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Al Asafen H, Beseli A, Chen HY, Hiremath S, Williams CM, Reeves GT. Dynamics of BMP signaling and stable gene expression in the early Drosophila embryo. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio061646. [PMID: 39207258 PMCID: PMC11381920 DOI: 10.1242/bio.061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing tissues, morphogen gradients are thought to initialize gene expression patterns. However, the relationship between the dynamics of morphogen-encoded signals and gene expression decisions is largely unknown. Here we examine the dynamics of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway in Drosophila blastoderm-stage embryos. In this tissue, the BMP pathway is highly dynamic: it begins as a broad and weak signal on the dorsal half of the embryo, then 20-30 min later refines into a narrow, intense peak centered on the dorsal midline. This dynamical progression of the BMP signal raises questions of how it stably activates target genes. Therefore, we performed live imaging of the BMP signal and found that dorsal-lateral cells experience only a short transient in BMP signaling, after which the signal is lost completely. Moreover, we measured the transcriptional response of the BMP target gene pannier in live embryos and found it to remain activated in dorsal-lateral cells, even after the BMP signal is lost. Our findings may suggest that the BMP pathway activates a memory, or 'ratchet' mechanism that may sustain gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadel Al Asafen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Aydin Beseli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hung-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,USA
| | - Sharva Hiremath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
- North Carolina Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
| | - Cranos M Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
- North Carolina Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
| | - Gregory T Reeves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,USA
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2
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Kahane N, Dahan-Barda Y, Kalcheim C. A Spatio-Temporal-Dependent Requirement of Sonic Hedgehog in the Early Development of Sclerotome-Derived Vertebrae and Ribs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5602. [PMID: 38891790 PMCID: PMC11171667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Derived from axial structures, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is secreted into the paraxial mesoderm, where it plays crucial roles in sclerotome induction and myotome differentiation. Through conditional loss-of-function in quail embryos, we investigate the timing and impact of Shh activity during early formation of sclerotome-derived vertebrae and ribs, and of lateral mesoderm-derived sternum. To this end, Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) was electroporated at various times between days 2 and 5. While the vertebral body and rib primordium showed consistent size reduction, rib expansion into the somatopleura remained unaffected, and the sternal bud developed normally. Additionally, we compared these effects with those of locally inhibiting BMP activity. Transfection of Noggin in the lateral mesoderm hindered sternal bud formation. Unlike Hhip, BMP inhibition via Noggin or Smad6 induced myogenic differentiation of the lateral dermomyotome lip, while impeding the growth of the myotome/rib complex into the somatic mesoderm, thus affirming the role of the lateral dermomyotome epithelium in rib guidance. Overall, these findings underscore the continuous requirement for opposing gradients of Shh and BMP activity in the morphogenesis of proximal and distal flank skeletal structures, respectively. Future research should address the implications of these early interactions to the later morphogenesis and function of the musculo-skeletal system and of possible associated malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (N.K.); (Y.D.-B.)
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3
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Starikov L, Ghinia-Tegla M, Kottmann AH. Lateral Motor Column specific expression of Sonic Hedgehog contributes to maintenance and scaling of pMN progenitor cell populations during oligodendrogenesis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4249282. [PMID: 38798533 PMCID: PMC11118686 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249282/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Motor neurons (MNs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) emerge sequentially from the pMN precursor domain during spinal cord development. MNs diversify into muscle specific subtypes and settle in stereotypic locations in the ventral horns. In contrast, OPCs are mobile and appear to evenly populate the parenchyma. Whether earlier born MNs influence OPC production is controversial. We found that Sonic Hedgehog signaling emanating from nascent MNs of the lateral motor column is critical for maintaining a larger and more yielding pMN domain at limb levels compared to trunk levels during OPC production. Reduced Shh signaling resulted in unrecoverable diminishment of pMN domain based OPC production leaving the spinal cord impoverished of OPC. Our results suggest that production of OPC at limb levels is contingent on completion of MN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Starikov
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM), Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Andreas H. Kottmann
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM), Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Neuroscience Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA3
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4
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Senovilla-Ganzo R, García-Moreno F. The Phylotypic Brain of Vertebrates, from Neural Tube Closure to Brain Diversification. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:45-68. [PMID: 38342091 DOI: 10.1159/000537748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phylotypic or intermediate stages are thought to be the most evolutionary conserved stages throughout embryonic development. The contrast with divergent early and later stages derived from the concept of the evo-devo hourglass model. Nonetheless, this developmental constraint has been studied as a whole embryo process, not at organ level. In this review, we explore brain development to assess the existence of an equivalent brain developmental hourglass. In the specific case of vertebrates, we propose to split the brain developmental stages into: (1) Early: Neurulation, when the neural tube arises after gastrulation. (2) Intermediate: Brain patterning and segmentation, when the neuromere identities are established. (3) Late: Neurogenesis and maturation, the stages when the neurons acquire their functionality. Moreover, we extend this analysis to other chordates brain development to unravel the evolutionary origin of this evo-devo constraint. SUMMARY Based on the existing literature, we hypothesise that a major conservation of the phylotypic brain might be due to the pleiotropy of the inductive regulatory networks, which are predominantly expressed at this stage. In turn, earlier stages such as neurulation are rather mechanical processes, whose regulatory networks seem to adapt to environment or maternal geometries. The later stages are also controlled by inductive regulatory networks, but their effector genes are mostly tissue-specific and functional, allowing diverse developmental programs to generate current brain diversity. Nonetheless, all stages of the hourglass are highly interconnected: divergent neurulation must have a vertebrate shared end product to reproduce the vertebrate phylotypic brain, and the boundaries and transcription factor code established during the highly conserved patterning will set the bauplan for the specialised and diversified adult brain. KEY MESSAGES The vertebrate brain is conserved at phylotypic stages, but the highly conserved mechanisms that occur during these brain mid-development stages (Inducing Regulatory Networks) are also present during other stages. Oppositely, other processes as cell interactions and functional neuronal genes are more diverse and majoritarian in early and late stages of development, respectively. These phenomena create an hourglass of transcriptomic diversity during embryonic development and evolution, with a really conserved bottleneck that set the bauplan for the adult brain around the phylotypic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Senovilla-Ganzo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Kokkorakis N, Douka K, Nalmpanti A, Politis PK, Zagoraiou L, Matsas R, Gaitanou M. Mirk/Dyrk1B controls ventral spinal cord development via Shh pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:70. [PMID: 38294527 PMCID: PMC10830675 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Cross-talk between Mirk/Dyrk1B kinase and Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway affects physiology and pathology. Here, we reveal a novel role for Dyrk1B in regulating ventral progenitor and neuron subtypes in the embryonic chick spinal cord (SC) via the Shh pathway. Using in ovo gain-and-loss-of-function approaches at E2, we report that Dyrk1B affects the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors at E4 and impacts on apoptosis specifically in the motor neuron (MN) domain. Especially, Dyrk1B overexpression decreases the numbers of ventral progenitors, MNs, and V2a interneurons, while the pharmacological inhibition of endogenous Dyrk1B kinase activity by AZ191 administration increases the numbers of ventral progenitors and MNs. Mechanistically, Dyrk1B overexpression suppresses Shh, Gli2 and Gli3 mRNA levels, while conversely, Shh, Gli2 and Gli3 transcription is increased in the presence of Dyrk1B inhibitor AZ191 or Smoothened agonist SAG. Most importantly, in phenotype rescue experiments, SAG restores the Dyrk1B-mediated dysregulation of ventral progenitors. Further at E6, Dyrk1B affects selectively the medial lateral motor neuron column (LMCm), consistent with the expression of Shh in this region. Collectively, these observations reveal a novel regulatory function of Dyrk1B kinase in suppressing the Shh/Gli pathway and thus affecting ventral subtypes in the developing spinal cord. These data render Dyrk1B a possible therapeutic target for motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kokkorakis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Douka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - A Nalmpanti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - L Zagoraiou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - R Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - M Gaitanou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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6
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Hall ET, Dillard ME, Cleverdon ER, Zhang Y, Daly CA, Ansari SS, Wakefield R, Stewart DP, Pruett-Miller SM, Lavado A, Carisey AF, Johnson A, Wang YD, Selner E, Tanes M, Ryu YS, Robinson CG, Steinberg J, Ogden SK. Cytoneme signaling provides essential contributions to mammalian tissue patterning. Cell 2024; 187:276-293.e23. [PMID: 38171360 PMCID: PMC10842732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
During development, morphogens pattern tissues by instructing cell fate across long distances. Directly visualizing morphogen transport in situ has been inaccessible, so the molecular mechanisms ensuring successful morphogen delivery remain unclear. To tackle this longstanding problem, we developed a mouse model for compromised sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen delivery and discovered that endocytic recycling promotes SHH loading into signaling filopodia called cytonemes. We optimized methods to preserve in vivo cytonemes for advanced microscopy and show endogenous SHH localized to cytonemes in developing mouse neural tubes. Depletion of SHH from neural tube cytonemes alters neuronal cell fates and compromises neurodevelopment. Mutation of the filopodial motor myosin 10 (MYO10) reduces cytoneme length and density, which corrupts neuronal signaling activity of both SHH and WNT. Combined, these results demonstrate that cytoneme-based signal transport provides essential contributions to morphogen dispersion during mammalian tissue development and suggest MYO10 is a key regulator of cytoneme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hall
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Cleverdon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shariq S Ansari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall Wakefield
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel P Stewart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alex F Carisey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emma Selner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Tanes
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young Sang Ryu
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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7
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Wang Y, Liu J, Du LY, Wyss JL, Farrell JA, Schier AF. Gene module reconstruction elucidates cellular differentiation processes and the regulatory logic of specialized secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.29.573643. [PMID: 38234833 PMCID: PMC10793473 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
During differentiation, cells become structurally and functionally specialized, but comprehensive views of the underlying remodeling processes are elusive. Here, we leverage scRNA-seq developmental trajectories to reconstruct differentiation using two secretory tissues as a model system - the zebrafish notochord and hatching gland. First, we present an approach to integrate expression and functional similarities for gene module identification, revealing dozens of gene modules representing known and newly associated differentiation processes and their temporal ordering. Second, we focused on the unfolded protein response (UPR) transducer module to study how general versus cell-type specific secretory functions are regulated. By profiling loss- and gain-of-function embryos, we found that the UPR transcription factors creb3l1, creb3l2, and xbp1 are master regulators of a general secretion program. creb3l1/creb3l2 additionally activate an extracellular matrix secretion program, while xbp1 partners with bhlha15 to activate a gland-specific secretion program. Our study offers a multi-source integrated approach for functional gene module identification and illustrates how transcription factors confer general and specialized cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jialin Liu
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lucia Y. Du
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jannik L. Wyss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Farrell
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander F. Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Lead contact
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8
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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9
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Abarinov V, Levine JA, Churchill AJ, Hopwood B, Deiter CS, Guney MA, Wells KL, Schrunk JM, Guo Y, Hammelman J, Gifford DK, Magnuson MA, Wichterle H, Sussel L. Major β cell-specific functions of NKX2.2 are mediated via the NK2-specific domain. Genes Dev 2023; 37:490-504. [PMID: 37364986 PMCID: PMC10393193 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350569.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The consolidation of unambiguous cell fate commitment relies on the ability of transcription factors (TFs) to exert tissue-specific regulation of complex genetic networks. However, the mechanisms by which TFs establish such precise control over gene expression have remained elusive-especially in instances in which a single TF operates in two or more discrete cellular systems. In this study, we demonstrate that β cell-specific functions of NKX2.2 are driven by the highly conserved NK2-specific domain (SD). Mutation of the endogenous NKX2.2 SD prevents the developmental progression of β cell precursors into mature, insulin-expressing β cells, resulting in overt neonatal diabetes. Within the adult β cell, the SD stimulates β cell performance through the activation and repression of a subset of NKX2.2-regulated transcripts critical for β cell function. These irregularities in β cell gene expression may be mediated via SD-contingent interactions with components of chromatin remodelers and the nuclear pore complex. However, in stark contrast to these pancreatic phenotypes, the SD is entirely dispensable for the development of NKX2.2-dependent cell types within the CNS. Together, these results reveal a previously undetermined mechanism through which NKX2.2 directs disparate transcriptional programs in the pancreas versus neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Abarinov
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Joshua A Levine
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Angela J Churchill
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bryce Hopwood
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Cailin S Deiter
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Michelle A Guney
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Jessica M Schrunk
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Yuchun Guo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Hammelman
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA;
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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10
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McKean M, Napoli FR, Hasan T, Joseph T, Wheeler A, Beebe K, Soriano-Cruz S, Kawano M, Cave C. GDE6 promotes progenitor identity in the vertebrate neural tube. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1047767. [PMID: 37025379 PMCID: PMC10070723 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1047767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of neurons in the central nervous system is a complex, stepwise process necessitating the coordinated activity of mitotic progenitors known as radial glia. Following neural tube closure, radial glia undergo a period of active proliferation to rapidly expand their population, creating a densely packed neurepithelium. Simultaneously, radial glia positioned across the neural tube are uniquely specified to produce diverse neuronal sub-types. Although these cellular dynamics are well studied, the molecular mechanisms governing them are poorly understood. The six-transmembrane Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase proteins (GDE2, GDE3, and GDE6) comprise a family of cell-surface enzymes expressed in the embryonic nervous system. GDE proteins can release Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins from the cell surface via cleavage of their lipid anchor. GDE2 has established roles in motor neuron differentiation and oligodendrocyte maturation, and GDE3 regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Here, we describe a role for GDE6 in early neural tube development. Using RNAscope, we show that Gde6 mRNA is expressed by ventricular zone progenitors in the caudal neural tube. Utilizing in-ovo electroporation, we show that GDE6 overexpression promotes neural tube hyperplasia and ectopic growths of the neurepithelium. At later stages, electroporated embryos exhibit an expansion of the ventral patterning domains accompanied by reduced cross-repression. Ultimately, electroporated embryos fail to produce the full complement of post-mitotic motor neurons. Our findings indicate that GDE6 overexpression significantly affects radial glia function and positions GDE6 as a complementary factor to GDE2 during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clinton Cave
- Neuroscience Program, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
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11
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Majka M, Ho RDJG, Zagorski M. Stability of Pattern Formation in Systems with Dynamic Source Regions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:098402. [PMID: 36930916 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.098402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We explain the principles of gene expression pattern stabilization in systems of interacting, diffusible morphogens, with dynamically established source regions. Using a reaction-diffusion model with a step-function production term, we identify the phase transition between low-precision indeterminate patterning and the phase in which a traveling, well-defined contact zone between two domains is formed. Our model analytically explains single- and two-gene domain dynamics and provides pattern stability conditions for all possible two-gene regulatory network motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Majka
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - R D J G Ho
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - M Zagorski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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12
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Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviours and are linked to various brain diseases. Considerable progress has been made in identifying mDA neuron subtypes, and recent work has begun to unveil how these neuronal subtypes develop and organize into functional brain structures. This progress is important for further understanding the disparate physiological functions of mDA neurons and their selective vulnerability in disease, and will ultimately accelerate therapy development. This Review discusses recent advances in our understanding of molecularly defined mDA neuron subtypes and their circuits, ranging from early developmental events, such as neuron migration and axon guidance, to their wiring and function, and future implications for therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Delás MJ, Kalaitzis CM, Fawzi T, Demuth M, Zhang I, Stuart HT, Costantini E, Ivanovitch K, Tanaka EM, Briscoe J. Developmental cell fate choice in neural tube progenitors employs two distinct cis-regulatory strategies. Dev Cell 2023; 58:3-17.e8. [PMID: 36516856 PMCID: PMC7614300 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In many developing tissues, the patterns of gene expression that assign cell fate are organized by graded secreted signals. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) interpret these signals to control gene expression, but how this is accomplished remains poorly understood. In the neural tube, a gradient of the morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) patterns neural progenitors. We identify two distinct ways in which CREs translate graded Shh into differential gene expression in mouse neural progenitors. In most progenitors, a common set of CREs control gene activity by integrating cell-type-specific inputs. By contrast, the most ventral progenitors use a unique set of CREs, established by the pioneer factor FOXA2. This parallels the role of FOXA2 in endoderm, where FOXA2 binds some of the same sites. Together, the data identify distinct cis-regulatory strategies for the interpretation of morphogen signaling and raise the possibility of an evolutionarily conserved role for FOXA2 across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamara Fawzi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Isabel Zhang
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hannah T Stuart
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Costantini
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Elly M Tanaka
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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14
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
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15
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Amadei G, Handford CE, Qiu C, De Jonghe J, Greenfeld H, Tran M, Martin BK, Chen DY, Aguilera-Castrejon A, Hanna JH, Elowitz MB, Hollfelder F, Shendure J, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis. Nature 2022; 610:143-153. [PMID: 36007540 PMCID: PMC9534772 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can undergo many aspects of mammalian embryogenesis in vitro1-5, but their developmental potential is substantially extended by interactions with extraembryonic stem cells, including trophoblast stem (TS) cells, extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells and inducible XEN (iXEN) cells6-11. Here we assembled stem cell-derived embryos in vitro from mouse ES cells, TS cells and iXEN cells and showed that they recapitulate the development of whole natural mouse embryo in utero up to day 8.5 post-fertilization. Our embryo model displays headfolds with defined forebrain and midbrain regions and develops a beating heart-like structure, a trunk comprising a neural tube and somites, a tail bud containing neuromesodermal progenitors, a gut tube, and primordial germ cells. This complete embryo model develops within an extraembryonic yolk sac that initiates blood island development. Notably, we demonstrate that the neurulating embryo model assembled from Pax6-knockout ES cells aggregated with wild-type TS cells and iXEN cells recapitulates the ventral domain expansion of the neural tube that occurs in natural, ubiquitous Pax6-knockout embryos. Thus, these complete embryoids are a powerful in vitro model for dissecting the roles of diverse cell lineages and genes in development. Our results demonstrate the self-organization ability of ES cells and two types of extraembryonic stem cells to reconstitute mammalian development through and beyond gastrulation to neurulation and early organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Amadei
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Charlotte E Handford
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hannah Greenfeld
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Martin Tran
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Beth K Martin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Negretti MI, Böse N, Petri N, Kremnyov S, Tsikolia N. Nodal asymmetry and hedgehog signaling during vertebrate left–right symmetry breaking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:957211. [PMID: 36172285 PMCID: PMC9511907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.957211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of visceral left–right asymmetry in bilateria is based on initial symmetry breaking followed by subsequent asymmetric molecular patterning. An important step is the left-sided expression of transcription factor pitx2 which is mediated by asymmetric expression of the nodal morphogen in the left lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates. Processes leading to emergence of the asymmetric nodal domain differ depending on the mode of symmetry breaking. In Xenopus laevis and mouse embryos, the leftward fluid flow on the ventral surface of the left–right organizer leads through intermediate steps to enhanced activity of the nodal protein on the left side of the organizer and subsequent asymmetric nodal induction in the lateral plate mesoderm. In the chick embryo, asymmetric morphogenesis of axial organs leads to paraxial nodal asymmetry during the late gastrulation stage. Although it was shown that hedgehog signaling is required for initiation of the nodal expression, the mechanism of its asymmetry remains to be clarified. In this study, we established the activation of hedgehog signaling in early chick embryos to further study its role in the initiation of asymmetric nodal expression. Our data reveal that hedgehog signaling is sufficient to induce the nodal expression in competent domains of the chick embryo, while treatment of Xenopus embryos led to moderate nodal inhibition. We discuss the role of symmetry breaking and competence in the initiation of asymmetric gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Böse
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikoloz Tsikolia,
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17
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18
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Vetter R, Iber D. Precision of morphogen gradients in neural tube development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1145. [PMID: 35241686 PMCID: PMC8894346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen gradients encode positional information during development. How high patterning precision is achieved despite natural variation in both the morphogen gradients and in the readout process, is still largely elusive. Here, we show that the positional error of gradients in the mouse neural tube has previously been overestimated, and that the reported accuracy of the central progenitor domain boundaries in the mouse neural tube can be achieved with a single gradient, rather than requiring the simultaneous readout of opposing gradients. Consistently and independently, numerical simulations based on measured molecular noise levels likewise result in lower gradient variabilities than reported. Finally, we show that the patterning mechanism yields progenitor cell numbers with even greater precision than boundary positions, as gradient amplitude changes do not affect interior progenitor domain sizes. We conclude that single gradients can yield the observed developmental precision, which provides prospects for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Lo HF, Hong M, Szutorisz H, Hurd YL, Krauss RS. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits Hedgehog-dependent patterning during development. Development 2021; 148:272342. [PMID: 34610637 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many developmental disorders are thought to arise from an interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulates myriad developmental processes, and pathway inhibition is associated with birth defects, including holoprosencephaly (HPE). Cannabinoids are HH pathway inhibitors, but little is known of their effects on HH-dependent processes in mammalian embryos, and their mechanism of action is unclear. We report that the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induces two hallmark HH loss-of-function phenotypes (HPE and ventral neural tube patterning defects) in Cdon mutant mice, which have a subthreshold deficit in HH signaling. THC therefore acts as a 'conditional teratogen', dependent on a complementary but insufficient genetic insult. In vitro findings indicate that THC is a direct inhibitor of the essential HH signal transducer smoothened. The canonical THC receptor, cannabinoid receptor-type 1, is not required for THC to inhibit HH signaling. Cannabis consumption during pregnancy may contribute to a combination of risk factors underlying specific developmental disorders. These findings therefore have significant public health relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fan Lo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Henrietta Szutorisz
- Addiction Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Addiction Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Studying Hedgehog Signaling During Mouse Neural Tube Development. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34562243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The identity of ventral neural progenitors in the neural tube is largely dependent on Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Variations in staining patterns are excellent indicators of aberrant Hh signaling. Here we describe the basic protocol to stain for progenitor populations based on transcription factor expression. We also provide an overview of ciliary and centrosomal staining in the neural tube.
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21
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From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179141. [PMID: 34502050 PMCID: PMC8431582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure the formation of a properly patterned embryo, multiple processes must operate harmoniously at sequential phases of development. This is implemented by mutual interactions between cells and tissues that together regulate the segregation and specification of cells, their growth and morphogenesis. The formation of the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm derivatives exquisitely illustrate these processes. Following early gastrulation, while the vertebrate body elongates, a population of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors resident in the posterior region of the embryo generate both neural and mesodermal lineages. At later stages, the somitic mesoderm regulates aspects of neural patterning and differentiation of both central and peripheral neural progenitors. Reciprocally, neural precursors influence the paraxial mesoderm to regulate somite-derived myogenesis and additional processes by distinct mechanisms. Central to this crosstalk is the activity of the axial notochord, which, via sonic hedgehog signaling, plays pivotal roles in neural, skeletal muscle and cartilage ontogeny. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis underlying this complex developmental plan, with a focus on the logic of sonic hedgehog activities in the coordination of the neural-mesodermal axis.
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22
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Katsuyama T, Kadoya M, Shirai M, Sasai N. Sox14 is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:350-361. [PMID: 34181293 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural tube comprises several different types of progenitors and postmitotic neurons that co-ordinately act with each other to play integrated functions. Its development consists of two phases: proliferation of progenitor cells and differentiation into postmitotic neurons. How progenitor cells differentiate into each corresponding neuron is an important question for understanding the mechanisms of neuronal development. RESULTS Here we introduce one of the Sox transcription factors, Sox14, which plays an essential role in the promotion of neuronal differentiation. Sox14 belongs to the SoxB2 subclass and its expression starts in the progenitor regions before neuronal differentiation is initiated at the trunk level of the neural tube. After neuronal differentiation is initiated, Sox14 expression gradually becomes confined to the V2a region of the neural tube, where Chx10 is co-expressed. Overexpression of Sox14 restricts progenitor cell proliferation. Conversely, the blockade of Sox14 expression by the RNAi strategy inhibits V2a neuron differentiation and causes expansion of the progenitor domain. We further found that Sox14 acted as a transcriptional activator. CONCLUSIONS Sox14 acts as a modulator of cell proliferation and is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Katsuyama
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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23
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Biological feedback control-Respect the loops. Cell Syst 2021; 12:477-487. [PMID: 34139160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We, and all organisms, are an evolutionary masterpiece of multiscale feedback control. Feedback loops enable our cells to grow and then stop at the right size, to divide and self-repair, and to respond with agility to their changing environment. Individual cells engage in long range extracellular feedback with other cells, ensuring continued homeostasis of our tissues and organs. Many long ranging feedback loops regulate vital physiological variables. Here, I will argue that focused efforts to understand the properties and constraints of biological feedback control networks should be central to the quest of understanding life. I will also propose many pressing challenges in this field and review conceptual frameworks that might be consequential for addressing them.
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24
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Rekler D, Kalcheim C. From Neural Crest to Definitive Roof Plate: The Dynamic Behavior of the Dorsal Neural Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3911. [PMID: 33920095 PMCID: PMC8070085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of the dorsal neural tube is particularly challenging. In this highly dynamic domain, a temporal transition occurs between early neural crest progenitors that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exit the neural primordium, and the subsequent roof plate, a resident epithelial group of cells that constitutes the dorsal midline of the central nervous system. Among other functions, the roof plate behaves as an organizing center for the generation of dorsal interneurons. Despite extensive knowledge of the formation, emigration and migration of neural crest progenitors, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the end of neural crest production and the transition into a roof plate stage. Are these two mutually dependent or autonomously regulated processes? Is the generation of roof plate and dorsal interneurons induced by neural tube-derived factors throughout both crest and roof plate stages, respectively, or are there differences in signaling properties and responsiveness as a function of time? In this review, we discuss distinctive characteristics of each population and possible mechanisms leading to the shift between the above cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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25
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Danesin C, Darche-Gabinaud R, Escalas N, Bouguetoch V, Cochard P, Al Oustah A, Ohayon D, Glise B, Soula C. Sulf2a controls Shh-dependent neural fate specification in the developing spinal cord. Sci Rep 2021; 11:118. [PMID: 33420239 PMCID: PMC7794431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulf2a belongs to the Sulf family of extracellular sulfatases which selectively remove 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulfates, a critical regulation level for their role in modulating the activity of signalling molecules. Data presented here define Sulf2a as a novel player in the control of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-mediated cell type specification during spinal cord development. We show that Sulf2a depletion in zebrafish results in overproduction of V3 interneurons at the expense of motor neurons and also impedes generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), three cell types that depend on Shh for their generation. We provide evidence that Sulf2a, expressed in a spatially restricted progenitor domain, acts by maintaining the correct patterning and specification of ventral progenitors. More specifically, Sulf2a prevents Olig2 progenitors to activate high-threshold Shh response and, thereby, to adopt a V3 interneuron fate, thus ensuring proper production of motor neurons and OPCs. We propose a model in which Sulf2a reduces Shh signalling levels in responding cells by decreasing their sensitivity to the morphogen factor. More generally, our work, revealing that, in contrast to its paralog Sulf1, Sulf2a regulates neural fate specification in Shh target cells, provides direct evidence of non-redundant functions of Sulfs in the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France.
| | - Romain Darche-Gabinaud
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Vanessa Bouguetoch
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Cochard
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Amir Al Oustah
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - David Ohayon
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Glise
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
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26
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Jacobs CT, Huang P. Complex crosstalk of Notch and Hedgehog signalling during the development of the central nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:635-644. [PMID: 32880661 PMCID: PMC11072263 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is tightly regulated by many highly conserved cell signalling pathways. These pathways ensure that differentiation and migration events occur in a specific and spatiotemporally restricted manner. Two of these pathways, Notch and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling, have been shown to form a complex web of interaction throughout different stages of CNS development. Strikingly, some processes employ Notch signalling to regulate Hh response, while others utilise Hh signalling to modulate Notch response. Notch signalling functions upstream of Hh response through controlling the trafficking of integral pathway components as well as through modulating protein levels and transcription of downstream transcriptional factors. In contrast, Hh signalling regulates Notch response by either indirectly controlling expression of key Notch ligands and regulatory proteins or directly through transcriptional control of canonical Notch target genes. Here, we review these interactions and demonstrate the level of interconnectivity between the pathways, highlighting context-dependent modes of crosstalk. Since many other developmental signalling pathways are active in these tissues, it is likely that the interplay between Notch and Hh signalling is not only an example of signalling crosstalk but also functions as a component of a wider, multi-pathway signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Mesman S, Smidt MP. Acquisition of the Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuronal Identity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134638. [PMID: 32629812 PMCID: PMC7369932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) group of neurons comprises molecularly distinct subgroups, of which the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are the best known, due to the selective degeneration of the SN during Parkinson’s disease. However, although significant research has been conducted on the molecular build-up of these subsets, much is still unknown about how these subsets develop and which factors are involved in this process. In this review, we aim to describe the life of an mdDA neuron, from specification in the floor plate to differentiation into the different subsets. All mdDA neurons are born in the mesodiencephalic floor plate under the influence of both SHH-signaling, important for floor plate patterning, and WNT-signaling, involved in establishing the progenitor pool and the start of the specification of mdDA neurons. Furthermore, transcription factors, like Ngn2, Ascl1, Lmx1a, and En1, and epigenetic factors, like Ezh2, are important in the correct specification of dopamine (DA) progenitors. Later during development, mdDA neurons are further subdivided into different molecular subsets by, amongst others, Otx2, involved in the specification of subsets in the VTA, and En1, Pitx3, Lmx1a, and WNT-signaling, involved in the specification of subsets in the SN. Interestingly, factors involved in early specification in the floor plate can serve a dual function and can also be involved in subset specification. Besides the mdDA group of neurons, other systems in the embryo contain different subsets, like the immune system. Interestingly, many factors involved in the development of mdDA neurons are similarly involved in immune system development and vice versa. This indicates that similar mechanisms are used in the development of these systems, and that knowledge about the development of the immune system may hold clues for the factors involved in the development of mdDA neurons, which may be used in culture protocols for cell replacement therapies.
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Eura N, Matsui TK, Luginbühl J, Matsubayashi M, Nanaura H, Shiota T, Kinugawa K, Iguchi N, Kiriyama T, Zheng C, Kouno T, Lan YJ, Kongpracha P, Wiriyasermkul P, Sakaguchi YM, Nagata R, Komeda T, Morikawa N, Kitayoshi F, Jong M, Kobashigawa S, Nakanishi M, Hasegawa M, Saito Y, Shiromizu T, Nishimura Y, Kasai T, Takeda M, Kobayashi H, Inagaki Y, Tanaka Y, Makinodan M, Kishimoto T, Kuniyasu H, Nagamori S, Muotri AR, Shin JW, Sugie K, Mori E. Brainstem Organoids From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:538. [PMID: 32670003 PMCID: PMC7332712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem is a posterior region of the brain, composed of three parts, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is critical in controlling heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration, all of which are life-sustaining functions, and therefore, damages to or disorders of the brainstem can be lethal. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) recapitulate the course of human brain development and are expected to be useful for medical research on central nervous system disorders. However, existing organoid models are limited in the extent hPSCs recapitulate human brain development and hence are not able to fully elucidate the diseases affecting various components of the brain such as brainstem. Here, we developed a method to generate human brainstem organoids (hBSOs), containing midbrain/hindbrain progenitors, noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons, dopaminergic neurons, and neural crest lineage cells. Single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) analysis, together with evidence from proteomics and electrophysiology, revealed that the cellular population in these organoids was similar to that of the human brainstem, which raises the possibility of making use of hBSOs in investigating central nervous system disorders affecting brainstem and in efficient drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Eura
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi K. Matsui
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Joachim Luginbühl
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hitoki Nanaura
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomo Shiota
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kinugawa
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naohiko Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takao Kiriyama
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tsukasa Kouno
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Yan Jun Lan
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Pornparn Kongpracha
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Riko Nagata
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomoya Komeda
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naritaka Morikawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Fumika Kitayoshi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Miyong Jong
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shinko Kobashigawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Mari Nakanishi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kasai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Maiko Takeda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jay W. Shin
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama,Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Kahane N, Kalcheim C. Neural tube development depends on notochord-derived sonic hedgehog released into the sclerotome. Development 2020; 147:dev183996. [PMID: 32345743 PMCID: PMC7272346 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh), produced in the notochord and floor plate, is necessary for both neural and mesodermal development. To reach the myotome, Shh has to traverse the sclerotome and a reduction of sclerotomal Shh affects myotome differentiation. By investigating loss and gain of Shh function, and floor-plate deletions, we report that sclerotomal Shh is also necessary for neural tube development. Reducing the amount of Shh in the sclerotome using a membrane-tethered hedgehog-interacting protein or Patched1, but not dominant active Patched, decreased the number of Olig2+ motoneuron progenitors and Hb9+ motoneurons without a significant effect on cell survival or proliferation. These effects were a specific and direct consequence of Shh reduction in the mesoderm. In addition, grafting notochords in a basal but not apical location, vis-à-vis the tube, profoundly affected motoneuron development, suggesting that initial ligand presentation occurs at the basal side of epithelia corresponding to the sclerotome-neural tube interface. Collectively, our results reveal that the sclerotome is a potential site of a Shh gradient that coordinates the development of mesodermal and neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Kahane
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
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Constable S, Long AB, Floyd KA, Schurmans S, Caspary T. The ciliary phosphatidylinositol phosphatase Inpp5e plays positive and negative regulatory roles in Shh signaling. Development 2020; 147:dev.183301. [PMID: 31964774 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction specifies ventral cell fates in the neural tube and is mediated by the Gli transcription factors that play both activator (GliA) and repressor (GliR) roles. Cilia are essential for Shh signal transduction and the ciliary phosphatidylinositol phosphatase Inpp5e is linked to Shh regulation. In the course of a forward genetic screen for recessive mouse mutants, we identified a functional null allele of inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (Inpp5e), ridge top (rdg), with expanded ventral neural cell fates at E10.5. By E12.5, Inpp5erdg/rdg embryos displayed normal neural patterning and this correction over time required Gli3, the predominant repressor in neural patterning. Inpp5erdg function largely depended on the presence of cilia and on smoothened, the obligate transducer of Shh signaling, indicating that Inpp5e functions within the cilium to regulate the pathway. These data indicate that Inpp5e plays a more complicated role in Shh signaling than previously appreciated. We propose that Inpp5e attenuates Shh signaling in the neural tube through regulation of the relative timing of GliA and GliR production, which is important in understanding how the duration of Shh signaling regulates neural tube patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandii Constable
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alyssa B Long
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine A Floyd
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-R Centre, Université de Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Bandodkar PU, Al Asafen H, Reeves GT. Spatiotemporal control of gene expression boundaries using a feedforward loop. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:369-382. [PMID: 31925874 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A feedforward loop (FFL) is commonly observed in several biological networks. The FFL network motif has been mostly studied with respect to variation of the input signal in time, with only a few studies of FFL activity in a spatially distributed system such as morphogen-mediated tissue patterning. However, most morphogen gradients also evolve in time. RESULTS We studied the spatiotemporal behavior of a coherent FFL in two contexts: (a) a generic, oscillating morphogen gradient and (b) the dorsal-ventral patterning of the early Drosophila embryo by a gradient of the NF-κB homolog dorsal with its early target Twist. In both models, we found features in the dynamics of the intermediate node-phase difference and noise filtering-that were largely independent of the parameterization of the models, and thus were functions of the structure of the FFL itself. In the dorsal gradient model, we also found that proper target gene expression was not possible without including the effect of maternal pioneer factor Zelda. CONCLUSIONS An FFL buffers fluctuation to changes in the morphogen signal ensuring stable gene expression boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad U Bandodkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hadel Al Asafen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Gregory T Reeves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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32
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Kadoya M, Sasai N. Negative Regulation of mTOR Signaling Restricts Cell Proliferation in the Floor Plate. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1022. [PMID: 31607856 PMCID: PMC6773814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural tube is composed of a number of neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons distributed in a quantitatively and spatially precise manner. The floor plate, located in the ventral-most region of the neural tube, has a lot of unique characteristics, including a low cell proliferation rate. The mechanisms by which this region-specific proliferation rate is regulated remain elusive. Here we show that the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates the proliferation of the neural progenitor cells, is significantly lower in the floor plate than in other domains of the embryonic neural tube. We identified the forkhead-type transcription factor FoxA2 as a negative regulator of mTOR signaling in the floor plate, and showed that FoxA2 transcriptionally induces the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF152, which together with its substrate RagA, regulates cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway. Silencing of RNF152 led to the aberrant upregulation of the mTOR signal and aberrant cell division in the floor plate. Taken together, the present findings suggest that floor plate cell number is controlled by the negative regulation of mTOR signaling through the activity of FoxA2 and its downstream effector RNF152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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33
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Jacobs CT, Huang P. Notch signalling maintains Hedgehog responsiveness via a Gli-dependent mechanism during spinal cord patterning in zebrafish. eLife 2019; 8:49252. [PMID: 31453809 PMCID: PMC6733594 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord patterning is orchestrated by multiple cell signalling pathways. Neural progenitors are maintained by Notch signalling, whereas ventral neural fates are specified by Hedgehog (Hh) signalling. However, how dynamic interactions between Notch and Hh signalling drive the precise pattern formation is still unknown. We applied the PHRESH (PHotoconvertible REporter of Signalling History) technique to analyse cell signalling dynamics in vivo during zebrafish spinal cord development. This approach reveals that Notch and Hh signalling display similar spatiotemporal kinetics throughout spinal cord patterning. Notch signalling functions upstream to control Hh response of neural progenitor cells. Using gain- and loss-of-function tools, we demonstrate that this regulation occurs not at the level of upstream regulators or primary cilia, but rather at the level of Gli transcription factors. Our results indicate that Notch signalling maintains Hh responsiveness of neural progenitors via a Gli-dependent mechanism in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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34
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Gao S, Guo X, Zhao S, Jin Y, Zhou F, Yuan P, Cao L, Wang J, Qiu Y, Sun C, Kang Z, Gao F, Xu W, Hu X, Yang D, Qin Y, Ning K, Shaw PJ, Zhong G, Cheng L, Zhu H, Gao Z, Chen X, Xu J. Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into neuron/motoneuron-like cells for cell replacement therapy of spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:597. [PMID: 31395857 PMCID: PMC6687731 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are increasingly presumed to be a prospective stem cell source for cell replacement therapy in various degenerative and/or traumatic diseases. The potential of trans-differentiating hADSCs into motor neuron cells indisputably provides an alternative way for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. In the present study, a stepwise and efficient hADSC trans-differentiation protocol with retinoic acid (RA), sonic hedgehog (SHH), and neurotrophic factors were developed. With this protocol hADSCs could be converted into electrophysiologically active motoneuron-like cells (hADSC-MNs), which expressed both a cohort of pan neuronal markers and motor neuron specific markers. Moreover, after being primed for neuronal differentiation with RA/SHH, hADSCs were transplanted into SCI mouse model and they survived, migrated, and integrated into injured site and led to partial functional recovery of SCI mice. When ablating the transplanted hADSC-MNs harboring HSV-TK-mCherry overexpression system with antivirial Ganciclovir (GCV), functional relapse was detected by motor-evoked potential (MEP) and BMS assays, implying that transplanted hADSC-MNs participated in rebuilding the neural circuits, which was further confirmed by retrograde neuronal tracing system (WGA). GFP-labeled hADSC-MNs were subjected to whole-cell patch-clamp recording in acute spinal cord slice preparation and both action potentials and synaptic activities were recorded, which further confirmed that those pre-conditioned hADSCs indeed became functionally active neurons in vivo. As well, transplanted hADSC-MNs largely prevented the formation of injury-induced cavities and exerted obvious immune-suppression effect as revealed by preventing astrocyte reactivation and favoring the secretion of a spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our work suggests that hADSCs can be readily transformed into MNs in vitro, and stay viable in spinal cord of the SCI mouse and exert multi-therapeutic effects by rebuilding the broken circuitry and optimizing the microenvironment through immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Gao
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xuanxuan Guo
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Science and Technology University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yinpeng Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, JinShan, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Limei Cao
- Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian Wang
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chenxi Sun
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhanrong Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Fengjuan Gao
- Zhoupu hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Danjing Yang
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ying Qin
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Science and Technology University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China. .,BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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35
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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36
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Ma P, Song NN, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang L, Kong Q, Ma L, Yang X, Ren B, Li C, Zhao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Gao X, Ding YQ, Mao B. Fine-Tuning of Shh/Gli Signaling Gradient by Non-proteolytic Ubiquitination during Neural Patterning. Cell Rep 2019; 28:541-553.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Mohanty S, Dahia CL. Defects in intervertebral disc and spine during development, degeneration, and pain: New research directions for disc regeneration and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e343. [PMID: 30977275 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral discs are cartilaginous joints present between vertebrae. The centers of the intervertebral discs consist of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus derived from the embryonic notochord. With age or injury, intervertebral discs may degenerate, causing neurological symptoms including back pain, which affects millions of people worldwide. Back pain is a multifactorial disorder, and disc degeneration is one of the primary contributing factors. Recent studies in mice have identified the key molecules involved in the formation of intervertebral discs. Several of these key molecules including sonic hedgehog and Brachyury are not only expressed by notochord during development, but are also expressed by neonatal mouse nucleus pulposus cells, and are crucial for postnatal disc maintenance. These findings suggest that intrinsic signals in each disc may maintain the nucleus pulposus microenvironment. However, since expression of these developmental signals declines with age and degeneration, disc degeneration may be related to the loss of these intrinsic signals. In addition, findings from mouse and other mammalian models have identified similarities between the patterning capabilities of the embryonic notochord and young nucleus pulposus cells, suggesting that mouse is a suitable model system to understand disc development and aging. Future research aimed at understanding the upstream regulators of these developmental signals and the modes by which they regulate disc growth and maintenance will likely provide mechanistic insights into disc growth and aging. Further, such findings will likely provide insights relevant to the development of effective therapies for treatment of back pain and reversing the disc degenerative process. This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Mohanty
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, New York
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Orchard P, White JS, Thomas PE, Mychalowych A, Kiseleva A, Hensley J, Allen B, Parker SCJ, Keegan CE. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcriptome profiling show minimal epigenome changes and coordinated transcriptional dysregulation of hedgehog signaling in Danforth's short tail mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:736-750. [PMID: 30380057 PMCID: PMC6381317 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice provide an excellent model for investigating the underlying etiology of human caudal birth defects, which affect 1 in 10 000 live births. Sd animals exhibit aberrant axial skeleton, urogenital and gastrointestinal development similar to human caudal malformation syndromes including urorectal septum malformation, caudal regression, vertebral-anal-cardiac-tracheo-esophageal fistula-renal-limb (VACTERL) association and persistent cloaca. Previous studies have shown that the Sd mutation results from an endogenous retroviral (ERV) insertion upstream of the Ptf1a gene resulting in its ectopic expression at E9.5. Though the genetic lesion has been determined, the resulting epigenomic and transcriptomic changes driving the phenotype have not been investigated. Here, we performed ATAC-seq experiments on isolated E9.5 tailbud tissue, which revealed minimal changes in chromatin accessibility in Sd/Sd mutant embryos. Interestingly, chromatin changes were localized to a small interval adjacent to the Sd ERV insertion overlapping a known Ptf1a enhancer region, which is conserved in mice and humans. Furthermore, mRNA-seq experiments revealed increased transcription of Ptf1a target genes and, importantly, downregulation of hedgehog pathway genes. Reduced sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence suggesting that the Sd phenotype results, in part, from downregulated SHH signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate substantial transcriptome changes in the Sd mouse, and indicate that the effect of the ERV insertion on Ptf1a expression may be mediated by increased chromatin accessibility at a conserved Ptf1a enhancer. We propose that human caudal dysgenesis disorders may result from dysregulation of hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orchard
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James S White
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peedikayil E Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Mychalowych
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anya Kiseleva
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Hensley
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The Ciliopathy Gene Ftm/Rpgrip1l Controls Mouse Forebrain Patterning via Region-Specific Modulation of Hedgehog/Gli Signaling. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2398-2415. [PMID: 30692221 PMCID: PMC6435827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2199-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential for CNS development. In the mouse, they play a critical role in patterning the spinal cord and telencephalon via the regulation of Hedgehog/Gli signaling. However, despite the frequent disruption of this signaling pathway in human forebrain malformations, the role of primary cilia in forebrain morphogenesis has been little investigated outside the telencephalon. Here we studied development of the diencephalon, hypothalamus and eyes in mutant mice in which the Ftm/Rpgrip1l ciliopathy gene is disrupted. At the end of gestation, Ftm−/− fetuses displayed anophthalmia, a reduction of the ventral hypothalamus and a disorganization of diencephalic nuclei and axonal tracts. In Ftm−/− embryos, we found that the ventral forebrain structures and the rostral thalamus were missing. Optic vesicles formed but lacked the optic cups. In Ftm−/− embryos, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression was virtually lost in the ventral forebrain but maintained in the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), the mid-diencephalic organizer. Gli activity was severely downregulated but not lost in the ventral forebrain and in regions adjacent to the Shh-expressing ZLI. Reintroduction of the repressor form of Gli3 into the Ftm−/− background restored optic cup formation. Our data thus uncover a complex role of cilia in development of the diencephalon, hypothalamus and eyes via the region-specific control of the ratio of activator and repressor forms of the Gli transcription factors. They call for a closer examination of forebrain defects in severe ciliopathies and for a search for ciliopathy genes as modifiers in other human conditions with forebrain defects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for proper forebrain development as illustrated by a human condition called holoprosencephaly. The Hh pathway relies on primary cilia, cellular organelles that receive and transduce extracellular signals and whose dysfunctions lead to rare inherited diseases called ciliopathies. To date, the role of cilia in the forebrain has been poorly studied outside the telencephalon. In this paper we study the role of the Ftm/Rpgrip1l ciliopathy gene in mouse forebrain development. We uncover complex functions of primary cilia in forebrain morphogenesis through region-specific modulation of the Hh pathway. Our data call for further examination of forebrain defects in ciliopathies and for a search for ciliopathy genes as modifiers in human conditions affecting forebrain development.
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Brodski C, Blaess S, Partanen J, Prakash N. Crosstalk of Intercellular Signaling Pathways in the Generation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons In Vivo and from Stem Cells. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010003. [PMID: 30650592 PMCID: PMC6473842 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-synthesizing neurons located in the mammalian ventral midbrain are at the center stage of biomedical research due to their involvement in severe human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The induction of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons depends on two important signaling centers of the mammalian embryo: the ventral midline or floor plate (FP) of the neural tube, and the isthmic organizer (IsO) at the mid-/hindbrain boundary (MHB). Cells located within and close to the FP secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), and members of the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT1/5A), as well as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family. The IsO cells secrete WNT1 and the fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Accordingly, the FGF8, SHH, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways play crucial roles during the development of the mDA neurons in the mammalian embryo. Moreover, these morphogens are essential for the generation of stem cell-derived mDA neurons, which are critical for the modeling, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy of PD. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the functions and crosstalk of these signaling pathways in mammalian mDA neuron development in vivo and their applications in stem cell-based paradigms for the efficient derivation of these neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juha Partanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FIN00014-University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany.
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Ducuing H, Gardette T, Pignata A, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Castellani V. Commissural axon navigation in the spinal cord: A repertoire of repulsive forces is in command. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 85:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Peter IS. Methods for the experimental and computational analysis of gene regulatory networks in sea urchins. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 151:89-113. [PMID: 30948033 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) has opened a gate to access the genomic mechanisms controlling development. GRNs are systems of transcriptional regulatory circuits that control the differential specification of cell fates during development by regulating gene expression. The experimental analysis of GRNs involves a collection of methods, each revealing aspects of the overall control process. This review provides an overview of experimental and computational methods that have been successfully applied for solving developmental GRNs in the sea urchin embryo. The key in this approach is to obtain experimental evidence for functional interactions between transcription factors and regulatory DNA. In the second part of this review, a more generally applicable strategy is discussed that shows a path from experimental evidence to annotation of regulatory linkages to the generation of GRN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle S Peter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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Kawahara A, Morita H, Yanagi K, Ishizaka T, Taimatsu K, Ohga R. Developmental expression of the slurp-like1/ly2.3/ly97.3 and slurp-like2/ly2.2/ly97.2 genes during zebrafish early embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 30:32-36. [PMID: 30149151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SLURP1 and SLURP2 belong to the Ly-6/uPAR superfamily and are involved in maintaining the physiological integrity of keratinocytes. However, the developmental expression and functions of other Ly-6/uPAR family genes in vertebrates are still obscure. We have isolated novel Ly-6/uPAR family genes slurp-like1 (ly2.3/ly97.3) and slurp-like2 (ly2.2/ly97.2) in zebrafish. Both the Slurp-like1 and Slurp-like2 proteins contain the typical signal sequence and carboxy-terminal CCXXXXCN (X: an arbitrary amino acid) consensus sequence of the Ly-6/uPAR family but lack a transmembrane domain and a GPI-anchoring signal sequence, suggesting that both proteins may function as secretory proteins. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that slurp-like1 was predominantly expressed in the floor plate of the neural tube and in the hypochord of the notochord at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) and detected in the liver and intestinal bulb at 72 hpf, while slurp-like2 was expressed in the midbrain and hindbrain at 24 hpf and detected in the liver and pancreas at 72 hpf. Differential expression profiles of the slurp-like1 and slurp-like2 genes suggest the distinct physiological involvement of these genes in zebrafish early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Morita
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kanoko Yanagi
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ishizaka
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Taimatsu
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Rie Ohga
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
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Nadadhur AG, Leferink PS, Holmes D, Hinz L, Cornelissen-Steijger P, Gasparotto L, Heine VM. Patterning factors during neural progenitor induction determine regional identity and differentiation potential in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2018; 32:25-34. [PMID: 30172094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural tube consists of neural progenitors (NPs) that acquire different characteristics during gestation due to patterning factors. However, the influence of such patterning factors on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) during in vitro neural differentiation is often unclear. This study compared neural induction protocols involving in vitro patterning with single SMAD inhibition (SSI), retinoic acid (RA) administration and dual SMAD inhibition (DSI). While the derived NP cells expressed known NP markers, they differed in their NP expression profile and differentiation potential. Cortical neuronal cells generated from 1) SSI NPs exhibited less mature neuronal phenotypes, 2) RA NPs exhibited an increased GABAergic phenotype, and 3) DSI NPs exhibited greater expression of glutamatergic lineage markers. Further, although all NPs generated astrocytes, astrocytes derived from the RA-induced NPs had the highest GFAP expression. Differences between NP populations included differential expression of regional identity markers HOXB4, LBX1, OTX1 and GSX2, which persisted into mature neural cell stages. This study suggests that patterning factors regulate how potential NPs may differentiate into specific neuronal and glial cell types in vitro. This challenges the utility of generic neural induction procedures, while highlighting the importance of carefully selecting specific NP protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prisca S Leferink
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dwayne Holmes
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hinz
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien Cornelissen-Steijger
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ogura T, Sakaguchi H, Miyamoto S, Takahashi J. Three-dimensional induction of dorsal, intermediate and ventral spinal cord tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2018; 145:145/16/dev162214. [PMID: 30061169 PMCID: PMC6124545 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord contains more than 20 distinct subclasses of neurons that form well-organized neural circuits capable of sensing the environment and generating motor behavior. Although recent studies have described the efficient in vitro generation of spinal motor neurons, the induction of the spinal cord as a whole tissue has not been achieved. In the present study, we demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) induction of dorsal spinal cord-like tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Our 3D spinal cord induction (3-DiSC) condition recapitulates patterning of the developing dorsal spinal cord and enables the generation of four types of dorsal interneuron marker-positive cell populations. By activating Shh signaling, intermediate and ventral spinal cord-like tissues are successfully induced. After dissociation of these tissues, somatosensory neurons and spinal motor neurons are detected and express neurotransmitters in an in vivo manner. Our approach provides a useful experimental tool for the analysis of human spinal cord development and will contribute to research on the formation and organization of the spinal cord, and its application to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Ogura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Sakaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan .,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
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Gigante ED, Long AB, Ben-Ami J, Caspary T. Hypomorphic Smo mutant with inefficient ciliary enrichment disrupts the highest level of vertebrate Hedgehog response. Dev Biol 2018; 437:152-162. [PMID: 29571613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo) is the essential transducer of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, which regulates cell fate and proliferation during embryogenesis. We identified a novel mouse mutant, cabbie (cbb), and found that its cause is a missense mutation in Smo. We showed the Smocbb mutation is insensitive to the Shh agonist SAG, perhaps due to the disruption of SAG binding. We characterized Smocbb for defects in craniofacial and skeletal development, as well as neural tube patterning, and revealed Smocbb affected processes that require the highest levels of Shh activity. Smo is normally enriched in cilia upon Shh stimulation; however, we detected inefficient enrichment of Smo in Smocbb mutants whether we stimulated with Shh or SAG. Taken together, our data suggest that the highest levels of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling activity require efficient Smo ciliary enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gigante
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | - Johanna Ben-Ami
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Farreny MA, Agius E, Bel-Vialar S, Escalas N, Khouri-Farah N, Soukkarieh C, Danesin C, Pituello F, Cochard P, Soula C. FGF signaling controls Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 29519242 PMCID: PMC5842613 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Results Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we show that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord. Conclusion Altogether our data reveal that the FGF signaling pathway is activated and required for OPC commitment in the ventral spinal cord. More generally, our data may prove important in defining strategies to produce large populations of determined oligodendrocyte precursor cells from undetermined neural progenitors, including stem cells. In the long run, these new data could be useful in attempts to stimulate the oligodendrocyte fate in residing neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Farreny
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Cochard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
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Kremnyov S, Henningfeld K, Viebahn C, Tsikolia N. Divergent axial morphogenesis and early shh expression in vertebrate prospective floor plate. EvoDevo 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29423139 PMCID: PMC5791209 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The notochord has organizer properties and is required for floor plate induction and dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. This activity has been attributed to sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling, which originates in the notochord, forms a gradient, and autoinduces shh expression in the floor plate. However, reported data are inconsistent and the spatiotemporal development of the relevant shh expression domains has not been studied in detail. We therefore studied the expression dynamics of shh in rabbit, chicken and Xenopus laevis embryos (as well as indian hedgehog and desert hedgehog as possible alternative functional candidates in the chicken). Results Our analysis reveals a markedly divergent pattern within these vertebrates: whereas in the rabbit shh is first expressed in the notochord and its floor plate domain is then induced during subsequent somitogenesis stages, in the chick embryo shh is expressed in the prospective neuroectoderm prior to the notochord formation and, interestingly, prior to mesoderm immigration. Neither indian hedgehog nor desert hedgehog are expressed in these midline structures although mRNA of both genes was detected in other structures of the early chick embryo. In X. laevis, shh is expressed at the beginning of gastrulation in a distinct area dorsal to the dorsal blastopore lip and adjacent to the prospective neuroectoderm, whereas the floor plate expresses shh at the end of gastrulation. Conclusions While shh expression patterns in rabbit and X. laevis embryos are roughly compatible with the classical view of "ventral to dorsal induction" of the floor plate, the early shh expression in the chick floor plate challenges this model. Intriguingly, this alternative sequence of domain induction is related to the asymmetrical morphogenesis of the primitive node and other axial organs in the chick. Our results indicate that the floor plate in X. laevis and chick embryos may be initially induced by planar interaction within the ectoderm or epiblast. Furthermore, we propose that the mode of the floor plate induction adapts to the variant topography of interacting tissues during gastrulation and notochord formation and thereby reveals evolutionary plasticity of early embryonic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kremnyov
- 1Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov State University Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, Builung 12, Moscow, Russia 119234.,2Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, Moscow, Russia 119991
| | - Kristine Henningfeld
- 3Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- 4Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- 4Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
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49
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Sedykh I, Keller AN, Yoon B, Roberson L, Moskvin OV, Grinblat Y. Zebrafish Rfx4 controls dorsal and ventral midline formation in the neural tube. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:650-659. [PMID: 29243319 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rfx winged-helix transcription factors, best known as key regulators of core ciliogenesis, also play ciliogenesis-independent roles during neural development. Mammalian Rfx4 controls neural tube morphogenesis via both mechanisms. RESULTS We set out to identify conserved aspects of rfx4 gene function during vertebrate development and to establish a new genetic model in which to analyze these mechanisms further. To this end, we have generated frame-shift alleles in the zebrafish rfx4 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Using RNAseq-based transcriptome analysis, in situ hybridization and immunostaining we identified a requirement for zebrafish rfx4 in the forming midlines of the caudal neural tube. These functions are mediated, least in part, through transcriptional regulation of several zic genes in the dorsal hindbrain and of foxa2 in the ventral hindbrain and spinal cord (floor plate). CONCLUSIONS The midline patterning functions of rfx4 are conserved, because rfx4 regulates transcription of foxa2 and zic2 in zebrafish and in mouse. In contrast, zebrafish rfx4 function is dispensable for forebrain morphogenesis, while mouse rfx4 is required for normal formation of forebrain ventricles in a ciliogenesis-dependent manner. Collectively, this report identifies conserved aspects of rfx4 function and establishes a robust new genetic model for in-depth dissection of these mechanisms. Developmental Dynamics 247:650-659, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sedykh
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Zoology Ph.D. Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Abigail N Keller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Baul Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura Roberson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Oleg V Moskvin
- Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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50
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Towers M. Evolution of antero-posterior patterning of the limb: Insights from the chick. Genesis 2018; 56:e23047. [PMID: 28734068 PMCID: PMC5811799 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The developing limbs of chicken embryos have served as pioneering models for understanding pattern formation for over a century. The ease with which chick wing and leg buds can be experimentally manipulated, while the embryo is still in the egg, has resulted in the discovery of important developmental organisers, and subsequently, the signals that they produce. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced by mesenchyme cells of the polarizing region at the posterior margin of the limb bud and specifies positional values across the antero-posterior axis (the axis running from the thumb to the little finger). Detailed experimental embryology has revealed the fundamental parameters required to specify antero-posterior positional values in response to Shh signaling in chick wing and leg buds. In this review, the evolution of the avian wing and leg will be discussed in the broad context of tetrapod paleontology, and more specifically, ancestral theropod dinosaur paleontology. How the parameters that dictate antero-posterior patterning could have been modulated to produce the avian wing and leg digit patterns will be considered. Finally, broader speculations will be made regarding what the antero-posterior patterning of chick limbs can tell us about the evolution of other digit patterns, including those that were found in the limbs of the earliest tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical ScienceThe Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUnited Kingdom
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