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Naqvi RA, Valverde A, Yadavalli T, Bobat FI, Capistrano KJ, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Viral MicroRNAs in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Pathobiology. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:649-665. [PMID: 38347772 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128286469240129100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Simplexvirus humanalpha1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1]) infects millions of people globally, manifesting as vesiculo-ulcerative lesions of the oral or genital mucosa. After primary infection, the virus establishes latency in the peripheral neurons and reactivates sporadically in response to various environmental and genetic factors. A unique feature of herpesviruses is their ability to encode tiny noncoding RNAs called microRNA (miRNAs). Simplexvirus humanalpha1 encodes eighteen miRNA precursors that generate twentyseven different mature miRNA sequences. Unique Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs repertoire is expressed in lytic and latent stages and exhibits expressional disparity in various cell types and model systems, suggesting their key pathological functions. This review will focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the regulation of host-virus interaction by HSV-1 encoded viral miRNAs. Numerous studies have demonstrated sequence- specific targeting of both viral and host transcripts by Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs. While these noncoding RNAs predominantly target viral genes involved in viral life cycle switch, they regulate host genes involved in antiviral immunity, thereby facilitating viral evasion and lifelong viral persistence inside the host. Expression of Simplexvirus humanalpha1 miRNAs has been associated with disease progression and resolution. Systemic circulation and stability of viral miRNAs compared to viral mRNAs can be harnessed to utilize their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Moreover, functional inhibition of these enigmatic molecules may allow us to devise strategies that have therapeutic significance to contain Simplexvirus humanalpha1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Araceli Valverde
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Fatima Ismail Bobat
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Kristelle J Capistrano
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Mao L, Chen Y, Gu J, Zhao Y, Chen Q. Roles and mechanisms of exosomal microRNAs in viral infections. Arch Virol 2023; 168:121. [PMID: 36977948 PMCID: PMC10047465 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm that originate from endosomes and fuse with the plasma membrane. They are secreted by almost all kinds of cells and can stably transfer different kinds of cargo from donor to recipient cells, thereby altering cellular functions for assisting cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes derived from virus-infected cells during viral infections are likely to contain different microRNAs (miRNAs) that can be transferred to recipient cells. Exosomes can either promote or suppress viral infections and therefore play a dual role in viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of exosomal miRNAs during infection by six important viruses (hepatitis C virus, enterovirus A71, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and Zika virus), each of which causes a significant global public health problem. We describe how these exosomal miRNAs, including both donor-cell-derived and virus-encoded miRNAs, modulate the functions of the recipient cell. Lastly, we briefly discuss their potential value for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medicine School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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3
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miR-34c-3p Regulates Protein Kinase A Activity Independent of cAMP by Dicing prkar2b Transcripts in Theileria annulata-Infected Leukocytes. mSphere 2023; 8:e0052622. [PMID: 36847534 PMCID: PMC10117149 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00526-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that can play critical roles in regulating various cellular processes, including during many parasitic infections. Here, we report a regulatory role for miR-34c-3p in cAMP-independent regulation of host cell protein kinase A (PKA) activity in Theileria annulata-infected bovine leukocytes. We identified prkar2b (cAMP-dependent protein kinase A type II-beta regulatory subunit) as a novel miR-34c-3p target gene and demonstrate how infection-induced upregulation of miR-34c-3p repressed PRKAR2B expression to increase PKA activity. As a result, the disseminating tumorlike phenotype of T. annulata-transformed macrophages is enhanced. Finally, we extend our observations to Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells, where infection-induced augmentation in miR-34c-3p levels led to a drop in the amount of prkar2b mRNA and increased PKA activity. Collectively, our findings represent a novel cAMP-independent way of regulating host cell PKA activity in infections by Theileria and Plasmodium parasites. IMPORTANCE Small microRNA levels are altered in many diseases, including those caused by parasites. Here, we describe how infection by two important animal and human parasites, Theileria annulata and Plasmodium falciparum, induce changes in infected host cell miR-34c-3p levels to regulate host cell PKA kinase activity by targeting mammalian prkar2b. Infection-induced changes in miR-34c-3p levels provide a novel epigenetic mechanism for regulating host cell PKA activity independent of fluxes in cAMP to both aggravate tumor dissemination and improve parasite fitness.
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Jia Q, Fu Y. microRNA-34-5p encoded by Spodoptera frugiperda regulates the replication and infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus by targeting odv-e66, ac78 and ie2. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5379-5389. [PMID: 36057111 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the significant migratory pests in the Global Alert issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. As an insect-specific microbial insecticide, baculovirus has been used to control various pests. MicroRNA-34-5p (miR-34-5p) is involved in regulating growth, reproduction and innate immunity to pathogens in insects, playing an essential role in host-virus interactions. In this study, we explored the critical function of miR-34-5p encoded by S. frugiperda in the anti-Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), providing a reference for the design of a miR-34-5p target biopesticide against S. frugiperda and a theoretical basis for the wide application of microRNAs (miRNAs) in green pest control technology. RESULTS We focused on miR-34-5p identified as downregulated in Sf9 cells and S. frugiperda larvae infected by AcMNPV. The regulatory function of miR-34-5p in AcMNPV-S. frugiperda interactions was studied by transfecting synthetic mimics and inhibitors, and constructing recombinant bacmids with miR-34-5p overexpression. miR-34-5p inhibited the production of infectious budded virions at the cellular and insect levels, inhibited the replication of the viral DNA and glucose metabolism, and increased the transcription of the antimicrobial peptide gloverin. Furthermore, the virus genes odv-e66, ac78 and ie2 were shown to be direct targets. CONCLUSION We systematically revealed the mechanism by which miR-34-5p is involved in the insect antiviral process. miR-34-5p inhibited the replication and infection of AcMNPV by directly targeting AcMNPV genes, especially ac78 and ie2. Our study provides a new direction and thinking for the prevention and green control of lepidopteran pests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Limothai U, Jantarangsi N, Suphavejkornkij N, Tachaboon S, Dinhuzen J, Chaisuriyong W, Trongkamolchai S, Wanpaisitkul M, Chulapornsiri C, Tiawilai A, Tiawilai T, Tantawichien T, Thisyakorn U, Srisawat N. Discovery and validation of circulating miRNAs for the clinical prognosis of severe dengue. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010836. [PMID: 36251659 PMCID: PMC9576100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early prognostic markers of severe dengue may improve case management and reduce dengue-related mortalities. This study aimed to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for predicting severe dengue. Methodology Serum samples from dengue-infected patients were collected on the first day of admission. Patients were followed up for 14 days after admission to determine the final diagnosis. Participants were divided into non-severe and severe dengue, as defined by WHO 2009 criteria. Circulating microtranscriptome analysis was performed using NanoString miRNA Expression Assay. The expression level of candidate miRNAs were then validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method. Principal findings The discovery cohort (N = 19) lead to the identification of 37 differentially expressed miRNAs between the two groups. Six up-regulated candidate miRNAs were selected and further validated in the larger cohort (N = 135). MiR574-5p and miR1246 displayed the highest diagnostic performance in discriminating between severe from non-severe dengue (ROC-AUC = 0.83). Additionally, miR574-5p and miR1246 had high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for detecting severe dengue. Multivariate analysis suggested that serum miR574-5p was an independent predictor of severe dengue (odds ratio 3.30, 95% CI 1.81–6.04; p<0.001). Conclusion Our study indicated that circulating miRNAs, especially miR-574-5p and miR-1246, might be a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for severe dengue upon hospital admission, especially when using these biomarkers on days 1 to 2 before the onset of severe dengue complications. Dengue infection, a mosquito-borne disease, is an expanding global problem. It has a broad clinical spectrum that includes severe and non-severe clinical manifestations with a high risk of death. Identifying early prognostic markers of severe complications may improve case management and reduce dengue-related mortalities. The circulating microRNA (miRNA) profile has been widely used to identify potential biomarkers against viral infections. Our data revealed that the circulating miRNA expression pattern of severe dengue patients was significantly different from the non-severe group. In addition, circulating miRNAs, especially miR-574-5p and miR-1246, could be promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for severe dengue. These data have implications for developing biomarkers for clinical use and could improve risk prediction in dengue patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Limothai
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sasipha Tachaboon
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janejira Dinhuzen
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchadaporn Chaisuriyong
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The CRISMA Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand,* E-mail:
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Ramberg S, Krasnov A, Colquhoun D, Wallace C, Andreassen R. Expression Analysis of Moritella viscosa-Challenged Atlantic Salmon Identifies Disease-Responding Genes, MicroRNAs and Their Predicted Target Genes and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911200. [PMID: 36232504 PMCID: PMC9569996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is a bacterial pathogen causing winter-ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon. The lesions on affected fish lead to increased mortality, decreased fish welfare, and inferior meat quality in farmed salmon. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation by guiding the miRNA-induced silencing complex to specific mRNA transcripts (target genes). The goal of this study was to identify miRNAs responding to Moritella viscosa in salmon by investigating miRNA expression in the head-kidney and the muscle/skin from lesion sites caused by the pathogen. Protein coding gene expression was investigated by microarray analysis in the same materials. Seventeen differentially expressed guide-miRNAs (gDE-miRNAs) were identified in the head-kidney, and thirty-nine in lesion sites, while the microarray analysis reproduced the differential expression signature of several thousand genes known as infection-responsive. In silico target prediction and enrichment analysis suggested that the gDE-miRNAs were predicted to target genes involved in immune responses, hemostasis, angiogenesis, stress responses, metabolism, cell growth, and apoptosis. The majority of the conserved gDE-miRNAs (e.g., miR-125, miR-132, miR-146, miR-152, miR-155, miR-223 and miR-2188) are known as infection-responsive in other vertebrates. Collectively, the findings indicate that gDE-miRNAs are important post-transcriptional gene regulators of the host response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund Ramberg
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Division of Aquaculture, Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Nofima), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Panda M, Kalita E, Singh S, Kumar K, Rao A, Prajapati VK. MiRNA-SARS-CoV-2 dialogue and prospective anti-COVID-19 therapies. Life Sci 2022; 305:120761. [PMID: 35787998 PMCID: PMC9249409 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), affects 226 countries and continents, and has resulted in >6.2 million deaths worldwide. Despite the efforts of all scientific institutions worldwide to identify potential therapeutics, no specific drug has been approved by the FDA to treat the COVID-19 patient. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns make the potential of publicly known therapeutics to respond to and detect disease onset highly improbable. The quest for universal therapeutics pointed to the ability of RNA-based molecules to shield and detect the adverse effects of the COVID-19 illness. One such candidate, miRNA (microRNA), works on regulating the differential expression of the target gene post-transcriptionally. The prime focus of this review is to report the critical miRNA molecule and their regular expression in patients with COVID-19 infection and associated comorbidities. Viral and host miRNAs control the etiology of COVID-19 infection throughout the life cycle and host inflammatory response, where host miRNAs are identified as a double-edged showing as a proviral and antiviral response. The review also covered the role of viral miRNAs in mediating host cell signaling expression during disease pathology. Studying molecular interactions between the host and the SARS-CoV-2 virus during COVID-19 pathogenesis offers the chance to use miRNA-based therapeutics to reduce the severity of the illness. By utilizing an appropriate delivery vehicle, these small non-coding RNA could be envisioned as a promising biomarker in designing a practical RNAi-based treatment approach of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ketan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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8
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MicroRNA Regulation of Human Herpesvirus Latency. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061215. [PMID: 35746686 PMCID: PMC9231095 DOI: 10.3390/v14061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens. After productive (lytic) infection, all human herpesviruses are able to establish life-long latent infection and reactivate from it. Latent infection entails suppression of viral replication, maintenance of the viral genome in infected cells, and the ability to reactivate. Most human herpesviruses encode microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate these processes during latency. Meanwhile, cellular miRNAs are hijacked by herpesviruses to participate in these processes. The viral or cellular miRNAs either directly target viral transcripts or indirectly affect viral infection through host pathways. These findings shed light on the molecular determinants that control the lytic-latent switch and may lead to novel therapeutics targeting latent infection. We discuss the multiple mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate herpesvirus latency, focusing on the patterns in these mechanisms.
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Neuronal miR-138 Represses HSV-2 Lytic Infection by Regulating Viral and Host Genes with Mechanistic Differences from HSV-1. J Virol 2022; 96:e0034922. [PMID: 35404085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are closely related viruses with major differences. Both viruses establish latency in neurons from which they reactivate to cause disease.
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10
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Mourenza Á, Lorente-Torres B, Durante E, Llano-Verdeja J, Aparicio JF, Fernández-López A, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Understanding microRNAs in the Context of Infection to Find New Treatments against Human Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030356. [PMID: 35326819 PMCID: PMC8944844 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of RNA-based anti-infectives has gained interest with the successful application of mRNA-based vaccines. Small RNAs are molecules of RNA of <200 nucleotides in length that may control the expression of specific genes. Small RNAs include small interference RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), or microRNAs (miRNAs). Notably, the role of miRNAs on the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression has been studied in detail in the context of cancer and many other genetic diseases. However, it is also becoming apparent that some human miRNAs possess important antimicrobial roles by silencing host genes essential for the progress of bacterial or viral infections. Therefore, their potential use as novel antimicrobial therapies has gained interest during the last decade. The challenges of the transport and delivery of miRNAs to target cells are important, but recent research with exosomes is overcoming the limitations in RNA-cellular uptake, avoiding their degradation. Therefore, in this review, we have summarised the latest developments in the exosomal delivery of miRNA-based therapies, which may soon be another complementary treatment to pathogen-targeted antibiotics that could help solve the problem caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Blanca Lorente-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Elena Durante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
- L’Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Aurelio Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Jesús Llano-Verdeja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Jesús F. Aparicio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Arsenio Fernández-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Neural Therapies SL, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José A. Gil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M. Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (B.L.-T.); (E.D.); (J.L.-V.); (J.F.A.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
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B HDM, Guru A, Sudhakaran G, Murugan R, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Double‐edged sword role of shrimp miRNA explains an evolutionary language between shrimp‐pathogen interactions that unties the knot of shrimp infection. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2022; 14:578-593. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractShrimp production, using a small‐scale enclosed pond system, is a rapidly growing aquaculture sector, which is valued around USD 18.30 billion in 2020. Intensified shrimp culture leads to the outbreak of transmissible diseases to eventually cause a huge loss in the production process and thus the economy. Studies on microRNA (miRNA) reveal that miRNA has an influential role in the host‐pathogen interaction during an infection. Recently, shrimp miRNA has been shown to help pathogen‐like viruses for their replication and infection. Several shrimp miRNAs were reported to be involved in enhancing host immunity against viral infection, especially white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection and Vibrio infection caused by bacterial species, whereas some shrimp miRNAs were reported to be hijacked by WSSV and to enhance the viral replication and establish the infection in shrimp. This gives an insight into the double‐edged sword role played by shrimp miRNA during host‐pathogen interaction. In future, this role could be employed against the virus to strengthen the shrimp culture. In this review, we discuss the role of shrimp miRNA and their mechanism(s) associated with the establishment of host‐pathogen interaction during infection, which will reveal the complexity associated with shrimp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Deva Muthu B
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ajay Guru
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I‐AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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12
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Chen L, Chen W, Liu G, Li J, Lu C, Li J, Tan W, Yang H. Nucleic acid-based molecular computation heads towards cellular applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12551-12575. [PMID: 34604889 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01508c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids, with the advantages of programmability and biocompatibility, have been widely used to design different kinds of novel biocomputing devices. Recently, nucleic acid-based molecular computing has shown promise in making the leap from the test tube to the cell. Such molecular computing can perform logic analysis within the confines of the cellular milieu with programmable modulation of biological functions at the molecular level. In this review, we summarize the development of nucleic acid-based biocomputing devices that are rationally designed and chemically synthesized, highlighting the ability of nucleic acid-based molecular computing to achieve cellular applications in sensing, imaging, biomedicine, and bioengineering. Then we discuss the future challenges and opportunities for cellular and in vivo applications. We expect this review to inspire innovative work on constructing nucleic acid-based biocomputing to achieve the goal of precisely rewiring, even reconstructing cellular signal networks in a prescribed way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Wanzhen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Guo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Jingying Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China. .,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P. R. China.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
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13
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Zhang J, Fu H, Chu X. Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles Power DNAzyme Logic Circuits for Aberrant MicroRNA Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14675-14684. [PMID: 34696580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At the molecular level, a large number of studies exist on the use of dynamic DNA molecular circuits for disease diagnosis and biomedicine. However, how to design programmable molecular circuit devices to autonomously and accurately diagnose multiple low-abundance biomolecules in complex cellular environments remains a challenge. Here, we constructed DNAzyme logic circuits for the analysis and imaging of multiple microRNAs in living cells using Cu/ZIF-8 NPs as a nanocarrier of the logic gate modules and the Cu2+ cofactor of the Cu2+-dependent DNAzyme. The logic gate modules of the logic operation system were adsorbed on the surface of Cu/ZIF-8 NPs via electrostatic interaction. After internalization, pH-responsive Cu/ZIF-8 NPs could efficiently release the logic gate modules and Cu2+, which allowed us to realize multiple logic computations initiated by endogenous miRNA, including one YES logic gate and two binary logic gates (OR and AND) in different living cells. Cu2+-DNAzyme logic circuits could quickly respond to multiple endogenous miRNAs in the complex cell environment, which also provided a new research method for the application of DNA biocomputing circuits in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongquan Fu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, P. R. China
| | - Xia Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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14
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Hemmat N, Asadzadeh H, Asadzadeh Z, Shadbad MA, Baradaran B. The Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)-Encoded MicroRNAs Targets: A Likely Relationship of Alzheimer's Disease and HSV-1 Infection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2849-2861. [PMID: 34661780 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequently diagnosed dementia, is a senile neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amnesia and cognitive dysfunction. Unfortunately, there are still no successful strategies to prevent AD progression. Thus, the vast majority of research focuses on recognizing risk factors for developing and progressing this disease. Human spirochetes, fungi, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have all been implicated in the development and progression of AD. Identifying microRNAs (miRs) encoded by DNA viruses has indicated that viruses can be evolved to exploit RNA silencing to regulate host and viral genes. Similar to host miR, v-miR can interact with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the target mRNA to regulate gene expression. Although HSV-1 can also encode various miRs, their significance in the development and progression of AD is still unclear. In the present study, utilizing the bioinformatics approach (R software and related packages), we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AD samples (grey matter) of GSE37263 dataset obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, the sequences of HSV-1-encoded-miRs were retrieved from miRbase, and their targets were predicted by miRDB. Afterward, the common genes between downregulated DEGs in AD and targets of HSV-1-encoded miRs were identified to shed new light on the relationship between HSV-1 infection and AD development. Our results have indicated that HSV-1-encoded-miRs can target the downregulated DEGs in AD, and these aberrant interactions can offer valuable diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Asadzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Kazemi S, Afshar S, Karami M, Saidijam M, Keramat F, Hashemi SH, Alikhani MY. Association between risk of brucellosis and genetic variations in MicroRNA-146a. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1070. [PMID: 34656082 PMCID: PMC8520608 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common types of DNA changes in the human genome that leading to phenotypic differences in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are usually affected by various bacterial infections, and they are involved in controlling the immune responses. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) plays an essential role in the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between risk of brucellosis and genetic variations in miR-146a. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 108 Brucellosis patients and 108 healthy controls. We genotyped two SNPs (rs2910164 and rs57095329) of the miR-146a using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) methods. RESULTS The rs2910164 SNP was significantly associated with brucellosis in co-dominant [OR = 4.27, 95% CI = (2.35-7.79, P = 0.001] and dominant [OR = 3.52, 95% CI = (1.97-6.30, P = 0.001] models. Co-dominant (P = 0.047) and recessive (P = 0.018) models were significant at position rs57095329 between the two groups of patient and healthy. The A C haplotype (rs2910164 and rs57095329) was associated with brucellosis in the assessed population [OR (95% CI) = 1.98 (1.22-3.20), P = 0.0059]. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, our study demonstrated significant differences in genotype and haplotype frequencies of miR-146a variants between brucellosis patients and controls. Further studies on the larger sample sizes are required to verify the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fariba Keramat
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Hashemi
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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16
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Pimenta R, Viana NI, Dos Santos GA, Candido P, Guimarães VR, Romão P, Silva IA, de Camargo JA, Hatanaka DM, Queiroz PGS, Teruya A, Echenique L, Besen BAMP, Leite KRM, Srougi V, Srougi M, Reis ST. MiR-200c-3p expression may be associated with worsening of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 10:141-147. [PMID: 34476267 PMCID: PMC8340313 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2021.40555.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 represents a public health emergency, whose mechanism of which is not fully understood. It is speculated that microRNAs may play a crucial role in host cells after infection by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, our study aimed to analyze the expression of miR-200c-3p in saliva samples from patients with COVID-19. One handred eleven samples from patients with COVID-19 were divided into 4 groups. Group I: 39 patients negative for Covid-19; Group II: 37 positive and symptomatic patients, with no indication of hospitalization; Group III: 21 patients with respiratory disorders (hospitalized); Group IV: 14 patients with severe conditions (oxygen therapy). The expression levels of miR-200c-3p were determined using qPCR. We found greater expression of miR-200c-3p in patients in group IV (p<0.0001), and also verified that patients aged ≥42 years had a higher expression of this miR (p=0.013). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the expression of miR-200c-3p and systemic arterial hypertension are factors independently associated with patients in group IV (p<0.0001). Our results suggest that miR-200c-3p is a predictor of severity independent of COVID-19 risk factors, which could represent a way of screening patients affected by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Viana
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Candido
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Guimarães
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Poliana Romão
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iran A Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana A de Camargo
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno A M P Besen
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de SaoPaulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia R M Leite
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Moriah Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Moriah Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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The role of miRNA in plant-virus interaction: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2853-2861. [PMID: 33772417 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses affect crop production both quantitatively and qualitatively. The viral genome consists of either DNA or RNA. However, most plant viruses are positive single-strand RNA viruses. MicroRNAs are involved in gene regulation and affect development as well as host-virus interaction. They are non-coding short with 20-24 nucleotides long capable of regulating gene expression. The miRNA gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to form pri-miRNA which will later cleaved by Dicer-like 1 to produce pre-miRNA with the help of HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 and SERRATE which finally methylated and exported via nucleopore with the help of HASTY. The outcome of plant virus interaction depends on the effectiveness of host defense and the ability of a virus counter-defense mechanism. In plants, miRNAs are involved in the repression of gene expression through transcript cleavage. On the other hand, viruses use viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) which affect RISC assembly and subsequent mRNA degradation. Passenger strands, miRNA*, have a significant biological function in plant defense response as well as plant development.
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18
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Abstract
Herpesviruses infect virtually all humans and establish lifelong latency and reactivate to infect other humans. Latency requires multiple functions: maintaining the herpesvirus genome in the nuclei of cells; partitioning the viral genome to daughter cells in dividing cells; avoiding recognition by the immune system by limiting protein expression; producing noncoding viral RNAs (including microRNAs) to suppress lytic gene expression or regulate cellular protein expression that could otherwise eliminate virus-infected cells; modulating the epigenetic state of the viral genome to regulate viral gene expression; and reactivating to infect other hosts. Licensed antivirals inhibit virus replication, but do not affect latency. Understanding of the mechanisms of latency is leading to novel approaches to destroy latently infected cells or inhibit reactivation from latency.
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19
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Singh CP. Viral-encoded microRNAs in host-pathogen interactions in silkworm. Microrna 2021; 10:3-13. [PMID: 33475082 DOI: 10.2174/2211536610666210121154314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, apart from its well-known economic importance, has also emerged as an insect model to study host-pathogen interactions. The major concern for silkworm cultivation and the sericulture industry is the attack by various types of pathogens mainly includes viruses, fungi, bacteria and protozoa. Successful infection requires specific arsenals to counter the host immune response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the potential arsenals which are encoded by viruses and effectively used during host-pathogen interactions. MiRNAs are short noncoding 19-25 nucleotides long endogenous RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate expression of protein-coding genes in a sequencespecific manner. Most of the higher eukaryotes encode miRNAs and utilize them in the regulation of important cellular pathways. In silkworm, promising functions of miRNAs have been characterized in development, metamorphosis, immunity, and host-pathogen interactions. The viral miRNA-mediated fine-tuning of the viral, as well as cellular genes, is beneficial for making a cellular environment favorable for the virus proliferation. Baculovirus and cypovirus which infect silkworm have been shown to encode miRNAs and their functions are implicated in controlling the expression of both viral and host genes. In the present review, the author discusses the diverse functions of viral-encoded miRNAs in evasion of the host immune responses and reshaping of the silkworm cellular environment for replication. Besides, a basic overview of miRNA biogenesis and mechanism of action is also provided. Our increasing understanding of the viral miRNAs role in silkworm-virus interactions would not only assist us to get insights into the intricate pathways but also provide tools to deal with dreaded pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan. India
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20
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Abstract
As an overarching immune mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi) displays pathogen specificity and memory via different pathways. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is the primary antiviral defense mechanism against RNA viruses of insects and plays a lesser role in defense against DNA viruses. Reflecting the pivotal role of the siRNA pathway in virus selection, different virus families have independently evolved unique strategies to counter this host response, including protein-mediated, decoy RNA-based, and microRNA-based strategies. In this review, we outline the interplay between insect viruses and the different pathways of the RNAi antiviral response; describe practical application of these interactions for improved expression systems and for pest and disease management; and highlight research avenues for advancement of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA;
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France;
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21
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22
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Diggins NL, Crawford LB, Struthers HM, Hook LM, Landais I, Skalsky RL, Hancock MH. Techniques for Characterizing Cytomegalovirus-Encoded miRNAs. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2244:301-342. [PMID: 33555594 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to sites within the 3' untranslated regions of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. The discovery of this completely new mechanism of gene regulation necessitated the development of a variety of techniques to further characterize miRNAs, their expression, and function. In this chapter, we will discuss techniques currently used in the miRNA field to detect, express and inhibit miRNAs, as well as methods used to identify and validate their targets, specifically with respect to the miRNAs encoded by human cytomegalovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hillary M Struthers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lauren M Hook
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Igor Landais
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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23
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Abedi F, Rezaee R, Hayes AW, Nasiripour S, Karimi G. MicroRNAs and SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and mutations: biomarkers or therapeutic agents? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:143-153. [PMID: 33382348 PMCID: PMC7889196 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1867792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, proposed therapies and antiviral drugs have been failed to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, at least two drug companies have applied for emergency use authorization with the United States Food and Drug Administration for their coronavirus vaccine candidates and several other vaccines are in various stages of development to determine safety and efficacy. Recently, some studies have shown the role of different human and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. miRNAs are non-coding single-stranded RNAs, which are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. They act as negative regulators of protein synthesis through binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the complementary target mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or inhibition. The databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for literature regarding the importance of miRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Furthermore, promising miRNAs as a biomarker or antiviral agent in COVID-19 therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Somayyeh Nasiripour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Singh CP. Role of microRNAs in insect-baculovirus interactions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103459. [PMID: 32961323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a novel class of gene expression regulators and are found to be involved in regulating a wide range of biological processes such as development, cell cycle, metabolism, apoptosis, immunity, host-pathogen interactions etc. Generally miRNAs negatively regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to the complementary target mRNA sequences. These tiny molecules are abundantly found in higher eukaryotes and viruses. Most of the DNA viruses of animals and insects encode miRNAs including baculoviruses. Baculoviruses are the insect-specific viruses that cause severe infection and mortality mainly in insect larvae of the order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. These enveloped viruses have multiple applications in biotechnology and biological pest control methods. For a better understanding of baculoviruses, it is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of insect-baculovirus interactions. Recent advancement in the technologies for studying the gene expression has accelerated the discovery of new players in the insect-baculovirus interactions. MiRNAs are the emerging and fate-determining players of host-viral interactions. The long history of host and virus co-evolution suggests that the virus keeps on evolving its arsenals to succeed in infection whereas the host continues investing in antiviral defense mechanisms. In this review, I aim to highlight the recent information and understanding of the baculovirus-encoding miRNAs and their functions in regulating viral as well as host genes. Additionally, insect-derived miRNAs response to baculovirus infection is also discussed. A detailed critical view about the regulatory roles of miRNAs in insect-baculovirus interactions will help us to understand molecular networks amid these interactions and develop a sustainable antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India.
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25
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Mendes AF, Goncalves P, Serrano-Solis V, Silva PMD. Identification of candidate microRNAs from Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and their potential role in the infection of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Mol Immunol 2020; 126:153-164. [PMID: 32853878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oyster production is an economic activity of great interest worldwide. Recently, oysters have been suffering significant mortalities from OsHV-1infection, which has resulted in substantial economic loses in several countries around the world. Understanding viral pathogenicity mechanisms is of central importance for the establishment of disease control measures. Thus, the present work aimed to identify and characterize miRNAs from OsHV-1 as well as to predict their target transcripts in the virus and the host. OsHV-1 genome was used for the in silico discovery of pre-miRNAs. Subsequently, viral and host target transcripts of the OsHV-1 miRNAs were predicted according to the base pairing interaction between mature miRNAs and mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Six unique pre-miRNAs were found in different regions of the viral genome, ranging in length from 85 to 172 nucleotides. A complex network of self-regulation of viral gene expression mediated by the miRNAs was identified. These sequences also seem to have a broad ability to regulate the expression of host immune-related genes, especially those associated with pathogen recognition. Our results suggest that OsHV-1 encodes miRNAs with important functions in the infection process, inducing self-regulation of viral transcripts, as well as affecting the regulation of Pacific oyster transcripts related to immunity. Understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions can help mitigate the recurrent events of oyster mass mortalities by OsHV-1 observed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Félix Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Priscila Goncalves
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Victor Serrano-Solis
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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From the Argonauts Mythological Sailors to the Argonautes RNA-Silencing Navigators: Their Emerging Roles in Human-Cell Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114007. [PMID: 32503341 PMCID: PMC7312461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression has emerged as a fundamental element of transcript homeostasis. Key effectors in this process are the Argonautes (AGOs), highly specialized RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that form complexes, such as the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). AGOs dictate post-transcriptional gene-silencing by directly loading small RNAs and repressing their mRNA targets through small RNA-sequence complementarity. The four human highly-conserved family-members (AGO1, AGO2, AGO3, and AGO4) demonstrate multi-faceted and versatile roles in transcriptome’s stability, plasticity, and functionality. The post-translational modifications of AGOs in critical amino acid residues, the nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations, and the deregulation of expression and interactions are tightly associated with aberrant activities, which are observed in a wide spectrum of pathologies. Through constantly accumulating information, the AGOs’ fundamental engagement in multiple human diseases has recently emerged. The present review examines new insights into AGO-driven pathology and AGO-deregulation patterns in a variety of diseases such as in viral infections and propagations, autoimmune diseases, cancers, metabolic deficiencies, neuronal disorders, and human infertility. Altogether, AGO seems to be a crucial contributor to pathogenesis and its targeting may serve as a novel and powerful therapeutic tool for the successful management of diverse human diseases in the clinic.
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The Role of MicroRNA in the Airway Surface Liquid Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113848. [PMID: 32481719 PMCID: PMC7312818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, mediated by a coordinated function of cilia bathing in the airway surface liquid (ASL) on the surface of airway epithelium, protects the host from inhaled pathogens and is an essential component of the innate immunity. ASL is composed of the superficial mucus layer and the deeper periciliary liquid. Ion channels, transporters, and pumps coordinate the transcellular and paracellular movement of ions and water to maintain the ASL volume and mucus hydration. microRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding, short single-stranded RNA regulating gene expression by post-transcriptional mechanisms. miRNAs have been increasingly recognized as essential regulators of ion channels and transporters responsible for ASL homeostasis. miRNAs also influence the airway host defense. We summarize the most up-to-date information on the role of miRNAs in ASL homeostasis and host-pathogen interactions in the airway and discuss concepts for miRNA-directed therapy.
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Peripheral blood mononuclear cell microRNA profiles in syphilitic patients with serofast status. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3407-3421. [PMID: 32333247 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis is a chronic sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with Treponema pallidum, which can invade various system organs, leading to clinical manifestations such as neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis, and cardiovascular syphilis and seriously endangering human health. Serofast status is a common outcome after syphilis treatment that presents an important clinical problem. At present, the etiology of serofast status remains unknown. A systematic investigation of the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with serofast status or secondary syphilis and of healthy control subjects was conducted using small RNA-seq. The expression of miRNAs was further confirmed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. The data reveal a specific miRNA expression profile that was displayed in cells from patients with serofast status. Known and novel predicted (np)-miRNAs were also identified and verified, such as miR-338-5p, np-miR-163, np-miR-128, np-miR-244, and np-miR-5, which together may be used as indicators for treatment evaluation. The functions of genes targeted by the miRNAs differentially expressed in serofast status patients were further analyzed; these genes were found to be involved in various biological functions, such as T-cell receptor signaling pathways, metabolism, and growth. Our study presents the first systematic landscape of miRNAs in PBMCs from patients with serofast status and proposes specific miRNAs linked with serofast status. Our results provide further evidence that serofast status is closely related to host immune function. Additionally, the miRNA expression profile in PBMCs of patients with serofast status generated by this work offers insight into the complex immune network in humans. We hope our results can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of serofast status.
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Alzahrani SM, Alaraidh IA, Khan MA, Migdadi HM, Alghamdi SS, Alsahli AA. Identification and Characterization of Salt-Responsive MicroRNAs in Vicia faba by High-Throughput Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E303. [PMID: 30999691 PMCID: PMC6523927 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress has detrimental effects on plant growth and development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. In this study, small RNA sequencing was employed to identify the salt stress-responsive miRNAs of the salt-sensitive Hassawi-3 and the salt-tolerant ILB4347 genotypes of faba bean, growing under salt stress. A total of 527 miRNAs in Hassawi-3 plants, and 693 miRNAs in ILB4347 plants, were found to be differentially expressed. Additionally, 284 upregulated and 243 downregulated miRNAs in Hassawi-3, and 298 upregulated and 395 downregulated miRNAs in ILB4347 plants growing in control and stress conditions were recorded. Target prediction and annotation revealed that these miRNAs regulate specific salt-responsive genes, which primarily included genes encoding transcription factors and laccases, superoxide dismutase, plantacyanin, and F-box proteins. The salt-responsive miRNAs and their targets were functionally enriched by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, which showed that the miRNAs were involved in salt stress-related biological pathways, including the ABC transporter pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, among others, suggesting that the miRNAs play an important role in the salt stress tolerance of the ILB4347 genotype. These results offer a novel understanding of the regulatory role of miRNAs in the salt response of the salt-tolerant ILB4347 and the salt-sensitive Hassawi-3 faba bean genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud M Alzahrani
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim A Alaraidh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad A Khan
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hussein M Migdadi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Agricultural Research Center, Baq'a 19381, Jordan.
| | - Salem S Alghamdi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdluaziz A Alsahli
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Hussein HAM, Alfhili MA, Pakala P, Simon S, Hussain J, McCubrey JA, Akula SM. miRNAs and their roles in KSHV pathogenesis. Virus Res 2019; 266:15-24. [PMID: 30951791 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD). Recent mechanistic advances have discerned the importance of microRNAs in the virus-host relationship. KSHV has two modes of replication: lytic and latent phase. KSHV entry into permissive cells, establishment of infection, and maintenance of latency are contingent upon successful modulation of the host miRNA transcriptome. Apart from host cell miRNAs, KSHV also encodes viral miRNAs. Among various cellular and molecular targets, miRNAs are appearing to be key players in regulating viral pathogenesis. Therefore, the use of miRNAs as novel therapeutics has gained considerable attention as of late. This innovative approach relies on either mimicking miRNA species by identical oligonucleotides, or selective silencing of miRNA with specific oligonucleotide inhibitors. Here, we provide an overview of KSHV pathogenesis at the molecular level with special emphasis on the various roles miRNAs play during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranaya Pakala
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Sandra Simon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Jaffer Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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31
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Wang XW, Hu LF, Hao J, Liao LQ, Chiu YT, Shi M, Wang Y. A microRNA-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 platform serves as a microRNA sensor and cell-type-specific genome regulation tool. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:522-530. [PMID: 30804503 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in plants, animals and viruses. Measuring miRNA activity in vivo remains a big challenge. Here, using an miRNA-mediated single guide RNA (sgRNA)-releasing strategy and dCas9-VPR to drive a transgene red fluorescent protein, we create an miRNA sensor that can faithfully measure miRNA activity at cellular levels and use it to monitor differentiation status of stem cells. Furthermore, by designing sgRNAs to target endogenous loci, we adapted this system to control the expression of endogenous genes or mutate specific DNA bases upon induction by cell-type-specific miRNAs. Finally, by miRNA sensor library screening, we discover a previously undefined layer of heterogeneity associated with miR-21a activity in mouse embryonic stem cells. Together, these results highlight the utility of an miRNA-induced CRISPR-Cas9 system as miRNA sensors and cell-type-specific genome regulation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Feng Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le-Qi Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Tzu Chiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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32
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Sahni A, Narra HP, Patel J, Sahni SK. MicroRNA-Regulated Rickettsial Invasion into Host Endothelium via Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptor FGFR1. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120240. [PMID: 30513762 PMCID: PMC6315532 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) represent the primary target cells during human rickettsioses and respond to infection via the activation of immediate–early signaling cascades and the resultant induction of gene expression. As small noncoding RNAs dispersed throughout the genome, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally to govern a wide range of biological processes. Based on our recent findings demonstrating the involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in facilitating rickettsial invasion into host cells and published reports suggesting miR-424 and miR-503 as regulators of FGF2/FGFR1, we measured the expression of miR-424 and miR-503 during R. conorii infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Our results revealed a significant decrease in miR-424 and miR-503 expression in apparent correlation with increased expression of FGF2 and FGFR1. Considering the established phenomenon of endothelial heterogeneity and pulmonary and cerebral edema as the prominent pathogenic features of rickettsial infections, and significant pathogen burden in the lungs and brain in established mouse models of disease, we next quantified miR-424 and miR-503 expression in pulmonary and cerebral microvascular ECs. Again, R. conorii infection dramatically downregulated both miRNAs in these tissue-specific ECs as early as 30 min post-infection in correlation with higher FGF2/FGFR1 expression. Changes in the expression of both miRNAs and FGF2/FGFR1 were next confirmed in a mouse model of R. conorii infection. Furthermore, miR-424 overexpression via transfection of a mimic into host ECs reduced the expression of FGF2/FGFR1 and gave a corresponding decrease in R. conorii invasion, while an inhibitor of miR-424 had the expected opposite effect. Together, these findings implicate the rickettsial manipulation of host gene expression via regulatory miRNAs to ensure efficient cellular entry as the critical requirement to establish intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Jignesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Chen L, Zhou Y, Li H. LncRNA, miRNA and lncRNA-miRNA interaction in viral infection. Virus Res 2018; 257:25-32. [PMID: 30165080 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key components of the transcriptome and play an important role in both normal biological activity and pathological processes such as viral infection and tumorigenesis. LncRNAs and miRNAs are the most important elements of ncRNAs and function as vital regulatory elements. Their complex regulatory relationship has therefore attracted a lot of attention. In this review, we address the generation, classification, and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the interaction between virus and host, focusing on their mutual regulation in viral replication and pathogenesis. In-depth analysis of the underlying mechanisms will provide new information for the prevention of viral infections and development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China.
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Garcia LE, Junior ECA, Bragato JP, Melo LM, Lima VFM, Peiró JR, Arnold DR, Marinho M, Lopes FL. microRNA profile datasets of murine macrophages infected with different strains of Leptospira spp. Sci Data 2018; 5:180171. [PMID: 30129936 PMCID: PMC6103260 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. The influence of epigenetic mechanisms, particularly RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of host immune responses has been proven vital following infections by different pathogens, and bacteria can modulated host miRNAs. Global miRNA expression analysis from macrophages infected in vitro with different strains of Leptospira spp was performed using miRNA 4.1 microarray strips. Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis of global importance, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite considerable advances, much is yet to be discovered about disease pathogenicity, particularly in regards to host-pathogen interactions. We present here a high-quality dataset examining the microtranscriptome of murine macrophages J774A.1 following 8h of infection with virulent, attenuated and saprophyte strains of Leptospira. Metadata files were submitted to the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro E. Garcia
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Erivelto C. A. Junior
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline P. Bragato
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Melo
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Valéria F. M. Lima
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Peiró
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Daniel R. Arnold
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Márcia Marinho
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Flavia L. Lopes
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil
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35
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Characterization of the microtranscriptome of macrophages infected with virulent, attenuated and saprophyte strains of Leptospira spp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006621. [PMID: 29979677 PMCID: PMC6051669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis, caused by Leptospira spp., that leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite considerable advances, much is yet to be discovered about disease pathogenicity. The influence of epigenetic mechanisms, particularly RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of host immune response has been described following a variety of bacterial infections. The current study examined the microtranscriptome of macrophages J774A.1 following an 8h infection with virulent, attenuated and saprophyte strains of Leptospira. Microarray analysis revealed that 29 miRNAs were misregulated following leptospiral infection compared to control macrophages in a strain and virulence-specific manner. Pathway analysis for targets of these differentially expressed miRNAs suggests that several processes involved in immune response could be regulated by miRNAs. Our data provides the first evidence that host miRNAs are regulated by Leptospira infection in macrophages. A number of the identified miRNA targets participate in key immune response processes. We suggest that post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs may play a role in host response to infection in leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, distributed worldwide, affecting millions of people each year, and leading to sixty thousand deaths per year. These bacteria are found in soil and water and are eliminated by the urine of rodents, their natural reservoir. Through skin contact, bacteria can be acquired, infecting the host. Infection process in leptospirosis is not completely understood and here we add another layer of disease regulation. Recent studies have shown that pathogens can modulate host response. Our current study examined the expression of microRNAs in murine macrophages following an 8h infection with virulent, attenuated and saprophyte strains of Leptospira. This study provides the first evidence that these post-transcriptional regulatory molecules, microRNAs, are modulated in macrophages in a species and virulence-specific manner, following infection with different strains of Leptospira spp. These microRNAs are involved in the regulation of inflammatory and antimicrobial responses in the host and could lead to the identification of biomarkers or therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Monsanto-Hearne V, Johnson KN. miRNAs in Insects Infected by Animal and Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E354. [PMID: 29970868 PMCID: PMC6071220 DOI: 10.3390/v10070354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses vectored by insects cause severe medical and agricultural burdens. The process of virus infection of insects regulates and is regulated by a complex interplay of biomolecules including the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). Considered an anomaly upon its discovery only around 25 years ago, miRNAs as a class have challenged the molecular central dogma which essentially typifies RNAs as just intermediaries in the flow of information from DNA to protein. miRNAs are now known to be common modulators or fine-tuners of gene expression. While recent years has seen an increased emphasis on understanding the role of miRNAs in host-virus associations, existing literature on the interaction between insects and their arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) is largely restricted to miRNA abundance profiling. Here we analyse the commonalities and contrasts between miRNA abundance profiles with different host-arbovirus combinations and outline a suggested pipeline and criteria for functional analysis of the contribution of miRNAs to the insect vector-virus interaction. Finally, we discuss the potential use of the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, in complementing research on the role of miRNAs in insect vector-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verna Monsanto-Hearne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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37
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Ferreira RN, Holanda GM, Pinto Silva EV, Casseb SMM, Melo KFL, Carvalho CAM, Lima JA, Vasconcelos PFC, Cruz ACR. Zika Virus Alters the Expression Profile of microRNA-Related Genes in Liver, Lung, and Kidney Cell Lineages. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:583-588. [PMID: 29878881 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). ZIKV infection is associated with alterations in various organs, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys. Studies on the influence of posttranscriptional control on viral infections have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) interfere with different stages of the replicative cycle of several viruses and may influence the disease outcome. To shed light on ZIKV-induced regulation of host miRNA-processing machinery in the above organs, we analyzed the expression of genes encoding key proteins of the miRNA pathway in different ZIKV-infected continuous primate cell lineages (HepG2, A549, and MA104) by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Expression of the genes encoding the miRNA-related proteins DGCR8, Ago1, and Ago3 in HepG2 cells and Drosha, Dicer, Ago2, and Ago3 in A549 and MA104 cells was significantly altered in the presence of ZIKV. Our results suggest that ZIKV modulates miRNA levels during infection in liver, lung, and kidney cells, which may be an additional mechanism of host cell subversion in these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Moraes Holanda
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eliana Vieira Pinto Silva
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Karla Fabiane Lopes Melo
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Marques Carvalho
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil .,2 Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, State University of Pará , Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Juliana Abreu Lima
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando Costa Vasconcelos
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil .,3 Department of Pathology, State University of Pará , Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- 1 Section of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute , Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil .,3 Department of Pathology, State University of Pará , Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Monsanto-Hearne V, Johnson KN. Wolbachia-mediated protection of Drosophila melanogaster against systemic infection with its natural viral pathogen Drosophila C virus does not involve changes in levels of highly abundant miRNAs. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:827-831. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verna Monsanto-Hearne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Karyn N. Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
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Koupenova M, Mick E, Corkrey HA, Huan T, Clancy L, Shah R, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Kurt-Jones EA, Tanriverdi K, Freedman JE. Micro RNAs from DNA Viruses are Found Widely in Plasma in a Large Observational Human Population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6397. [PMID: 29686252 PMCID: PMC5913337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections associate with disease risk and select families of viruses encode miRNAs that control an efficient viral cycle. The association of viral miRNA expression with disease in a large human population has not been previously explored. We sequenced plasma RNA from 40 participants of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, Offspring Cohort, Visit 8) and identified 3 viral miRNAs from 3 different human Herpesviridae. These miRNAs were mostly related to viral latency and have not been previously detected in human plasma. Viral miRNA expression was then screened in the plasma of 2763 participants of the remaining cohort utilizing high-throughput RT-qPCR. All 3 viral miRNAs associated with combinations of inflammatory or prothrombotic circulating biomarkers (sTNFRII, IL-6, sICAM1, OPG, P-selectin) but did not associate with hypertension, coronary heart disease or cancer. Using a large observational population, we demonstrate that the presence of select viral miRNAs in the human circulation associate with inflammatory biomarkers and possibly immune response, but fail to associate with overt disease. This study greatly extends smaller singular observations of viral miRNAs in the human circulation and suggests that select viral miRNAs, such as those for latency, may not impact disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Eric Mick
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Heather A Corkrey
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NHLBI) and Boston University's Framingham Heart Institute, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, NHLBI, Bethesda, Maryland, 20824, USA
| | - Lauren Clancy
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ravi Shah
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NHLBI) and Boston University's Framingham Heart Institute, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NHLBI) and Boston University's Framingham Heart Institute, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, NHLBI, Bethesda, Maryland, 20824, USA
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Kahraman Tanriverdi
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jane E Freedman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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Thorne L, Lu J, Chaudhry Y, Goodfellow I. miR-155 induction is a marker of murine norovirus infection but does not contribute to control of replication in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:42. [PMID: 29900416 PMCID: PMC5974592 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14188.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to their role in fine-tuning cellular protein expression, microRNAs both promote viral replication and contribute to antiviral responses, for a range of viruses. The interactions between norovirus and the microRNA machinery have not yet been studied. Here, we investigated the changes that occur in microRNA expression during murine norovirus (MNV) infection. Methods: Using RT-qPCR-based arrays, we analysed changes in miRNA expression during infection with the acute strain MNV-1 in two permissive cell lines, a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and a murine microglial cell line, BV-2. By RT-qPCR, we further confirmed and analysed the changes in miR-155 expression in the infected cell lines, bone-marrow derived macrophage, and tissues harvested from mice infected with the persistent strain MNV-3. Using miR-155 knockout (KO) mice, we investigated whether loss of miR-155 affected viral replication and pathogenesis during persistent MNV-3 infection in vivo and monitored development of a serum IgG response by ELISA. Results: We identified cell-specific panels of miRNAs whose expression were increased or decreased during infection. Only two miRNAs, miR-687 and miR-155, were induced in both cell lines. miR-155, implicated in innate immunity, was also upregulated in bone-marrow derived macrophage and infected tissues. MNV-3 established a persistent infection in miR-155 knockout (KO) mice, with comparable levels of secreted virus and tissue replication observed as for wildtype mice. However, serum anti-MNV IgG levels were significantly reduced in miR-155 KO mice compared to wildtype mice. Conclusions: We have identified a panel of miRNAs whose expression changes with MNV infection. miR-155 induction is a marker of MNV infection in vitro and in vivo, however it does not contribute to the control of persistent infections in vivo. This finding suggests that the immune defects associated with miR-155 deletion, such as lower serum IgG levels, are also not important for control of persistent MNV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Thorne
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jia Lu
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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41
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The Role of miRNAs in Virus-Mediated Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041217. [PMID: 29673190 PMCID: PMC5979478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral oncoproteins or by the chronic infection or inflammation. The group of human oncoviruses includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or polyomaviruses, and transregulating retroviruses such as HIV or HTLV-1. Most of these viruses express short noncoding RNAs called miRNAs to regulate their own gene expression or to influence host gene expression and thus contribute to the carcinogenic processes. In this review, we will focus on oncogenic viruses and summarize the role of both types of miRNAs, viral as well as host’s, in the oncogenesis.
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Zheng K, Liu Q, Wang S, Ren Z, Kitazato K, Yang D, Wang Y. HSV-1-encoded microRNA miR-H1 targets Ubr1 to promote accumulation of neurodegeneration-associated protein. Virus Genes 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Are microRNAs Important Players in HIV-1 Infection? An Update. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030110. [PMID: 29510515 PMCID: PMC5869503 DOI: 10.3390/v10030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has already claimed over 35 million human lives globally. No curative treatments are currently available, and the only treatment option for over 36 million people currently living with HIV/AIDS are antiretroviral drugs that disrupt the function of virus-encoded proteins. However, such virus-targeted therapeutic strategies are constrained by the ability of the virus to develop drug-resistance. Despite major advances in HIV/AIDS research over the years, substantial knowledge gaps exist in many aspects of HIV-1 replication, especially its interaction with the host. Hence, understanding the mechanistic details of virus–host interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and/or management of HIV/AIDS. Notably, unprecedented progress in deciphering host gene silencing processes mediated by several classes of cellular small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) presents a promising and timely opportunity for developing non-traditional antiviral therapeutic strategies. Cellular microRNAs (miRNA) belong to one such important class of sncRNAs that regulate protein synthesis. Evidence is mounting that cellular miRNAs play important roles in viral replication, either usurped by the virus to promote its replication or employed by the host to control viral infection by directly targeting the viral genome or by targeting cellular proteins required for productive virus replication. In this review, we summarize the findings to date on the role of miRNAs in HIV-1 biology.
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Haidar M, Rchiad Z, Ansari HR, Ben-Rached F, Tajeri S, Latre De Late P, Langsley G, Pain A. miR-126-5p by direct targeting of JNK-interacting protein-2 (JIP-2) plays a key role in Theileria-infected macrophage virulence. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006942. [PMID: 29570727 PMCID: PMC5892942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine macrophages that disseminate throughout the animal causing a leukaemia-like disease called tropical theileriosis. Using deep RNAseq of T. annulata-infected B cells and macrophages we identify a set of microRNAs induced by infection, whose expression diminishes upon loss of the hyper-disseminating phenotype of virulent transformed macrophages. We describe how infection-induced upregulation of miR-126-5p ablates JIP-2 expression to release cytosolic JNK to translocate to the nucleus and trans-activate AP-1-driven transcription of mmp9 to promote tumour dissemination. In non-disseminating attenuated macrophages miR-126-5p levels drop, JIP-2 levels increase, JNK1 is retained in the cytosol leading to decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and dampened AP-1-driven mmp9 transcription. We show that variation in miR-126-5p levels depends on the tyrosine phosphorylation status of AGO2 that is regulated by Grb2-recruitment of PTP1B. In attenuated macrophages Grb2 levels drop resulting in less PTP1B recruitment, greater AGO2 phosphorylation, less miR-126-5p associated with AGO2 and a consequent rise in JIP-2 levels. Changes in miR-126-5p levels therefore, underpin both the virulent hyper-dissemination and the attenuated dissemination of T. annulata-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia Ben-Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perle Latre De Late
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Flaviviral RNA Structures and Their Role in Replication and Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:45-62. [PMID: 29845524 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More than simple vectors of genetic information, flaviviral RNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the virus life cycle. Viral RNAs regulate interactions with viral and cellular proteins in both, mosquito and mammalian hosts to ultimately influence processes as diverse as RNA replication, translation, packaging or pathogenicity. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of the role of sequence and structures in the flaviviral RNA in viral propagation and interaction with the host cell. We will also cover the increasing body of evidence linking viral non-coding RNAs with pathogenicity, host immunity and epidemic potential.
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46
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Zhou Y, Geng P, Liu Y, Wu J, Qiao H, Xie Y, Yin N, Chen L, Lin X, Liu Y, Yi S, Zhang G, Li H, Sun M. Rotavirus-encoded virus-like small RNA triggers autophagy by targeting IGF1R via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:60-68. [PMID: 29017894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that are a major cause of viral diarrhea in infants. Examining virus-host cell interaction is important for elucidating mechanisms of virus proliferation in host cells. Viruses can create an environment that promotes their survival and self-proliferation by encoding miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules that target various host cell. However, it remains unclear whether RNA viruses encode viral miRNAs, and their regulation mechanisms are largely unknown. We previously performed deep sequencing analysis to investigate rotavirus-encoded miRNAs, and identified the small RNA molecule Chr17_1755, which we named RV-vsRNA1755. In our present study, we determined that RV-vsRNA1755 is encoded by the rotavirus NSP4 gene and that it targets the host cell IGF1R, which is part of the PI3K/Akt pathway. We further explored the biological characteristics and functions of RV-vsRNA1755.Our results suggest that rotavirus adapts to manipulate PI3K/Akt signaling at early phases of infection. RV-vsRNA1755 targets IGF1R, blockading the PI3K/Akt pathway and triggering autophagy, but it ultimately inhibits autophagy maturation. A mechanism through which rotavirus encodes a virus-like small RNA (RV-vsRNA1755) that triggers autophagy by targeting the host cell IGF1R gene was revealed. These data provide a theoretical basis for therapeutic drug screening targeting RV-vsRNA1755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hongtu Qiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yuping Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Na Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shan Yi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China.
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47
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Liao X, Li L, Pan J, Peng T, Ge B, Tang Q. In situ biosensor for detection miRNA in living cells based on carbon nitride nanosheets with catalytic hairpin assembly amplification. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 33:190-195. [PMID: 28929579 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an ultrasensitive fluorescence turn-on assay for in situ sensing of intracellular microRNA (miRNA) was developed utilizing a carbon nitride nanosheet (CNNS) and a catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA). The CHA showed favourable signal amplification for low-level biomarkers, and CNNS was an excellent candidate as a fluorescence quencher and gene vector. Moreover, the hairpin DNA of CHA could be adsorbed onto the surface of CNNS. An enzyme-free fluorescence biosensor for ultrasensitive sensing of intracellular miRNA in cells based on CHA and CNNS was designed. When faced with target miRNA, the fluorescence was recovered due to the miRNA, which could trigger cycling of CHA circuits, leading to the production of a marked enhanced fluorescence signal. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method is convenient, with low cytotoxicity, and high specificity and ultrasensitivity. It has promising potential for detection low-level biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, People's Republic of China.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Peng
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ge
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianli Tang
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, People's Republic of China.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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48
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Bergallo M, Gambarino S, Montanari P, Daprà V, Rassu M, Galliano I, Ravanini P. mir-155 expression is downregulated in kidney transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus infection. Transpl Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Hu YH, Zhang BC, Zhou HZ, Guan XL, Sun L. Edwardsiella tarda-induced miRNAs in a teleost host: Global profile and role in bacterial infection as revealed by integrative miRNA-mRNA analysis. Virulence 2017; 8:1457-1464. [PMID: 28762875 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Hu
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
| | - Hai-Zhen Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Lu Guan
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Li Sun
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
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50
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Zhuang G, Sun A, Teng M, Luo J. A Tiny RNA that Packs a Big Punch: The Critical Role of a Viral miR-155 Ortholog in Lymphomagenesis in Marek's Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1169. [PMID: 28694799 PMCID: PMC5483433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been identified in animals, plants, and viruses. These small RNAs play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of various cellular processes, including development, differentiation, and all aspects of cancer biology. Rapid-onset T-cell lymphoma of chickens, namely Marek’s disease (MD), induced by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV2), could provide an ideal natural animal model for herpesvirus-related cancer research. GaHV2 encodes 26 mature miRNAs derived from 14 precursors assembled in three distinct gene clusters in the viral genome. One of the most highly expressed GaHV2 miRNAs, miR-M4-5p, shows high sequence similarity to the cellular miR-155 and the miR-K12-11 encoded by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, particularly in the miRNA “seed region.” As with miR-K12-11, miR-M4-5p shares a common set of host and viral target genes with miR-155, suggesting that they may target the same regulatory cellular networks; however, differences in regulatory function between miR-155 and miR-M4-5p may distinguish non-viral and viral mediated tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the functions of miR-M4-5p as the viral ortholog of miR-155 to explore how the virus mimics a host pathway to benefit the viral life cycle and trigger virus-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, United States
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, United States
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang, China
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