1
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Ruthig VA, Lamb DJ. Modeling development of genitourinary birth defects to understand disruption due to changes in gene dosage. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:412-424. [PMID: 36636694 PMCID: PMC9831917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genitourinary development is a delicately orchestrated process that begins in the embryo. Once complete, the genitourinary system is a collection of functionally disparate organs spread throughout the abdominal and pelvic regions. These distinct organs are interconnected through an elaborate duct system which aggregates the organs' products to a common exit point. The complicated nature of the genitourinary system makes it highly susceptible to developmental disruptions that produce anomalies. In fact, genitourinary anomalies are among the most common class of human birth defects. Aside from congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), for males, these birth defects can also occur in the penis (hypospadias) and testis (cryptorchism), which impact male fertility and male mental health. As genetic technology has advanced, it has become clear that a subset of cases of genitourinary birth defects are due to gene variation causing dosage changes in critical regulatory genes. Here we first review the parallels between human and mouse genitourinary development. We then demonstrate how translational research leverages mouse models of human gene variation cases to advance mechanistic understanding of causation in genitourinary birth defects. We close with a view to the future highlighting upcoming technologies that will provide a deeper understanding of gene variation affecting regulation of genitourinary development, which should ultimately advance treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ruthig
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Sexual Medicine Laboratory, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Center for Reproductive Genomics, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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2
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RET rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer: Evolving treatment landscape and future challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Meng Q, Song J, Yang S, Tang X, Zhao Y, Men S, Wang L. Disparate phenotypes in two unfavorable pregnancies due to maternal mosaicism of a novel RET gene mutation. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:84-90. [PMID: 35341763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RET have been found in multiple diseases including isolated and associated congenital anomalies. Here, we report a case presented with disparate phenotypes in each pregnancy but caused by the same novel mutation. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband/abortion product-parental trio and a novel missense variant in RET (chr10:43615610C>G; c.2689C>G; p.Arg897Gly) was identified. The mother was a low-level somatic carrier of this new mutation, with 17.3% in blood, 19.1% in oralmucous membrane, and 15.7% in urine by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (dd PCR). Our finding not only broadens the mutation spectrum of RET but also gives supportive genetic counseling and timely guidance on fertility choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Meng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiedong Song
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Men
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Clark JF, Soriano PM. Pulling back the curtain: The hidden functions of receptor tyrosine kinases in development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:123-152. [PMID: 35606055 PMCID: PMC9127239 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a conserved superfamily of transmembrane growth factor receptors that drive numerous cellular processes during development and in the adult. Upon activation, multiple adaptors and signaling effector proteins are recruited to binding site motifs located within the intracellular domain of the RTK. These RTK-effector interactions drive subsequent intracellular signaling cascades involved in canonical RTK signaling. Genetic dissection has revealed that alleles of Fibroblast Growth Factor receptors (FGFRs) that lack all canonical RTK signaling still retain some kinase-dependent biological activity. Here we examine how genetic analysis can be used to understand the mechanism by which RTKs drive multiple developmental processes via canonical signaling while revealing noncanonical activities. Recent data from both FGFRs and other RTKs highlight potential noncanonical roles in cell adhesion and nuclear signaling. The data supporting such functions are discussed as are recent technologies that have the potential to provide valuable insight into the developmental significance of these noncanonical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Philippe M Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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5
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Yu M, Li Y, Tan L, Chen J, Zhai Y, Rao J, Fang X, Liu J, Liu J, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. Intrauterine Low-Protein Diet Exacerbates Abnormal Development of the Urinary System in Gen1-Mutant Mice. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 7:482-493. [PMID: 34901194 PMCID: PMC8613624 DOI: 10.1159/000516942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gen1 mutation can cause various phenotypes of congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). An intrauterine low-protein isocaloric diet can also cause CAKUT phenotypes in offspring. However, single factors such as gene mutation or abnormal environmental factor during pregnancy can only explain part of the pathogenesis of CAKUT. OBJECTIVES A low-protein isocaloric diet was fed to Gen1-mutant mice throughout pregnancy to establish a Gen1-mutant mouse model exposed to a low-protein isocaloric intrauterine environment. The mice were divided into 4 groups: normal (22%) protein diet (ND) + wild-type mice (CON group), ND + Gen1PB/+ mice (Gen1PB/+ group), low (6%)-protein isocaloric diet (LD) + wild-type mice (LD group), and the LD + Gen1PB/+ groups. METHODS The experimental design included observing proportion and distribution of CAKUT phenotypes of neonatal mice; evaluating the number of ureteric buds (UBs) on embryonic day (E) 11.5, the location of UBs on E11.5, and length of the common nephric duct (CND); isolating embryonic kidneys on E11.5 from the Gen1PB/+ group and culturing embryonic kidneys in medium containing 10% serum or serum-free medium to observe the branching of UBs; and detecting the p-PLCγ, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2 in UBs and CND on E11.5, as well as the apoptosis and proliferation of tissues by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS We found that the incidence of CAKUT in offspring of Gen1PB/+ mice under an intrauterine low-protein isocaloric diet environment was significantly increased, and a duplicated collecting system was the dominant phenotype of CAKUT. During the early stage of metanephric development, ectopic protrusion of UBs may appear and lower locations of UBs in Gen1PB/+ mice under an intrauterine low-protein isocaloric diet environment and the number of UB branches in the serum-free culture condition significantly decreased. Further examination revealed that p-PLCγ signaling and tissue apoptosis were abnormal in UBs and the CND at the early stage of kidney development. CONCLUSIONS The aforementioned findings suggest that an intrauterine low-protein isocaloric diet can aggravate the occurrence of CAKUT in Gen1-mutant mice, which might affect key steps in the metanephric development, such as the protrusion of UBs, which might be related to mediate UBs and CND apoptosis through p-PLCγ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
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6
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Increased RET Activity Coupled with a Reduction in the RET Gene Dosage Causes Intestinal Aganglionosis in Mice. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0534-20.2021. [PMID: 33958373 PMCID: PMC8174796 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0534-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the gene encoding the RET tyrosine kinase causes Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Current consensus holds that HSCR and MTC are induced by inactivating and activating RET mutations, respectively. However, it remains unknown whether activating mutations in the RET gene have adverse effects on ENS development in vivo We addressed this issue by examining mice engineered to express RET51(C618F), an activating mutation identified in MTC patients. Although Ret51(C618F)/51(C618F) mice displayed hyperganglionosis of the ENS, Ret51(C618F)/- mice exhibited severe intestinal aganglionosis because of premature neuronal differentiation. Reduced levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a RET-activating neurotrophic factor, ameliorated the ENS phenotype of Ret51(C618F)/- mice, demonstrating that GDNF-mediated activation of RET51(C618F) is responsible for severe aganglionic phenotype. The RET51(C618F) allele showed genetic interaction with Ednrb gene, one of modifier genes for HSCR. These data reveal that proliferation and differentiation of ENS precursors are exquisitely controlled by both the activation levels and total dose of RET. Increased RET activity coupled with a decreased gene dosage can cause intestinal aganglionosis, a finding that provides novel insight into HSCR pathogenesis.
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7
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Sanchez-Ferras O, Pacis A, Sotiropoulou M, Zhang Y, Wang YC, Bourgey M, Bourque G, Ragoussis J, Bouchard M. A coordinated progression of progenitor cell states initiates urinary tract development. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2627. [PMID: 33976190 PMCID: PMC8113267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney and upper urinary tract develop through reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud and the surrounding mesenchyme. Ureteric bud branching forms the arborized collecting duct system of the kidney, while ureteric tips promote nephron formation from dedicated progenitor cells. While nephron progenitor cells are relatively well characterized, the origin of ureteric bud progenitors has received little attention so far. It is well established that the ureteric bud is induced from the nephric duct, an epithelial duct derived from the intermediate mesoderm of the embryo. However, the cell state transitions underlying the progression from intermediate mesoderm to nephric duct and ureteric bud remain unknown. Here we show that nephric duct morphogenesis results from the coordinated organization of four major progenitor cell populations. Using single cell RNA-seq and Cluster RNA-seq, we show that these progenitors emerge in time and space according to a stereotypical pattern. We identify the transcription factors Tfap2a/b and Gata3 as critical coordinators of this progenitor cell progression. This study provides a better understanding of the cellular origin of the renal collecting duct system and associated urinary tract developmental diseases, which may inform guided differentiation of functional kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Pacis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Sotiropoulou
- Department for Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- Department for Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourgey
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department for Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department for Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department for Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Bennett KM, Baldelomar EJ, Morozov D, Chevalier RL, Charlton JR. New imaging tools to measure nephron number in vivo: opportunities for developmental nephrology. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:179-183. [PMID: 31983353 PMCID: PMC8765346 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is a complex organ, requiring the concerted function of up to millions of nephrons. The number of nephrons is constant after nephrogenesis during development, and nephron loss over a life span can lead to susceptibility to acute or chronic kidney disease. New technologies are under development to count individual nephrons in the kidney in vivo. This review outlines these technologies and highlights their relevance to studies of human renal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bennett
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - E J Baldelomar
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Morozov
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J R Charlton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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9
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Abstract
The kidney plays an integral role in filtering the blood-removing metabolic by-products from the body and regulating blood pressure. This requires the establishment of large numbers of efficient and specialized blood filtering units (nephrons) that incorporate a system for vascular exchange and nutrient reabsorption as well as a collecting duct system to remove waste (urine) from the body. Kidney development is a dynamic process which generates these structures through a delicately balanced program of self-renewal and commitment of nephron progenitor cells that inhabit a constantly evolving cellular niche at the tips of a branching ureteric "tree." The former cells build the nephrons and the latter the collecting duct system. Maintaining these processes across fetal development is critical for establishing the normal "endowment" of nephrons in the kidney and perturbations to this process are associated both with mutations in integral genes and with alterations to the fetal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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10
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Li H, Hohenstein P, Kuure S. Embryonic Kidney Development, Stem Cells and the Origin of Wilms Tumor. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020318. [PMID: 33672414 PMCID: PMC7926385 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian kidney is a poorly regenerating organ that lacks the stem cells that could replenish functional homeostasis similarly to, e.g., skin or the hematopoietic system. Unlike a mature kidney, the embryonic kidney hosts at least three types of lineage-specific stem cells that give rise to (a) a ureter and collecting duct system, (b) nephrons, and (c) mesangial cells together with connective tissue of the stroma. Extensive interest has been raised towards these embryonic progenitor cells, which are normally lost before birth in humans but remain part of the undifferentiated nephrogenic rests in the pediatric renal cancer Wilms tumor. Here, we discuss the current understanding of kidney-specific embryonic progenitor regulation in the innate environment of the developing kidney and the types of disruptions in their balanced regulation that lead to the formation of Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-59395
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11
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Ding S, Wang R, Peng S, Luo X, Zhong L, Yang H, Ma Y, Chen S, Wang W. Targeted therapies for RET-fusion cancer: Dilemmas and breakthrough. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110901. [PMID: 33125973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling has revolutionized treatment options for patients with oncogene-driven cancers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant carcinoma. Rearranged during transfection (RET) rearrangement, as one of the main activated oncogenes, has been well studied and found to be involved in the malignant behavior of carcinogenesis, resulting in acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inducing an intrinsic resistance to immunotherapy. Thus, targeted therapies have been investigated against RET arrangement cancers, including several multi-kinase inhibitors and selective RET inhibitors. However, modest efficacy, a relatively high rate of toxicity, and poor effectiveness against brain metastasis are common limitations of multi-targeted novel molecular inhibitors. A promising prospect was shown recently in selective RET inhibitors in several ongoing clinical trials. In this review, we reviewed the concurrent dilemmas of targeted therapies against RET arrangement cancer from preclinical and clinical studies and proposed several clinical considerations for clinical practice prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJie Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShunLi Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - LongHui Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - YueYun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShiYu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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12
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Kawai K, Takahashi M. Intracellular RET signaling pathways activated by GDNF. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:113-123. [PMID: 32816064 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activation of REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene is responsible for various human cancers such as papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas. RET activation in these tumors is caused by point mutations or gene rearrangements, resulting in constitutive activation of RET tyrosine kinase. Physiologically, RET is activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ligands that bind to coreceptor GDNF family receptor alphas (GFRαs), leading to RET dimerization. GDNF-GFRα1-RET signaling plays crucial roles in the development of the enteric nervous system, kidney and lower urinary tract as well as in spermatogenesis. Intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation in RET and recruitment of adaptor proteins to phosphotyrosines are essential for various biological functions. Significance of intracellular RET signaling pathways activated by GDNF is discussed and summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Kawai
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Kutsukake-cho, Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Kutsukake-cho, Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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13
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Kuure S, Sariola H. Mouse Models of Congenital Kidney Anomalies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:109-136. [PMID: 32304071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects, which cause the majority of chronic kidney diseases in children. CAKUT covers a wide range of malformations that derive from deficiencies in embryonic kidney and lower urinary tract development, including renal aplasia, hypodysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, and different forms of ureter abnormalities. The majority of the genetic causes of CAKUT remain unknown. Research on mutant mice has identified multiple genes that critically regulate renal differentiation. The data generated from this research have served as an excellent resource to identify the genetic bases of human kidney defects and have led to significantly improved diagnostics. Furthermore, genetic data from human CAKUT studies have also revealed novel genes regulating kidney differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kuure
- GM-Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Paediatric Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Li AY, McCusker MG, Russo A, Scilla KA, Gittens A, Arensmeyer K, Mehra R, Adamo V, Rolfo C. RET fusions in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 81:101911. [PMID: 31715421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene has been well-studied. RET is involved in many different physiological and developmental functions. When altered, RET mutations influence disease in a variety of organ systems from Hirschsprung's disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Changes in RET expression have been discovered in 30-70% of invasive breast cancers and 50-60% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in addition to colorectal adenocarcinoma, melanoma, small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. RET mutations have been associated with tumor proliferation, invasion, and migration. RET fusions or rearrangements are somatic juxtapositions of 5' sequences from other genes with 3' RET sequences encoding tyrosine kinase. RET rearrangements occur in approximately 2.5-73% of sporadic PTC and 1-3% of NSCLC patients. The most common RET fusions are CDCC6-RET and NCOA4-RET in PTC and KIF5B-RET in NSCLC. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are drugs that target kinases such as RET in RET-driven (RET-mutation or RET-fusion-positive) disease. Multikinase inhibitors (MKI) target various kinases and other receptors. Several MKIs are FDA-approved for cancer therapy (sunitinib, sorafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, ponatinib, lenvatinib, alectinib) and non-oncologic disease (nintedanib). Selective RET inhibitor drugs LOXO-292 (selpercatinib) and BLU-667 (pralsetinib) are also undergoing phase I/II and I clinical trials, respectively, with preliminary results demonstrating partial response and low incidence of serious adverse events. RET fusions provide a viable therapeutic target for oncologic treatment, and further study is warranted into the prevalence and pathogenesis of RET fusions as well as development of current and new tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael G McCusker
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Medical Oncology Unit, A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Katherine A Scilla
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison Gittens
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Arensmeyer
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincenzo Adamo
- Medical Oncology Unit, A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Tuttle A, Drerup CM, Marra M, McGraw H, Nechiporuk AV. Retrograde Ret signaling controls sensory pioneer axon outgrowth. eLife 2019; 8:46092. [PMID: 31476133 PMCID: PMC6718271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking mechanisms and transcriptional targets downstream of long-range neurotrophic factor ligand/receptor signaling that promote axon growth are incompletely understood. Zebrafish carrying a null mutation in a neurotrophic factor receptor, Ret, displayed defects in peripheral sensory axon growth cone morphology and dynamics. Ret receptor was highly enriched in sensory pioneer neurons and Ret51 isoform was required for pioneer axon outgrowth. Loss-of-function of a cargo adaptor, Jip3, partially phenocopied Ret axonal defects, led to accumulation of activated Ret in pioneer growth cones, and reduced retrograde Ret51 transport. Jip3 and Ret51 were also retrogradely co-transported, ultimately suggesting Jip3 is a retrograde adapter of active Ret51. Finally, loss of Ret reduced transcription and growth cone localization of Myosin-X, an initiator of filopodial formation. These results show a specific role for Ret51 in pioneer axon growth, and suggest a critical role for long-range retrograde Ret signaling in regulating growth cone dynamics through downstream transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tuttle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Molly Marra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Hillary McGraw
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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16
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Kurtzeborn K, Kwon HN, Kuure S. MAPK/ERK Signaling in Regulation of Renal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1779. [PMID: 30974877 PMCID: PMC6479953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects derived from abnormalities in renal differentiation during embryogenesis. CAKUT is the major cause of end-stage renal disease and chronic kidney diseases in children, but its genetic causes remain largely unresolved. Here we discuss advances in the understanding of how mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) activity contributes to the regulation of ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, which dictates the final size, shape, and nephron number of the kidney. Recent studies also demonstrate that the MAPK/ERK pathway is directly involved in nephrogenesis, regulating both the maintenance and differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme. Interestingly, aberrant MAPK/ERK signaling is linked to many cancers, and recent studies suggest it also plays a role in the most common pediatric renal cancer, Wilms' tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hyuk Nam Kwon
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Kuure
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- GM-unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Development of the urogenital system is regulated via the 3'UTR of GDNF. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5302. [PMID: 30923332 PMCID: PMC6438985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling ureter lenght and the position of the kidney are poorly understood. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induced RET signaling is critical for ureteric bud outgrowth, but the function of endogenous GDNF in further renal differentiation and urogenital system development remains discursive. Here we analyzed mice where 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of GDNF is replaced with sequence less responsive to microRNA-mediated regulation, leading to increased GDNF expression specifically in cells naturally transcribing Gdnf. We demonstrate that increased Gdnf leads to short ureters in kidneys located in an abnormally caudal position thus resembling human pelvic kidneys. High GDNF levels expand collecting ductal progenitors at the expense of ureteric trunk elongation and result in expanded tip and short trunk phenotype due to changes in cell cycle length and progenitor motility. MEK-inhibition rescues these defects suggesting that MAPK-activity mediates GDNF’s effects on progenitors. Moreover, Gdnf hyper mice are infertile likely due to effects of excess GDNF on distal ureter remodeling. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of GDNF levels, for example via alterations in 3′UTR, may account for a subset of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and/or congenital infertility cases in humans and pave way to future studies.
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18
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Zhang H, Bagherie-Lachidan M, Badouel C, Enderle L, Peidis P, Bremner R, Kuure S, Jain S, McNeill H. FAT4 Fine-Tunes Kidney Development by Regulating RET Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 48:780-792.e4. [PMID: 30853441 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
FAT4 mutations lead to several human diseases that disrupt the normal development of the kidney. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In studying the duplex kidney phenotypes observed upon deletion of Fat4 in mice, we have uncovered an interaction between the atypical cadherin FAT4 and RET, a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for kidney development. Analysis of kidney development in Fat4-/- kidneys revealed abnormal ureteric budding and excessive RET signaling. Removal of one copy of the RET ligand Gdnf rescues Fat4-/- kidney development, supporting the proposal that loss of Fat4 hyperactivates RET signaling. Conditional knockout analyses revealed a non-autonomous role for Fat4 in regulating RET signaling. Mechanistically, we found that FAT4 interacts with RET through extracellular cadherin repeats. Importantly, expression of FAT4 perturbs the assembly of the RET-GFRA1-GDNF complex, reducing RET signaling. Thus, FAT4 interacts with RET to fine-tune RET signaling, establishing a juxtacrine mechanism controlling kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mazdak Bagherie-Lachidan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Philippos Peidis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Satu Kuure
- GM-unit at Laboratory Animal Centre, HiLIFE and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Jain S, Chen F. Developmental pathology of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:382-399. [PMID: 31198539 PMCID: PMC6543978 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys or lower urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common causes of renal failure in children and account for 25% of end-stage renal disease in adults. The spectrum of anomalies includes renal agenesis; hypoplasia; dysplasia; supernumerary, ectopic or fused kidneys; duplication; ureteropelvic junction obstruction; primary megaureter or ureterovesical junction obstruction; vesicoureteral reflux; ureterocele; and posterior urethral valves. CAKUT originates from developmental defects and can occur in isolation or as part of other syndromes. In recent decades, along with better understanding of the pathological features of the human congenital urinary tract defects, researchers using animal models have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the genetic causes and etiology of many CAKUT cases remain unknown, presenting challenges in finding effective treatment. Here we provide an overview of the critical steps of normal development of the urinary system, followed by a description of the pathological features of major types of CAKUT with respect to developmental mechanisms of their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. MAPK and PI3K signaling: At the crossroads of neural crest development. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S79-S97. [PMID: 29453943 PMCID: PMC6092260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these processes signal through relatively few downstream pathways, frequently converging on the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Despite decades of study, there is still considerable uncertainty about where and when these signaling pathways are required and how they elicit particular responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of growth factor-induced MAPK and PI3K signaling in the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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21
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Kurtzeborn K, Cebrian C, Kuure S. Regulation of Renal Differentiation by Trophic Factors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30483151 PMCID: PMC6240607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, trophic factors are considered as proteins which support neurons in their growth, survival, and differentiation. However, most neurotrophic factors also have important functions outside of the nervous system. Especially essential renal growth and differentiation regulators are glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Here we discuss how trophic factor-induced signaling contributes to the control of ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis and to maintenance and differentiation of nephrogenic mesenchyme in embryonic kidney. The review includes recent advances in trophic factor functions during the guidance of branching morphogenesis and self-renewal versus differentiation decisions, both of which dictate the control of kidney size and nephron number. Creative utilization of current information may help better recapitulate renal differentiation in vitro, but it is obvious that significantly more basic knowledge is needed for development of regeneration-based renal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Developmental Biology Division, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Satu Kuure
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Centre, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Dionne LK, Shim K, Hoshi M, Cheng T, Wang J, Marthiens V, Knoten A, Basto R, Jain S, Mahjoub MR. Centrosome amplification disrupts renal development and causes cystogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2485-2501. [PMID: 29895697 PMCID: PMC6028550 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary centrosomes are commonly observed in cystic kidneys, but whether they are a cause or consequence of cystogenesis is unknown. Dionne et al. demonstrate that centrosome amplification disrupts renal development and is sufficient to induce cystogenesis in vivo. Centrosome number is tightly controlled to ensure proper ciliogenesis, mitotic spindle assembly, and cellular homeostasis. Centrosome amplification (the formation of excess centrosomes) has been noted in renal cells of patients and animal models of various types of cystic kidney disease. Whether this defect plays a causal role in cystogenesis remains unknown. Here, we investigate the consequences of centrosome amplification during kidney development, homeostasis, and after injury. Increasing centrosome number in vivo perturbed proliferation and differentiation of renal progenitors, resulting in defective branching morphogenesis and renal hypoplasia. Centrosome amplification disrupted mitotic spindle morphology, ciliary assembly, and signaling pathways essential for the function of renal progenitors, highlighting the mechanisms underlying the developmental defects. Importantly, centrosome amplification was sufficient to induce rapid cystogenesis shortly after birth. Finally, we discovered that centrosome amplification sensitized kidneys in adult mice, causing cystogenesis after ischemic renal injury. Our study defines a new mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of renal cystogenesis, and identifies a potentially new cellular target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Kuan Dionne
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tao Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Amanda Knoten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Renata Basto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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23
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Neirijnck Y, Reginensi A, Renkema KY, Massa F, Kozlov VM, Dhib H, Bongers EMHF, Feitz WF, van Eerde AM, Lefebvre V, Knoers NVAM, Tabatabaei M, Schulz H, McNeill H, Schaefer F, Wegner M, Sock E, Schedl A. Sox11 gene disruption causes congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Kidney Int 2018; 93:1142-1153. [PMID: 29459093 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and the urinary tract (CAKUT) belong to the most common birth defects in human, but the molecular basis for the majority of CAKUT patients remains unknown. Here we show that the transcription factor SOX11 is a crucial regulator of kidney development. SOX11 is expressed in both mesenchymal and epithelial components of the early kidney anlagen. Deletion of Sox11 in mice causes an extension of the domain expressing Gdnf within rostral regions of the nephrogenic cord and results in duplex kidney formation. On the molecular level SOX11 directly binds and regulates a locus control region of the protocadherin B cluster. At later stages of kidney development, SOX11 becomes restricted to the intermediate segment of the developing nephron where it is required for the elongation of Henle's loop. Finally, mutation analysis in a cohort of patients suffering from CAKUT identified a series of rare SOX11 variants, one of which interferes with the transactivation capacity of the SOX11 protein. Taken together these data demonstrate a key role for SOX11 in normal kidney development and may suggest that variants in this gene predispose to CAKUT in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirsten Y Renkema
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Massa
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | - Haroun Dhib
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Ernie M H F Bongers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wout F Feitz
- Department of Urology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertien M van Eerde
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic-Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nine V A M Knoers
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mansoureh Tabatabaei
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- University of Cologne, Cologne Center for Genomics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France.
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24
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Hoshi M, Reginensi A, Joens MS, Fitzpatrick JAJ, McNeill H, Jain S. Reciprocal Spatiotemporally Controlled Apoptosis Regulates Wolffian Duct Cloaca Fusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:775-783. [PMID: 29326158 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial Wolffian duct (WD) inserts into the cloaca (primitive bladder) before metanephric kidney development, thereby establishing the initial plumbing for eventual joining of the ureters and bladder. Defects in this process cause common anomalies in the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). However, developmental, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of WD-cloaca fusion are poorly understood. Through systematic analysis of early WD tip development in mice, we discovered that a novel process of spatiotemporally regulated apoptosis in WD and cloaca was necessary for WD-cloaca fusion. Aberrant RET tyrosine kinase signaling through tyrosine (Y) 1062, to which PI3K- or ERK-activating proteins dock, or Y1015, to which PLCγ docks, has been shown to cause CAKUT-like defects. Cloacal apoptosis did not occur in RetY1062F mutants, in which WDs did not reach the cloaca, or in RetY1015F mutants, in which WD tips reached the cloaca but did not fuse. Moreover, inhibition of ERK or apoptosis prevented WD-cloaca fusion in cultures, and WD-specific genetic deletion of YAP attenuated cloacal apoptosis and WD-cloacal fusion in vivo Thus, cloacal apoptosis requires direct contact and signals from the WD tip and is necessary for WD-cloacal fusion. These findings may explain the mechanisms of many CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hoshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Center for Cellular Imaging.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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25
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Moyle LA, Blanc E, Jaka O, Prueller J, Banerji CR, Tedesco FS, Harridge SD, Knight RD, Zammit PS. Ret function in muscle stem cells points to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27841748 PMCID: PMC5108591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) involves sporadic expression of DUX4, which inhibits myogenesis and is pro-apoptotic. To identify target genes, we over-expressed DUX4 in myoblasts and found that the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret was significantly up-regulated, suggesting a role in FSHD. RET is dynamically expressed during myogenic progression in mouse and human myoblasts. Constitutive expression of either RET9 or RET51 increased myoblast proliferation, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ret induced myogenic differentiation. Suppressing RET activity using Sunitinib, a clinically-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rescued differentiation in both DUX4-expressing murine myoblasts and in FSHD patient-derived myoblasts. Importantly, Sunitinib also increased engraftment and differentiation of FSHD myoblasts in regenerating mouse muscle. Thus, DUX4-mediated activation of Ret prevents myogenic differentiation and could contribute to FSHD pathology by preventing satellite cell-mediated repair. Rescue of DUX4-induced pathology by Sunitinib highlights the therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of FSHD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11405.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Blanc
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane Jaka
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Prueller
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Rs Banerji
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Dr Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Knight
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Short KM, Smyth IM. The contribution of branching morphogenesis to kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:754-767. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Yoon H, Kwak Y, Choi S, Cho H, Kim ND, Sim T. A Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivative Containing an Isoxazole Moiety Is a Selective and Potent Inhibitor of RET Gatekeeper Mutants. J Med Chem 2015; 59:358-73. [PMID: 26652860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant RET kinase signaling plays critical roles in several human cancers such as thyroid carcinoma. The gatekeeper mutants (V804L or V804M) of RET are resistant to currently approved RET inhibitors such as cabozantinib and vandetanib. We, for the first time, report a highly selective and extremely potent RET inhibitor, 6i rationally designed. Compound 6i inhibits strongly RET gatekeeper mutants and other clinically relevant RET mutants as well as wt-RET. This substance also significantly suppresses growth of thyroid cancer-derived TT cell lines and Ba/F3 cells transformed with various RET mutants. Docking studies reveal that the isoxazole moiety in 6i is responsible for binding affinity improvement by providing additional site for H-bonding with Lys758. Also, 6i not only substantially blocks cellular RET autophosphorylation and its downstream pathway, it markedly induces apoptosis and anchorage-independent growth inhibition in TT cell lines while having no effect on normal thyroid Nthy ori-3-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojong Yoon
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonui Kwak
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghye Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu, Daegu 706-010, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Xiao N, Le QT. Neurotrophic Factors and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Regeneration. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:89-99. [PMID: 26611762 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are growth factors that can nourish neurons and promote neuron survival and regeneration. They have been studied as potential drug candidates for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Since their identification, there are more and more evidences to indicate that neurotrophic factors are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and regulate the survival, anti-inflammation, proliferation and differentiation in these tissues. This mini review summarizes the characteristics of the neurotrophic factors and their potential clinical applications in the regeneration of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kramer ER, Liss B. GDNF-Ret signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its implication for Parkinson disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3760-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Reginensi A, Hoshi M, Boualia SK, Bouchard M, Jain S, McNeill H. Yap and Taz are required for Ret-dependent urinary tract morphogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2696-703. [PMID: 26243870 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high occurrence of congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract in humans, the molecular, cellular and morphological aspects of their development are still poorly understood. Here, we use a conditional knockout approach to inactivate within the nephric duct (ND) lineage the two effectors of the Hippo pathway, Yap and Taz. Deletion of Yap leads to hydronephrotic kidneys with blind-ending megaureters at birth. In Yap mutants, the ND successfully migrates towards, and contacts, the cloaca. However, close analysis reveals that the tip of the Yap(-/-) ND forms an aberrant connection with the cloaca and does not properly insert into the cloaca, leading to later detachment of the ND from the cloaca. Taz deletion from the ND does not cause any defect, but analysis of Yap(-/-);Taz(-/-) NDs indicates that both genes play partially redundant roles in ureterovesical junction formation. Aspects of the Yap(-/-) phenotype resemble hypersensitivity to RET signaling, including excess budding of the ND, increased phospho-ERK and increased expression of Crlf1, Sprouty1, Etv4 and Etv5. Importantly, the Yap(ND) (-/-) ND phenotype can be largely rescued by reducing Ret gene dosage. Taken together, these results suggest that disrupting Yap/Taz activities enhances Ret pathway activity and contributes to pathogenesis of lower urinary tract defects in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Renal Division) and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sami Kamel Boualia
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Renal Division) and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5
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31
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Smeeton J, Dhir P, Hu D, Feeney MM, Chen L, Rosenblum ND. Integrin-linked Kinase Controls Renal Branching Morphogenesis via Dual Specificity Phosphatase 8. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1465-77. [PMID: 26407593 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an intracellular scaffold protein with critical cell-specific functions in the embryonic and mature mammalian kidney. Previously, we demonstrated a requirement for Ilk during ureteric branching and cell cycle regulation in collecting duct cells in vivo Although in vitro data indicate that ILK controls p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activity, the contribution of ILK-p38MAPK signaling to branching morphogenesis in vivo is not defined. Here, we identified genes that are regulated by Ilk in ureteric cells using a whole-genome expression analysis of whole-kidney mRNA in mice with Ilk deficiency in the ureteric cell lineage. Six genes with expression in ureteric tip cells, including Wnt11, were downregulated, whereas the expression of dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) was upregulated. Phosphorylation of p38MAPK was decreased in kidney tissue with Ilk deficiency, but no significant decrease in the phosphorylation of other intracellular effectors previously shown to control renal morphogenesis was observed. Pharmacologic inhibition of p38MAPK activity in murine inner medullary collecting duct 3 (mIMCD3) cells decreased expression of Wnt11, Krt23, and Slo4c1 DUSP8 overexpression in mIMCD3 cells significantly inhibited p38MAPK activation and the expression of Wnt11 and Slo4c1. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of DUSP8 in cultured embryonic murine kidneys decreased ureteric branching and p38MAPK activation. Together, these data demonstrate that Ilk controls branching morphogenesis by regulating the expression of DUSP8, which inhibits p38MAPK activity and decreases branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smeeton
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and Departments of Paediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priya Dhir
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and
| | - Di Hu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and
| | | | - Lin Chen
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and Departments of Paediatrics, and Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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Crupi MJF, Yoganathan P, Bone LN, Lian E, Fetz A, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Distinct Temporal Regulation of RET Isoform Internalization: Roles of Clathrin and AP2. Traffic 2015; 16:1155-73. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J. F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Piriya Yoganathan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Leslie N. Bone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Eric Lian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Andrew Fetz
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson University; Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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Wang Y, Stokes A, Duan Z, Hui J, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen HW, Lam K, Zhou CJ. LDL Receptor-Related Protein 6 Modulates Ret Proto-Oncogene Signaling in Renal Development and Cystic Dysplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:417-27. [PMID: 26047795 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic and/or cystic kidneys have been found in both LDL receptor-related protein 6 (Lrp6)- and β-catenin-mutant mouse embryos, and these proteins are key molecules for Wnt signaling. However, the underlying mechanisms of Lrp6/β-catenin signaling in renal development and cystic formation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found evidence that diminished cell proliferation and increased apoptosis occur before cystic dysplasia in the renal primordia of Lrp6-deficient mouse embryos. The expression of Ret proto-oncogene (Ret), a critical receptor for the growth factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is required for early nephrogenesis, was dramatically diminished in the mutant renal primordia. The activities of other representative nephrogenic genes, including Lim1, Pax2, Pax8, GDNF, and Wnt11, were subsequently diminished in the mutant renal primordia. Molecular biology experiments demonstrated that Ret is a novel transcriptional target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Wnt agonist lithium promoted Ret expression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Lrp6-knockdown or lithium treatment in vitro led to downregulation or upregulation, respectively, of the phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 3, which act downstream of GDNF/Ret signaling. Mice with single and double mutations of Lrp6 and Ret were perinatal lethal and demonstrated gene dosage-dependent effects on the severity of renal hypoplasia during embryogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates or interacts with a signaling network consisting of Ret cascades and related nephrogenic factors for renal development, and the disruption of these genes or signaling activities may cause a spectrum of hypoplastic and cystic kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Arjun Stokes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Jordan Hui
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Kit Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California and University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California;
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Awazu M, Hida M. Maternal nutrient restriction inhibits ureteric bud branching but does not affect the duration of nephrogenesis in rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:633-9. [PMID: 25675424 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal nutrient restriction produces offspring with fewer nephrons. We studied whether the reduced nephron number is due to the inhibition of ureteric branching or early cessation of nephrogenesis in rats. Signaling pathways involved in kidney development were also examined. METHODS The offspring of dams given food ad libitum (control (CON)) and those subjected to 50% food restriction (nutrient restriceted (NR)) were examined. RESULTS At embryonic day 13 (E13), there was no difference between NR and CON in body weight or kidney size. Ureteric buds branched once in both NR and CON. At E14 and E15, body and kidney size were significantly reduced in NR. Ureteric bud tip numbers were also reduced to 50% of CON. On the other hand, the disappearance of nephrogenic zone and a nephron progenitor marker Cited1 was not different between CON and NR. The final glomerular number of NR was 80% of CON. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, PI3K, Akt, and mammallian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein expression of β-catenin were downregulated at E15. CONCLUSION Ureteric branching is inhibited and developmentally regulated signaling pathways are downregulated at an early stage by maternal nutrient restriction. These changes, not early cessation of nephrogenesis, may be a mechanism for the inhibited kidney growth and nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hida
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Perinatal Center and Department of Neonatology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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35
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Signaling during Kidney Development. Cells 2015; 4:112-32. [PMID: 25867084 PMCID: PMC4493451 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney plays an essential role during excretion of metabolic waste products, maintenance of key homeostasis components such as ion concentrations and hormone levels. It influences the blood pressure, composition and volume. The kidney tubule system is composed of two distinct cell populations: the nephrons forming the filtering units and the collecting duct system derived from the ureteric bud. Nephrons are composed of glomeruli that filter the blood to the Bowman’s capsule and tubular structures that reabsorb and concentrate primary urine. The collecting duct is a Wolffian duct-derived epithelial tube that concentrates and collects urine and transfers it via the renal pelvis into the bladder. The mammalian kidney function depends on the coordinated development of specific cell types within a precise architectural framework. Due to the availability of modern analysis techniques, the kidney has become a model organ defining the paradigm to study organogenesis. As kidney diseases are a problem worldwide, the understanding of mammalian kidney cells is of crucial importance to develop diagnostic tools and novel therapies. This review focuses on how the pattern of renal development is generated, how the inductive signals are regulated and what are their effects on proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Nagalakshmi VK, Yu J. The ureteric bud epithelium: morphogenesis and roles in metanephric kidney patterning. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:151-66. [PMID: 25783232 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian metanephric kidney is composed of two epithelial components, the collecting duct system and the nephron epithelium, that differentiate from two different tissues -the ureteric bud epithelium and the nephron progenitors, respectively-of intermediate mesoderm origin. The collecting duct system is generated through reiterative ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, whereas the nephron epithelium is formed in a process termed nephrogenesis, which is initiated with the mesenchymal-epithelial transition of the nephron progenitors. Ureteric bud branching morphogenesis is regulated by nephron progenitors, and in return, the ureteric bud epithelium regulates nephrogenesis. The metanephric kidney is physiologically divided along the corticomedullary axis into subcompartments that are enriched with specific segments of these two epithelial structures. Here, we provide an overview of the major molecular and cellular processes underlying the morphogenesis and patterning of the ureteric bud epithelium and its roles in the cortico-medullary patterning of the metanephric kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya K Nagalakshmi
- Department of Cell Biology and Division of Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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37
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zou H, Cai N, Chen X, Xu L, Kong X, Liu P. The multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib plays a bifunctional role in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8629. [PMID: 25720956 PMCID: PMC4342569 DOI: 10.1038/srep08629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vandetanib, a multikinase inhibitor, is a target of drug treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, phase II and III clinical trials have not conclusively demonstrated the curative effects of vandetanib for NSCLC, and the reasons for this are unknown. In the present study, we use the NSCLC cell line Calu-6 as a model to determine the cellular and biological effects of vandetanib. Our results demonstrate that vandetanib impairs Calu-6 cell migration and invasion. We find that vandetanib can directly inhibit RET activity, which influences the Rho-JNK pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active Rho GTPase antagonizes the inhibitory effects of vandetanib on Calu-6 cells invasion and JNK pathway activation. In addition, vandetanib induces autophagy by increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Calu-6 cells, and blockade of autophagy or ROS effectively enhances the cell death effect of vandetanib. In this study, we find vandetanib is of a double effect in some NSCLC cells, presenting new possibilities for the pharmacological treatment of NSCLC and introducing a novel role for vandetanib in treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanliang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai. 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanbing Zou
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cai
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Longmei Xu
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Kong
- 1] Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China [2] State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifeng Liu
- 1] Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200127, People's Republic of China [2] State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai. 200032, People's Republic of China
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Okazawa M, Murashima A, Harada M, Nakagata N, Noguchi M, Morimoto M, Kimura T, Ornitz DM, Yamada G. Region-specific regulation of cell proliferation by FGF receptor signaling during the Wolffian duct development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:139-47. [PMID: 25678108 PMCID: PMC4382079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Wolffian duct (WD) is a primordium of the male reproductive tract and kidney collecting duct system. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, are essential for kidney development. Although the functions of FGFR signaling in kidney morphogenesis have been analyzed, their function in WD development has not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we demonstrate that Fgfr2 is the major Fgfr gene expressed throughout the WD epithelia and that it is essential for the maintenance of the WD, specifically in the caudal part of the WD. Hoxb7-Cre mediated inactivation of Fgfr2 in the mouse WD epithelia resulted in the regression of the caudal part of the WD and abnormal male reproductive tract development. Cell proliferation and expression of the downstream target genes of RTK signaling (Etv4 and Etv5) were decreased in the caudal part of the WD epithelia in the mutant embryos. Cranial (rostral) WD formation and ureteric budding were not affected. Ret, Etv4, and Etv5 expression were sustained in the ureteric bud of the mutant embryos. Taken together, these data suggest region-specific requirements for FGFR2 signaling in the developing caudal WD epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Okazawa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Murashima
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Masayo Harada
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku 113-8519, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masafumi Noguchi
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell proliferation in the mouse urogenital sinus. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:289-306. [PMID: 25549043 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a TGFβ family member, and GDNF signals through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptor (GFRα1) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF signaling plays crucial roles in urogenital processes, ranging from cell fate decisions in germline progenitors to ureteric bud outgrowth and renal branching morphogenesis. Gene ablation studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in urogenital development, although its role in prostate development is unclear. We investigated the functional role of GDNF signaling in the urogenital sinus (UGS) and the developing prostate of mice. GDNF, GFRα1, and RET show time-specific and cell-specific expression during prostate development in vivo. In the UGS, GDNF and GFRα1 are expressed in the urethral mesenchyme (UrM) and epithelium (UrE), whereas RET is restricted to the UrM. In each lobe of the developing prostate, GDNF and GFRα1 expression declines in the epithelium and becomes restricted to the stroma. Using a well-established organ culture system, we determined that exogenous GDNF increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells, altering UGS morphology. With regard to mechanism, GDNF signaling in the UrM increased RET expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, inhibition of RET kinase activity or ERK kinases suppressed GDNF-induced proliferation of UrM cells but not UrE cells. We therefore propose that GDNF signaling in the UGS increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells by different mechanisms, which are distinguished by the role of RET receptor tyrosine kinase and ERK kinase signaling, thus implicating GDNF signaling in prostate development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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40
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Jain S, Noordam MJ, Hoshi M, Vallania FL, Conrad DF. Validating single-cell genomics for the study of renal development. Kidney Int 2014; 86:1049-55. [PMID: 24759149 PMCID: PMC4207726 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genomics will enable studies of the earliest events in kidney development, although it is unclear if existing technologies are mature enough to generate accurate and reproducible data on kidney progenitors. Here we designed a pilot study to validate a high-throughput assay to measure the expression levels of key regulators of kidney development in single cells isolated from embryonic mice. Our experiment produced 4608 expression measurements of 22 genes, made in small cell pools, and 28 single cells purified from the RET-positive ureteric bud. There were remarkable levels of concordance with expression data generated by traditional microarray analysis on bulk ureteric bud tissue with the correlation between our average single-cell measurements and GUDMAP measurements for each gene of 0.82-0.85. Nonetheless, a major motivation for single-cell technology is to uncover dynamic biology hidden in population means. There was evidence for extensive and surprising variation in expression of Wnt11 and Etv5, both downstream targets of activated RET. The variation for all genes in the study was strongly consistent with burst-like promoter kinetics. Thus, our results can inform the design of future single-cell experiments, which are poised to provide important insights into kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Francesco L. Vallania
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Donald F. Conrad
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
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41
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Stewart K, Bouchard M. Coordinated cell behaviours in early urogenital system morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:13-20. [PMID: 25220017 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The elaboration of functional kidneys during embryonic development proceeds in a stepwise manner, starting with the formation of the embryonic pro- and mesonephros, followed by the induction and growth of the final metanephric kidney. These early stages of urinary tract development are critical for the embryo as a failure in pro/mesonephros morphogenesis leads to major developmental defects, often incompatible with life. The formation of the pro/mesonephros and its central component the nephric duct, is also interesting as it offers a relatively simple system to study cell biological behaviours underlying tissue morphogenesis. This system is especially well adapted to study the questions of cell lineage specification, epithelial integrity and plasticity, tissue interactions, collective cell migration/guidance and programmed cell death. In this review, we establish the link between these cell behaviours, their molecular regulators and early genitourinary tract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stewart
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, 1160 Pine Avenue W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, 1160 Pine Avenue W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3.
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42
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Kopan R, Chen S, Little M. Nephron progenitor cells: shifting the balance of self-renewal and differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:293-331. [PMID: 24439811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Within the developing mammalian kidney, several populations of progenitors form the discrete cellular components of the final organ. Fate mapping experiments revealed the cap mesenchyme (CM) to be the progenitor population for all nephron epithelial cells, whereas the neighboring stromal mesenchyme gives rise to mesangial, pericytic, renin-producing and interstitial cells. The collecting ducts are derived from a population of progenitors at the ureteric bud (UB) tip and a proportion of the endothelium is also derived from a dedicated mesenchymal progenitor. The stroma, CM, and UB interact to create spatially defined niches at the periphery of the developing organ. While the UB tip population persist, the CM represents a transient progenitor population that is exhausted to set the final organ size. The timing of CM exhaustion, and hence the final organ structure, is sensitive to disruptions such as premature birth. Here we will discuss our current understanding of the molecular processes allowing these populations to balance cell survival, self-renewal, support of branching, and maintain capacity to commit to differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Little
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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43
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GDNF and MAPK-ERK pathway signaling is reduced during nephrogenesis following maternal under-nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:67-74. [PMID: 25142933 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174409990134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal under-nutrition (MUN) during gestation results in growth-restricted newborns with reduced glomerular number and subsequent hypertension. We investigated dysregulation of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and MAPK-ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) signal pathway gene expression following MUN. MUN rats were 50% food restricted from embryonic day 10 till postnatal day 1. Kidneys were harvested at embryonic day (E)20, and postnatal days (P)1 and 21. Kidney protein expression was determined by Western blot. At E20, protein expression of growth factor receptor alpha 1 (GFRα1) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 were reduced significantly, and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduction of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) with maintenance of pERK localization. Total MEK and ERK were unchanged. At P1, only GFRα1 and pERK1/2 were reduced significantly while at P21, expression of all growth factors except total MEK was unchanged. Total MEK was increased. Glomerular number was decreased by 19% in P21 kidneys and blood pressure was increased in 12-week-old rats. In conclusion, GDNF and MAPK-ERK signaling are dysregulated during active nephrogenesis in fetal and early newborn offspring kidneys in the MUN model. This may be a key mechanism in reduced offspring nephrogenesis and programmed hypertension.
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44
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Blake J, Rosenblum ND. Renal branching morphogenesis: morphogenetic and signaling mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:2-12. [PMID: 25080023 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human kidney is composed of an arborized network of collecting ducts, calyces and urinary pelvis that facilitate urine excretion and regulate urine composition. The renal collecting system is formed in utero, completed by the 34th week of gestation in humans, and dictates final nephron complement. The renal collecting system arises from the ureteric bud, a derivative of the intermediate-mesoderm derived nephric duct that responds to inductive signals from adjacent tissues via a process termed ureteric induction. The ureteric bud subsequently undergoes a series of iterative branching and remodeling events in a process called renal branching morphogenesis. Altered signaling that disrupts patterning of the nephric duct, ureteric induction, or renal branching morphogenesis leads to varied malformations of the renal collecting system collectively known as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and is the most frequently detected congenital renal aberration in infants. Here, we describe critical morphogenetic and cellular events that govern nephric duct specification, ureteric bud induction, renal branching morphogenesis, and cessation of renal branching morphogenesis. We also highlight salient molecular signaling pathways that govern these processes, and the investigative techniques used to interrogate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Blake
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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45
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Xiao N, Lin Y, Cao H, Sirjani D, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC, Kong CS, Diehn M, Le QT. Neurotrophic factor GDNF promotes survival of salivary stem cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3364-77. [PMID: 25036711 DOI: 10.1172/jci74096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based regenerative therapy is a promising treatment for head and neck cancer patients that suffer from chronic dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary gland injury from radiation therapy. Current xerostomia therapies only provide temporary symptom relief, while permanent restoration of salivary function is not currently feasible. Here, we identified and characterized a stem cell population from adult murine submandibular glands. Of the different cells isolated from the submandibular gland, this specific population, Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+, possessed the highest capacity for proliferation, self renewal, and differentiation during serial passage in vitro. Serial transplantations of this stem cell population into the submandibular gland of irradiated mice successfully restored saliva secretion and increased the number of functional acini. Gene-expression analysis revealed that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) is highly expressed in Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+ stem cells. Furthermore, GDNF expression was upregulated upon radiation therapy in submandibular glands of both mice and humans. Administration of GDNF improved saliva production and enriched the number of functional acini in submandibular glands of irradiated animals and enhanced salisphere formation in cultured salivary stem cells, but did not accelerate growth of head and neck cancer cells. These data indicate that modulation of the GDNF pathway may have potential therapeutic benefit for management of radiation-induced xerostomia.
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Abstract
The development of the mammalian kidney has been studied at the genetic, biochemical, and cell biological level for more than 40 years. As such, detailed mechanisms governing early patterning, cell lineages, and inductive interactions have been well described. How genes interact to specify the renal epithelial cells of the nephrons and how this specification is relevant to maintaining normal renal function is discussed. Implicit in the development of the kidney are epigenetic mechanisms that mark renal cell types and connect certain developmental regulatory factors to chromatin modifications that control gene expression patterns and cellular physiology. In adults, such regulatory factors and their epigenetic pathways may function in regeneration and may be disturbed in disease processes.
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47
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Zhu Y, Voruganti VS, Lin J, Matsuguchi T, Blackburn E, Best LG, Lee ET, MacCluer JW, Cole SA, Zhao J. QTL mapping of leukocyte telomere length in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:704-16. [PMID: 24036517 PMCID: PMC3808702 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play a central role in cellular senescence and are associated with a variety of age-related disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Telomere length varies greatly among individuals of the same age, and is heritable. Here we performed a genome-wide linkage scan to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing leukocyte telomere length (LTL) measured by quantitative PCR in 3,665 American Indians (aged 14-93 years) from 94 large, multi-generational families. All participants were recruited by the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS), a prospective study to identify genetic factors for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in American Indians residing in Oklahoma, Arizona and Dakota. LTL heritability was estimated to be between 51% and 62%, suggesting a strong genetic predisposition to interindividual variation of LTL in this population. Significant QTLs were localized to chromosome 13 (Logarithm of odds score (LOD)=3.9) at 13q12.11, to 18q22.2 (LOD=3.2) and to 3p14.1 (LOD=3.0) for Oklahoma. This is the first study to identify susceptibility loci influencing leukocyte telomere variation in American Indians, a minority group suffering from a disproportionately high rate of type 2 diabetes and other age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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48
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Plaza-Menacho I, Mologni L, McDonald NQ. Mechanisms of RET signaling in cancer: current and future implications for targeted therapy. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1743-52. [PMID: 24705026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
De-regulation of RET signaling by oncogenic mutation, gene rearrangement, overexpression or transcriptional up-regulation is implicated in several human cancers of neuroendocrine and epithelial origin (thyroid, breast, lung). Understanding how RET signaling mechanisms associated with these oncogenic events are deregulated, and their impact in the biological processes driving tumor formation and progression, as well as response to treatment, will be crucial to find and develop better targeted therapeutic strategies. In this review we emphasie the distinct mechanisms of RET signaling in cancer and summarise current knowledge on small molecule inhibitors targeting the tyrosine kinase domain of RET as therapeutic drugs in RET-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Plaza-Menacho
- Structural Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK.
| | - L Mologni
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - N Q McDonald
- Structural Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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49
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Davis TK, Hoshi M, Jain S. To bud or not to bud: the RET perspective in CAKUT. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:597-608. [PMID: 24022366 PMCID: PMC3952039 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys or lower urinary tract (CAKUT) encompass a spectrum of anomalies that result from aberrations in spatio-temporal regulation of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular signals at key stages of urinary tract development. The Rearranged in Transfection (RET) tyrosine kinase signaling system is a major pathway required for normal development of the kidneys, ureters, peripheral and enteric nervous systems. In the kidneys, RET is activated by interaction with the ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and coreceptor GFRα1. This activated complex regulates a number of downstream signaling cascades (PLCγ, MAPK, and PI3K) that control proliferation, migration, renewal, and apoptosis. Disruption of these events is thought to underlie diseases arising from aberrant RET signaling. RET mutations are found in 5-30 % of CAKUT patients and a number of Ret mouse mutants show a spectrum of kidney and lower urinary tract defects reminiscent of CAKUT in humans. The remarkable similarities between mouse and human kidney development and in defects due to RET mutations has led to using RET signaling as a paradigm for determining the fundamental principles in patterning of the upper and lower urinary tract and for understanding CAKUT pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of studies in vivo that delineate expression and the functional importance of RET signaling complex during different stages of development of the upper and lower urinary tracts. We discuss how RET signaling balances activating and inhibitory signals emanating from its docking tyrosines and its interaction with upstream and downstream regulators to precisely modulate different aspects of Wolffian duct patterning and branching morphogenesis. We outline the diversity of cellular mechanisms regulated by RET, disruption of which causes malformations ranging from renal agenesis to multicystic dysplastic kidneys in the upper tract and vesicoureteral reflux or ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the lower tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Keefe Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Correspondance:Sanjay Jain, MD, PhD, Address: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8126, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA, Tel.: +1-314-454-8728, Fax: +1-314-454-7735,
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50
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Kim ST, Ahn SY, Swat W, Miner JH. DLG1 influences distal ureter maturation via a non-epithelial cell autonomous mechanism involving reduced retinoic acid signaling, Ret expression, and apoptosis. Dev Biol 2014; 390:160-9. [PMID: 24699546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The absence of Discs-large 1 (DLG1), the mouse ortholog of the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor, results in congenital hydronephrosis characterized by urinary tract abnormalities, reduced ureteric bud branching, and delayed disconnection of the ureter from the common nephric duct (CND). To define the specific cellular requirements for Dlg1 expression during urogenital development, we used a floxed Dlg1 allele and Pax2-Cre, Pax3-Cre, Six2-Cre, and HoxB7-Cre transgenes to generate cell type-restricted Dlg1 mutants. In addition, we used Ret(GFP) knockin and retinoic acid response element-lacZ transgenic mice to determine the effects of Dlg1 mutation on the respective morphogenetic signaling pathways. Mutation of Dlg1 in urothelium and collecting ducts (via HoxB7-Cre or Pax2-Cre) and in nephron precursors (via Pax2-Cre and Six2-Cre) resulted in no apparent abnormalities in ureteric bud branching or in distal ureter maturation, and no hydronephrosis. Mutation in nephrons, ureteric smooth muscle, and mesenchyme surrounding the lower urinary tract (via the Pax3-Cre transgene) resulted in congenital hydronephrosis accompanied by reduced branching, abnormal distal ureter maturation and insertion, and smooth muscle orientation defects, phenotypes very similar to those in Dlg1 null mice. Dlg1 null mice showed reduced Ret expression and apoptosis during ureter maturation and evidence of reduced retinoic acid signaling in the kidney. Taken together, these results suggest that Dlg1 expression in ureter and CND-associated mesenchymal cells is essential for ensuring distal ureter maturation by facilitating retinoic acid signaling, Ret expression, and apoptosis of the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children׳s National Medical Center and the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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