidence while vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of the disease. These results have called in to question the models used in preclinical chemoprevention efficacy studies and their ability to predict in vivo outcomes. Chemoprevention agents have traditionally been tested on two dimensional monolayer cultures of cell lines derived from advanced prostate cancers. But as SELECT demonstrates, results from advanced disease models were not predictive of the outcome of a primary chemoprevention trial. Additionally, lack of cell-matrix interactions in two dimensional cultures results in loss of biochemical and mechanical cues relevant for native tissue architecture. We use recent findings in three dimensional organoid cultures that recapitulated the SELECT trial results to argue that the organoid model could increase the predictive value of in vitro studies for in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose N Njoroge
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rajita J Vatapalli
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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45
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Elevated leptin disrupts epithelial polarity and promotes premalignant alterations in the mammary gland. Oncogene 2019; 38:3855-3870. [PMID: 30670780 PMCID: PMC6525037 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly prevalent and modifiable breast cancer risk factor. While the role of obesity in fueling breast cancer progression is well established, the mechanisms linking obesity to breast cancer initiation are poorly understood. A hallmark of breast cancer initiation is the disruption of apical polarity in mammary glands. Here we show that mice with diet-induced obesity display mislocalization of Par3, a regulator of cellular junctional complexes defining mammary epithelial polarity. We found that epithelial polarity loss also occurs in a 3D coculture system that combines acini with human mammary adipose tissue, and establish that a paracrine effect of the tissue adipokine leptin causes loss of polarity by overactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Leptin sensitizes non-neoplastic cells to proliferative stimuli, causes mitotic spindle misalignment, and expands the pool of cells with stem/progenitor characteristics, which are early steps for cancer initiation. We also found that normal breast tissue samples with high leptin/adiponectin transcript ratio characteristic of obesity have an altered distribution of apical polarity markers. This effect is associated with increased epithelial cell layers. Our results provide a molecular basis for early alterations in epithelial architecture during obesity-mediated cancer initiation.
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46
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Nissen SB, Rønhild S, Trusina A, Sneppen K. Theoretical tool bridging cell polarities with development of robust morphologies. eLife 2018; 7:38407. [PMID: 30477635 PMCID: PMC6286147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continual renewal and damages, a multicellular organism is able to maintain its complex morphology. How is this stability compatible with the complexity and diversity of living forms? Looking for answers at protein level may be limiting as diverging protein sequences can result in similar morphologies. Inspired by the progressive role of apical-basal and planar cell polarity in development, we propose that stability, complexity, and diversity are emergent properties in populations of proliferating polarized cells. We support our hypothesis by a theoretical approach, developed to effectively capture both types of polar cell adhesions. When applied to specific cases of development – gastrulation and the origins of folds and tubes – our theoretical tool suggests experimentally testable predictions pointing to the strength of polar adhesion, restricted directions of cell polarities, and the rate of cell proliferation to be major determinants of morphological diversity and stability. Cells have the power to organise themselves to form complex and stable structures, whether it is to create a fully shaped baby from a single egg, or to allow adult salamanders to grow a new limb after losing a leg. This ability has been scrutinised at many different levels. For example, researchers have looked at the chemical messages exchanged by cells, or they have recorded the different shapes an embryo goes through during development. However, it is still difficult to reconcile the information from these approaches into a description that makes sense at multiple scales. When an embryo develops, sheets of cells fold and unfold to create complex 3D shapes, like the tubes that make our lungs. Moulding sheets into tubes relies on interactions between cells that are not the same in all directions. In fact, two types of asymmetry (or polarity) guide these interactions. Apical-basal polarity runs across a sheet of cells, which means that the top surface of the sheet differs from the bottom. Planar cell polarity runs along the sheet and distinguishes one end from the other. For instance, apical-basal polarity marks the inner and outer surfaces of our skin, while planar cell polarity controls the direction in which our hair grows. Nissen et al. set out to investigate how these polarities help cells in an embryo organise themselves to form complicated folds and tubes. To do this, simple mathematical representations of both apical-basal and planar cell polarities were designed. The representations were then combined to create computer simulations of groups of cells as these divide and interact with each other. Simulations of ‘cells’ with only apical-basal polarity were able to generate different shapes in the ‘tissues’ produced, including many found in living organisms. External conditions, such as how cells were arranged to start with, determined the resulting shape. With both apical-basal and planar cell polarities, the simulations reproduced an important change that occurs during early development. They also replicated how the tubes that transport nutrients and oxygen form. These results show that simple properties of individual cells, such as polarities, can produce different shapes in developing tissues and organs, without the need for a complicated overarching program. Abnormal changes in cell polarity are also associated with diseases such as cancer. The mathematical model developed by Nissen et al. could therefore be a useful tool to study these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Boye Nissen
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,StemPhys, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Rønhild
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ala Trusina
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,StemPhys, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Sneppen
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Segatto I, Zompit MDM, Citron F, D'Andrea S, Vinciguerra GLR, Perin T, Berton S, Mungo G, Schiappacassi M, Marchini C, Amici A, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G, Belletti B. Stathmin Is Required for Normal Mouse Mammary Gland Development and Δ16HER2-Driven Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 79:397-409. [PMID: 30478213 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal development of the mammary gland relies on the maintenance of oriented cell division and apicobasal polarity, both of which are often deregulated in cancer. The microtubule (MT) network contributes to control these processes; however, very little is known about the impact of altered MT dynamics in the development of a complex organ and on the role played by MT-interacting proteins such as stathmin. In this study, we report that female stathmin knock-out (STM KO) mice are unable to nurse their litters due to frank impairment of mammary gland development. In mouse mammary epithelial cells, loss of stathmin compromised the trafficking of polarized proteins and the achievement of proper apicobasal polarity. In particular, prolactin receptor internalization and localization was altered in STM KO mammary epithelial cells, leading to decreased protein stability and downmodulation of the Prl/PrlR/STAT5 signaling pathway. Absence of stathmin induced alterations in mitotic spindle orientation, accumulation of mitotic defects, and apoptosis, overall contributing to tissue disorganization and further decreasing the expansion of the mammary epithelial compartment. Loss of stathmin in MMTV-Δ16HER2 transgenic mice decreased the incidence and increased the latency of these very aggressive mammary carcinomas. Collectively, these data identify the essential mammary protein stathmin as protumorigenic and suggest it may serve as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Stathmin expression is critical to maintain oriented cell division and apicobasal polarity in normal mammary glands and to establish a protumorigenic program that eventually sustains HER2-positive breast cancer formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Segatto
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mara De Marco Zompit
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesca Citron
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sara D'Andrea
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Rampioni Vinciguerra
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Perin
- Unit of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Stefania Berton
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mungo
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Monica Schiappacassi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Augusto Amici
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Barbara Belletti
- Unit of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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48
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Pires HR, Boxem M. Mapping the Polarity Interactome. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3521-3544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Kim EJY, Korotkevich E, Hiiragi T. Coordination of Cell Polarity, Mechanics and Fate in Tissue Self-organization. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:541-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Abstract
We model the dynamics of formation of intercellular secretory lumens. Using conservation laws, we quantitatively study the balance between paracellular leaks and the build-up of osmotic pressure in the lumen. Our model predicts a critical pumping threshold to expand stable lumens. Consistently with experimental observations in bile canaliculi, the model also describes a transition between a monotonous and oscillatory regime during luminogenesis as a function of ion and water transport parameters. We finally discuss the possible importance of regulation of paracellular leaks in intercellular tubulogenesis.
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