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Wu L, Zhu Y, Qin Y, Yuan H, Zhang L, Lu T, Chen Q, Hu A. Conditional Knockout of IL-1R1 in Endothelial Cells Attenuates Seizures and Neurodegeneration via Inhibiting Neuroinflammation Mediated by Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 Signaling in Status Epilepticus Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4289-4303. [PMID: 38087170 PMCID: PMC11236925 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the bench and at bedside have demonstrated that the process of epileptogenesis is involved in neuroinflammatory responses. As the receptor of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, IL-1β type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) is reported to express abundantly in the endothelial cells in epileptic brains, which is deemed to be implicated in the epileptogenic process. However, whether and how endothelial IL-1R1 modulates neuroinflammatory responses in the pathological process of epileptic seizures and/or status epilepticus (SE) remains obscure. Here, we indicated endothelial IL-1R1 is involved in neuroinflammation, facilitating epilepsy progress via Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3. In vitro, we observed upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in co-culture model under IL-1β challenge, as well as in BV2 cells after stimulation with conditional medium (CM) from IL-1β-stimulated bEnd.3 cells. In vivo, mice with conditional knockout of endothelial IL-1R1 (IL-1R1-CKO) were generated by hybrid IL-1R1flox/flox mice with Tek-Cre mice. IL-1R1-CKO reduced seizure susceptibility in kainic acid (KA)-induced SE model. In addition, IL-1R1-CKO KA mice exhibited lessened hippocampal neuroinflammation, mitigated neuronal damage, and decreased abnormal neurogenesis. In cognitive behavioral tests, IL-1R1-CKO KA mice presented improvement in learning and memory. Furthermore, we also indicated blockage of endothelial IL-1R1 downregulated the expressions of Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 pathway-related proteins. Nrf2-siRNA reversed the downregulation of HO-1, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β. These results demonstrated CKO of endothelial IL-1R1 reduces seizure susceptibility and attenuates SE-related neurobehavioral damage by suppressing hippocampal neuroinflammation via Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Wu
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qin
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyuan Lu
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quangang Chen
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ankang Hu
- Experimental Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Vilyte G, Butler J, Ives-Deliperi V, Pretorius C. Medical and psychiatric comorbidities, somatic and cognitive symptoms, injuries and medical procedure history in patients with functional seizures from a public and a private hospital. Seizure 2024; 119:110-118. [PMID: 38851095 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with functional seizures (FS), otherwise known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), from different socioeconomic backgrounds may differ, however, this remains a gap in current literature. Comorbidities can play both a precipitating and a perpetuating role in FS and are important in the planning of individual treatment for this condition. With this study, we aimed to describe and compare the reported medical and psychiatric comorbidities, injuries, somatic and cognitive symptoms, and medical procedures among patients with FS from a private and a public epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study. We collected data on the comorbidity and medical procedure histories, as well as symptoms and clinical signs reported by patients with video-electroencephalographically (video-EEG) confirmed FS without comorbid epilepsy. We used digital patient records starting with the earliest available digital record for each hospital until the year 2022. RESULTS A total of 305 patients from a private hospital and 67 patients from a public hospital were included in the study (N = 372). Public hospital patients had higher odds of reporting intellectual disability (aOR=15.58, 95% CI [1.80, 134.95]), circulatory system disease (aOR=2.63, 95% CI [1.02, 6.78]) and gait disturbance (aOR=8.52, 95% CI [1.96, 37.08]) compared to patients with FS attending the private hospital. They did, however, have fewer odds of reporting a history of an infectious or parasitic disease (aOR=0.31, 95% CI [0.11, 0.87]), respiratory system disease (aOR=0.23, 95% CI [0.06, 0.82]), or medical procedures in the past (aOR=0.32, 95% CI [0.16, 0.63]). CONCLUSION The study presents prevalence and comparative data on the medical profiles of patients with FS from different socioeconomic backgrounds which may inform future considerations in FS diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vilyte
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - James Butler
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria Ives-Deliperi
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chrisma Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Zou S, Li Y, Zou Q, Yang M, Li H, Niu R, Lai H, Wang J, Yang X, Zhou L. Gut microbiota and serum metabolomic alterations in modulating the impact of fecal microbiota transplantation on ciprofloxacin-induced seizure susceptibility. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403892. [PMID: 38962126 PMCID: PMC11220169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-brain axis have gained considerable attention in recent years, emerging as key players in the mechanisms that mediate the occurrence and progression of many central nervous system-related diseases, including epilepsy. In clinical practice, one of the side effects of quinolone antibiotics is a lower seizure threshold or aggravation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods We aimed to unravel the intrinsic mechanisms through 16S rRNA sequencing and serum untargeted metabolomic analysis to shed light on the effects of gut microbiota in ciprofloxacin-induced seizure susceptibility and lithium pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat models. Results We observed that ciprofloxacin treatment increased seizure susceptibility and caused gut dysbiosis. We also found similar changes in the gut microbiota of rats with lithium pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Notably, the levels of Akkermansia and Bacteroides significantly increased in both the ciprofloxacin-induced seizure susceptibility and lithium pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat models. However, Marvinbryantia, Oscillibacter, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group showed a coincidental reduction. Additionally, the serum untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed decreased levels of indole-3-propionic acid, a product of tryptophan-indole metabolism, after ciprofloxacin treatment, similar to those in the plasma of lithium pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats. Importantly, alterations in the gut microbiota, seizure susceptibility, and indole-3-propionic acid levels can be restored by fecal microbiota transplantation. Conclusion In summary, our findings provide evidence that ciprofloxacin-induced seizure susceptibility is partially mediated by the gut microbiota and tryptophan-indole metabolism. These associations may play a role in epileptogenesis, and impacting the development progression and treatment outcomes of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangnan Zou
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinchao Li
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qihang Zou
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Man Yang
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruili Niu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanling Lai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaoyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liemin Zhou
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Che XQ, Zhan SK, Song JJ, Deng YL, Wei-Liu, Peng-Huang, Jing-Zhang, Sun ZF, Che ZQ, Liu J. Altered immune pathways in patients of temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13661. [PMID: 38871732 PMCID: PMC11176392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the immune responses have been suspected of participating in the mechanisms for epilepsy. To assess the immune related pathway in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we explored the altered immune pathways in TLE patients with and without hippocampal sclerosis (HS). We analyzed RNA-seq data from 3 TLE-HS and 3 TLE-nonHS patients, including identification of differentially expressed RNA, function pathway enrichment, the protein-protein interaction network and construction of ceRNA regulatory network. We illustrated the immune related landscape of molecules and pathways on human TLE-HS. Also, we identified several differential immune related genes like HSP90AA1 and SOD1 in TLE-HS patients. Further ceRNA regulatory network analysis found SOX2-OT connected to miR-671-5p and upregulated the target gene SPP1 in TLE-HS patients. Also, we identified both SOX2-OT and SPP1 were significantly upregulated in five different databases including TLE-HS patients and animal models. Our findings established the first immune related genes and possible regulatory pathways in TLE-HS patients and animal models, which provided a novel insight into disease pathogenesis in both patients and animal models. The immune related SOX2-OT/miR-671-5p/SPP1 axis may be the potential therapeutic target for TLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qian Che
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Song
- Department of Teaching Office, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lei Deng
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Fang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zai-Qian Che
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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de Lima AMDL, de Lima Rosa G, Guzzo EFM, Padilha RB, de Araujo MC, da Silva RC, Coitinho AS, Van Der Sand ST. Effect of prednisolone in a kindling model of epileptic seizures in rats on cytokine and intestinal microbiota diversity. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109800. [PMID: 38657485 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Epileptic seizures can be initiated and facilitated by inflammatory mechanisms. As the dysregulation of the immune system would be involved in epileptogenesis, it is suggested that anti-inflammatory medications could impact epileptic seizures. These medications could potentially have a side effect by altering the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota. These changes can disrupt microbial homeostasis, leading to dysbiosis and potentially exacerbating intestinal inflammation. We hypothesize that prednisolone may affect the development of epileptic seizures, potentially influencing the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prednisolone treatment on epileptic seizures and investigate the effect of this drug on the bacterial diversity of the intestinal microbiota and markers of inflammatory processes in intestinal tissue. We used Male Wistar rat littermates (n = 31, 90-day-old) divided into four groups: positive control treated with 2 mg/kg of diazepam (n = 6), negative control treated with 0.9 g% sodium chloride (n = 6), and the remaining two groups were subjected to treatment with prednisolone, with one receiving 1 mg/kg (n = 9) and the other 5 mg/kg (n = 10). All administrations were performed intraperitoneally (i.p.) over 14 days. To induce the chronic model of epileptic seizures, we administered pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 25 mg/kg i.p. on alternate days. Seizure latency (n = 6 - 10) and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations from intestinal samples were measured by ELISA (n = 6 per group), and intestinal microbiota was evaluated with intergenic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) spacer (RISA) analysis (n = 6 per group). The prednisolone treatment demonstrated an increase in the latency time of epileptic seizures and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations compared to controls. There was no statistically significant difference in intestinal microbiota diversity between the different treatments. However, there was a strong positive correlation between microbial diversity and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations. The administration of prednisolone yields comparable results to diazepam on increasing latency between seizures, exhibiting promise for its use in clinical studies. Although there were no changes in intestinal microbial diversity, the increase in the TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines in intestinal tissue may be linked to immune system signaling pathways involving the intestinal microbiota. Additional research is necessary to unravel the intricacies of these pathways and to understand their implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muliterno Domingues Lourenço de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Müller Guzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Conci de Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Teresinha Van Der Sand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Qiu Y, Song B, Xie M, Tao Y, Yin Z, Wang M, Ma C, Chen Z, Wang Z. Causal links between gut microbiomes, cytokines and risk of different subtypes of epilepsy: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1397430. [PMID: 38855442 PMCID: PMC11157073 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1397430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent research suggests a potential link between the gut microbiome (GM) and epilepsy. We undertook a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to determine the possible causal influence of GM on epilepsy and its various subtypes, and explore whether cytokines act as mediators. Methods We utilized Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics to examine the causal relationships between GM, cytokines, and four epilepsy subtypes. Furthermore, we assessed whether cytokines mediate the relationship between GM and epilepsy. Significant GMs were further investigated using transcriptomic MR analysis with genes mapped from the FUMA GWAS. Sensitivity analyses and reverse MR were conducted for validation, and false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Results We pinpointed causal relationships between 30 GMs and various epilepsy subtypes. Notably, the Family Veillonellaceae (OR:1.03, 95%CI:1.02-1.05, p = 0.0003) consistently showed a strong positive association with child absence epilepsy, and this causal association endured even after FDR correction (p-FDR < 0.05). Seven cytokines were significantly associated with epilepsy and its subtypes. A mediating role for cytokines has not been demonstrated. Sensitivity tests validated the primary MR analysis outcomes. Additionally, no reverse causality was detected between significant GMs and epilepsy. Of the mapped genes of notable GMs, genes like BLK, FDFT1, DOK2, FAM167A, ZSCAN9, RNGTT, RBM47, DNAJC21, SUMF1, TCF20, GLO1, TMTC1, VAV2, and RNF14 exhibited a profound correlation with the risk factors of epilepsy subtypes. Conclusion Our research validates the causal role of GMs and cytokines in various epilepsy subtypes, and there has been no evidence that cytokines play a mediating role between GM and epilepsy. This could provide fresh perspectives for the prevention and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingyi Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Minjia Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Tao
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ravizza T, Scheper M, Di Sapia R, Gorter J, Aronica E, Vezzani A. mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:334-350. [PMID: 38531962 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirte Scheper
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Costa B, Vale N. Virus-Induced Epilepsy vs. Epilepsy Patients Acquiring Viral Infection: Unravelling the Complex Relationship for Precision Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3730. [PMID: 38612542 PMCID: PMC11011490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between viruses and epilepsy involves a bidirectional interaction. Certain viruses can induce epilepsy by infecting the brain, leading to inflammation, damage, or abnormal electrical activity. Conversely, epilepsy patients may be more susceptible to viral infections due to factors, such as compromised immune systems, anticonvulsant drugs, or surgical interventions. Neuroinflammation, a common factor in both scenarios, exhibits onset, duration, intensity, and consequence variations. It can modulate epileptogenesis, increase seizure susceptibility, and impact anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics, immune system function, and brain physiology. Viral infections significantly impact the clinical management of epilepsy patients, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach encompassing diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of both conditions. We delved into the dual dynamics of viruses inducing epilepsy and epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, examining the unique features of each case. For virus-induced epilepsy, we specify virus types, elucidate mechanisms of epilepsy induction, emphasize neuroinflammation's impact, and analyze its effects on anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Conversely, in epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, we detail the acquired virus, its interaction with existing epilepsy, neuroinflammation effects, and changes in anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Understanding this interplay advances precision therapies for epilepsy during viral infections, providing mechanistic insights, identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and supporting optimized dosing regimens. However, further studies are crucial to validate tools, discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and evaluate targeted therapy safety and efficacy in diverse epilepsy and viral infection scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Lo WCJ, Luther DG. Detection of Granzyme B-associated Binding Targets in Peripheral Blood Samples of Hosts in Sickness and in Health Using a Granzyme B-like Peptide Fluorescent Conjugate (GP1R). J Fluoresc 2024; 34:691-711. [PMID: 37347422 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B, mostly expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the fight against cancer and infection, is known to induce cell death based on its active enzymatic activity as a serine protease. Recent studies showed cytotoxicity of a non-enzymatic granzyme B-like peptide (also referred to as granzyme B-associated peptide or GP1 in this report) in tumor cells and presence of binding targets for GP1R (i.e., GP1 conjugated with rhodamine fluorochrome) in tumor cells, bacteria, and circulating platelets/neutrophils of healthy hosts. But there were no data on "sick" hosts to help substantiate any potential GP1 based medical applications. Thus, we adopted similar GP1R binding protocols to further study binding of GP1 in different biological samples (including different blood samples of hosts in sickness and in health, cancer cell lines, and trigeminal ganglia culture of infected hosts treated with and without GP1) and determine if any binding patterns might have any associations with different health conditions. The overall preliminary results appear to show certain GP1R + binding patterns in certain blood components (especially neutrophils) have potential correlations with certain health conditions of hosts at sampling times, indicating potential GP1R applications for diagnostic purposes. Findings of different GP1R binding patterns in different cancer cell lines, whole blood samples and trigeminal ganglia culture of experimental mice infected with HSV-1 virus (might cause neuropathy) within a week post-infection, and blood samples of GP1-treated mouse survivors on day 21 post-infection provided preliminary evidence of potential GP1-led tumor cell-specific cell death and treatment efficacy for greater survival.
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11
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Hammer M, Krzyzaniak C, Bahramnejad E, Smelser K, Hack J, Watkins J, Ronaldson P. Sex differences in physiological response to increased neuronal excitability in a knockin mouse model of pediatric epilepsy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:205-223. [PMID: 38348743 PMCID: PMC10881277 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common neurological disease; however, few if any of the currently marketed antiseizure medications prevent or cure epilepsy. Discovery of pathological processes in the early stages of epileptogenesis has been challenging given the common use of preclinical models that induce seizures in physiologically normal animals. Moreover, despite known sex dimorphism in neurological diseases, females are rarely included in preclinical epilepsy models. METHODS We characterized sex differences in mice carrying a pathogenic knockin variant (p.N1768D) in the Scn8a gene that causes spontaneous tonic-clonic seizures (TCs) at ∼3 months of age and found that heterozygous females are more resilient than males in mortality and morbidity. To investigate the cellular mechanisms that underlie female resilience, we utilized blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hippocampal transcriptomic analyses in heterozygous mice before seizure onset (pre-TC) and in mice that experienced ∼20 TCs (post-TC). RESULTS In the pre-TC latent phase, both sexes exhibited leaky BBB; however, patterns of gene expression were sexually dimorphic. Females exhibited enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and protein biogenesis, while males activated gliosis and CREB signaling. After seizure onset (chronic phase), females exhibited a metabolic switch to lipid metabolism, while males exhibited increased gliosis and BBB dysfunction and a strong activation of neuroinflammatory pathways. CONCLUSION The results underscore the central role of oxidative stress and BBB permeability in the early stages of epileptogenesis, as well as sex dimorphism in response to increasing neuronal hyperexcitability. Our results also highlight the need to include both sexes in preclinical studies to effectively translate results of drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hammer
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
| | | | - Erfan Bahramnejad
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
| | | | - Joshua B. Hack
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Joseph C. Watkins
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
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12
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Sanli E, Sirin NG, Kucukali CI, Baykan B, Ulusoy CA, Bebek N, Yilmaz V, Tuzun E. Peripheral blood regulatory B and T cells are decreased in patients with focal epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578287. [PMID: 38241950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) may display T cell infiltration in post-surgery brain specimens and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by B and T cells, indicating potential involvement of adaptive immunity. Our study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood distribution of B and T cell subgroups to find clues supporting the distinct organization of adaptive immunity in FEoUC. Twenty-two patients with FEoUC and 25 age and sex matched healthy individuals were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. Expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and FOXP3 were measured by real-time PCR. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) proliferation assay was conducted using CD4+ T cells. Patients with FEoUC showed significantly decreased regulatory B (Breg), B1a, plasmablast and regulatory T (Treg) cell percentages, and increased switched memory B and Th17 cell ratios. Moreover, CD4+CD25+CD49d- Tregs of FEoUC patients displayed significantly reduced TGFB1 and FOXP3, but increased IL10 gene expression levels. CD4+ helper T cells of patients with FEoUC gave more exaggerated proliferation responses to phytohemagglutinin, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation. Patients with FEoUC display increased effector lymphocyte, decreased regulatory lymphocyte ratios, and impaired Treg function and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation capacity. Overall, this pro-inflammatory phenotype lends support to the involvement of adaptive immunity in FEoUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sanli
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nermin Gorkem Sirin
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Ismail Kucukali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Baykan
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology, EMAR Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Aysel Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Shariff S, Nouh HA, Inshutiyimana S, Kachouh C, Abdelwahab MM, Nazir A, Wojtara M, Uwishema O. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy: Unraveling the molecular mechanisms: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1896. [PMID: 38361811 PMCID: PMC10867297 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy is characterized by having two or more unprovoked seizures. Understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy, requires deep investigation into the molecular mechanisms. This helps develop diagnostic techniques, treatments, and pharmacotherapy. It also enhances precision medicine and individualized treatment processes. This article reviews all the molecular mechanisms predisposing to epileptogenesis, presents the current diagnostic techniques and drug therapy, and suggests future perspectives in treating Epilepsy in a more comprehensive and holistic approach. Methodology Four authors searched keywords concerning epilepsy at a molecular level, Epilepsy diagnostic techniques and technologies, and antiepileptic drug therapy and precision medicine. Separate search strategies were conducted for each concern and retrieved articles were reviewed for relevant results. Results The traditional diagnostic techniques for Epilepsy and its pathogenesis are insufficient in highlighting dynamic brain changes. For this, emerging technologies including genetic sequencing and profiling, and functional neuroimaging techniques are prevailing. Concerning treatment, the current approach focuses on managing symptoms and stopping seizures using antiseizure medications. However, their usage is limited by developing resistance to such drugs. Some therapies show promise, although most antiseizure drugs do not prevent epilepsy. Discussion Understanding epileptogenesis at a molecular and genetic level aids in developing new antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. The aim is to develop therapies that could prevent seizures or modify disease course, decreasing the severity and avoiding drug resistance. Gene therapy and precision medicine are promising but applications are limited due to the heterogeneity in studying the Epileptic brain, dynamically. The dynamic investigation of the epileptic brain with its comorbidities works hand-in-hand with precision medicine, in developing personalized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanobar Shariff
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineYerevan State Medical UniversityYerevanArmenia
| | - Halah A. Nouh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineLebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Samuel Inshutiyimana
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineUnited States International University‐AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Charbel Kachouh
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineSaint‐Joseph UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Maya M. Abdelwahab
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Faculty of MedicineHelwan UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Abubakar Nazir
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Magda Wojtara
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and EducationKigaliRwanda
- Department of MedicineClinton Global Initiative UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Faculty of MedicineKaradeniz Technical UniversityTrabzonTurkey
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14
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Milano C, Montali M, Barachini S, Burzi IS, Pratesi F, Petrozzi L, Chico L, Morganti R, Gambino G, Rossi L, Ceravolo R, Siciliano G, Migliorini P, Petrini I, Pizzanelli C. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines by circulating monocytes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A possible role in drug resistance. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 386:578272. [PMID: 38160122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (drug-resistant - DR, vs. drug-sensitive - DS). Patients with epilepsy showed higher levels of serum CCL2, CCL3, IL-8 and AOPP, and lower levels of FRAP and thiols compared to healthy controls (HC). Although none of the serum biomarkers distinguished DR from DS patients, when analysing intracellular cytokines after in vitro stimulation, DR patients presented higher percentages of IL-1β and IL-6 positive monocytes compared to DS patients and HC. Circulating innate immune cells might be implicated in DR epilepsy and constitute potential new targets for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Milano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Montali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Barachini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I S Burzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Pratesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Petrozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Chico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Morganti
- Section of Statistics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Migliorini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Petrini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Pizzanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Puk O, Jabłońska M, Sokal P. Immunomodulatory and endocrine effects of deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation - A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115732. [PMID: 37862972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) represent burgeoning treatments for diverse neurological disorders. This systematic review aims to consolidate findings on the immunological and endocrine effects of DBS and SCS, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms of neuromodulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review, aligned with PRISMA protocols, synthesizes findings from 33 references-20 on DBS and 13 on SCS-to unravel the immunological and endocrine impacts of neuromodulation. RESULTS DBS interventions exhibited divergent effects on cytokines, with an increase in hepcidin levels and a variable impact on the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. While some studies reported elevated IL-6, animal studies consistently demonstrated a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6, with no significant changes in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10. Noteworthy hormonal changes included decreased corticosterone and ACTH concentrations and increased oxytocin levels following DBS of the hypothalamus. SCS mirrored similar effects on interleukins, indicating a reduction in IL-6 and IL-1β and an increase in IL-10 levels. Additionally, SCS led to reduced VEGF levels and elevated expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and GDNF, particularly under burst stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Both DBS and SCS exert anti-inflammatory effects, manifesting as a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines alongside the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. These findings, observed in both animal and human models, imply that neurostimulation may modify the trajectory of neurological diseases by modulating local immune responses in an immunomodulatory and endocrine manner. This comprehensive exploration sets the stage for future research endeavors in this evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Puk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Sokal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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16
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Rao NS, Putra M, Meyer C, Almanza A, Thippeswamy T. The effects of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, on the markers of epileptogenesis in a mixed-sex cohort of adult rats in the kainic acid model of epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1294514. [PMID: 38025259 PMCID: PMC10665569 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1294514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key processes of epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A considerable number (∼30%) of patients with epilepsy are resistant to currently available antiseizure drugs and thus there is a need to develop adjunct therapies to modify disease progression. A vast majority of interventional strategies to treat TLE have utilized males which limits the translational nature of the studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated low-dose kainic acid (KA) injection on the initial status epilepticus (SE) and the effects of Src kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (SAR/AZD0530; 20 mg/kg, oral, daily for 7 days), in a mixed-sex cohort of adult Sprague Dawley rats during early epileptogenesis. There were no sex differences in response to KA-induced SE, and neither did the stage of estrus influence SE severity. KA-induced SE caused significant astrogliosis and microgliosis across the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and amygdala. SAR treatment resulted in a significant reduction of microgliosis across brain regions. Microglial morphometrics such as branch length and the endpoints strongly correlated with CD68 expression in the vehicle-treated group but not in the SAR-treated group, indicating mitigation by SAR. KA-induced SE caused significant neuronal loss, including parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons, in both vehicle (VEH) and SAR-treated groups. SAR treatment significantly mitigated FJB-positive neuronal counts as compared to the VEH group. There was an increase in C3-positive reactive astrocytes in the VEH-treated group, and SAR treatment significantly reduced the increase in the piriform cortex. C3-positive astrogliosis significantly correlated with CD68 expression in the amygdala (AMY) of VEH-treated rats, and SAR treatment mitigated this relationship. There was a significant increase of pSrc(Y419)-positive microglia in both KA-treated groups with a statistically insignificant reduction by SAR. KA-induced SE caused the development of classical glial scars in the piriform cortex (PIR) in both KA-treated groups, while SAR treatment led to a 42.17% reduction in the size of glial scars. We did not observe sex differences in any of the parameters in this study. SAR, at the dose tested in the rat kainate model for a week in this study mitigated some of the markers of epileptogenesis in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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17
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Orlando B, Morano A, Manzini V, Cerulli Irelli E, Borioni MS, Veroni C, Salamone EM, D'Amelio C, Moliterni E, Giustini S, Ruffolo G, Arisi I, D'Onofrio M, Giallonardo AT, Piscopo P, Di Bonaventura C. Plasma Biomarker Profile and Clinical Correlations in Adult Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Neurology 2023; 101:e1933-e1938. [PMID: 37652704 PMCID: PMC10663002 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Different pathophysiologic mechanisms, especially involving astrocytes, could contribute to tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). We assessed neurodegeneration and astrocytopathy plasma biomarkers in adult patients with TSC to define TSC biomarker profile and investigate clinical-radiologic correlations. METHODS Patients with TSC aged 15 years or older followed at Policlinico "Umberto I" of Rome were consecutively enrolled (July 2021-June 2022). The plasma levels of the following biomarkers were compared between patients and age/sex-matched healthy controls (HCs): tTau, pTau181, Abeta40, Abeta42, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). RESULTS Thirty-one patients (20 females/11 males; median age 30 years, interquartile range 24-47) and 38 HCs were enrolled. Only GFAP was significantly higher in the whole TSC population than in HCs (132.71 [86.14-231.06] vs 44.80 [32.87-66.76] pg/mL, p < 0.001), regardless of genotype. GFAP correlated with the disease clinical (ρ = 0.498, p = 0.005) and radiologic severity (ρ = 0.417, p = 0.001). It was significantly higher in patients with epileptic spasms (254.50 [137.54-432.96] vs 86.92 [47.09-112.76] pg/mL, p < 0.0001), moderate-severe intellectual disability (200.80 [78.40-427.6] vs 105.08 [46.80-152.58] pg/mL, p = 0.040), and autism spectrum disorder (306.26 [159.07-584.47] vs 109.34 [72.56-152.08] pg/mL, p = 0.021). DISCUSSION Our exploratory study documented a significant increase of GFAP plasma concentration in adult patients with TSC, correlated with their neurologic severity, supporting the central role of astrocytopathy in TSC pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Orlando
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Alessandra Morano
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Valeria Manzini
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Emanuele Cerulli Irelli
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Maria S Borioni
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Caterina Veroni
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Enrico Michele Salamone
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Chiara D'Amelio
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Elisa Moliterni
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Sandra Giustini
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Ivan Arisi
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Anna T Giallonardo
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Paola Piscopo
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.)
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- From the Department of Human Neurosciences (B.O., A.M., E.C.I., M.S.B., E.M.S., A.T.G., C.D.B.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Fondazione European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini (V.M., C.D.A., I.A., M.D.O.) Department of Neurosciences (C.V., P.P.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences (E.M.), "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Clinical Internal (S.G.), Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.R.), Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; and Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma (G.R.).
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Aygun H, Akin AT, Kızılaslan N, Sumbul O, Karabulut D. Electrophysiological, histopathological, and biochemical evaluation of the protective effect of probiotic supplementation against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3540-3550. [PMID: 35429204 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Research on the relationship between the gut microbiome and epilepsy is accumulating. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. METHODS Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were included. The animals were divided into three groups of seven rats. Group 1 was a control group, whereas Group 2 rats received PTZ treatment and Group 3 rats had PTZ+PB (probiotic) treatment. For 6 weeks, Groups 1 and 2 were given saline (1 ml), whereas Group 3 had probiotic supplement. In the 5th week, tripolar electrodes were attached to the rats. Electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed in the 6 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS PB treatment significantly reduced seizures. In the PTZ group, expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and Sox2 (SRY sex-determining region Y-box 2) in rat brains decreased significantly compared to the control group, whereas the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total oxidant status (TOS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels increased. In the PTZ+PB group, NGF expression increased significantly compared to the PTZ group, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, TOS, and NO levels decreased. In histopathological examination, an abundance of necrotic neurons was notable in the PTZ group, which was less in the PTZ+PB group. In addition, body weight of the group supplemented with probiotics decreased after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that probiotic supplementation may alleviate seizure severity and exert neuroprotective effects by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and altering the expression of neurotrophins in epileptogenic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuğrul Akin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nildem Kızılaslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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19
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Xu D, Chu M, Chen Y, Fang Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Xu F. Identification and verification of ferroptosis-related genes in the pathology of epilepsy: insights from CIBERSORT algorithm analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1275606. [PMID: 38020614 PMCID: PMC10644861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. A mechanism of cell death regulation, known as ferroptosis, which involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in various diseases, including epilepsy. Objective This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and epilepsy through bioinformatics analysis. By identifying key genes, pathways, and potential therapeutic targets, we aimed to shed light on the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Materials and methods We conducted a comprehensive analysis by screening gene expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ferroptosis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to gain insights into the biological processes and pathways involved. Moreover, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify hub genes, which was further validated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. To explore the relationship between immune infiltration and genes, we employed the CIBERSORT algorithm. Furthermore, we visualized four distinct interaction networks-mRNA-miRNA, mRNA-transcription factor, mRNA-drug, and mRNA-compound-to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms. Results In this study, we identified a total of 33 differentially expressed genes (FDEGs) associated with epilepsy and presented them using a Venn diagram. Enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in the pathways related to reactive oxygen species, secondary lysosomes, and ubiquitin protein ligase binding. Furthermore, GSVA enrichment analysis highlighted significant differences between epilepsy and control groups in terms of the generation of precursor metabolites and energy, chaperone complex, and antioxidant activity in Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Furthermore, during the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, we observed differential expression in pathways associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) between the two groups. To identify hub genes, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using 30 FDEGs and utilized algorithms. This analysis led to the identification of three hub genes, namely, HIF1A, TLR4, and CASP8. The application of the CIBERSORT algorithm allowed us to explore the immune infiltration patterns between epilepsy and control groups. We found that CD4-naïve T cells, gamma delta T cells, M1 macrophages, and neutrophils exhibited higher expression in the control group than in the epilepsy group. Conclusion This study identified three FDEGs and analyzed the immune cells in epilepsy. These findings pave the way for future research and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - ManMan Chu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - YaoYao Chen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - JingGuang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - XiaoLi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - FaLin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Zoungrana LI, Didik S, Wang H, Slotabec L, Li J. Activated protein C in epilepsy pathophysiology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1251017. [PMID: 37901428 PMCID: PMC10603301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1251017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders that is characterized by recurrent seizures, and depending on the type of seizure, it could lead to a severe outcome. Epilepsy's mechanism of development is not fully understood yet, but some of the common features of the disease are blood-brain barrier disruption, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation. Those are also targets of activated protein C (APC). In fact, by downregulating thrombin, known as a pro-inflammatory, APC acts as an anti-inflammatory. APC is also an anti-apoptotic protein, instance by blocking p53-mediated apoptosis. APC's neuroprotective effect could prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction by acting on endothelial cells. Furthermore, through the downregulation of proapoptotic, and proinflammatory genes, APC's neuroprotection could reduce the effect or prevent epilepsy pathogenesis. APC's activity acts on blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and apoptosis and causes neurogenesis, all hallmarks that could potentially treat or prevent epilepsy. Here we review both Activated Protein C and epilepsy mechanism, function, and the possible association between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ines Zoungrana
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Steven Didik
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lily Slotabec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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21
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Abou-Taleb BA, El-Ganainy SO. Thermoresponsive Gel-loaded Oxcarbazepine Nanosystems for Nose- To-Brain Delivery: Enhanced Antiepileptic Activity in Rats. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1835-1852. [PMID: 37353628 PMCID: PMC10421799 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is a frequently prescribed antiepileptic drug for managing focal and generalized seizures. Its therapeutic benefits are limited by its dose-dependent side effects. Nose-to-brain delivery is a novel route for improving the efficacy of antiepileptics. Drug encapsulation in mucoadhesive nanoparticles offers even more advantages for the nasal route. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to develop oxcarbazepine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (OXC-NP) added to a mucoadhesive thermo-reversible gel for intranasal delivery and enhancement of antiepileptic activity. METHODS The formulation was optimized based on entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro release analysis. The therapeutic efficacy of OXC-NP was assessed in an epileptic rat model and compared to intranasal OXC and oral OXC. RESULTS The optimized OXC-NPs with chitosan exhibited particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of 189 nm, + 31.4 mV ± 2.5 and 97.6% ± 0.14, respectively. The release of OXC was prolonged, reaching 47.1% after 6 h and 55% after 24 h. Enhanced antiepileptic activity of OXC-NP was manifested as decreased seizure score and prolonged survival. Halting of hippocampal TNF-α and IL-6 together with upregulated IL-10 could explain its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal OXC-NP-loaded in situ gel represents a promising formulation for enhanced antiepileptic potential achieved at low drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy practices, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Madireddy S, Madireddy S. Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050784. [PMID: 37239256 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development of new therapeutic strategies against epilepsy could be beneficial. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized for its contributions to neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which can lead to neuronal loss in epilepsy. This review focuses on the roles of oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. We also review the therapies used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, and antioxidant therapies. In addition, we review the use of neuromodulation and surgery in the treatment of epilepsy. Finally, we present the role of dietary and nutritional strategies in the management of epilepsy, including the ketogenic diet and the intake of vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions and research on the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this review points to areas of further development for therapies that can manage epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Madireddy
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Phoswa WN, Mokgalaboni K. Immunological Imbalances Associated with Epileptic Seizures in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050732. [PMID: 37239204 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health burden that leads to an increased morbidity and mortality rate arising from microvascular and macrovascular complications. Epilepsy leads to complications that cause psychological and physical distress to patients and carers. Although these conditions are characterized by inflammation, there seems to be a lack of studies that have evaluated inflammatory markers in the presence of both conditions (T2DM and epilepsy), especially in low-middle-income countries where T2DM is epidemic. Summary findings: In this review, we describe the role of immunity in the seizure generation of T2DM. Current evidence shows an increase in the levels of biomarkers such as interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in epileptic seizures and T2DM. However, there is limited evidence to show a correlation between inflammatory markers in the central and peripheral levels of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the pathophysiological mechanism behind epileptic seizures in T2DM through an investigation of immunological imbalances might improve diagnosis and further counter the risks of developing complications. This might also assist in delivering safe and effective therapies to T2DM patients affected, thus reducing morbidity and mortality by preventing or reducing associated complications. Moreover, this review also provides an overview approach on inflammatory cytokines that can be targeted when developing alternative therapies, in case these conditions coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Phoswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Kabelo Mokgalaboni
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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24
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Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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25
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Adassi MB, Ngoupaye GT, Yassi FB, Foutsop AF, Kom TD, Ngo Bum E. Revealing the most effective anticonvulsant part of Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. Ex Cav. and its acute and sub-acute toxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115995. [PMID: 36509255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Different parts of Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. Ex Cav. (M. arboreus) are traditionally used in the West Region of Cameroon to treat many diseases, including epilepsy. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine which part of M. arboreus offers the best anticonvulsant effect, and to assess the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the part of interest. MATERIALS AND METHODS the anticonvulsant effect of the aqueous lyophilisate of the decoction of flowers, leaves, stems and roots of M. arboreus at various doses was evaluated and compared on the model of acute epileptic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (70 mg/kg), injected 1 h after oral administration of the various extracts. Out of these plant parts, the leaves were then selected to prepare the hydroethanolic extract and its anticonvulsant effect against PTZ at the doses of 122.5, 245 and 490 mg/kg, as well as its acute toxicity were compared with those of the aqueous lyophilisate of the leaves. The anticonvulsant effect of the aqueous lyophilisate of M. arboreus leaves was further evaluated on models of acute epileptic seizures induced by picrotoxin (PIC) (7.5 mg/kg), strychnine (STR) (2.5 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (350 mg/kg). The 28 days sub-acute toxicity, as well as the quantitative phytochemistry and the in vitro antioxidant potential (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS+) of the aqueous lyophilisate of the leaves of M. arboreus were also evaluated. RESULTS M. arboreus leaves showed the best anticonvulsant effect and the aqueous lyophilisate was the best extract. The latter significantly protected the animals against convulsions induced by PTZ (71.43%) (p < 0.01), PIC (57.14%) (p < 0.05) and STR (42%) and had no effect on pilocarpine-induced seizures. Furthermore, it showed no acute or sub-acute toxicity, and revealed a high content of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids, and antioxidant activity in vitro. CONCLUSION The aqueous lyophilisate of the leaves of M. arboreus offers the best anticonvulsant effect on the extraction solvent used, and it would act mainly via a potentiation of the inhibitory systems of the brain (GABA, Glycine). In addition, its richness in bioactive compounds gives it an antioxidant potential, and it is not toxic in acute and sub-acute toxicity. All this justifies at least in part its empirical uses, and makes M. arboreus a candidate for the alternative treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Blesdel Adassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Gwladys Temkou Ngoupaye
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Francis Bray Yassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box, Ngaoundéré, 454, Cameroon
| | - Aurelien Fossueh Foutsop
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Tatiana Diebo Kom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
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Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus Treatment Delays Acute Seizure Occurrence, Reduces Elevated Oxidative Stress, and Reverses PGF2α Burst in the Brain of PTZ-Treated Rats. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1971-1980. [PMID: 36780043 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
It is still an urgent need to find alternative and effective therapies to combat epileptic seizures. Tacrolimus as a potent immunosuppressant and calcineurin inhibitor is emerging as promising drug to suppress seizures. However, there are few reports applying tacrolimus to epilepsy and providing data for its antiseizure properties. In this study, we investigated the antiseizure effects of 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of tacrolimus treatment priorly to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induction of seizures in rats. As an experimental design, we establish two independent rat groups where we observe convulsive seizures following 70 mg/kg PTZ and sub-convulsive seizures detected by electroencephalography (EEG) following 35 mg/kg PTZ. Thereafter, we proceed with biochemical analyses of the brain including assessment of malondialdehyde level as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and PGF2α. Tacrolimus pre-treatment dose-dependently resulted in lesser seizure severity according to Racine's scale, delayed start-up latency of the first myoclonic jerk and attenuated the spike percentages detected by EEG in seizure-induced rats. However, only the higher dose of tacrolimus was effective to restore lipid peroxidation. An increase in SOD activity was observed in the PTZ group, mediated by seizure activity per se, however, it was greater in the groups that received treatment with 5 and 10 mg/kg of Tacrolimus. PGF2α bursts following PTZ induction of seizures were reversed by tacrolimus pre-treatment in a dose-dependent manner as well. We report that the well-known immunosuppressant tacrolimus is a promising agent to suppress seizures. Comparative studies are necessary to determine the possible utilization of tacrolimus in clinical cases.
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Kaur S, Selden NR, Aballay A. Anti-inflammatory effects of vagus nerve stimulation in pediatric patients with epilepsy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093574. [PMID: 36845140 PMCID: PMC9951815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neural control of the immune system by the nervous system is critical to maintaining immune homeostasis, whose disruption may be an underlying cause of several diseases, including cancer, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. Methods Here we studied the role of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Vagus nerve stimulation is widely used as an alternative treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Thus, we studied the impact that VNS treatment has on PBMCs isolated from a cohort of existing patients with medically refractory epilepsy. A comparison of genome-wide changes in gene expression was made between the epilepsy patients treated and non-treated with vagus nerve stimulation. Results The analysis showed downregulation of genes related to stress, inflammatory response, and immunity, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of VNS in epilepsy patients. VNS also resulted in the downregulation of the insulin catabolic process, which may reduce circulating blood glucose. Discussion These results provide a potential molecular explanation for the beneficial role of the ketogenic diet, which also controls blood glucose, in treating refractory epilepsy. The findings indicate that direct VNS might be a useful therapeutic alternative to treat chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supender Kaur
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nathan R. Selden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro Aballay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Taskiran M, Taşdemir A. An involvement of COX and 5-LOX pathways in the penicillin- and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy models. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:85-93. [PMID: 35923080 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between epilepsy and COX/5-LOX inflammation pathways in the penicillin and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy models. For this purpose, 42 albino male Wistar rats were used in this study. In the penicillin and PTZ-induced epilepsy models, epileptiform activity was induced by injection of penicillin (500 IU, i.c.) and PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p., three times a week), respectively. Licofelone (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a dual inhibitor of COX/5-LOX, and esculetin (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a 5-LOX inhibitor, were given. In the penicillin-induced epilepsy model, ECoG activity was recorded for 180 min. In the PTZ-induced epilepsy model, both ECoG activity was recorded, and behavioral parameters were performed. In the penicillin groups, both licofelone and esculetin decreased the mean spike frequency and amplitude during the experiments. In the PTZ groups, licofelone (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was more effective than esculetin (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Licofelone showed its protective effects both in ECoG activity and in behavioral parameters. Esculetin was less effective when compared to licofelone. The electrophysiological and behavioral data from the present study indicated that inflammation pathways might have a crucial role in controlling epileptiform activity in rats. Licofelone might be a valuable candidate in advanced studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Taskiran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Taşdemir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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29
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Li L, Zhang C, Wang Z, Wang Y, Guo Y, Qi C, You G, Zhang Z, Fan X, Jiang T. Development of an integrated predictive model for postoperative glioma-related epilepsy using gene-signature and clinical data. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36631762 PMCID: PMC9835377 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to develop an integrated model for predicting the occurrence of postoperative seizures in patients with diffuse high-grade gliomas (DHGGs) using clinical and RNA-seq data. METHODS Patients with DHGGs, who received prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) for three months following surgery, were enrolled into the study. The patients were assigned randomly into training (n = 166) and validation (n = 42) cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on preoperative glioma-related epilepsy (GRE) history. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression analysis was used to construct a predictive gene-signature for the occurrence of postoperative seizures. The final integrated prediction model was generated using the gene-signature and clinical data. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and calibration curve method were used to evaluate the accuracy of the gene-signature and prediction model using the training and validation cohorts. RESULTS A seven-gene signature for predicting the occurrence of postoperative seizures was developed using LASSO logistic regression analysis of 623 DEGs. The gene-signature showed satisfactory predictive capacity in the training cohort [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.842] and validation cohort (AUC = 0.751). The final integrated prediction model included age, temporal lobe involvement, preoperative GRE history, and gene-signature-derived risk score. The AUCs of the integrated prediction model were 0.878 and 0.845 for the training and validation cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION We developed an integrated prediction model for the occurrence of postoperative seizures in patients with DHGG using clinical and RNA-Seq data. The findings of this study may contribute to the development of personalized management strategies for patients with DHGGs and improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GRE in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwang Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Zheng Wang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yuhao Guo
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Chong Qi
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Gan You
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Xing Fan
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China ,grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China ,grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Units of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Tumors and Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
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30
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Leitner DF, Lin Z, Sawaged Z, Kanshin E, Friedman D, Devore S, Ueberheide B, Chang JW, Mathern GW, Anink JJ, Aronica E, Wisniewski T, Devinsky O. Brain molecular mechanisms in Rasmussen encephalitis. Epilepsia 2023; 64:218-230. [PMID: 36336987 PMCID: PMC9852002 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to identify molecular mechanisms in brain tissue of Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) when compared to people with non-RE epilepsy (PWE) and control cases using whole exome sequencing (WES), RNAseq, and proteomics. METHODS Frozen brain tissue (ages = 2-19 years) was obtained from control autopsy (n = 14), surgical PWE (n = 10), and surgical RE cases (n = 27). We evaluated WES variants in RE associated with epilepsy, seizures, RE, and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Differential expression was evaluated by RNAseq (adjusted p < .05) and label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (false discovery rate < 5%) in the three groups. RESULTS WES revealed no common pathogenic variants in RE, but several rare and likely deleterious variants of unknown significance (VUS; ANGPTL7/MTOR, SCN1A, FCGR3B, MTOR) and more common HLA VUS in >25% of RE cases (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA2), all with allele frequency < 5% in the general population. RNAseq in RE versus PWE (1516 altered transcripts) revealed significant activation of crosstalk between dendritic and natural killer cells (p = 7.94 × 10-6 , z = 2.65), in RE versus control (7466 transcripts) neuroinflammation signaling activation (p = 6.31 × 10-13 , z = 5.07), and in PWE versus control (945 transcripts) phagosome formation activation (p = 2.00 × 10-13 , z = 5.61). Proteomics detected fewer altered targets. SIGNIFICANCE In RE, we identified activated immune signaling pathways and immune cell type annotation enrichment that suggest roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as HLA variants that may increase vulnerability to RE. Follow-up studies could evaluate cell type density and subregional localization associated with top targets, clinical history (neuropathology, disease duration), and whether modulating crosstalk between dendritic and natural killer cells may limit disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F. Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zacharia Sawaged
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sasha Devore
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia W. Chang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gary W. Mathern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jasper J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Han RT, Vainchtein ID, Schlachetzki JC, Cho FS, Dorman LC, Ahn E, Kim DK, Barron JJ, Nakao-Inoue H, Molofsky AB, Glass CK, Paz JT, Molofsky AV. Microglial pattern recognition via IL-33 promotes synaptic refinement in developing corticothalamic circuits in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213758. [PMID: 36520518 PMCID: PMC9757845 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are critical regulators of brain development that engulf synaptic proteins during postnatal synapse remodeling. However, the mechanisms through which microglia sense the brain environment are not well defined. Here, we characterized the regulatory program downstream of interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine that promotes microglial synapse remodeling. Exposing the developing brain to a supraphysiological dose of IL-33 altered the microglial enhancer landscape and increased binding of stimulus-dependent transcription factors including AP-1/FOS. This induced a gene expression program enriched for the expression of pattern recognition receptors, including the scavenger receptor MARCO. CNS-specific deletion of IL-33 led to increased excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance, spontaneous absence-like epileptiform activity in juvenile mice, and increased seizure susceptibility in response to chemoconvulsants. We found that MARCO promoted synapse engulfment, and Marco-deficient animals had excess thalamic excitatory synapses and increased seizure susceptibility. Taken together, these data define coordinated epigenetic and functional changes in microglia and uncover pattern recognition receptors as potential regulators of postnatal synaptic refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. Han
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Rafael T. Han:
| | - Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Frances S. Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eunji Ahn
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerika J. Barron
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B. Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne T. Paz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna V. Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Correspondence to Anna V. Molofsky:
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Binks S, Lamquet S, Crawford AH, Meurs A, Irani SR, Pakozdy A. Parallel roles of neuroinflammation in feline and human epilepsies. Vet J 2022; 290:105912. [PMID: 36209994 PMCID: PMC10912827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of disorders characterised by a non-infectious encephalitis, often with prominent seizures and surface neuronal autoantibodies. AE is an important cause of new-onset refractory status epilepticus in humans and is frequently responsive to immunotherapies including corticosteroids, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin G and rituximab. Recent research suggests that parallel autoantibodies can be detected in non-human mammalian species. The best documented example is leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1)-antibodies in domestic cats with limbic encephalitis (LE). In this review, we discuss the role of neuroinflammation and autoantibodies in human and feline epilepsy and LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Binks
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Simon Lamquet
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abbe H Crawford
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alfred Meurs
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Blockade of Kv1.3 Potassium Channel Inhibits Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314693. [PMID: 36499018 PMCID: PMC9740890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder whose pathophysiology relates to inflammation. The potassium channel Kv1.3 in microglia has been reported as a promising therapeutic target in neurological diseases in which neuroinflammation is involved, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Currently, little is known about the relationship between Kv1.3 and epilepsy. In this study, we found that Kv1.3 was upregulated in microglia in the KA-induced mouse epilepsy model. Importantly, blocking Kv1.3 with its specific small-molecule blocker 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1) reduced seizure severity, prolonged seizure latency, and decreased neuronal loss. Mechanistically, we further confirmed that blockade of Kv1.3 suppressed proinflammatory microglial activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the Ca2+/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results shed light on the critical function of microglial Kv1.3 in epilepsy and provided a potential therapeutic target.
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Gakharia T, Bakhtadze S, Lim M, Khachapuridze N, Kapanadze N. Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101506. [PMID: 36291442 PMCID: PMC9600205 DOI: 10.3390/children9101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological disorder with various aetiologies. Up to 30% of patients are considered drug-resistant. The background impact of interfering inflammatory and neuronal pathways has been closely linked to paediatric epilepsy. The characteristics of the inflamed state have been described not only in epilepsies, which are considered prototypes of an inflammatory pathophysiology, but also in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in epileptic encephalopathies. The imbalance of different cytokine levels was confirmed in several epileptic models. Chemokines are new targets for exploring neuroimmune communication in epileptogenesis, which control leukocyte migration and have a possible role in neuromodulation. Additionally, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important effector molecule for central neural inflammatory responses and may influence drug responsiveness. We measured the serum interictal quantitative levels of chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CCL11) and PGE2 in correlation with the seizure frequency and severity in controlled and intractable childhood epilepsies. Our refractory seizure group demonstrated significantly increased concentrations of eotaxin (CCL11) compared to the controlled epilepsy group. The higher level of CCL11 was correlated with an increased seizure frequency, while the PGE2 levels were associated with the severity of seizure and epilepsy, supporting the findings that proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to epileptogenesis and possibly have a role in developing seizure resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatia Gakharia
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +995-592933291
| | - Sophia Bakhtadze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ming Lim
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital @ Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Women’s and Children’s Department, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nana Khachapuridze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Kapanadze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Correlation of Clinicopathological Factors with Brain Tumor-Related Epilepsy in Glioma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4918294. [PMID: 36246555 PMCID: PMC9553557 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4918294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Glioma patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) have a complex profile due to the simultaneous presence of two pathologies, glioma and epilepsy; however, they have not traditionally received as much attention as those with more malignant brain tumors. The underlying pathophysiology of brain tumor-related epilepsy remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between molecular neuropathology and glioma with BTRE and a wide range of BTRE-associated molecular markers of glioma patients. Methods. A retrospective cohort study of 186 glioma patients was evaluated at our hospital, of which 64 had BTRE. The chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation, and multivariate logistic analyses were used to identify clinicopathological factors associated with BTRE in glioma patients. Results. Of the 186 patients examined in this study, 64 (34.4%) had BTRE. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of these patients, the results showed that patient age (over 40 years;
), low WHO grade (grade I, II;
), IDH-1 positive mutation (
), low ATR-X expression level (
; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.92), and low Ki-67 PI (
; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.68) were associated with the occurrence of BTRE. In our cohort, BTRE patients did not differ by sex, tumor location, or expression of olig-2 and CD34. The results of the matching study showed that low Ki-67 PI and negative ATR-X expression levels were independent factors for a higher incidence of preoperative seizures in glioma patients. Conclusion. The current study updates existing information on genetic markers in gliomas with BTRE and explores the correlation of a wide range of clinicopathological factors and glioma patients with BTRE and suggests three putative biomarkers for BTRE: positive IDH1 mutation, low Ki-67 PI, and negative ATR-X expression. These factors may provide insights for developing a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of epilepsy and effective treatment strategies aimed at seizure control.
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Cardoso FDS, Salehpour F, Coimbra NC, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Photobiomodulation for the treatment of neuroinflammation: A systematic review of controlled laboratory animal studies. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1006031. [PMID: 36203812 PMCID: PMC9531128 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a response that involves different cell lineages of the central nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Among the non-pharmacological interventions for neuroinflammation, photobiomodulation (PBM) is gaining prominence because of its beneficial effects found in experimental brain research. We systematically reviewed the effects of PBM on laboratory animal models, specially to investigate potential benefits of PBM as an efficient anti-inflammatory therapy. Methods We conducted a systematic search on the bibliographic databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) with the keywords based on MeSH terms: photobiomodulation, low-level laser therapy, brain, neuroinflammation, inflammation, cytokine, and microglia. Data search was limited from 2009 to June 2022. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The initial systematic search identified 140 articles. Among them, 54 articles were removed for duplication and 59 articles by screening. Therefore, 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results The studies showed that PBM has anti-inflammatory properties in several conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, edema formation and hyperalgesia, ischemia, neurodegenerative conditions, aging, epilepsy, depression, and spinal cord injury. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate that transcranial PBM therapy is a promising strategy to treat brain pathological conditions induced by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrízio dos Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fabrízio dos Santos Cardoso
| | - Farzad Salehpour
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS (UNIFAMINAS), Muriaé, MG, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé, Fundação Cristiano Varella (FCV), Muriaé, MG, Brazil
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Dong X, Fan J, Lin D, Wang X, Kuang H, Gong L, Chen C, Jiang J, Xia N, He D, Shen W, Jiang P, Kuang R, Zeng L, Xie Y. Captopril alleviates epilepsy and cognitive impairment by attenuation of C3-mediated inflammation and synaptic phagocytosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:226. [PMID: 36104755 PMCID: PMC9476304 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence from experimental and clinical studies implicates immuno-inflammatory responses as playing an important role in epilepsy-induced brain injury. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), has previously been shown to suppress immuno-inflammatory responses in a variety of neurological diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of captopril on epilepsy remains unclear. In the present study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally subjected to kainic acid (KA) to establish a status epilepticus. Captopril (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily following the KA administration from day 3 to 49. We found that captopril efficiently suppressed the KA-induced epilepsy, as measured by electroencephalography. Moreover, captopril ameliorated the epilepsy-induced cognitive deficits, with improved performance in the Morris water maze, Y-maze and novel objective test. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that captopril reversed a wide range of epilepsy-related biological processes, particularly the glial activation, complement system-mediated phagocytosis and the production of inflammatory factors. Interestingly, captopril suppressed the epilepsy-induced activation and abnormal contact between astrocytes and microglia. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that captopril attenuated microglia-dependent synaptic remodeling presumably through C3–C3ar-mediated phagocytosis in the hippocampus. Finally, the above effects of captopril were partially blocked by an intranasal application of recombinant C3a (1.3 μg/kg/day). Our findings demonstrated that captopril reduced the occurrence of epilepsy and cognitive impairment by attenuation of inflammation and C3-mediated synaptic phagocytosis. This approach can easily be adapted to long-term efficacy and safety in clinical practice.
Graphical Abstract
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38
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Ngoupaye GT, Adassi MB, Foutsop AF, Yassi FB, Ngo Bum E. Pentylenetetrazole kindling-induced epilepsy rat models: Insight on the severity state, a comparative study. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:164-176. [PMID: 36590094 PMCID: PMC9795317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to carry out a comparative study of the main models of chronic epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindling method and to assess the efficacy of sodium valproate, one of the main antiepileptics, on the best epilepsy-inducing kindling model. Two sets of 24 animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals and treated as follow: Set 1 included: group 1, control; group 2, the classic kindling PTZ group (UKEOD); group 3, PTZ kindling every other day group with challenge (CKEOD); group 4, PTZ kindling every day group, with challenge (CKED); Set 2 included: group 1, control; group 2, CKEOD group; group 3 and 4, receiving either valproate 200 mg/kg or valproate 300 mg/kg + CKEOD procedure. Results show that CKEOD group significantly reduced the number of injections necessary to reach the fully-kindled state, increased the severity of seizures and improved the stability of seizures. In addition, the CKEOD group significantly increased the level of malondialdehyde and GABA transaminase, reduced the level of reduced glutathione, catalase and GABA. Furthermore, it had no impact on plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT). Valproate 300 mg/kg significantly protected animals against kindling induced by CKEOD. The kindling model with a challenge dose administered on day 1 (CKEOD) thus allows to induce more severe, more stable chronic epilepsy and in a shorter period of time, and could thus contribute to a better understanding of epilepsy, as well as its uses in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Temkou Ngoupaye
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon,Corresponding author.
| | - Maxwell Blesdel Adassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | | | - Francis Bray Yassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
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An J, Li H, Xia D, Xu B, Wang J, Qiu H, He J. The role of interleukin-17 in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107001. [PMID: 35994860 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that seriously affects human health. It is a chronic central nervous system dysfunction caused by abnormal discharges of neurons. About 50 million patients worldwide are affected by epilepsy. Although epileptic symptoms of most patients are controllable, some patients with refractory epilepsy have no response to antiseizure medications. It is necessary to investigate the pathogenesis of epilepsy and identify new therapeutic targets for refractory epilepsy. Epileptic disorders often accompany cerebral inflammatory reactions. Recently, the role of inflammation in the onset of epilepsy has increasingly attracted attention. The activation of both innate and adaptive immunity plays a significant role in refractory epilepsy. According to several clinical studies, interleukin-17, an essential inflammatory mediator linking innate and adaptive immunity, increased significantly in the body liquid and epileptic focus of patients with epilepsy. Experimental studies also indicated that interleukin-17 participated in epileptogenesis through various mechanisms. This review summarized the current studies about interleukin-17 in epilepsy and aimed at finding new therapeutic targets for refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin An
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - He Li
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Demeng Xia
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China; Luodian Clinical Drug Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huahui Qiu
- Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiaojiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
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Aronica E, Binder DK, Drexel M, Ikonomidou C, Kadam SD, Sperk G, Steinhäuser C. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for neuropathology studies in epilepsy research. A report of the TASK3 WG2 Neuropathology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35938285 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force initiated the TASK3 working group to create common data elements (CDEs) for various aspects of preclinical epilepsy research studies, which could help improve the standardization of experimental designs. This article addresses neuropathological changes associated with seizures and epilepsy in rodent models of epilepsy. We discuss CDEs for histopathological parameters for neurodegeneration, changes in astrocyte morphology and function, mechanisms of inflammation, and changes in the blood-brain barrier and myelin/oligodendrocytes resulting from recurrent seizures in rats and mice. We provide detailed CDE tables and case report forms (CRFs), and with this companion manuscript, we discuss the rationale and methodological aspects of individual neuropathological examinations. The CDEs, CRFs, and companion paper are available to all researchers, and their use will benefit the harmonization and comparability of translational preclinical epilepsy research. The ultimate hope is to facilitate the development of rational therapy concepts for treating epilepsies, seizures, and comorbidities and the development of biomarkers assessing the pathological state of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Shilpa D Kadam
- The Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guenther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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41
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Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Blood Inflammatory Markers in Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Pilot Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081133. [PMID: 36010024 PMCID: PMC9406968 DOI: 10.3390/children9081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Since one of the suggested mechanisms of action of VNS on epilepsy is the reduction of central inflammation, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of blood inflammatory markers in children considered for VNS surgery. Materials and methods: Five pediatric patients were studied. An extensive analysis of blood inflammatory markers was performed before surgery (T0) and six weeks after VNS implantation (T1). An epileptological outcome was obtained according to the McHugh score. Results: The variations of IgA, IgE, IgG, CD19, and PTX3 displayed a tendency toward a positive statistical correlation between T0 and T1. According to McHugh score, the patients were divided into Group 1 (i.e., Class I) and Group 2 (i.e., Classes II and III). IL-1β and PTX-3 tended to decrease more in Group 1, while TNF-α decreased in Group 2 (−56.65%) and slightly increased (+3.61%) in Group 1 at T1 without statistical correlation. Conclusions: The variation of IL-1β and PTX-3 seem to be related to a better outcome; thus, they do not reach statistical significance. A larger series of patients is needed to determine whether biochemical changes could relay with the clinical improvement of epilepsy.
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Zeng C, Hu J, Chen F, Huang T, Zhang L. The Coordination of mTOR Signaling and Non-Coding RNA in Regulating Epileptic Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924642. [PMID: 35898503 PMCID: PMC9310657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the burden of neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation acting as the inflammatory response to epileptic seizures is characterized by aberrant regulation of inflammatory cells and molecules, and has been regarded as a key process in epilepsy where mTOR signaling serves as a pivotal modulator. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence has revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) interfering with mTOR signaling are involved in neuroinflammation and therefore articipate in the development and progression of epilepsy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the regulation of mTOR on neuroinflammatory cells and mediators, and feature the progresses of the interaction between ncRNAs and mTOR in epileptic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudai Zeng
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jason Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
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Yu T, Huo L, Lei J, Sun JJ, Wang H. Modulation of Microglia M2 Polarization and Alleviation of Hippocampal Neuron Injury By MiR-106b-5p/RGMa in a Mouse Model of Status Epilepticus. Inflammation 2022; 45:2223-2242. [PMID: 35789312 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The miRNA miR-106b-5p has been linked to epilepsy, but its specific role and mechanism of action remain unclear. This was investigated in the present study using a mouse model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and an in vitro system of HT22 hippocampal cells treated with Mg2+-free solution and cocultured with BV2 microglia cells. We found that inhibiting miR-106b-5p expression promoted microglia M2 polarization, reduced the inflammatory response, and alleviated neuronal injury. These effects involved modulation of the repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa)-Rac1-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling axis. Our results suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting miR-106b-5p or downstream factors can be effective in preventing epileptogenesis or treating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 110004, China
| | - Liang Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 110004, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 110004, China
| | - Jing-Jing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 110004, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 110004, China.
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Li Y, Shi F, Wang G, Lv J, Zhang H, Jin H, Chen X, Wang M, Li P, Ji L. Expression Profile of Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation in Children With Epilepsy in Han Nationality. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:843897. [PMID: 35845609 PMCID: PMC9283856 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.843897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that recurs during childhood, and more than half of adult epilepsy originates from childhood. Studies suggested that immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation are closely related to neurological diseases. Here we analyzed the characteristics of the immunoglobulin glycosylation profile of children with epilepsy. Methods Patients were recruited in Taian, Shandong Province from December 2019 to March 2020. Serum IgG glycome composition was analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Results The proportion of fucosylated glycans in total IgG glycans was 93.72% in the epilepsy patients, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (94.94%). A lower level of total monogalactosylated and digalactosylated glycans were observed in the epilepsy patients group (30.76 and 40.14%) than that in the controls (36.17 and 42.69%). There was no significant difference between the two groups in bisected GlcNAc glycans and sialylated glycans. Conclusion The decrease of core fucosylation and galactosylation may promote the inflammatory reaction of the body and participate in the occurrence of epilepsy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Li
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Fengxue Shi
- School of Clinical, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guanglei Wang
- Tai’an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Tai’an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medical Center, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Peirui Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Long Ji
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Long Ji,
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45
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Victor TR, Hage Z, Tsirka SE. Prophylactic administration of cannabidiol reduces microglial inflammatory response to kainate-induced seizures and neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2022; 500:1-11. [PMID: 35700815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the dynamic innate immune cells of the central nervous system, become activated in epilepsy. The process of microglial activation in epilepsy results in the creation of an inflammatory environment around the site of seizure onset, which contributes to the epileptogenic process and epilepsy progression. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been effective for use as an adjunctive treatment for two severe pediatric seizure disorders. Newly recognized as an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug treatment in epilepsy, it has gained in popularity primarily for pain management. Although CBD is readily available in stores and online retailers, its mechanism of action and specifically its effects on microglia and their functions are yet fully understood. In this study, we examine the effects of commercially available CBD on microglia inflammatory activation and neurogenic response, in the presence and absence of seizures. We use systemic administration of kainate to elicit seizures in mice, which are assessed behaviorally. Artisanal CBD is given in different modes of administration and timing to dissect its effect on seizure intensity, microglial activation and aberrant seizure-related neurogenesis. CBD significantly dampens microglial migration and accumulation to the hippocampus. While long term artisanal CBD use does not prevent or lessen seizure severity, CBD is a promising adjunctive partner for its ability to depress epileptogenic processes. These studies indicate that artisanal CBD is beneficial as it both decreases inflammation in the CNS and reduces the number of ectopic neurons deposited in the hippocampal area post seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Victor
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Zachary Hage
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
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Chen H, Siu SWI, Wong CTT, Qiu J, Cheung AKK, Lee SMY. Anti-epileptic Kunitz-like peptides discovered in the branching coral Acropora digitifera through transcriptomic analysis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2589-2608. [PMID: 35604417 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50 million people are suffering from epilepsy worldwide. Corals have been used for treating epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine, but the mechanism of this treatment is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of the branching coral Acropora digitifera and obtained its Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) and Gene Ontology (GO) annotation. Combined with multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, we discovered three polypeptides, we named them AdKuz1, AdKuz2 and AdKuz3, from A. digitifera that showed a close relationship to Kunitz-type peptides. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that AdKuz1 to 3 could interact with GABAA receptor but AdKuz2-GABAA remained more stable than others. The biological experiments showed that AdKuz1 and AdKuz2 exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the aberrant level of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS in BV-2 cells. In addition, the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic effect on zebrafish was remarkably suppressed by AdKuz1 and AdKuz2. AdKuz2 particularly showed superior anti-epileptic effects compared to the other two peptides. Furthermore, AdKuz2 significantly decreased the expression of c-fos and npas4a, which were up-regulated by PTZ treatment. In addition, AdKuz2 reduced the synthesis of glutamate and enhanced the biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In conclusion, the results indicated that AdKuz2 may affect the synthesis of glutamate and GABA and enhance the activity of the GABAA receptor to inhibit the symptoms of epilepsy. We believe, AdKuz2 could be a promising anti-epileptic agent and its mechanism of action should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shirley Weng In Siu
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao, China
| | - Clarence Tsun Ting Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- Department of Biology and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Alex Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Moradi F, Eslami F, Rahimi N, Koohfar A, Shayan M, Maadani M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Modafinil exerts anticonvulsive effects against lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats: A role for tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide signaling. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 130:108649. [PMID: 35344809 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus (SE) is a continuous episode of seizures which leads to hippocampal neurodegeneration, severe systemic inflammation, and extreme damage to the brain. Modafinil, a psychostimulant and wake-promoting agent, has exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in previous preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to assess effects of modafinil on the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE rat model and to explore possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) pathways in this regard. METHODS Status epilepticus was provoked by injection of lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p]) and pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Animals received different modafinil doses (50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) and SE scores were documented over 3 hours of duration. Moreover, the role of the nitrergic pathway in the effects of modafinil was evaluated by injection of the non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.), and the selective inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before saline/vehicle or modafinil. The ELISA method was used to quantify TNF-α and NO metabolite levels in the isolated hippocampus. RESULTS Modafinil at 100 mg/kg significantly decreased SE scores (P < 0.01). Pre-treatment with L-NAME, 7-nitroindazole, and aminoguanidine significantly reversed the anticonvulsive effects of modafinil. Status epilepticus-induced animals showed significantly higher NO metabolite and TNF-α levels in their hippocampal tissues, an effect that was reversed by modafinil (100 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Administration of NOS inhibitors resulted in excessive NO level reduction but an escalation of TNF-α level in modafinil-treated SE-animals. CONCLUSION Our study revealed anticonvulsive effects of modafinil in the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE rat model via possible involvement of TNF-α and nitrergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Moradi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Eslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Koohfar
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshad Maadani
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kızılaslan N, Sumbul O, Aygun H. The Beneficial Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Penicillin-Induced Focal Seizure in Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1395-1404. [PMID: 35084660 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The focal epilepsy is a chronic neurological brain disorder which affects millions of people in the world. There is emerging evidence that changes in the gut microbiota may have effects on epileptic seizures. In the present study, we examined the effect of probiotics on penicillin-induced focal seizure model in rats. Male Wistar Albino rats (n: 21) were randomly divided into three groups: control (no medication), penicillin and penicillin + probiotic. Probiotic VSL#3 (12.86 bn living bacteria/kg/day) was given by gavage for 30 days. The seizures were induced by intracortical injection of penicillin G (500 IU) into the cortex. An ECoG recordings were made for 180 min after penicillin G application. The spike frequency and the amplitude were used to assess the severity of seizures. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL-6) levels in the brain were studied biochemically. Our results indicated that probiotic supplementation improved focal seizures through increasing the latency (p < 0.001) and decreasing the spike frequency (p < 0.01) compared to the penicillin group. Penicillin-induced seizure in rats significantly enhanced TNF-α (p < 0.01), NO (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Probiotic supplementation significantly decreased IL-6 (p < 0.05), TNF-α (p < 0.01) and NO (p < 0.001) compared to the penicillin group. When the body weights were compared before and after the experiment, there was no difference between the control and penicillin groups, but it was observed that the body weight decreased after probiotic supplementation in the penicillin + probiotic group. Probiotic supplementation may have anti-seizure effect by reducing proinflammatory cytokine and NO levels in epileptic rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nildem Kızılaslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, 60030, Turkey.
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Chen DD, Peng XL, Cheng H, Ma JN, Cheng M, Meng LX, Hu Y. Risk factors and a predictive model for the development of epilepsy after Japanese encephalitis. Seizure 2022; 99:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Li S, Li L, Li J, Liang X, Song C, Zou Y. miR-203, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF-κB signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:84. [PMID: 35413928 PMCID: PMC9006621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-203 was first indicated in maintaining skin homeostasis and innate immunity. Aberrant expression of miR-203 was found associated with pathological progressions of immune disorders, cancers, as well as neurodegenerations. Recently, increasing data on miR-203 in regulating neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis has raised extensive concern about the biological function of this microRNA. METHODS Mouse model with ectopic miR-203 expression in the hippocampus was constructed by stereotactic injection of lentiviral expression vector of pre-miR-203. Association of miR-203 and mRNA of Akirin2, as well as the competition for miR-203 targeting between Akirin2 3'UTR and another recently characterized miR-203 target, 14-3-3θ, was verified using Dual-Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay and western blot. Microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus of mice overexpressing miR-203 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry analysis and western blot. Neuronal cell death was monitored using anti-caspase 8 in immunohistochemistry as well as TUNEL assay. Cognition of mice was assessed with a behavior test battery consisting of nesting behavior test, Barnes maze and fear conditioning test. RESULTS Akirin2, an activator of NF-κB signaling, was identified as a direct target of miR-203. By also targeting 14-3-3θ, a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, miR-203 displayed an overall pro-inflammatory role both in vitro and in vivo. Promoted nuclear translocation of NF-κB and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in cultured BV2 cells transfected with miR-203 mimics. Microglia activation and upregulation of NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in mouse hippocampus with overexpression of miR-203. In addition, promoted neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and impaired neuronal activities resulted in cognitive dysfunction of mice with ectopic miR-203 expression in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION A pro-inflammatory and neurodisruptive role of miR-203 was addressed based on our data in this study. Given the identification of Akirin2 as a direct target of miR-203 and the competition with 14-3-3θ for miR-203 targeting, together with the findings of other signaling molecules in NF-κB pathway as targets of miR-203, we proposed that miR-203 was a master modulator, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Li
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Song
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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