1
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Shang Y, Zheng L, Du Y, Shang T, Liu X, Zou W. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04281-7. [PMID: 38877366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebrovascular disease that can lead to severe neurological dysfunction in surviving patients, resulting in a heavy burden on patients and their families. When ICH occurs, the blood‒brain barrier is disrupted, thereby promoting immune cell migration into damaged brain tissue. As important immunosuppressive T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and the suppression of immune responses after ICH. Treg cells mitigate brain tissue damage after ICH in a variety of ways, such as inhibiting the neuroinflammatory response, protecting against blood‒brain barrier damage, reducing oxidative stress damage and promoting nerve repair. In this review, we discuss the changes in Treg cells in ICH clinical patients and experimental animals, the mechanisms by which Treg cells regulate ICH and treatments targeting Treg cells in ICH, aiming to support new therapeutic strategies for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Shang
- The Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Clinical Integrated of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Heilong Jiang Province, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- The Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shang
- The Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Liu
- The Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Clinical Integrated of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Heilong Jiang Province, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Danielpour D. Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:533. [PMID: 38675493 PMCID: PMC11054419 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danielpour
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-5670; Fax: +1-216-368-8919
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute of Urology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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3
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Yuan S, Almagro J, Fuchs E. Beyond genetics: driving cancer with the tumour microenvironment behind the wheel. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:274-286. [PMID: 38347101 PMCID: PMC11077468 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has long been viewed as a genetic disease of cumulative mutations. This notion is fuelled by studies showing that ageing tissues are often riddled with clones of complex oncogenic backgrounds coexisting in seeming harmony with their normal tissue counterparts. Equally puzzling, however, is how cancer cells harbouring high mutational burden contribute to normal, tumour-free mice when allowed to develop within the confines of healthy embryos. Conversely, recent evidence suggests that adult tissue cells expressing only one or a few oncogenes can, in some contexts, generate tumours exhibiting many of the features of a malignant, invasive cancer. These disparate observations are difficult to reconcile without invoking environmental cues triggering epigenetic changes that can either dampen or drive malignant transformation. In this Review, we focus on how certain oncogenes can launch a two-way dialogue of miscommunication between a stem cell and its environment that can rewire downstream events non-genetically and skew the morphogenetic course of the tissue. We review the cells and molecules of and the physical forces acting in the resulting tumour microenvironments that can profoundly affect the behaviours of transformed cells. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the remarkable diversity in the relative importance of mutational burden versus tumour microenvironment and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Yuan
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Shichijo T, Yasunaga JI, Sato K, Nosaka K, Toyoda K, Watanabe M, Zhang W, Koyanagi Y, Murphy EL, Bruhn RL, Koh KR, Akari H, Ikeda T, Harris RS, Green PL, Matsuoka M. Vulnerability to APOBEC3G linked to the pathogenicity of deltaretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309925121. [PMID: 38502701 PMCID: PMC10990082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309925121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human retroviruses are derived from simian ones through cross-species transmission. These retroviruses are associated with little pathogenicity in their natural hosts, but in humans, HIV causes AIDS, and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). We analyzed the proviral sequences of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) from Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and found that APOBEC3G (A3G) frequently generates G-to-A mutations in the HTLV-1 provirus, whereas such mutations are rare in the HTLV-2 and STLV-1 proviruses. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of how HTLV-2 is resistant to human A3G (hA3G). HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and STLV-1 encode the so-called antisense proteins, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), Antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2), and STLV-1 bZIP factor (SBZ), respectively. APH-2 efficiently inhibits the deaminase activity of both hA3G and simian A3G (sA3G). HBZ and SBZ strongly suppress sA3G activity but only weakly inhibit hA3G, suggesting that HTLV-1 is incompletely adapted to humans. Unexpectedly, hA3G augments the activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathway by HBZ, and this activation is associated with ATL cell proliferation by up-regulating BATF3/IRF4 and MYC. In contrast, the combination of APH-2 and hA3G, or the combination of SBZ and sA3G, does not enhance the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Thus, HTLV-1 is vulnerable to hA3G but utilizes it to promote the proliferation of infected cells via the activation of the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Antisense factors in each virus, differently adapted to control host cellular functions through A3G, seem to dictate the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Shichijo
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Toyoda
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco94158
- Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco94105
| | | | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka545-0053, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi484-8506, Japan
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-0811, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
- HHMI, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
- HHMI, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
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5
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Chi C, Roland TJ, Song K. Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling: Learning from Heart Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:337. [PMID: 38543122 PMCID: PMC10975450 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is a pressing public health problem and the leading cause of death worldwide. The heart is the first organ to gain function during embryogenesis in mammals. Heart development involves cell determination, expansion, migration, and crosstalk, which are orchestrated by numerous signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, TGF-β, IGF, and Retinoic acid signaling pathways. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based platforms are emerging as promising approaches for modeling heart disease in vitro. Understanding the signaling pathways that are essential for cardiac development has shed light on the molecular mechanisms of congenital heart defects and postnatal heart diseases, significantly advancing stem cell-based platforms to model heart diseases. This review summarizes signaling pathways that are crucial for heart development and discusses how these findings improve the strategies for modeling human heart disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Chi
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Truman J. Roland
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; (C.C.); (T.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
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Rana P, Brennan J, Johnson A, Turcotte J, MacDonald JH, King P. The association between losartan potassium prescription and postoperative outcomes following total knee arthroplasty: A TriNetX analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2024:103851. [PMID: 38428487 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2024.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical procedure performed to alleviate pain and improve functional outcomes in patients with knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis who have failed conservative treatments. Arthrofibrosis has been extensively studied due to its negative impact on TKA outcomes. Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), has the potential to improve TKA outcomes by inhibiting TGF-β and decreasing fibrosis. This study aims to analyze a large-scale, real-world healthcare database to investigate the association between losartan potassium prescription and postoperative outcomes such as readmissions, ED visits, and the need for MUA or revision TKA. HYPOTHESIS Based on previous literature and the nature of ARBs, it is expected that the addition of losartan will aid in better outcomes for patients following a primary TKA. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective observational study, the TriNetX Research Network (TriNetX) database was queried as of June 21, 2023. All patients who underwent a primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) prior to June 21, 2022 were included. Patients were then divided into two cohorts by whether they had an active losartan potassium prescription within the year prior to their surgery to within 90days postoperatively. Patients were then propensity-matched to eliminate differences in demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS Losartan TKA patients were 1.18 [OR: 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79-0.90), p<0.001] times less likely to be readmitted within 90days and were 1.15 (OR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.96); p=0.009) times less likely to undergo a manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) within the 1-year postoperative period. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of emergency department (ED) visits at 90days postoperatively or revision TKAs at 1year postoperatively. DISCUSSION In conclusion, patients with an active losartan prescription prior to TKA had a significantly lower likelihood of readmission within 90days and a lower likelihood of undergoing MUA within the 1-year postoperative period compared to patients not taking losartan. This presents an opportunity for further clinical investigation to explore the value of losartan in TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III; an observational cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Rana
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States
| | - Jane Brennan
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States
| | - Andrea Johnson
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States
| | - Justin Turcotte
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States.
| | - James H MacDonald
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States
| | - Paul King
- Luminis Health Orthopedics, Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2000 Medical Parkway, Suite 503, Annapolis, MD 21401, United States
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7
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Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res 2024; 34:101-123. [PMID: 38267638 PMCID: PMC10837209 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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8
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Zhou X, Iida H, Li Y, Ota A, Zhuo L, Nobuhara R, Terajima Y, Naiki M, Reddi AH, Kimata K, Ushida T. Neurotropin ® ameliorates chronic pain associated with scar formation in a mouse model: A gene expression analysis of the inflammatory response. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241245420. [PMID: 38511285 PMCID: PMC11080750 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241245420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Scar formation after trauma and surgery involves an inflammatory response and can lead to the development of chronic pain. Neurotropin® (NTP) is a nonprotein extract of inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus. It has been widely used for the treatment of chronic pain. However, the in vivo effects of NTP on painful scar formation have not been determined. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NTP on the inflammatory response, we evaluated gene expression in the scar tissues and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of mice administered NTP and control mice. Methods and results: Mice injected with saline or NTP were used as controls; other mice were subjected to surgery on the left hind paw to induce painful scar formation, and then injected with saline or NTP. Hind paw pain was evaluated by measuring the threshold for mechanical stimulation using the von Frey test. The paw withdrawal threshold gradually returned to pre-operative levels over 4 weeks post-operation; NTP-treated mice showed a significantly shortened recovery time of approximately 3 weeks, suggesting that NTP exerted an analgesic effect in this mouse model. Total RNA was extracted from the scarred hind paw tissues and DRGs were collected 1 week post-operation for a microarray analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the expression of some gene sets related to inflammatory responses was activated or inhibited following surgery and NTP administration. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis results for several genes were consistent with the microarray results. Conclusion: The administration of NTP to the hind paws of mice with painful scar formation following surgery diminished nociceptive pain and reduced the inflammatory response. NTP inhibited the expression of some genes involved in the response to surgery-induced inflammation. Therefore, NTP is a potential therapeutic option for painful scar associated with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department Rehabilitation Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yuqiang Li
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Akinobu Ota
- Department Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Environment, College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reiko Nobuhara
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yuki Terajima
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naiki
- Institute of Bio-Active Science, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Project Researcher), Osaka, Japan
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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10
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Castelo-Soccio L, Kim H, Gadina M, Schwartzberg PL, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Protein kinases: drug targets for immunological disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:787-806. [PMID: 37188939 PMCID: PMC10184645 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a major role in cellular activation processes, including signal transduction by diverse immunoreceptors. Given their roles in cell growth and death and in the production of inflammatory mediators, targeting kinases has proven to be an effective treatment strategy, initially as anticancer therapies, but shortly thereafter in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of small molecule inhibitors specifically generated to target protein kinases relevant to immune cell function, with an emphasis on those approved for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The development of inhibitors of Janus kinases that target cytokine receptor signalling has been a particularly active area, with Janus kinase inhibitors being approved for the treatment of multiple autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as COVID-19. In addition, TEC family kinase inhibitors (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors) targeting antigen receptor signalling have been approved for haematological malignancies and graft versus host disease. This experience provides multiple important lessons regarding the importance (or not) of selectivity and the limits to which genetic information informs efficacy and safety. Many new agents are being generated, along with new approaches for targeting kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Juvenile Myositis Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Hussen BM, Saleem SJ, Abdullah SR, Mohamadtahr S, Hidayat HJ, Rasul MF, Taheri M, Kiani A. Current landscape of miRNAs and TGF-β signaling in lung cancer progression and therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Probes 2023; 72:101929. [PMID: 37683829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the primary reason for cancer-associated fatalities globally. Due to both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting activities, the TGF-β family of growth factors is extremely essential to tumorigenesis. A non-coding single-stranded short RNA called microRNA (miRNA), which is made up of about 22 nt and is encoded by endogenous genes, can control normal and pathological pathways in various kinds of cancer, including LC. Recent research demonstrated that the TGF-β signaling directly can affect the synthesis of miRNAs through suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD)-dependent activity or other unidentified pathways, which could generate allostatic feedback as a result of TGF-β signaling stimulation and ultimately affect the destiny of cancer tissues. In this review, we emphasize the critical functions of miRNAs in lung cancer progression and, more critically, how they affect the TGF-β signaling pathway, and explore the role of both the TGF-β signaling pathway and miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for improving the treatments of LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
| | - Safeen Jasim Saleem
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Sayran Mohamadtahr
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arda Kiani
- Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lung Research and Developmental Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Wang MY, Liu WJ, Wu LY, Wang G, Zhang CL, Liu J. The Research Progress in Transforming Growth Factor-β2. Cells 2023; 12:2739. [PMID: 38067167 PMCID: PMC10706148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), an important member of the TGF-β family, is a secreted protein that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. TGF-β2 had been thought to be functionally identical to TGF-β1; however, an increasing number of recent studies uncovered the distinctive features of TGF-β2 in terms of its expression, activation, and biological functions. Mice deficient in TGF-β2 showed remarkable developmental abnormalities in multiple organs, especially the cardiovascular system. Dysregulation of TGF-β2 signalling was associated with tumorigenesis, eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, as well as motor system diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in TGF-β2 to support further research on TGF-β2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Le-Yi Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
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13
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Abstract
Wound healing occurs as a response to disruption of the epidermis and dermis. It is an intricate and well-orchestrated response with the goal to restore skin integrity and function. However, in hundreds of millions of patients, skin wound healing results in abnormal scarring, including keloid lesions or hypertrophic scarring. Although the underlying mechanisms of hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions are not well defined, evidence suggests that the changes in the extracellular matrix are perpetuated by ongoing inflammation in susceptible individuals, resulting in a fibrotic phenotype. The lesions then become established, with ongoing deposition of excess disordered collagen. Not only can abnormal scarring be debilitating and painful, it can also cause functional impairment and profound changes in appearance, thereby substantially affecting patients' lives. Despite the vast demand on patient health and the medical society, very little progress has been made in the care of patients with abnormal scarring. To improve the outcome of pathological scarring, standardized and innovative approaches are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Jeschke
- Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Burn Center, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centers (ADBC), Beverwijk, Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS) Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Medical Research Council Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town & Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luc Teot
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burns, Wound Healing, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerd G Gauglitz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Haut- und Laserzentrum Glockenbach, Munich, Germany
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14
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Wits M, Becher C, de Man F, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Goumans MJ. Sex-biased TGFβ signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2262-2277. [PMID: 37595264 PMCID: PMC10597641 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare cardiovascular disorder leading to pulmonary hypertension and, often fatal, right heart failure. Sex differences in PAH are evident, which primarily presents with a female predominance and increased male severity. Disturbed signalling of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family and gene mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) are risk factors for PAH development, but how sex-specific cues affect the TGFβ family signalling in PAH remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to explore the sex bias in PAH by examining sex differences in the TGFβ signalling family through mechanistical and translational evidence. Sex hormones including oestrogens, progestogens, and androgens, can determine the expression of receptors (including BMPR2), ligands, and soluble antagonists within the TGFβ family in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, sex-related genetic processes, i.e. Y-chromosome expression and X-chromosome inactivation, can influence the TGFβ signalling family at multiple levels. Given the clinical and mechanistical similarities, we expect that the conclusions arising from this review may apply also to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a rare vascular disorder affecting the TGFβ signalling family pathway. In summary, we anticipate that investigating the TGFβ signalling family in a sex-specific manner will contribute to further understand the underlying processes leading to PAH and likely HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Wits
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clarissa Becher
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frances de Man
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) (Vrije Universiteit), 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Letson J, Furuta S. Reduced S-nitrosylation of TGFβ1 elevates its binding affinity towards the receptor and promotes fibrogenic signaling in the breast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.07.556714. [PMID: 37745487 PMCID: PMC10515751 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.556714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine closely linked to tumors. TGFβ is often elevated in precancerous breast lesions in association with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), indicating its contribution to precancerous progression. We previously reported that basal nitric oxide (NO) levels declined along with breast cancer progression. We then pharmacologically inhibited NO production in healthy mammary glands of wild-type mice and found that this induced precancerous progression accompanied by desmoplasia and upregulation of TGFβ activity. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that NO directly S-nitrosylates (forms an NO-adduct at a cysteine residue) TGFβ to inhibit the activity, whereas the reduction of NO denitrosylates TGFβ and de-represses the activity. We introduced mutations to three C-terminal cysteines of TGFβ1 which were predicted to be S-nitrosylated. We found that these mutations indeed impaired S-nitrosylation of TGFβ1 and shifted the binding affinity towards the receptor from the latent complex. Furthermore, in silico structural analyses predicted that these S-nitrosylation-defective mutations strengthen the dimerization of mature protein, whereas S-nitrosylation-mimetic mutations weaken the dimerization. Such differences in dimerization dynamics of TGFβ1 by denitrosylation/S-nitrosylation likely account for the shift of the binding affinities towards the receptor vs. latent complex. Our findings, for the first time, unravel a novel mode of TGFβ regulation based on S-nitrosylation or denitrosylation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Letson
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave. Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave. Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saori Furuta
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave. Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109
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16
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Zheng YY, Hu ZN, Liu Z, Jiang YC, Guo RP, Ding SJ, Zhou GH. The Effect of Long-Term Passage on Porcine SMCs' Function and the Improvement of TGF-β1 on Porcine SMCs' Secretory Function in Late Passage. Foods 2023; 12:2682. [PMID: 37509774 PMCID: PMC10378609 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat is one of the meat substitutes produced through tissue engineering and other technologies. Large-scale cell culture is the key for cultured meat products to enter the market. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore the effect of long-term passage in vitro on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on SMCs in the late passage. Multiple passages lead to the decline of the proliferation rate of SMCs in the proliferation stage and the differentiation ability in the differentiation stage. Transcriptome results showed that the ECM pathway and aging-related signaling pathways were significantly up-regulated in the late passage period. TGF-β1 did not promote SMCs of late passage proliferation at the proliferation stage but promoted the gene and protein expression of collagen as the main protein of the extracellular matrix proteins at the differentiation stage. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed that TGF-β1 promoted the expression of cell adhesion molecules which activate the Hippo signaling pathway and the HIF-1 signaling pathway and further promoted the production of collagen-containing extracellular matrix proteins. This could provide ideas for large-scale production of cultured meat products using SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze-Nan Hu
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Chen Jiang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ren-Peng Guo
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ding
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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17
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Wilson SE. The corneal fibroblast: The Dr. Jekyll underappreciated overseer of the responses to stromal injury. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:53-62. [PMID: 37080483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the functions of corneal fibroblasts in wound healing. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Corneal fibroblasts arise in the corneal stroma after anterior, posterior or limbal injuries and are derived from keratocytes. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and TGFβ2, along with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), are the major modulators of the keratocyte to corneal fibroblast transition, while fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, TGFβ3, and retinoic acid are thought to regulate the transition of corneal fibroblasts back to keratocytes. Adequate and sustained levels of TGFβ1 and/or TGFβ2, primarily from epithelium, tears, aqueous humor, and corneal endothelium, drive the development of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts have been shown in vitro to transition back to corneal fibroblasts, although apoptosis of myofibroblasts has been documented as a major contributor to the resolution of fibrosis in several in situ corneal injury models. Corneal fibroblasts, aside from their role as a major progenitor to myofibroblasts, also perform many critical functions in the injured cornea, including the production of critical basement membrane (BM) components during regeneration of the epithelial BM and Descemet's membrane, production of non-basement membrane-associated stromal collagen type IV to control and downregulate TGFβ effects on stromal cells, release of chemotactic chemokines that attract bone marrow-derived cells to the injured stroma, production of growth factors that modulate regeneration and maturation of the overlying epithelium, and production of collagens and other ECM components that contribute to stromal integrity after injury. CONCLUSIONS Corneal fibroblasts are major contributors to and overseers of the corneal response to injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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18
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Sumioka T, Matsumoto KI, Reinach PS, Saika S. Tenascins and osteopontin in biological response in cornea. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:131-149. [PMID: 37209968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The structural composition, integrity and regular curvature of the cornea contribute to the maintenance of its transparency and vision. Disruption of its integrity caused by injury results in scarring, inflammation and neovascularization followed by losses in transparency. These sight compromising effects is caused by dysfunctional corneal resident cell responses induced by the wound healing process. Upregulation of growth factors/cytokines and neuropeptides affect development of aberrant behavior. These factors trigger keratocytes to first transform into activated fibroblasts and then to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix components for tissue repair and contract the tissue to facilitate wound closure. Proper remodeling following primary repair is critical for restoration of transparency and visual function. Extracellular matrix components contributing to the healing process are divided into two groups; a group of classical tissue structural components and matrix macromolecules that modulate cell behaviors/activities besides being integrated into the matrix structure. The latter components are designated as matricellular proteins. Their functionality is elicited through mechanisms which modulate the scaffold integrity, cell behaviors, activation/inactivation of either growth factors or cytoplasmic signaling regulation. We discuss here the functional roles of matricellular proteins in mediating injury-induced corneal tissue repair. The roles are described of major matricellular proteins, which include tenascin C, tenascin X and osteopontin. Focus is directed towards dealing with their roles in modulating individual activities of wound healing-related growth factors, e. g., transforming growth factor β (TGF β). Modulation of matricellular protein functions could encompass a potential novel strategy to improve the outcome of injury-induced corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- Department of Biological. Sciences SUNY Optometry, New York, NY, 10036, USA
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan
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19
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Machelak W, Szczepaniak A, Jacenik D, Zielińska M. The role of GDF11 during inflammation – An overview. Life Sci 2023; 322:121650. [PMID: 37011872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
GDF11 (Growth differentiation factor 11) is a newly discovered member of family of transforming growth factors-beta. Its crucial role was confirmed in physiology, i.e. embryogenesis due to its involvement in bone formation, skeletogenesis and it is essential to stating skeletal pattern. GDF11 is described as a rejuvenating and anti-aging molecule, that could even restore functions. Beside embryogenesis, GDF11 participates in the process of inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review, we describe its involvement in regulation of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. An anti-inflammatory effect of GDF11 was found in experimental colitis, psoriasis and arthritis. Current data regarding liver fibrosis and renal injury indicate that GDF11 may act as pro-inflammatory agent.
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20
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Zhen Z, Wenwen Y, Guanghui H, Chenghua L, Zhimeng L. AjTGFβ alleviates V. splendidus-induced inflammation through SMADs pathway in Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108593. [PMID: 36746229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of inflammatory response is an essential process to control the development of inflammation and is an important step to protect the organism from excessive inflammatory damage. As a pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a regulatory role in inhibiting inflammation in vertebrates. To investigate the role of TGF-β in the regulation of inflammation in invertebrates, we cloned and characterized the TGF-β gene from Apostichopus japonicus via rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and the sample was designated as AjTGF-β. For Vibrio splendidus-challenged sea cucumbers, the expression of AjTGF-β mRNAs in coelomocytes decreased at 96 h (0.27-fold), which was contrary to the trend of inflammation. AjTGF-β was expressed in all tissues with the highest expression in the body wall. When AjTGF-β was knocked down by using small interfering RNA (siRNA-KD) to 0.45-fold, AjSMAD 2/3 and AjSMAD6 were downregulated to 0.32- and 0.05-fold compared with the control group, respectively. Furthermore, when the damaged sea cucumber was challenged by V. splendidus co-incubated with rAjTGF-β, the damage area had no extensive inflammation, and damaged repair appeared at 72 h compared with the Vs + BSA group, in which the expression of AjSMAD 2/3 was upregulated by 1.35-fold. Under this condition, AjSMAD 2/3 silencing alleviated rAjTGF-β-induced damage recovery. Moreover, rAjTGF-β slightly induced the collagen I expression from 6.13 ng/mL to 7.84 ng/mL, and collagen III was upregulated from 6.23 ng/mL to 6.89 ng/mL compared with the Vs + BSA group. This finding indicates that AjTGF-β negatively regulated the inflammatory progress and accelerated the repair of damage by AjSMADs to regulate the collagens expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhen
- State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Ye Wenwen
- State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Han Guanghui
- State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Li Chenghua
- State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Lv Zhimeng
- State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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21
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Ali S, Rehman MU, Yatoo AM, Arafah A, Khan A, Rashid S, Majid S, Ali A, Ali MN. TGF-β signaling pathway: Therapeutic targeting and potential for anti-cancer immunity. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175678. [PMID: 36990262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic secretory cytokine exhibiting both cancer-inhibitory and promoting properties. It transmits its signals via Suppressor of Mother against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) and non-SMAD pathways and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. In non-cancer and early-stage cancer cells, TGFβ signaling suppresses cancer progression via inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or anti-proliferation, and promoting cell differentiation. On the other hand, TGFβ may also act as an oncogene in advanced stages of tumors, wherein it develops immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments and induces the proliferation of cancer cells, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Higher TGFβ expression leads to the instigation and development of cancer. Therefore, suppressing TGFβ signals may present a potential treatment option for inhibiting tumorigenesis and metastasis. Different inhibitory molecules, including ligand traps, anti-sense oligo-nucleotides, small molecule receptor-kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and vaccines, have been developed and clinically trialed for blocking the TGFβ signaling pathway. These molecules are not pro-oncogenic response-specific but block all signaling effects induced by TGFβ. Nonetheless, targeting the activation of TGFβ signaling with maximized specificity and minimized toxicity can enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches against this signaling pathway. The molecules that are used to target TGFβ are non-cytotoxic to cancer cells but designed to curtail the over-activation of invasion and metastasis driving TGFβ signaling in stromal and cancer cells. Here, we discussed the critical role of TGFβ in tumorigenesis, and metastasis, as well as the outcome and the promising achievement of TGFβ inhibitory molecules in the treatment of cancer.
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22
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Igney FH, Ebenhoch R, Schiele F, Nar H. Anti-GARP Antibodies Inhibit Release of TGF-β by Regulatory T Cells via Different Modes of Action, but Do Not Influence Their Function In Vitro. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:200-212. [PMID: 36928178 PMCID: PMC10563435 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role in controlling immune responses in diseases such as cancer or autoimmunity. Activated Treg express the membrane protein GARP (LRRC32) in complex with the latent form of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β (L-TGF-β). In this study, we confirmed that active TGF-β was generated from its latent form in an integrin-dependent manner and induced TGF-β receptor signaling in activated human Treg. We studied a series of Abs targeting the L-TGF-β/GARP complex with distinct binding modes. We found that TGF-β receptor signaling could be inhibited by anti-TGF-β and by some, but not all, Abs against the L-TGF-β/GARP complex. Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of three L-TGF-β/GARP complex-targeting Abs revealed their distinct epitopes and allowed us to elucidate how they achieve blockade of TGF-β activation. Three different modes of action were identified, including a novel unusual mechanism of a GARP-binding Ab. However, blockade of GARP or TGF-β by Abs did not influence the suppressive activity of human Treg in vitro. We were also not able to confirm a prominent role of GARP in other functions of human Treg, such as FOXP3 induction and Treg stability. These data show that the GARP/TGF-β axis can be targeted pharmacologically in different ways, but further studies are necessary to understand its complexity and to unleash its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H. Igney
- Discovery Research, Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rebecca Ebenhoch
- Discovery Research, Structural Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Felix Schiele
- Discovery Research, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Discovery Research, Structural Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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23
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Alginate Oligosaccharides Repair Liver Injury by Improving Anti-Inflammatory Capacity in a Busulfan-Induced Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043097. [PMID: 36834506 PMCID: PMC9967464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are associated with many factors, including medicines and alcoholics, which have become a global problem. It is crucial to overcome this problem. Liver diseases always come with inflammatory complications, which might be a potential target to deal with this issue. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) have been demonstrated to have many beneficial effects, especially anti-inflammation. In this study, 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) of busulfan was intraperitoneally injected once, and then the mice were dosed with ddH2O or AOS 10 mg/kg BW every day by oral gavage for five weeks. We investigated AOS as a potential no-side-effect and low-cost therapy for liver diseases. For the first time, we discovered that AOS 10 mg/kg recovered liver injury by decreasing the inflammation-related factors. Moreover, AOS 10 mg/kg could improve the blood metabolites related to immune and anti-tumor effects, and thus, ameliorated impaired liver function. The results indicate that AOS may be a potential therapy to deal with liver damage, especially in inflammatory conditions.
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24
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The role of TGF-beta3 in cartilage development and osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2023; 11:2. [PMID: 36588106 PMCID: PMC9806111 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage serves as a low-friction, load-bearing tissue without the support with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves, making its repair a big challenge. Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), a vital member of the highly conserved TGF-β superfamily, plays a versatile role in cartilage physiology and pathology. TGF-β3 influences the whole life cycle of chondrocytes and mediates a series of cellular responses, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Since TGF-β3 is involved in maintaining the balance between chondrogenic differentiation and chondrocyte hypertrophy, its regulatory role is especially important to cartilage development. Increased TGF-β3 plays a dual role: in healthy tissues, it can facilitate chondrocyte viability, but in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, it can accelerate the progression of disease. Recently, TGF-β3 has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA) owing to its protective effect, which it confers by enhancing the recruitment of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to damaged cartilage. However, the biological mechanism of TGF-β3 action in cartilage development and OA is not well understood. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research on TGF-β3 in cartilage physiology and pathology, providing up-to-date strategies for cartilage repair and preventive treatment.
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25
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Zhang R, Singh S, Pan C, Xu B, Kindblom J, Eng KH, Krolewski JJ, Nastiuk KL. Rate of castration-induced prostate stroma regression is reduced in a mouse model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2023; 11:12-26. [PMID: 36923722 PMCID: PMC10009314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-neoplastic proliferative disease producing lower urinary tract symptoms related to the resulting enlarged prostate. BPH is pathologically characterized by hyperplastic growth in both epithelial and stromal compartments. Androgen signaling is essential for prostate function and androgen blockade is the second-line medical therapy to relieve symptoms of BPH. Here we examined the prostates of probasin promoter-driven prolactin (Pb-PRL) transgenic mice, a robust model of BPH that spontaneously develops prostate enlargement, to investigate prostate regression in response to surgical castration. Serial ultrasound imaging demonstrated very uniform self-limited growth of Pb-PRL prostate volume that is consistent with the benign, limited cellular proliferation characteristic of BPH and that contrasts with the highly variable, exponential growth of murine prostate cancer models. Castration elicited only a partial reduction in prostate volume, relative to castration-induced regression of the normal prostate gland. The anti-androgen finasteride induced a diminished reduction of Pb-PRL prostate volume versus castration. The limited extent of Pb-PRL mouse prostate volume regression correlated with the initial volume of the stromal compartment, suggesting a differential sensitivity of the epithelial and stromal compartments to androgen withdrawal. Indeed, two-dimensional morphometric analyses revealed a distinctly reduced rate of regression for the stromal compartment in Pb-PRL mice. The myofibroblast component of the Pb-PRL prostate stroma appeared normal, but the stromal compartment contained more fibroblasts and extracellular collagen deposition. Like normal prostate, the rate of regression of the Pb-PRL prostate was partially dependent on TGFß and TNF signaling, but unlike the normal prostate, the extent of castration-induced regression was not affected by TGFß or TNF blockade. Our studies show that androgen deprivation can effectively reduce the overall volume of hyperplastic prostate, but the stromal compartment is relatively resistant, suggesting additional therapies might be required to offer an effective treatment for the clinical manifestations of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Chunliu Pan
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Jon Kindblom
- Department of Oncology, University of Gothenburg Goteborg 41345, Sweden
| | - Kevin H Eng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Bristol Myers Squibb Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John J Krolewski
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Department of Biology and Interdisciplinary Unit, Data Science and Analytics, Buffalo State College, State University of New York New York, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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26
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Chan MKK, Chan ELY, Ji ZZ, Chan ASW, Li C, Leung KT, To KF, Tang PMK. Transforming growth factor-β signaling: from tumor microenvironment to anticancer therapy. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:316-343. [PMID: 37205317 PMCID: PMC10185444 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-β signaling are heterogeneous and versatile in cancer development and progression, both anticancer and protumoral actions are reported. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that TGF-β enhances disease progression and drug resistance via immune-modulatory actions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. A better understanding of its regulatory mechanisms in the TME at the molecular level can facilitate the development of precision medicine to block the protumoral actions of TGF-β in the TME. Here, the latest information about the regulatory mechanisms and translational research of TGF-β signaling in the TME for therapeutic development had been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kam-Kwan Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Emily Lok-Yiu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zoey Zeyuan Ji
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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27
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Rana PS, Soler DC, Kort J, Driscoll JJ. Targeting TGF-β signaling in the multiple myeloma microenvironment: Steering CARs and T cells in the right direction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1059715. [PMID: 36578789 PMCID: PMC9790996 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1059715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains a lethal hematologic cancer characterized by the expansion of transformed plasma cells within the permissive bone marrow (BM) milieu. The emergence of relapsed and/or refractory MM (RRMM) is provoked through clonal evolution of malignant plasma cells that harbor genomic, metabolic and proteomic perturbations. For most patients, relapsed disease remains a major cause of overall mortality. Transforming growth factors (TGFs) have pleiotropic effects that regulate myelomagenesis as well as the emergence of drug resistance. Moreover, TGF-β modulates numerous cell types present with the tumor microenvironment, including many immune cell types. While numerous agents have been FDA-approved over the past 2 decades and significantly expanded the treatment options available for MM patients, the molecular mechanisms responsible for drug resistance remain elusive. Multiple myeloma is uniformly preceded by a premalignant state, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, and both conditions are associated with progressive deregulation in host immunity characterized by reduced T cell, natural killer (NK) cell and antigen-presenting dendritic cell (DC) activity. TGF-β promotes myelomagenesis as well as intrinsic drug resistance by repressing anti-myeloma immunity to promote tolerance, drug resistance and disease progression. Hence, repression of TGF-β signaling is a prerequisite to enhance the efficacy of current and future immunotherapeutics. Novel strategies that incorporate T cells that have been modified to express chimeric antigen receptor (CARs), T cell receptors (TCRs) and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) offer promise to block TGF-β signaling, overcome chemoresistance and enhance anti-myeloma immunity. Here, we describe the effects of TGF-β signaling on immune cell effectors in the bone marrow and emerging strategies to overcome TGF-β-mediated myeloma growth, drug resistance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Rana
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David C. Soler
- The Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, The Center of Excellence for Translational Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeries Kort
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States,Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States,Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: James J. Driscoll,
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28
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Rodari MM, Cerf-Bensussan N, Parlato M. Dysregulation of the immune response in TGF-β signalopathies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066375. [PMID: 36569843 PMCID: PMC9780292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of cytokines exerts pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and repair as well as within the immune system. Single gene defects in individual component of this signaling machinery cause defined Mendelian diseases associated with aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling, ultimately leading to impaired development, immune responses or both. Gene defects that affect members of the TGF-β cytokine family result in more restricted phenotypes, while those affecting downstream components of the signaling machinery induce broader defects. These rare disorders, also known as TGF-β signalopathies, provide the unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the role and the relevance of the TGF-β signaling in the human immune system. Here, we summarize this elaborate signaling pathway, review the diverse clinical presentations and immunological phenotypes observed in these patients and discuss the phenotypic overlap between humans and mice genetically deficient for individual components of the TGF-β signaling cascade.
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29
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Lo WS, Roca M, Dardiry M, Mackie M, Eberhardt G, Witte H, Hong R, Sommer RJ, Lightfoot JW. Evolution and Diversity of TGF-β Pathways are Linked with Novel Developmental and Behavioral Traits. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac252. [PMID: 36469861 PMCID: PMC9733428 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential for numerous biologic functions. It is a highly conserved pathway found in all metazoans including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which has also been pivotal in identifying many components. Utilizing a comparative evolutionary approach, we explored TGF-β signaling in nine nematode species and revealed striking variability in TGF-β gene frequency across the lineage. Of the species analyzed, gene duplications in the DAF-7 pathway appear common with the greatest disparity observed in Pristionchus pacificus. Specifically, multiple paralogues of daf-3, daf-4 and daf-7 were detected. To investigate this additional diversity, we induced mutations in 22 TGF-β components and generated corresponding double, triple, and quadruple mutants revealing both conservation and diversification in function. Although the DBL-1 pathway regulating body morphology appears highly conserved, the DAF-7 pathway exhibits functional divergence, notably in some aspects of dauer formation. Furthermore, the formation of the phenotypically plastic mouth in P. pacificus is partially influenced through TGF-β with the strongest effect in Ppa-tag-68. This appears important for numerous processes in P. pacificus but has no known function in C. elegans. Finally, we observe behavioral differences in TGF-β mutants including in chemosensation and the establishment of the P. pacificus kin-recognition signal. Thus, TGF-β signaling in nematodes represents a stochastic genetic network capable of generating novel functions through the duplication and deletion of associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sui Lo
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marianne Roca
- Max Planck Research Group Genetics of Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohannad Dardiry
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marisa Mackie
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - Gabi Eberhardt
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanh Witte
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ray Hong
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - James W Lightfoot
- Max Planck Research Group Genetics of Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Bu MT, Chandrasekhar P, Ding L, Hugo W. The roles of TGF-β and VEGF pathways in the suppression of antitumor immunity in melanoma and other solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108211. [PMID: 35577211 PMCID: PMC10956517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become well-known in cancer therapy, strengthening the body's antitumor immune response rather than directly targeting cancer cells. Therapies targeting immune inhibitory checkpoints, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, have resulted in impressive clinical responses across different types of solid tumors. However, as with other types of cancer treatments, ICB-based immunotherapy is hampered by both innate and acquired drug resistance. We previously reported the enrichment of gene signatures associated with wound healing, epithelial-to-mesenchymal, and angiogenesis processes in the tumors of patients with innate resistance to PD-1 checkpoint antibody therapy; we termed these the Innate Anti-PD-1 Resistance Signatures (IPRES). The TGF-β and VEGFA pathways emerge as the dominant drivers of IPRES-associated processes. Here, we review these pathways' functions, their roles in immunosuppression, and the currently available therapies that target them. We also discuss recent developments in the targeting of TGF-β using a specific antibody class termed trap antibody. The application of trap antibodies opens the promise of localized targeting of the TGF-β and VEGFA pathways within the tumor microenvironment. Such specificity may offer an enhanced therapeutic window that enables suppression of the IPRES processes in the tumor microenvironment while sparing the normal homeostatic functions of TGF-β and VEGFA in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Bu
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pallavi Chandrasekhar
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy UCLA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Willy Hugo
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy UCLA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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31
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TGF-β1 contributes to the hepatic inflammation in animal models with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Smad3/TLR2 signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Tang J, Liu F, Cooper ME, Chai Z. Renal fibrosis as a hallmark of diabetic kidney disease: Potential role of targeting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and related molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:721-738. [PMID: 36217308 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2133698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment to completely prevent DKD progression to ESRD. Renal fibrosis and inflammation are the major pathological features of DKD, being pursued as potential therapeutic targets for DKD. AREAS COVERED Inflammation and renal fibrosis are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to combat DKD but without efficacy demonstrated. Thus, we have focused on the mechanisms of TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis in DKD, as well as discussing the important molecules influencing the TGF-β signaling pathway and their potential development into new pharmacotherapies, rather than targeting the ligand TGF-β and/or its receptors, such options include Smads, microRNAs, histone deacetylases, connective tissue growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and cell division autoantigen 1. EXPERT OPINION TGF-β is a critical driver of renal fibrosis in DKD. Molecules that modulate TGF-β signaling rather than TGF-β itself are potentially superior targets to safely combat DKD. A comprehensive elucidation of the pathogenesis of DKD is important, which requires a better model system and access to clinical samples via collaboration between basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Tang
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhonglin Chai
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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33
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Stewart VD, Cadieux J, Thulasiram MR, Douglas TC, Drewnik DA, Selamat S, Lao Y, Spicer V, Hannila SS. Myelin‐associated glycoprotein alters the neuronal secretome and stimulates the release of
TGFβ
and proteins that affect neural plasticity. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2952-2973. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D. Stewart
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Justine Cadieux
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Matsya R. Thulasiram
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Tinsley Claire Douglas
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Dennis A. Drewnik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Suhaila Selamat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Ying Lao
- Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology University of Manitoba Room 799, John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue R3E 3P4 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Victor Spicer
- Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology University of Manitoba Room 799, John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue R3E 3P4 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Sari S. Hannila
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science University of Manitoba Room 130, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue R3E 0J9 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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34
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This S, Paidassi H. New perspectives on the regulation of germinal center reaction via αvβ8- mediated activation of TGFβ. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942468. [PMID: 36072589 PMCID: PMC9441935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a long-known modulator of immune responses but has seemingly contradictory effects on B cells. Among cytokines, TGFβ has the particularity of being produced and secreted in a latent form and must be activated before it can bind to its receptor and induce signaling. While the concept of controlled delivery of TGFβ signaling via αvβ8 integrin-mediated activation has gained some interest in the field of mucosal immunity, the role of this molecular mechanism in regulating T-dependent B cell responses is just emerging. We review here the role of TGFβ and its activation, in particular by αvβ8 integrin, in the regulation of mucosal IgA responses and its demonstrated and putative involvement in regulating germinal center (GC) B cell responses. We examine both the direct effect of TGFβ on GC B cells and its ability to modulate the functions of helper cells, namely follicular T cells (Tfh and Tfr) and follicular dendritic cells. Synthetizing recently published works, we reconcile apparently conflicting data and propose an innovative and unified view on the regulation of the GC reaction by TGFβ, highlighting the role of its activation by αvβ8 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, immunologie et infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Helena Paidassi
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Helena Paidassi,
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35
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Molecular Characterization of TGF-Beta Gene Family in Buffalo to Identify Gene Duplication and Functional Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081302. [PMID: 35893038 PMCID: PMC9331672 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily is ubiquitously distributed from invertebrates to vertebrates with diverse cellular functioning such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The present study aimed to characterize the TGF-β gene superfamily in buffalo through evolutionary, structural, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analyses to find the functional effect of SNPs in selected genes. We detected 32 TGF-β genes in buffalo genome and all TGF-β proteins exhibited basic nature except INHA, INHBC, MSTN, BMP10, and GDF2, which showed acidic properties. According to aliphatic index, TGF-β proteins were thermostable but unstable in nature. Except for GDF1 and AMH, TGF-β proteins depicted hydrophilic nature. Moreover, all the detected buffalo TGF-β genes showed evolutionary conserved nature. We also identified eight segmental and one tandem duplication event TGF-β gene family in buffalo, and the ratio of Ka/Ks demonstrated that all the duplicated gene pairs were under selective pressure. Comparative amino acid analysis demonstrated higher variation in buffalo TGF-β gene family, as a total of 160 amino acid variations in all the buffalo TGF-β proteins were detected. Mutation analysis revealed that 13 mutations had an overall damaging effect that might have functional consequences on buffalo growth, folliculogenesis, or embryogenesis.
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Danielpour D, Corum S, Leahy P, Bangalore A. Jagged-1 is induced by mTOR inhibitors in renal cancer cells through an Akt/ALK5/Smad4-dependent mechanism. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100117. [PMID: 35992379 PMCID: PMC9389240 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance of many cancers. Targeting mTOR continues to be under clinical investigation for cancer therapy. Despite the notable clinical success of mTOR inhibitors in extending the overall survival of patients with certain malignancies including metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), the overall impact of mTOR inhibitors on cancers has been generally disappointing and attributed to various compensatory responses. Here we provide the first report that expression of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (JAG1), which is associated with aggressiveness of RCCs, is induced by several inhibitors of mTOR (rapamycin (Rap), BEZ235, KU-0063794) in human clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cells. Using both molecular and chemical inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, and TGF-β signaling, we provide evidence that the induction of JAG1 expression by mTOR inhibitors in ccRCC cells depends on the activation of Akt and occurs through an ALK5 kinase/Smad4-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we show that mTOR inhibitors activate Notch1 and induce the expression of drivers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, notably Hic-5 and Slug. Silencing JAG1 with selective shRNAs blocked the ability of KU-0063794 and Rap to induce Hic-5 in ccRCC cells. Moreover, Rap enhanced TGF-β-induced expression of Hic-5 and Slug, both of which were repressed in JAG1-silenced ccRCC cells. Silencing JAG1 selectively decreased the motility of ccRCC cells treated with Rap or TGF-β1. Moreover, inhibition of Notch signaling with γ-secretase inhibitors enhanced or permitted mTOR inhibitors to suppress the motility of ccRCC cells. We suggest targeting JAG1 may enhance therapeutic responses to mTOR inhibitors in ccRCCs.
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Key Words
- ALK5, Activin-like kinase 5 (TGF-β type I receptor)
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Akt
- BEZ235
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EMT
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- Hic-5
- Hic-5, Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5, also known as transforming growth factor beta induced transcript
- IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate-1
- JAG1, Jagged-1
- KU-0063794
- MAML-1, Mastermind-like protein-1
- Myr, Myristoylated
- PI3K
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RCC, RCC
- Rap, Rapamycin
- Rapamycin
- Renal cancer
- Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain
- SE, Standard error
- Slug
- Slug, Snail family of transcription factors encoded by the SNAI2 gene
- Smad, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog
- Smad4
- TGF-beta
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-beta
- TSC, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
- TβRI, Transforming growth factor β receptor type 1
- TβRII, Transforming growth factor β receptor type 2
- ccRCC, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- mRCC, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- mTOR
- mTORC1, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- mTORC2, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danielpour
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Urology University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sarah Corum
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Patrick Leahy
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anusha Bangalore
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Tian C, Liu Y, Xue L, Zhang D, Zhang X, Su J, Chen J, Li X, Wang L, Jiao S. Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:616-625. [PMID: 35800071 PMCID: PMC9202537 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, a pan-protein kinase inhibitor, inhibits the activity of various kinases (like vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) and clinically has been used to treat different human cancers. This study investigated its antitumor activity in ovarian cancer and the underlying molecular events. To achieve that, ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells were treated with or without sorafenib (10 µM), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (10 ng/mL), sorafenib (10 µM) + TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL), and TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) + Ly2157299 (5 µM), followed by 8-Gy radiation. The cells were then subjected to cell viability, wound healing, Transwell, caspase-3 activity, and western blot assays. TGF-β1 treatment enhanced ovarian cancer cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas sorafenib and a selective TGF-β1 inhibitor Ly2157299 reversed tumor cell EMT, invasion, and expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin and vimentin). Sorafenib and Ly2157299 treatment also significantly reduced the tumor cell viability. Furthermore, both sorafenib and Ly2157299 significantly enhanced ovarian cancer cell radiosensitivity, as assessed by a caspase-3 activity assay. In conclusion, sorafenib inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induced tumor cell radiosensitivity. Molecularly, sorafenib could inhibit the TGF-β1-mediated EMT. Future studies will assess sorafenib anti-ovarian cancer activity plus TGF-β1 inhibitors in ovarian cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Lingfei Xue
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Jiaohong Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital , Henan 472000 , China
| | - Xiangke Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Liuxing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA , Beijing 100853 , China
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TGF-β1 Reduces Neutrophil Adhesion and Prevents Acute Vaso-Occlusive Processes in Sickle Cell Disease Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071200. [PMID: 35406764 PMCID: PMC8998040 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients experience chronic inflammation and recurrent vaso-occlusive episodes during their entire lifetime. Inflammation in SCD occurs with the overexpression of several inflammatory mediators, including transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), a major immune regulator. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role played by TGF-β1 in vascular inflammation and vaso-occlusion in an animal model of SCD. Using intravital microscopy, we found that a daily dose of recombinant TGF-β1 administration for three consecutive days significantly reduced TNFα-induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation in the microcirculation of SCD mice. In contrast, immunological neutralization of TGF-β, in the absence of inflammatory stimulus, considerably increased these parameters. Our results indicate, for the first time, that TGF-β1 may play a significant ameliorative role in vascular SCD pathophysiology, modulating inflammation and vaso-occlusion. The mechanisms by which TGF-β1 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects in SCD, however, remains unclear. Our in vitro adhesion assays with TNFα-stimulated human neutrophils suggest that TGF-β1 can reduce the adhesive properties of these cells; however, direct effects of TGF-β1 on the endothelium cannot be ruled out. Further investigation of the wide range of the complex biology of this cytokine in SCD pathophysiology and its potential therapeutical use is needed.
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In-silico drug-likeness analysis, ADME properties, and molecular docking studies of cyanidin-3-arabinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-arabinoside as natural anticancer compounds against acting receptor-like kinase 5 receptor. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:517-522. [PMID: 35324525 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was in-silico drug-likeness analysis, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, and molecular docking studies of anthocyanins as natural anticancer compounds against acting receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an essential role in various cellular processes. Increased expression of TGF-β and its receptor TGFβR-I (i.e. ALK5) have been associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. METHODS The drug-likeness activity of anthocyanins was performed using SwissADME tool. Molecular docking studies were carried out by using the Autodock Vina 1.5.6 tool. RESULTS The results revealed that cyanidin-3-arabinoside (C3A), pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), and peonidin-3-arabinoside (P3A) were able to use both Lipinski's rule of five and Ghose variations. The binding energies of C3A, P3G, and P3A against ALK5 were found as -8.0, -8.3, and -8.4 kcal mol-1, respectively. CONCLUSION These selected anthocyanins have shown higher binding energies than known inhibitors to the ALK5 receptor. Further in-vitro and in-vivo studies were strongly recommended to clarify the whole mechanism.
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Cambuli F, Foletto V, Alaimo A, De Felice D, Gandolfi F, Palumbieri MD, Zaffagni M, Genovesi S, Lorenzoni M, Celotti M, Bertossio E, Mazzero G, Bertossi A, Bisio A, Berardinelli F, Antoccia A, Gaspari M, Barbareschi M, Fiorentino M, Shen MM, Loda M, Romanel A, Lunardi A. Intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signaling safeguards prostate progenitor quiescence. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54049. [PMID: 35253958 PMCID: PMC9066067 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy prostate is a relatively quiescent tissue. Yet, prostate epithelium overgrowth is a common condition during aging, associated with urinary dysfunction and tumorigenesis. For over thirty years, TGF-β ligands have been known to induce cytostasis in a variety of epithelia, but the intracellular pathway mediating this signal in the prostate, and its relevance for quiescence, have remained elusive. Here, using mouse prostate organoids to model epithelial progenitors, we find that intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signaling inhibits cell proliferation in a Smad-independent manner. Mechanistically, Activin A triggers Tak1 and p38 ΜAPK activity, leading to p16 and p21 nuclear import. Spontaneous evasion from this quiescent state occurs upon prolonged culture, due to reduced Activin A secretion, a condition associated with DNA replication stress and aneuploidy. Organoids capable to escape quiescence in vitro are also able to implant with increased frequency into immunocompetent mice. This study demonstrates that non-canonical Activin A signaling safeguards epithelial quiescence in the healthy prostate, with potential implications for the understanding of cancer initiation, and the development of therapies targeting quiescent tumor progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cambuli
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly,Department of Medicine, Genetics and DevelopmentUrologySystems BiologyHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA,Present address:
Molecular Pharmacology ProgramSloan Kettering InstituteMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Veronica Foletto
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Alessandro Alaimo
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Dario De Felice
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Francesco Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational GenomicsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Maria Dilia Palumbieri
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Michela Zaffagni
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Sacha Genovesi
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Marco Lorenzoni
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Martina Celotti
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Emiliana Bertossio
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | | | - Arianna Bertossi
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Francesco Berardinelli
- Department of ScienceUniversity of Roma TreRomaItaly,Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Molecular Neurobiology UnitIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomaItaly
| | | | - Marco Gaspari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of CatanzaroCatanzaroItaly
| | | | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty MedicineUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Genetics and DevelopmentUrologySystems BiologyHerbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Alessandro Romanel
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational GenomicsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Andrea Lunardi
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cancer Biology & GeneticsDepartment of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
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Liu S, Guo J, Cheng X, Li W, Lyu S, Chen X, Li Q, Wang H. Molecular Evolution of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Gene Family and the Functional Characterization of Lamprey TGF-β2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836226. [PMID: 35309318 PMCID: PMC8931421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines capable of regulating a wide range of cellular behaviors and play a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The TGF-β subfamily, which is only present in deuterostomes, expands from a single gene in invertebrates to multiple members in jawed vertebrates. However, the evolutionary processes of the TGF-β subfamily in vertebrates still lack sufficient elucidation. In this study, the TGF-β homologs are identified at the genome-wide level in the reissner lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri), the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and the Japanese lamprey (Lampetra japonica), which are the extant representatives of jawless vertebrates with a history of more than 350 million years. The molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that the lamprey TGF-β subfamily contains two members representing ancestors of TGF-β2 and 3 in vertebrates, respectively, but TGF-β1 is absent. The transcriptional expression patterns show that the lamprey TGF-β2 may play a central regulatory role in the innate immune response of the lamprey since it exhibits a more rapid and significant upregulation of expression than TGF-β3 during lipopolysaccharide stimuli. The incorporation of BrdU assay reveals that the lamprey TGF-β2 recombinant protein exerts the bipolar regulation on the proliferation of the supraneural myeloid body cells (SMB cells) in the quiescent and LPS-activated state, while plays an inhibitory role in the proliferation of quiescent and activated leukocytes in lampreys. Furthermore, caspase-3/7 activity analysis indicates that the lamprey TGF-β2 protects SMB cells from apoptosis after serum deprivation, in contrast to promoting apoptosis of leukocytes. Our composite results offer valuable clues to the origin and evolution of the TGF-β subfamily and imply that TGF-βs are among the most ancestral immune regulators in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Junfu Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianda Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenna Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuangyu Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuanyi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Qingwei Li,
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Qingwei Li,
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Szewc M, Radzikowska-Bűchner E, Wdowiak P, Kozak J, Kuszta P, Niezabitowska E, Matysiak J, Kubiński K, Masłyk M. MSCs as Tumor-Specific Vectors for the Delivery of Anticancer Agents-A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Diseases: Perspectives for Quinazoline Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052745. [PMID: 35269887 PMCID: PMC8911180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be a powerful tool in the treatment of various diseases. Scientists are particularly interested in the possibility of using MSCs in cancer therapy. The research carried out so far has shown that MSCs possess both potential pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic properties. It has been confirmed that MSCs can regulate tumor cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, and molecules secreted by MSCs can promote or block a variety of signaling pathways. These findings may be crucial in the development of new MSC-based cell therapeutic strategies. The abilities of MSCs such as tumor tropism, deep migration and immune evasion have evoked considerable interest in their use as tumor-specific vectors for small-molecule anticancer agents. Studies have shown that MSCs can be successfully loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel, and can release them at the site of primary and metastatic neoplasms. The inhibitory effect of MSCs loaded with anti-cancer agents on the proliferation of cancer cells has also been observed. However, not all known chemotherapeutic agents can be used in this approach, mainly due to their cytotoxicity towards MSCs and insufficient loading and release capacity. Quinazoline derivatives appear to be an attractive choice for this therapeutic solution due to their biological and pharmacological properties. There are several quinazolines that have been approved for clinical use as anticancer drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It gives hope that the synthesis of new quinazoline derivatives and the development of methods of their application may contribute to the establishment of highly effective therapies for oncological patients. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between MSCs and tumor cells, and the exploration of the possibilities of using quinazoline derivatives in MSC-based therapy is necessary to achieve this goal. The aim of this review is to discuss the prospects for using MSC-based cell therapy in cancer treatment and the potential use of quinazolines in this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szewc
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Bűchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paulina Wdowiak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Kozak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kuszta
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Ewa Niezabitowska
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.)
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Tschernia NP, Gulley JL. Tumor in the Crossfire: Inhibiting TGF-β to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. BioDrugs 2022; 36:153-180. [PMID: 35353346 PMCID: PMC8986721 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints has undoubtedly revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape in the last decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can elicit long-lasting, previously unheard-of responses in a number of tumor entities. Yet, even in such tumors as metastatic melanoma and non-small cell-lung cancer, in which immune checkpoint inhibition has become the first-line treatment of choice, only a minority of patients will benefit considerably from these treatments. This has been attributed to a number of factors, including an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Using different modalities to break these barriers is of utmost importance to expand the population of patients that benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition. The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has long been recognized as an immune-suppressive factor in the TME. A considerable number of drugs have been developed to target TGF-β, yet most of these have since been discontinued. The combination of anti-TGF-β agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors now has the potential to revive this target as a viable immunomodulatory therapeutic approach. Currently, a limited number of small molecular inhibitor and monoclonal antibody candidates that target TGF-β are in clinical development in combination with the following immune checkpoint inhibitors: SRK 181, an antibody inhibiting the activation of latent TGF-β1; NIS 793, a monoclonal antibody targeting TGF-β; and SHR 1701, a fusion protein consisting of an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody fused with the extracellular domain of human TGF-β receptor II. Several small molecular inhibitors are also in development and are briefly reviewed: LY364947, a pyrazole-based small molecular inhibitor of the serine-threonine kinase activity of TGFβRI; SB-431542, an inhibitor targeting several TGF-β superfamily Type I activin receptor-like kinases as well as TGF-β1-induced nuclear Smad3 localization; and galunisertib, an oral small molecular inhibitor of the TGFβRI kinase. One of the most advanced agents in this area is bintrafusp alfa, a bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of TGF-β receptor II fused to a human IgG1 mAb blocking PD-L1. Bintrafusp alfa is currently in advanced clinical development and as an agent in this space with the most clinical experience, is a focused highlight of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Tschernia
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Medical Oncology Service, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room 13N240, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Medical Oncology Service, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room 13N240, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Toyoda S, Shin J, Fukuhara A, Otsuki M, Shimomura I. Transforming growth factor β1 signaling links extracellular matrix remodeling to intracellular lipogenesis upon physiological feeding events. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101748. [PMID: 35189145 PMCID: PMC8931428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dynamically changes its mass in response to external nutritional status, which plays an important role in maintaining the lipid homeostasis. Physiologically, feeding events are associated with the expansion of adipose tissue, but little is known about the detailed molecular mechanisms of this expansion. Here, using comprehensive transcriptome analysis, we found that levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a key regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, were increased in adipose tissue under feeding conditions and associated with the lipogenic pathway. In addition, TGF-β receptors are highly expressed in adipose tissue, and pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β1 reduced adipose tissue mass and caused ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver. This reduced fat mass was associated with decreased gene expression in ECM remodeling and lipogenesis. Furthermore, similar results were observed in the adipose tissue of SMAD family member 3 knockout mice or upon systemic TGF-β neutralization, with significant reductions in both ECM remodeling and lipogenesis-related genes. Mechanistically, we found that insulin-induced TGF-β1 and cell-autonomous action remodels the ECM of adipocytes, which controls the downstream focal adhesion kinase–AKT signaling cascades and enhances the lipogenic pathway. Of note, destruction of collagens or matrix metalloproteinase/a disintegrin and metalloprotease activities, critical components of ECM remodeling, blocked TGF-β1-mediated focal adhesion kinase–AKT signaling and the lipogenic pathway. Taken together, this study identifies a previously unknown lipogenic role of TGF-β1 by which adipocytes can expand to adapt to physiological feeding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Toyoda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jihoon Shin
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Brown MA, Ried T. Shifting the Focus of Signaling Abnormalities in Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030784. [PMID: 35159051 PMCID: PMC8834070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The major signaling pathways in colon cancer are WNT, RAS, and TGF-β. Components of these pathways are mutated in the majority of colon cancers, resulting in aberrantly high or low activity of the pathway. The functional consequences of the mutations reflect the behavior of these signaling pathways in intestinal stem cells. To better understand the roles of each pathway, we cover the basic function as well as points of intersection between the different pathways, to describe how they function individually, as well as together, to regulate cell proliferation. Abstract Colon cancer tumorigenesis occurs incrementally. The process involves the acquisition of mutations which typically follow an established pattern: activation of WNT signaling, activation of RAS signaling, and inhibition of TGF-β signaling. This arrangement recapitulates, to some degree, the stem cell niche of the intestinal epithelium, which maintains WNT and EGF activity while suppressing TGF-β. The resemblance between the intestinal stem cell environment and colon cancer suggests that the concerted activity of these pathways generates and maintains a potent growth-inducing stimulus. However, each pathway has a myriad of downstream targets, making it difficult to identify which aspects of these pathways are drivers. To address this, we utilize the cell cycle, the ultimate regulator of cell proliferation, as a foundation for cross-pathway integration. We attempt to generate an overview of colon cancer signaling patterns by integrating the major colon cancer signaling pathways in the context of cell replication, specifically, the entrance from G1 into S-phase.
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Arany PR. Photobiomodulation-Activated Latent Transforming Growth Factor-β1: A Critical Clinical Therapeutic Pathway and an Endogenous Optogenetic Tool for Discovery. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:136-147. [PMID: 34905400 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The central role of the TGF-β pathway in embryonic development, immune responses, tissue healing, and malignancies is well established. Prior attempts with small molecules, peptides, and regulatory RNAs have failed mainly due to off-target effects in clinical studies. This review outlines the evidence for selectively activating the endogenous, latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 with photobiomodulation (PBM) treatments. Background: Light treatments play a central role in current-directed energy therapeutics in medicine. Therapeutic use of low-dose light treatments has been noted since the 1960s. However, the breadth of treatments and inconsistencies with clinical outcomes have led to much skepticism. This can be primarily attributed to a lack of understanding of the fundamental light-tissue interactions and optimization of clinical treatment protocols. Methods: Recent advances in molecular mechanisms and improved biophotonic device technologies have led to a resurgence of interest in this field. Results: Over the past two decades, our work has focused on outlining a direct molecular mechanism involving PBM-generated redox-mediated activation of endogenous latent TGF-β1. Conclusions: Despite its critical roles in these processes, the complexity and cross talk in this potent growth factor signaling network have prevented the development of directed targeted therapeutics. PBM treatments offer a novel therapeutic and discovery tool in this aspect, especially with the growing evidence for its roles in cancer immunotherapy and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen R Arany
- Department of Oral Biology, Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Starks AO, Owen J, Isaacs J. Evaluation of the Induced Membrane for Neurotrophic Factors. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47:130-136. [PMID: 34865951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite gaining popularity as a bridge for small and moderate nerve gaps, an acellular nerve allograft (ANA) lacks many of the neurotrophic characteristics of a nerve autograft. Pseudomembranes induced to form around temporary skeletal spacers are rich in growth factors. Induced membranes may have beneficial neurotrophic factors which could support ANA. METHODS Twenty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 2 cm of the sciatic nerve. A silicone rod was inset in the defect of 11 experimental rats, and marking sutures only were placed in the nerve stumps of the remaining 11 control rats. After allowing 4 weeks for tissue maturation, tissue samples harvested from the induced membrane (experimental group) and the tissue bed (control group) were analyzed using Luminex multiplex assay to quantify differences in detectable levels of the following neurotrophic factors: nerve growth factor, glial-derived nerve factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) 1, 2, and 3, interleukin-1ß, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. RESULTS No difference was detected between the control and experimental groups in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Higher levels of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3, glial-derived nerve factor, nerve growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin-1ß were detected in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of peripheral nerve injury, an induced membrane has higher levels of several neurotrophic factors that may support nerve regeneration compared to wound bed cicatrix. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This investigation provides impetus for further study examining the utility of using a staged induced membrane technique in conjunction with delayed nerve grafting in reconstruction of some peripheral nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria O Starks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
| | - John Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jonathan Isaacs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Nie X, Yu Q, Li L, Yi M, Wu B, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Han H, Yuan X. Kinsenoside Protects Against Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis via Downregulating Connective Tissue Growth Factor Through TGF-β1 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808576. [PMID: 35126163 PMCID: PMC8814438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver fibrosis (RILF) is a serious complication of the radiotherapy of liver cancer, which lacks effective prevention and treatment measures. Kinsenoside (KD) is a monomeric glycoside isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii, which has been reported to show protective effect on the early progression of liver fibrosis. However, the role of KD in affecting RILF remains unknown. Here, we found that KD alleviated RILF via downregulating connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) through TGF-β1 signaling. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 20 mg/kg KD per day for 8 weeks after a single 30Gy irradiation on the right part of liver, and tumor-bearing nude mice were administered with 30 mg/kg KD per day after a single fraction of 10Gy on the tumor inoculation site. Twenty-four weeks postirradiation, we found that the administration of KD after irradiation resulted in decreased expression of α-SMA and fibronectin in the liver tissue while had no adverse effect on the tumor radiotherapy. Besides, KD inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) postirradiation via targeting CTGF as indicated by the transcriptome sequencing. Results of the pathway enrichment and immunohistochemistry suggested that KD reduced the expression of TGF-β1 protein after radiotherapy, and exogenous TGF-β1 induced HSCs to produce α-SMA and other fibrosis-related proteins. The content of activated TGF-β1 in the supernatant decreased after treatment with KD. In addition, KD inhibited the expression of the fibrosis-related proteins by regulating the TGF-β1/Smad/CTGF pathway, resulting in the intervention of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that KD alleviated RILF through the regulation of TGFβ1/Smad/CTGF pathway with no side effects on the tumor therapy. KD, in combination with blocking the TGF-β1 pathway and CTGF molecule or not, may become the innovative and effective treatment for RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxiao Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbiao Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
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Khalfallah O, Barbosa S, Martinuzzi E, Davidovic L, Yolken R, Glaichenhaus N. Monitoring inflammation in psychiatry: Caveats and advice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 54:126-135. [PMID: 34607723 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most researchers working in the field of immunopsychiatry would agree with the statement that "severe psychiatric disorders are associated with inflammation and more broadly with changes in immune variables". However, as many other fields in biology and medicine, immunopsychiatry suffers from a replication crisis characterized by lack of reproducibility. In this paper, we will comment on four types of immune variables which have been studied in psychiatric disorders: Acute Phase Proteins (AAPs), cytokines, lipid mediators of inflammation and immune cell parameters, and discuss the rationale for looking at them in blood. We will briefly describe the analytical methods that are currently used to measure the levels of these biomarkers and comment on overlooked analytical and statistical methodological issues that may explain some of the conflicting data reported in the literature. Lastly, we will briefly summarize what cross-sectional, longitudinal and mendelian randomization studies have brought to our understanding of schizophrenia (SZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Khalfallah
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Emanuela Martinuzzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Robert Yolken
- John Hopkins School of Medicine, The John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive several diseases, including cancer. Here we discuss the influence that TGFβ exerts on the composition and behaviour of different cell populations present in the tumour immune microenvironment, and the context-dependent functions of this cytokine in suppressing or promoting cancer. During homeostasis, TGFβ controls inflammatory responses triggered by exposure to the outside milieu in barrier tissues. Lack of TGFβ exacerbates inflammation, leading to tissue damage and cellular transformation. In contrast, as tumours progress, they leverage TGFβ to drive an unrestrained wound-healing programme in cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as to suppress the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system. In consonance with this key role in reprogramming the tumour microenvironment, emerging data demonstrate that TGFβ-inhibitory therapies can restore cancer immunity. Indeed, this approach can synergize with other immunotherapies - including immune checkpoint blockade - to unleash robust antitumour immune responses in preclinical cancer models. Despite initial challenges in clinical translation, these findings have sparked the development of multiple therapeutic strategies that inhibit the TGFβ pathway, many of which are currently in clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele V F Tauriello
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena Sancho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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