1
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Garcia C, Miller-Awe MD, Witkowski MT. Concepts in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:18-32. [PMID: 38243586 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) arises from genetic alterations impacting B cell progenitors, ultimately leading to clinically overt disease. Extensive collaborative efforts in basic and clinical research have significantly improved patient prognoses. Nevertheless, a subset of patients demonstrate resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic approaches and emerging immunotherapeutic interventions. This review highlights the mechanistic underpinnings governing B-ALL transformation. Beginning with exploring normative B cell lymphopoiesis, we delineate the influence of recurrent germline and somatic genetic aberrations on the perturbation of B cell progenitor differentiation and protumorigenic signaling, thereby facilitating the neoplastic transformation underlying B-ALL progression. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in the multifaceted landscape of B-ALL, encompassing metabolic reprogramming, microbiome influences, inflammation, and the discernible impact of socioeconomic and racial disparities on B-ALL transformation and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Megan D Miller-Awe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Matthew T Witkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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2
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Gruenbacher S, Jaritz M, Hill L, Schäfer M, Busslinger M. Essential role of the Pax5 C-terminal domain in controlling B cell commitment and development. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230260. [PMID: 37725138 PMCID: PMC10509461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell regulator Pax5 consists of multiple domains whose function we analyzed in vivo by deletion in Pax5. While B lymphopoiesis was minimally affected in mice with homozygous deletion of the octapeptide or partial homeodomain, both sequences were required for optimal B cell development. Deletion of the C-terminal regulatory domain 1 (CRD1) interfered with B cell development, while elimination of CRD2 modestly affected B-lymphopoiesis. Deletion of CRD1 and CRD2 arrested B cell development at an uncommitted pro-B cell stage. Most Pax5-regulated genes required CRD1 or both CRD1 and CRD2 for their activation or repression as these domains induced or eliminated open chromatin at Pax5-activated or Pax5-repressed genes, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the activating function of CRD1 is mediated through interaction with the chromatin-remodeling BAF, H3K4-methylating Set1A-COMPASS, and H4K16-acetylating NSL complexes, while its repressing function depends on recruitment of the Sin3-HDAC and MiDAC complexes. These data provide novel molecular insight into how different Pax5 domains regulate gene expression to promote B cell commitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gruenbacher
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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3
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KUROKAWA A, YAMAMOTO Y. Immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 53 avian species using commercial antibodies. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1121-1130. [PMID: 37661384 PMCID: PMC10600538 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing a method to detect avian lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry (IHC) would be helpful for analyzing immune function and diagnosing diseases in birds. In this study, we comprehensively examined the immunohistochemical identification of avian T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 53 avian species across 15 orders, using eight commercially available lymphocyte markers. T lymphocytes from all 53 avian species tested were specifically detected by IHC using the anti-CD3 antibody (clone F7.2.38). The appropriate antibody for detecting avian B lymphocytes in IHC varied depending on the avian species. B lymphocytes were specifically labeled by IHC in 46 of 53 avian species (86.8%) using any of seven B cell markers. The anti-PAX5 antibody (clone SP34) immunohistochemically detected B lymphocytes from the majority of avian species (41 out of 53 species), excluding those in the orders Falconiformes (falcons) and Passeriformes (oscines). The anti-BAFF-R antibody (clone 2C4) proved suitable for detecting B lymphocytes in the orders Galliformes (landfowls) and Anseriformes (waterfowls) in IHC. Caution is advised when using the anti-BLA36 (clone A27-42) and two anti-CD20 (clone L26 and product No. PA5-16701) antibodies, which are commonly used as B cell markers in mammals, for detecting avian B lymphocytes. These antibodies reacted with cells located in both T and B cell areas in certain avian species. The anti-Bu-1a/b (clone AV20) and anti-CD79a (clone HM57) antibodies were found not to bind to B lymphocytes in various avian species in IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi KUROKAWA
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture
and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu YAMAMOTO
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture
and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Benyoucef A, Haigh JJ, Brand M. Unveiling the complexity of transcription factor networks in hematopoietic stem cells: implications for cell therapy and hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151343. [PMID: 37441426 PMCID: PMC10333584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionality and longevity of hematopoietic tissue is ensured by a tightly controlled balance between self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the many different blood lineages. Cell fate determination in HSCs is influenced by signals from extrinsic factors (e.g., cytokines, irradiation, reactive oxygen species, O2 concentration) that are translated and integrated by intrinsic factors such as Transcription Factors (TFs) to establish specific gene regulatory programs. TFs also play a central role in the establishment and/or maintenance of hematological malignancies, highlighting the need to understand their functions in multiple contexts. TFs bind to specific DNA sequences and interact with each other to form transcriptional complexes that directly or indirectly control the expression of multiple genes. Over the past decades, significant research efforts have unraveled molecular programs that control HSC function. This, in turn, led to the identification of more than 50 TF proteins that influence HSC fate. However, much remains to be learned about how these proteins interact to form molecular networks in combination with cofactors (e.g. epigenetics factors) and how they control differentiation, expansion, and maintenance of cellular identity. Understanding these processes is critical for future applications particularly in the field of cell therapy, as this would allow for manipulation of cell fate and induction of expansion, differentiation, or reprogramming of HSCs using specific cocktails of TFs. Here, we review recent findings that have unraveled the complexity of molecular networks controlled by TFs in HSCs and point towards possible applications to obtain functional HSCs ex vivo for therapeutic purposes including hematological malignancies. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and prospects for the derivation and expansion of functional adult HSCs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Benyoucef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faulty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faulty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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5
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Goodlad JR, Xiao W, Amador C, Cook JR, Happ L, Thakkar D, Dave S, Dogan A, Duffield A, Nejati R, Ott G, Wasik M, Czader M. Phenotypic and genotypic infidelity in B-lineage neoplasms, including transdifferentiation following targeted therapy: Report from the 2021 SH/EAHP Workshop. Am J Clin Pathol 2023:7135991. [PMID: 37085149 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Session 2 of the 2021 Society for Hematopathology and European Association for Haematopathology Workshop collected examples of lineage infidelity and transdifferentiation in B-lineage neoplasms, including after targeted therapy. METHODS Twenty cases were submitted. Whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide RNA expression analysis were available on a limited subsample. RESULTS A diagnosis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was rendered on at least 1 biopsy from 13 patients. There was 1 case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); the remaining 6 cases were mature B-cell neoplasms. Targeted therapy was administered in 7 cases of B-ALL and 4 cases of mature B-cell neoplasms. Six cases of B-ALL underwent lineage switch to AML or mixed-phenotype acute leukemia at relapse, 5 of which had rearranged KMT2A. Changes in maturational state without lineage switch were observed in 2 cases. Examples of de novo aberrant T-cell antigen expression (n = 2) were seen among the mature B-cell lymphoma cohort, and their presence correlated with alterations in tumor cell gene expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS This cohort of cases enabled us to illustrate, discuss, and review current concepts of lineage switch and aberrant antigen expression in a variety of B-cell neoplasms and draw attention to the role targeted therapies may have in predisposing neoplasms to transdifferentiation as well as other, less expected changes in maturational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Catalina Amador
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, US
| | - James R Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, US
| | | | | | - Sandeep Dave
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, US
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Amy Duffield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mariusz Wasik
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Magdalena Czader
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
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6
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Kaiser FMP, Gruenbacher S, Oyaga MR, Nio E, Jaritz M, Sun Q, van der Zwaag W, Kreidl E, Zopf LM, Dalm VASH, Pel J, Gaiser C, van der Vliet R, Wahl L, Rietman A, Hill L, Leca I, Driessen G, Laffeber C, Brooks A, Katsikis PD, Lebbink JHG, Tachibana K, van der Burg M, De Zeeuw CI, Badura A, Busslinger M. Biallelic PAX5 mutations cause hypogammaglobulinemia, sensorimotor deficits, and autism spectrum disorder. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213392. [PMID: 35947077 PMCID: PMC9372349 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic causes of primary antibody deficiencies and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are largely unknown. Here, we report a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia and ASD who carries biallelic mutations in the transcription factor PAX5. A patient-specific Pax5 mutant mouse revealed an early B cell developmental block and impaired immune responses as the cause of hypogammaglobulinemia. Pax5 mutant mice displayed behavioral deficits in all ASD domains. The patient and the mouse model showed aberrant cerebellar foliation and severely impaired sensorimotor learning. PAX5 deficiency also caused profound hypoplasia of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area due to loss of GABAergic neurons, thus affecting two midbrain hubs, controlling motor function and reward processing, respectively. Heterozygous Pax5 mutant mice exhibited similar anatomic and behavioral abnormalities. Lineage tracing identified Pax5 as a crucial regulator of cerebellar morphogenesis and midbrain GABAergic neurogenesis. These findings reveal new roles of Pax5 in brain development and unravel the underlying mechanism of a novel immunological and neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M P Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Gruenbacher
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Roa Oyaga
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enzo Nio
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lydia M Zopf
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Gaiser
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rick van der Vliet
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucas Wahl
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - André Rietman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Leca
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gertjan Driessen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Charlie Laffeber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alice Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kikuë Tachibana
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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7
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The Pleiotropy of PAX5 Gene Products and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710095. [PMID: 36077495 PMCID: PMC9456430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, a member of the Paired Box (PAX) transcription factor family, is an essential factor for B-lineage identity during lymphoid differentiation. Mechanistically, PAX5 controls gene expression profiles, which are pivotal to cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Given its crucial function in B-cell development, PAX5 aberrant expression also correlates with hallmark cancer processes leading to hematological and other types of cancer lesions. Despite the well-established association of PAX5 in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer disease, the use of PAX5 as a cancer biomarker or therapeutic target has yet to be implemented. This may be partly due to the assortment of PAX5 expressed products, which layers the complexity of their function and role in various regulatory networks and biological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the reported data describing PAX5 products, their regulation, and function in cellular processes, cellular biology, and neoplasm.
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8
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Gofin Y, Wang T, Gillentine MA, Scott TM, Berry AM, Azamian MS, Genetti C, Agrawal PB, Picker J, Wojcik MH, Delgado MR, Lynch SA, Scherer SW, Howe JL, Bacino CA, DiTroia S, VanNoy GE, O’Donnell-Luria A, Lalani SR, Graf WD, Rosenfeld JA, Eichler EE, Earl RK, Scott DA. Delineation of a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with PAX5 haploinsufficiency. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:461-470. [PMID: 35094443 PMCID: PMC8960338 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PAX5 is a transcription factor associated with abnormal posterior midbrain and cerebellum development in mice. PAX5 is highly loss-of-function intolerant and missense constrained, and has been identified as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We describe 16 individuals from 12 families who carry deletions involving PAX5 and surrounding genes, de novo frameshift variants that are likely to trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a rare stop-gain variant, or missense variants that affect conserved amino acid residues. Four of these individuals were published previously but without detailed clinical descriptions. All these individuals have been diagnosed with one or more neurodevelopmental phenotypes including delayed developmental milestones (DD), intellectual disability (ID), and/or ASD. Seizures were documented in four individuals. No recurrent patterns of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, structural birth defects, or dysmorphic features were observed. Our findings suggest that PAX5 haploinsufficiency causes a neurodevelopmental disorder whose cardinal features include DD, variable ID, and/or ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Gofin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Madelyn A. Gillentine
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiana M. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Aliska M. Berry
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahshid S. Azamian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Casie Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Picker
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica H. Wojcik
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mauricio R. Delgado
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
- Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Stephen W. Scherer
- Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Howe
- Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie DiTroia
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace E. VanNoy
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne O’Donnell-Luria
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William D. Graf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Connecticut Children’s, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel K. Earl
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children’s Autism Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daryl A. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Bradford STJ, Grimley E, Laszczyk AM, Lee PH, Patel SR, Dressler GR. Identification of Pax protein inhibitors that suppress target gene expression and cancer cell proliferation. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:412-422.e4. [PMID: 34822752 PMCID: PMC8934255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pax family of developmental control genes are frequently deregulated in human disease. In the kidney, Pax2 is expressed in developing nephrons but not in adult proximal and distal tubules, whereas polycystic kidney epithelia or renal cell carcinoma continues to express high levels. Pax2 reduction in mice or cell culture can slow proliferation of cystic epithelial cells or renal cancer cells. Thus, inhibition of Pax activity may be a viable, cell-type-specific therapy. We designed an unbiased, cell-based, high-throughput screen that identified triazolo pyrimidine derivatives that attenuate Pax transactivation ability. We show that BG-1 inhibits Pax2-positive cancer cell growth and target gene expression but has little effect on Pax2-negative cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation suggests that these inhibitors prevent Pax protein interactions with the histone H3K4 methylation complex at Pax target genes in renal cells. Thus, these compounds may provide structural scaffolds for kidney-specific inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna T J Bradford
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, BSRB 2049, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edward Grimley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, BSRB 2049, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Laszczyk
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, BSRB 2049, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pil H Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sanjeevkumar R Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, BSRB 2049, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Jurado S, Fedl AS, Jaritz M, Kostanova‐Poliakova D, Malin SG, Mullighan CG, Strehl S, Fischer M, Busslinger M. The PAX5‐JAK2 translocation acts as dual‐hit mutation that promotes aggressive B‐cell leukemia via nuclear STAT5 activation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108397. [PMID: 35156727 PMCID: PMC8982625 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While PAX5 is an important tumor suppressor gene in B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL), it is also involved in oncogenic translocations coding for diverse PAX5 fusion proteins. PAX5‐JAK2 encodes a protein consisting of the PAX5 DNA‐binding region fused to the constitutively active JAK2 kinase domain. Here, we studied the oncogenic function of the PAX5‐JAK2 fusion protein in a mouse model expressing it from the endogenous Pax5 locus, resulting in inactivation of one of the two Pax5 alleles. Pax5Jak2/+ mice rapidly developed an aggressive B‐ALL in the absence of another cooperating exogenous gene mutation. The DNA‐binding function and kinase activity of Pax5‐Jak2 as well as IL‐7 signaling contributed to leukemia development. Interestingly, all Pax5Jak2/+ tumors lost the remaining wild‐type Pax5 allele, allowing efficient DNA‐binding of Pax5‐Jak2. While we could not find evidence for a nuclear role of Pax5‐Jak2 as an epigenetic regulator, high levels of active phosphorylated STAT5 and increased expression of STAT5 target genes were seen in Pax5Jak2/+ B‐ALL tumors, implying that nuclear Pax5‐Jak2 phosphorylates STAT5. Together, these data reveal Pax5‐Jak2 as an important nuclear driver of leukemogenesis by maintaining phosphorylated STAT5 levels in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jurado
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Anna S Fedl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | | | - Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Strehl
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI) Vienna Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) Vienna Biocenter (VBC) Vienna Austria
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11
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Miyake T, Kuge M, Matsumoto Y, Shimada M. α-glucosyl-rutin activates immediate early genes in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2021; 56:102511. [PMID: 34455240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin is a natural flavonoid glycoside found in several vegetables and fruits such as buckwheat and onion. Rutin has a range of pharmacological effects that include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer activities. α-glucosyl-rutin (AGR) is a derivative of rutin with increased water solubility that is used in cosmetics and foods. However, the effects of AGR on cellular responses have not been clarified, especially in stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) show high proliferative activity and pluripotency; however, regulation of molecular machinery such as cell cycle, metabolism, and DNA repair differs between iPSCs and somatic cells. Here, we compared the effects of AGR on iPSCs and differentiated cells (fibroblasts and skin keratinocytes). AGR-treated iPSCs exhibited increased cell viability. RNA sequencing and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed that AGR induced expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) and differentiation-related genes in iPSCs. Our results suggest that AGR may activate differentiation signals mediated by IEG responses in iPSCs, resulting in altered metabolic activity and increased cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Miyake
- Cosmetic R&D Department, Takara Belmont Corp, 7-1-19 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan.
| | - Munekazu Kuge
- Cosmetic R&D Department, Takara Belmont Corp, 7-1-19 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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12
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Calderón L, Schindler K, Malin SG, Schebesta A, Sun Q, Schwickert T, Alberti C, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Tagoh H, Ebert A, Minnich M, Liston A, Cochella L, Busslinger M. Pax5 regulates B cell immunity by promoting PI3K signaling via PTEN down-regulation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/61/eabg5003. [PMID: 34301800 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax5 controls B cell development, but its role in mature B cells is largely enigmatic. Here, we demonstrated that the loss of Pax5 by conditional mutagenesis in peripheral B lymphocytes led to the strong reduction of B-1a, marginal zone (MZ), and germinal center (GC) B cells as well as plasma cells. Follicular (FO) B cells tolerated the loss of Pax5 but had a shortened half-life. The Pax5-deficient FO B cells failed to proliferate upon B cell receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation due to impaired PI3K-AKT signaling, which was caused by increased expression of PTEN, a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. Pax5 restrained PTEN protein expression at the posttranscriptional level, likely involving Pten-targeting microRNAs. Additional PTEN loss in Pten,Pax5 double-mutant mice rescued FO B cell numbers and the development of MZ B cells but did not restore GC B cell formation. Hence, the posttranscriptional down-regulation of PTEN expression is an important function of Pax5 that facilitates the differentiation and survival of mature B cells, thereby promoting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Calderón
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Schebesta
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwickert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Alberti
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Luisa Cochella
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Liu GJ, Jaritz M, Wöhner M, Agerer B, Bergthaler A, Malin SG, Busslinger M. Repression of the B cell identity factor Pax5 is not required for plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152012. [PMID: 32780801 PMCID: PMC7596824 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell and plasma cell fates are controlled by different transcriptional networks, as exemplified by the mutually exclusive expression and cross-antagonism of the B cell identity factor Pax5 and the plasma cell regulator Blimp1. It has been postulated that repression of Pax5 by Blimp1 is essential for plasma cell development. Here, we challenged this hypothesis by analyzing the IghPax5/+ mouse, which expressed a Pax5 minigene from the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. Despite high Pax5 expression, plasma cells efficiently developed in young IghPax5/+ mice at steady state and upon immunization, while their number moderately declined in older mice. Although Pax5 significantly deregulated the plasma cell expression program, key plasma cell regulators were normally expressed in IghPax5/+ plasma cells. While IgM and IgA secretion by IghPax5/+ plasma cells was normal, IgG secretion was modestly decreased. Hence, Pax5 repression is not essential for robust plasma cell development and antibody secretion, although it is required for optimal IgG production and accumulation of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Liu
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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15
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Yu J, Kim S, Lee N, Jeon H, Lee J, Takami M, Rho J. Pax5 Negatively Regulates Osteoclastogenesis through Downregulation of Blimp1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042097. [PMID: 33672551 PMCID: PMC7923754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box protein 5 (Pax5) is a crucial transcription factor responsible for B-cell lineage specification and commitment. In this study, we identified a negative role of Pax5 in osteoclastogenesis. The expression of Pax5 was time-dependently downregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) stimulation in osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclast (OC) differentiation and bone resorption were inhibited (68.9% and 48% reductions, respectively) by forced expression of Pax5 in OC lineage cells. Pax5 led to the induction of antiosteoclastogenic factors through downregulation of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1). To examine the negative role of Pax5 in vivo, we generated Pax5 transgenic (Pax5Tg) mice expressing the human Pax5 transgene under the control of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) promoter, which is expressed mainly in OC lineage cells. OC differentiation and bone resorption were inhibited (54.2–76.9% and 24.0–26.2% reductions, respectively) in Pax5Tg mice, thereby contributing to the osteopetrotic-like bone phenotype characterized by increased bone mineral density (13.0–13.6% higher), trabecular bone volume fraction (32.5–38.1% higher), trabecular thickness (8.4–9.0% higher), and trabecular number (25.5–26.7% higher) and decreased trabecular spacing (9.3–10.4% lower) compared to wild-type control mice. Furthermore, the number of OCs was decreased (48.8–65.3% reduction) in Pax5Tg mice. These findings indicate that Pax5 plays a negative role in OC lineage specification and commitment through Blimp1 downregulation. Thus, our data suggest that the Pax5–Blimp1 axis is crucial for the regulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.K.); (N.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.K.); (N.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.K.); (N.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyoeun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.K.); (N.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawaku 142-8555, Japan;
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.K.); (N.L.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6420; Fax: +82-42-822-7367
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16
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Li F, Liu J, Liu W, Gao J, Lei Q, Han H, Yang J, Li H, Cao D, Zhou Y. Genome-wide association study of body size traits in Wenshang Barred chickens based on the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing technology. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13506. [PMID: 33398896 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chicken body size (BS) is an economically important trait, which has been assessed in many studies for genetic selection. However, previous reports detected functional chromosome mutations or regions using gene chips. The present study used the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of purebred Wenshang Barred chickens. A total of 250 one-day-old male chickens were assessed in this study. Body size in individual birds was measured at 56 days. SLAF-seq was used to genotype and GWAS analysis was carried out using the general linear model (GLM) of the TASSEL program. A total of 1,286,715 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, of which 175,211 were tested as candidate SNPs for genome-wide association analysis using the TASSEL general linear model. Three SNPs markers reached genome-wide significance. Of these, chrZ:81729634, chrZ:81841715, and chrZ:81954149 at 81,729,634, 81,841,715, and 81,954,149 bp of GGA Z were significantly associated with body diagonal length at 56 days (BDL56); and tibia length at 56 days (TL56). These SNPs were close to three genes, including ZCCHC7, PAX5, and MELK. These results open new horizons for studies on BS and should promote the use of Chinese chickens, especially Wenshang Barred chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Li
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Lei
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Han
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Jingchao Yang
- Shandong Animal Husbandry General Station, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Cao
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China.,The Key Lab of Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Immunology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, P. R. China
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17
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Unal-Aydin P, Aydin O, Arslan A. Genetic Architecture of Depression: Where Do We Stand Now? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:203-230. [PMID: 33834402 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The research of depression genetics has been occupied by historical candidate genes which were tested by candidate gene association studies. However, these studies were mostly not replicable. Thus, genetics of depression have remained elusive for a long time. As research moves from candidate gene association studies to GWAS, the hypothesis-free non-candidate gene association studies in genome-wide level, this trend will likely change. Despite the fact that the earlier GWAS of depression were not successful, the recent GWAS suggest robust findings for depression genetics. These altogether will catalyze a new wave of multidisciplinary research to pin down the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Unal-Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Orkun Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ayla Arslan
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia.
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18
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Global Genome Conformational Programming during Neuronal Development Is Associated with CTCF and Nuclear FGFR1-The Genome Archipelago Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010347. [PMID: 33396256 PMCID: PMC7795191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neuronal committed cells (NCC), coordinated changes in the expression of 2851 genes take place, mediated by the nuclear form of FGFR1. In this paper, widespread differences are demonstrated in the ESC and NCC inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions, chromatin looping, the formation of CTCF- and nFGFR1-linked Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) on a genome-wide scale and in exemplary HoxA-D loci. The analysis centered on HoxA cluster shows that blocking FGFR1 disrupts the loop formation. FGFR1 binding and genome locales are predictive of the genome interactions; likewise, chromatin interactions along with nFGFR1 binding are predictive of the genome function and correlate with genome regulatory attributes and gene expression. This study advances a topologically integrated genome archipelago model that undergoes structural transformations through the formation of nFGFR1-associated TADs. The makeover of the TAD islands serves to recruit distinct ontogenic programs during the development of the ESC to NCC.
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19
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Cerván-Martín M, Bossini-Castillo L, Rivera-Egea R, Garrido N, Luján S, Romeu G, Santos-Ribeiro S, Castilla JA, Gonzalvo MC, Clavero A, Vicente FJ, Guzmán-Jiménez A, Costa C, Llinares-Burguet I, Khantham C, Burgos M, Barrionuevo FJ, Jiménez R, Sánchez-Curbelo J, López-Rodrigo O, Peraza MF, Pereira-Caetano I, Marques PI, Carvalho F, Barros A, Bassas L, Seixas S, Gonçalves J, Larriba S, Lopes AM, Palomino-Morales RJ, Carmona FD. Evaluation of Male Fertility-Associated Loci in a European Population of Patients with Severe Spermatogenic Impairment. J Pers Med 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 33383876 PMCID: PMC7823507 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a growing concern in developed societies. Two extreme phenotypes of male infertility are non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and severe oligospermia (SO), which are characterized by severe spermatogenic failure (SpF). We designed a genetic association study comprising 725 Iberian infertile men as a consequence of SpF and 1058 unaffected controls to evaluate whether five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously associated with reduced fertility in Hutterites, are also involved in the genetic susceptibility to idiopathic SpF and specific clinical entities. A significant difference in the allele frequencies of USP8-rs7174015 was observed under the recessive model between the NOA group and both the control group (p = 0.0226, OR = 1.33) and the SO group (p = 0.0048, OR = 1.78). Other genetic associations for EPSTI1-rs12870438 and PSAT1-rs7867029 with SO and between TUSC1-rs10966811 and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) success in the context of NOA were observed. In silico analysis of functional annotations demonstrated cis-eQTL effects of such SNPs likely due to the modification of binding motif sites for relevant transcription factors of the spermatogenic process. The findings reported here shed light on the molecular mechanisms leading to severe phenotypes of idiopathic male infertility, and may help to better understand the contribution of the common genetic variation to the development of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cerván-Martín
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Rocío Rivera-Egea
- Andrology Laboratory and Sperm Bank, IVIRMA Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain;
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (S.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Saturnino Luján
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (S.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gema Romeu
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (S.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Samuel Santos-Ribeiro
- IVI-RMA Lisbon, 1800-282 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - José A. Castilla
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
- Unidad de Reproducción, UGC Obstetricia y Ginecología, HU Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
- CEIFER Biobanco—NextClinics, 18004 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Gonzalvo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
- Unidad de Reproducción, UGC Obstetricia y Ginecología, HU Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Clavero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
- Unidad de Reproducción, UGC Obstetricia y Ginecología, HU Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - F. Javier Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
- UGC de Urología, HU Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Guzmán-Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
| | - Cláudia Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inés Llinares-Burguet
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
| | - Chiranan Khantham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Miguel Burgos
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
| | - Francisco J. Barrionuevo
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
| | - Rafael Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
| | - Josvany Sánchez-Curbelo
- Laboratory of Seminology and Embryology, Andrology Service-Fundació Puigvert, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (O.L.-R.); (M.F.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Olga López-Rodrigo
- Laboratory of Seminology and Embryology, Andrology Service-Fundació Puigvert, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (O.L.-R.); (M.F.P.); (L.B.)
| | - M. Fernanda Peraza
- Laboratory of Seminology and Embryology, Andrology Service-Fundació Puigvert, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (O.L.-R.); (M.F.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Iris Pereira-Caetano
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.P.-C.); (J.G.)
| | - Patricia I. Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Serviço de Genética, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Barros
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Serviço de Genética, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lluís Bassas
- Laboratory of Seminology and Embryology, Andrology Service-Fundació Puigvert, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-C.); (O.L.-R.); (M.F.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Susana Seixas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.P.-C.); (J.G.)
- ToxOmics—Centro de Toxicogenómica e Saúde Humana, Nova Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Larriba
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Alexandra M. Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (P.I.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (A.M.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rogelio J. Palomino-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - F. David Carmona
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.B.-C.); (A.G.-J.); (I.L.-B.); (M.B.); (F.J.B.); (R.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; (J.A.C.); (M.C.G.); (A.C.); (F.J.V.)
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Hill L, Ebert A, Jaritz M, Wutz G, Nagasaka K, Tagoh H, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Schindler K, Sun Q, Bönelt P, Fischer M, Peters JM, Busslinger M. Wapl repression by Pax5 promotes V gene recombination by Igh loop extrusion. Nature 2020; 584:142-147. [PMID: 32612238 PMCID: PMC7116900 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear processes, such as V(D)J recombination, are orchestrated by the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes at multiple levels, including compartments1 and topologically associated domains (TADs)2,3 consisting of chromatin loops4. TADs are formed by chromatin-loop extrusion5-7, which depends on the loop-extrusion function of the ring-shaped cohesin complex8-12. Conversely, the cohesin-release factor Wapl13,14 restricts loop extension10,15. The generation of a diverse antibody repertoire, providing humoral immunity to pathogens, requires the participation of all V genes in V(D)J recombination16, which depends on contraction of the 2.8-Mb-long immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by Pax517,18. However, how Pax5 controls Igh contraction in pro-B cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that locus contraction is caused by loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus. Notably, the expression of Wapl is repressed by Pax5 specifically in pro-B and pre-B cells, facilitating extended loop extrusion by increasing the residence time of cohesin on chromatin. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional repression of Wapl through a single Pax5-binding site by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 to induce bivalent chromatin at the Wapl promoter. Reduced Wapl expression causes global alterations in the chromosome architecture, indicating that the potential to recombine all V genes entails structural changes of the entire genome in pro-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Kurokawa A, Yamamoto Y. Immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded chicken tissues using commercial antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 228:110088. [PMID: 32688059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical method to detect avian lymphocytes is an efficient and reliable tool for accurate diagnosis, and immunological analysis of avian diseases. However, there are scarce studies reporting immunohistochemistry (IHC) using commercially available antibodies in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) chicken tissues. In the present study, we established an immunohistochemical method to identify chicken T and B lymphocytes in FFPE chicken tissues using commercial antibodies against chicken or human antigens. For this IHC method, the five tested anti-T lymphocyte antibodies reacted with chicken T lymphocytes on the FFPE sections. Further, 10 commercial anti-B lymphocyte antibodies were tested; of these, three successfully detected chicken B lymphocytes for IHC. In particular, anti-human CD3 (clone F7.2.38) antibody was most suitable for the detection of chicken T lymphocytes, whereas anti-chicken B cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) antibody (clone 2C4) was most suitable for the detection of chicken B lymphocytes under our IHC staining conditions. These two antibodies reacted with numerous lymphocytes of all representative lymphoid tissues without problematic background staining and nonspecific reactions. Our results indicate that T and B lymphocytes in FFPE chicken tissues can be immunohistochemically detected using commercial antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Kurokawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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22
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Tibaldi E, Gnudi F, Panzacchi S, Mandrioli D, Vornoli A, Manservigi M, Sgargi D, Falcioni L, Bua L, Belpoggi F. Identification of aspartame-induced haematopoietic and lymphoid tumours in rats after lifetime treatment. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151548. [PMID: 32622430 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas and leukaemias involving the lung have in some cases been hard to distinguish from respiratory tract infection in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from long-term bioassays. In order to differentiate between tumours and immune cell infiltrates, updated pathological criteria and nomenclature were used and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumours (HLTs) in the original prenatal long-term Aspartame (APM) study performed by the Ramazzini Institute (RI). All 78 cases of HLTs from treated and control groups were re-examined based on light microscopic morphological characteristics and subjected to a panel of IHC markers including Ki67, CD3, PAX5, CD20, CD68, TdT, CD45, CD14 and CD33. The analysis confirmed the diagnoses of HLTs in 72 cases, identified 3 cases of preneoplastic lesions (lymphoid hyperplasia), and categorized 3 cases as inflammatory lesions. A statistically significant increase in total HLTs (p = 0.006), total lymphomas (p = 0.032) and total leukaemias (p = 0.031) in treated female rats was confirmed (high dose vs control), and a statistically significant linear trend for each HLT type was also observed. After the HLT cases re-evaluation, the results obtained are consistent with those reported in the previous RI publication and reinforce the hypothesis that APM has a leukaemogenic and lymphomatogenic effect.
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Contribution of Dopamine Transporter Gene Methylation Status to Cannabis Dependency. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060400. [PMID: 32586035 PMCID: PMC7348832 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility to cannabis dependency results from the influence of numerous factors such as social, genetic, as well as epigenetic factors. Many studies have attempted to discover a molecular basis for this disease. However, our study aimed at evaluating the connection between altered methylation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) promoter CpG sites and cannabis dependency. In the cases of some DNA sequences, including the DAT1 gene region, their methylation status in blood cells may reflect a systemic modulation in the whole organism. Consequently, we isolated the DNA from the peripheral blood cells from a group of 201 cannabis-dependent patients and 285 controls who were healthy volunteers and who were matched for age and sex. The DNA was subjected to bisulfite conversion and sequencing. Our analysis revealed no statistical differences in the general methylation status of the DAT1 gene promoter CpG island between the patients and controls. Yet, the analysis of individual CpG sites where methylation occurred indicated significant differences. These sites are known to be bound by transcription factors (e.g., SP1, p53, PAX5, or GR), which, apart from other functions, were shown to play a role in the development of the nervous system. Therefore, DAT1 gene promoter methylation studies may provide important insight into the mechanism of cannabis dependency.
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Harquail J, LeBlanc N, Ouellette RJ, Robichaud GA. miRNAs 484 and 210 regulate Pax-5 expression and function in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1010-1020. [PMID: 30605519 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have enabled the identification of important factors regulating cancer progression, such as paired box gene 5 (Pax-5). This transcription factor has consistently been associated to B-cell cancer lesions and more recently solid tumors including breast carcinoma. Although Pax-5 downstream activity is relatively well characterized, aberrant Pax-5 expression in a cancer-specific context is poorly understood. To investigate the regulation of Pax-5 expression, we turned to micro RNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate key biological processes. Extensive studies show that miRNA deregulation is prevalent in cancer lesions. In this study, we aim to elucidate a causal link between differentially expressed miRNAs in cancer cells and their putative targeting of Pax-5-dependent cancer processes. Bioinformatic prediction tools indicate that miRNAs 484 and 210 are aberrantly expressed in breast cancer and predicted to target Pax-5 messenger RNA (mRNA). Through conditional modulation of these miRNAs in breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that miRNAs 484 and 210 inhibit Pax-5 expression and regulate Pax-5-associated cancer processes. In validation, we show that these effects are probably caused by direct miRNA/mRNA interaction, which are reversible by Pax-5 recombinant expression. Interestingly, miRNAs 484 and 210, which are both overexpressed in clinical tumor samples, are also modulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transitioning and hypoxia that correlate inversely to Pax-5 expression. This is the first study demonstrating the regulation of Pax-5 expression and function by non-coding RNAs. These findings will help us better understand Pax-5 aberrant expression within cancer cells, creating the possibility for more efficient diagnosis and treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Harquail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Nicolas LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Rodney J Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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The Current Genomic and Molecular Landscape of Philadelphia-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062193. [PMID: 32235787 PMCID: PMC7139642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a high-risk B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) characterized by a gene expression profile similar to Ph-positive B-ALL but lacking the BCR-ABL1 translocation. The molecular pathogenesis of Ph-like B-ALL is heterogenous and involves aberrant genomics, receptor overexpression, kinase fusions, and mutations leading to kinase signaling activation, leukemogenic cellular proliferation, and differentiation blockade. Testing for the Ph-like signature, once only a research technique, is now available to the clinical oncologist. The plethora of data pointing to poor outcomes for this ALL subset has triggered investigations into the role of targeted therapies, predominantly involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are showing promising results.
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26
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Li Y, Li B, Zhou E, Fu S, Wang Y, Wu L, Lei Y, Guo Z, Ye J. CD38 play roles in T cell-dependent response and B cell differentiation in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103515. [PMID: 31605715 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional cell surface molecule that plays a crucial role in B cell activation, differentiation, and maturation in mammals with an increased expression in B cell maturation. In this study, a CD38-like molecule (OnCD38) was cloned and identified from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and its functional characterization was investigated. The open reading frame of OnCD38 is 828 bp of the nucleotide sequence, encoding a polypeptide of 275 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of OnCD38 is highly homologous to other teleost fish and similar to mammals, containing extracellular, intracellular and transmembrane regions. Subcellular localization studies revealed that OnCD38 molecules were presented on the surface of B cells. Three healthy tilapia were used in each experimental group and control group. Following keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) challenge in vivo, the mRNA expression of OnCD38 was significantly up-regulated in peripheral blood, spleen, and head kidney, with an earlier up-regulation in the second challenge than the first one. The up-regulation of OnCD38 expression was also detected in head kidney leukocytes after stimulation with LPS, recombinant HomoIL-10 ((r)HomoIL-10), (r)OnIL-10, and LPS plus (r)OnIL-10 in vitro. Furthermore, the OnCD38 expression increased with the differentiation of B cells, reaching a high level (10.1 fold higher than resting mature B cells) at the plasma-like B cells. Taken together, in this study, these results indicate that the OnCD38 is likely involved in the T cell-dependent response and plays roles in B cell differentiation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Enxu Zhou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
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Zhao W, Liu M, Li H, Wang S, Tang S, Kong RM, Yu R. Ultra-sensitive label-free electrochemical detection of the acute leukaemia gene Pax-5a based on enzyme-assisted cycle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Background As a result of decades of effort by many investigators we now have an advanced level of understanding about several molecular systems involved in the control of gene expression. Examples include CpG islands, promoters, mRNA splicing and epigenetic signals. It is less clear, however, how such systems work together to integrate the functions of a living organism. Here I describe the results of a study to test the idea that a contribution might be made by focusing on genes specifically expressed in a particular tissue, the human testis. Experimental design A database of 239 testis-specific genes was accumulated and each was examined for the presence of features relevant to control of gene expression. These include: (1) the presence of a promoter, (2) the presence of a CpG island (CGI) within the promoter, (3) the presence in the promoter of a transcription factor binding site near the transcription start site, (4) the level of gene expression, and (5) the above features in genes of testis-specific cell types such as spermatocyte and spermatid that differ in their extent of differentiation. Results Of the 107 database genes with an annotated promoter, 56 were found to have one or more transcription factor binding sites near the transcription start site. Three of the binding sites observed, Pax-5, AP-2αA and GRα, stand out in abundance suggesting they may be involved in testis-specific gene expression. Compared to less differentiated testis-specific cells, genes of more differentiated cells were found to be (1) more likely to lack a CGI, (2) more likely to lack introns and (3) higher in expression level. The results suggest genes of more differentiated cells have a reduced need for CGI-based regulatory repression, reduced usage of gene splicing and a smaller set of expressed proteins.
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Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Mandrioli D, Montella R, Strollo V, Merrick BA, Belpoggi F, Tibaldi E. Effects of short and long-term alcohol-based fixation on Sprague-Dawley rat tissue morphology, protein and nucleic acid preservation. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:750-760. [PMID: 31277893 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns on the toxic and carcinogenic effects of formalin exposure have drawn increasing attention to the search for alternative low risk fixatives for processing tissue specimens in laboratories worldwide. Alcohol-based fixatives are considered some of the most promising alternatives. We evaluated the performance of alcohol-fixed paraffin-embedded (AFPE) samples from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats analyzing tissue morphology, protein and nucleic acid preservation after short and extremely long fixation times (up to 7 years), using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples as a comparator fixative. Following short and long-term alcohol fixation, tissue morphology and cellular details in tissues, evaluated by scoring stained sections (Hematoxylin-Eosin and Mallory's trichrome), were optimally preserved if compared to formalin fixation. Immunoreactivity of proteins (Ki67, CD3, PAX5, CD68), evaluated by immunohistochemistry, showed satisfactory results when the fixation period did not exceed 1 year. Finally, we confirm the superiority of alcohol fixation compared to formalin, in terms of quantity of nucleic acid extracted from paraffin blocks, even after an extremely long time of alcohol fixation. Our results confirm that alcohol fixation is a suitable and safe alternative to formalin for pathological evaluations. There is a need for standardization of formalin-free methods and harmonization of diagnosis in pathology department worldwide.
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Wu L, Gao A, Kong L, Wu S, Yang Y, Bian X, Guo Z, Li Y, Li B, Pan X, Ye J. Molecular characterization and transcriptional expression of a B cell transcription factor Pax5 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:165-172. [PMID: 31039440 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pax5 (Paired Box 5), a nuclear transcription factor expressed in B cell specifically, is a key regulator for B cell activation. In this study, we cloned and identified a Pax5 gene (OnPax5) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which has an open reading frame of 1278 bp, encoding deduced amino acid sequence of 425 residues. OnPax5 contains a conserved DNA-binding domain encoding the paired box, an octapeptide, a homeobox homology region, a transactivation and a repressor domain. OnPax5 is constitutively expressed in various analyzed tissues of tilapia, with a relatively high expression in lymphoid organs, including spleen (SPL), anterior kidney (AK), and thymus. What's more, OnPax5 is highly expressed in leukocytes especially in IgM+ lymphocytes sorted from peripheral blood (PBL), SPL and AK. When stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, OnPax5 expression was significantly up-regulated in PBL, SPL and AK. Upon stimulation with LPS, pokeweed mitogen and mouse anti-OnIgM monoclonal antibody in vitro, the expression of OnPax5 was also significantly up-regulated in leukocytes from SPL and AK. Taken together, Pax5, the B cell lineage specific activator factor, might get involved in B cell activation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Linghe Kong
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Siwei Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xia Bian
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xunbin Pan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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Onimaru K, Kuraku S. Inference of the ancestral vertebrate phenotype through vestiges of the whole-genome duplications. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:352-361. [PMID: 29566222 PMCID: PMC6158797 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring the phenotype of the last common ancestor of living vertebrates is a challenging problem because of several unresolvable factors. They include the lack of reliable out-groups of living vertebrates, poor information about less fossilizable organs and specialized traits of phylogenetically important species, such as lampreys and hagfishes (e.g. secondary loss of vertebrae in adult hagfishes). These factors undermine the reliability of ancestral reconstruction by traditional character mapping approaches based on maximum parsimony. In this article, we formulate an approach to hypothesizing ancestral vertebrate phenotypes using information from the phylogenetic and functional properties of genes duplicated by genome expansions in early vertebrate evolution. We named the conjecture as ‘chronological reconstruction of ohnolog functions (CHROF)’. This CHROF conjecture raises the possibility that the last common ancestor of living vertebrates may have had more complex traits than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Onimaru
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo Japan.,Department of biological science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Inglés M, Mas-Bargues C, Gimeno-Mallench L, Cruz-Guerrero R, García-García FJ, Gambini J, Borrás C, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Viña J. Relation Between Genetic Factors and Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20:1451-1457. [PMID: 31078485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that identifies individuals at higher risk of disability, institutionalization, and death. We previously reported that frailty is related to oxidative stress and cognitive impairment-related biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine whether frailty is associated with genetic variants. DESIGN Longitudinal population-based cohort of 2488 community-dwelling people from Toledo, Spain, aged 65 years or older. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We obtained blood samples from 78 individuals with frailty and 74 nonfrail individuals who were nonfrail (according to Fried criteria) from the Toledo Study of Healthy Ageing and extracted DNA using the Chemagic DNA blood kit. MEASURES Sample genotyping was carried out by means of Axiom Exome 319 Genotyping Array (Thermo Fisher Scientific), which contains 295,988 markers [single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare variants], and transferred to the GeneTitan Instrument (Affymetrix). RESULTS We found 15 SNPs (P < .001), 18 genes (P < .005), and 4 pathways (P < .05) related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, regulation of autophagy, and renin-angiotensin system as the most strongly associated with frailty. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS The specific genetic features related to energy metabolism, biological processes regulation, cognition, and inflammation highlighted by this preliminary analysis offer useful insights for finding biologically meaningful biomarkers of frailty that allow early diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to confirm our novel findings in a larger population. Indeed, the EU-funded FRAILOMICS research effort will address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Inglés
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Gimeno-Mallench
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cruz-Guerrero
- CIBERER- Genomic Medicine Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Juan Gambini
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Getafe and CIBERFES (CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Ageing), Getafe, Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Gasparri P, Roncati L. Paired Box Gene 8 (Pax8) Is also an Immunomarker of B-Cell Lineage Which Can Be Source of Diagnostic Pitfalls. Chonnam Med J 2019; 55:70-72. [PMID: 30740347 PMCID: PMC6351321 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2019.55.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gasparri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Roncati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Gu Z, Churchman ML, Roberts KG, Moore I, Zhou X, Nakitandwe J, Hagiwara K, Pelletier S, Gingras S, Berns H, Payne-Turner D, Hill A, Iacobucci I, Shi L, Pounds S, Cheng C, Pei D, Qu C, Newman S, Devidas M, Dai Y, Reshmi SC, Gastier-Foster J, Raetz EA, Borowitz MJ, Wood BL, Carroll WL, Zweidler-McKay PA, Rabin KR, Mattano LA, Maloney KW, Rambaldi A, Spinelli O, Radich JP, Minden MD, Rowe JM, Luger S, Litzow MR, Tallman MS, Racevskis J, Zhang Y, Bhatia R, Kohlschmidt J, Mrózek K, Bloomfield CD, Stock W, Kornblau S, Kantarjian HM, Konopleva M, Evans WE, Jeha S, Pui CH, Yang J, Paietta E, Downing JR, Relling MV, Zhang J, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Mullighan CG. PAX5-driven subtypes of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2019; 51:296-307. [PMID: 30643249 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent genomic studies have identified chromosomal rearrangements defining new subtypes of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), however many cases lack a known initiating genetic alteration. Using integrated genomic analysis of 1,988 childhood and adult cases, we describe a revised taxonomy of B-ALL incorporating 23 subtypes defined by chromosomal rearrangements, sequence mutations or heterogeneous genomic alterations, many of which show marked variation in prevalence according to age. Two subtypes have frequent alterations of the B lymphoid transcription-factor gene PAX5. One, PAX5alt (7.4%), has diverse PAX5 alterations (rearrangements, intragenic amplifications or mutations); a second subtype is defined by PAX5 p.Pro80Arg and biallelic PAX5 alterations. We show that p.Pro80Arg impairs B lymphoid development and promotes the development of B-ALL with biallelic Pax5 alteration in vivo. These results demonstrate the utility of transcriptome sequencing to classify B-ALL and reinforce the central role of PAX5 as a checkpoint in B lymphoid maturation and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michelle L Churchman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kohei Hagiwara
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephane Pelletier
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hartmut Berns
- Department of Transgenic/Gene Knockout Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashley Hill
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yunfeng Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini C Reshmi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julie Gastier-Foster
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- Division of Hematologic Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brent L Wood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly W Maloney
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jacob M Rowe
- Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Selina Luger
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Janis Racevskis
- Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Krzysztof Mrózek
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Clara D Bloomfield
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wendy Stock
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Williams E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital and the Helen Diller Family, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Khan MR, Ahmad A, Kayani N, Minhas K. Expression of PAX-5 in B Cell Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin Lymphoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3463-3466. [PMID: 30583670 PMCID: PMC6428548 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.12.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: B-cell malignancies including Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia and Hodgkin Lymphoma show a wide spectrum of B-cell differentiation from early stage B-cell precursors to mature B-cells ending in terminal differentiation to plasma cells. Pan-B-cell antigens routinely used for the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma, include CD19, CD20, CD22 and CD79a.PAX-5 protein, also known as B-cell-specific activation protein is a B-cell-specific transcription factor; essential for commitment and functional maintenance used in the diagnosis of B cell Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. PAX-5 show nuclear positivity in B cell lymphomas and moderate (dim) positivity in Hodgkinlymphoma Reed Sternberg cells make this marker ideal for diagnosing B cell malignances. Objective: To determine the expression of PAX-5 in B cell Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in order to improve the diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas. Methods: In this Prospective study, all the cases of B cell lymphoma diagnosed at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi from July 2010 to July 2011were included. A panel of Immunohistochemical stain was performed in all cases along with additional PAX- 5 stain with appropriate controls. Results: Total 125 cases were included. Hodgkin Lymphoma (Mixed cellularity) was the commonest B-cell lymphoma subtype, 32 (25%) cases. Other common subtypes included Hodgkin lymphoma (Nodular sclerosis subtype), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and B lymphoblastic lymphoma. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PAX-5 is the most sensitive and reliable immuhohistochemicalmarker in the diagnosis of B cell Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahil Khan
- Department of Pathology, Bilawal Medical College, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Pakistan.
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Haley CT, Mui UN, Vangipuram R, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention: Papillomaviruses and Merkel cell polyomavirus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:1-21. [PMID: 30502418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, the first human oncovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, was identified in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since then, 6 other human oncoviruses have been identified: human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, and human herpesvirus-8. These viruses are causally linked to 12% of all cancers, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. In addition, oncoviruses are associated with multiple benign mucocutaneous diseases. Research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of oncoviruses and virus-specific treatment and prevention is rapidly evolving. Preventative vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus are already available. This review discusses the mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oncovirus-related diseases. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on diseases associated with human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, while the second article in the series focuses on diseases associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human herpesvirus-8, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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PAX5-ELN oncoprotein promotes multistep B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10357-10362. [PMID: 30257940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721678115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5 is a well-known haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene in human B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and is involved in various chromosomal translocations that fuse a part of PAX5 with other partners. However, the role of PAX5 fusion proteins in B-ALL initiation and transformation is ill-known. We previously reported a new recurrent t(7;9)(q11;p13) chromosomal translocation in human B-ALL that juxtaposed PAX5 to the coding sequence of elastin (ELN). To study the function of the resulting PAX5-ELN fusion protein in B-ALL development, we generated a knockin mouse model in which the PAX5-ELN transgene is expressed specifically in B cells. PAX5-ELN-expressing mice efficiently developed B-ALL with an incidence of 80%. Leukemic transformation was associated with recurrent secondary mutations on Ptpn11, Kras, Pax5, and Jak3 genes affecting key signaling pathways required for cell proliferation. Our functional studies demonstrate that PAX5-ELN affected B-cell development in vitro and in vivo featuring an aberrant expansion of the pro-B cell compartment at the preleukemic stage. Finally, our molecular and computational approaches identified PAX5-ELN-regulated gene candidates that establish the molecular bases of the preleukemic state to drive B-ALL initiation. Hence, our study provides a new in vivo model of human B-ALL and strongly implicates PAX5 fusion proteins as potent oncoproteins in leukemia development.
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Harquail J, LeBlanc N, Landry C, Crapoulet N, Robichaud GA. Pax-5 Inhibits NF-κB Activity in Breast Cancer Cells Through IKKε and miRNA-155 Effectors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:177-187. [PMID: 30032344 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax-5, an essential transcription factor in B cell development, is aberrantly expressed in various B cell cancer lesions and solid tumors such as breast carcinoma. We have recently shown that Pax-5 regulates NF-κB activity which lead to the modulation of breast cancer phenotypic features (EMT-MET). NF-κB is known as a central mediator in inflammation, stress response as well as being a gatekeeper of pro-tumorigenic activity. However, little is known as to how Pax-5 affects this modulation. We thus turned our attention to microRNAs as potential regulatory effectors. In this study, we set out to elucidate the regulatory network between differential Pax-5 expression and NF-κB activity which dictate breast cancer malignancy. Through next-generation sequencing (NGS) of breast cancer cells conditionally expressing Pax-5, we profile significantly upregulated microRNAs; including microRNA-155, a known regulator of pathological processes and suppressor of malignant growth. Through the conditional expression of microRNA-155 in breast cancer models, we identify and validate IKKε (IKBKE) as a downstream target and an essential effector of Pax-5-mediated suppression of NF-κB signaling. Using rescue experiments, we also confirm that Pax-5 modulates NF-κB activity via IKKε downregulation. Interestingly, we also show that microRNA-155, in turn, supresses Pax-5 expression, indicative of an auto-regulatory feedback loop. Altogether, we demonstrate that Pax-5 inhibits NF-κB signalling through the regulation of microRNA-155 and its downstream target IKKε. The elucidation of this signaling network is relevant as Pax-5 and NF-κB are potent transcriptional regulators of breast cancer aggressivity. In addition, IKKε is relevant oncogene aberrantly expressed in 30% of breast carcinomas. Further insight into the regulatory pathways of breast cancer progression will eventually identify strategic therapeutic and prognostic targets to improve cancer patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Harquail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Nicolas LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Carine Landry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Crapoulet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada.
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Cresson C, Péron S, Jamrog L, Rouquié N, Prade N, Dubois M, Hébrard S, Lagarde S, Gerby B, Mancini SJC, Cogné M, Delabesse E, Delpy L, Broccardo C. PAX5A and PAX5B isoforms are both efficient to drive B cell differentiation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32841-32854. [PMID: 30214688 PMCID: PMC6132355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax5 is the guardian of the B cell identity since it primes or enhances the expression of B cell specific genes and concomitantly represses the expression of B cell inappropriate genes. The tight regulation of Pax5 is therefore required for an efficient B cell differentiation. A defect in its dosage can translate into immunodeficiency or malignant disorders such as leukemia or lymphoma. Pax5 is expressed from two different promoters encoding two isoforms that only differ in the sequence of their first alternative exon. Very little is known regarding the role of the two isoforms during B cell differentiation and the regulation of their expression. Our work aims to characterize the mechanisms of regulation of the expression balance of these two isoforms and their implication in the B cell differentiation process using murine ex vivo analyses. We show that these two isoforms are differentially regulated but have equivalent function during early B cell differentiation and may have functional differences after B cell activation. The tight control of their expression may thus reflect a way to finely tune Pax5 dosage during B cell differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cresson
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Péron
- Université de Limoges-CNRS UMR 7276, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Laura Jamrog
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nelly Rouquié
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nais Prade
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse Hospital University, Oncopole, CS 53717, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Dubois
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Hébrard
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Lagarde
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse Hospital University, Oncopole, CS 53717, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Bastien Gerby
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane J C Mancini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Université de Limoges-CNRS UMR 7276, Institut Universitaire de France, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Toulouse Hospital University, Oncopole, CS 53717, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Delpy
- Université de Limoges-CNRS UMR 7276, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Cyril Broccardo
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, Oncopole, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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A protein activity assay to measure global transcription factor activity reveals determinants of chromatin accessibility. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:521-529. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Doenz G, Dorn S, Aghaallaei N, Bajoghli B, Riegel E, Aigner M, Bock H, Werner B, Lindhorst T, Czerny T. The function of tcf3 in medaka embryos: efficient knockdown with pePNAs. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 29316906 PMCID: PMC5759164 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of antisense molecules, such as morpholino oligonucleotides, is an efficient method of gene inactivation in vivo. We recently introduced phosphonic ester modified peptide nucleic acids (PNA) for in vivo loss-of-function experiments in medaka embryos. Here we tested novel modifications of the PNA backbone to knockdown the medaka tcf3 gene. Results A single tcf3 gene exists in the medaka genome and its inactivation strongly affected eye development of the embryos, leading to size reduction and anophthalmia in severe cases. The function of Tcf3 strongly depends on co-repressor interactions. We found interactions with Groucho/Tle proteins to be most important for eye development. Using a dominant negative approach for combined inactivation of all groucho/tle genes also resulted in eye phenotypes, as did interference with three individual tle genes. Conclusions Our results show that side chain modified PNAs come close to the knockdown efficiency of morpholino oligonucleotides in vivo. A single medaka tcf3 gene combines the function of the two zebrafish paralogs hdl and tcf3b. In combination with Groucho/Tle corepressor proteins Tcf3 acts in anterior development and is critical for eye formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-017-0411-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Doenz
- Department for Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Dorn
- Department for Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Narges Aghaallaei
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Riegel
- Department for Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Holger Bock
- CAST Gründungszentrum GmbH, Wilhelm-Greil-Straße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Werner
- UGISense AG, c/o Nordwind Capital GmbH, Residenzstrasse 18, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindhorst
- UGISense AG, c/o Nordwind Capital GmbH, Residenzstrasse 18, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Czerny
- Department for Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Maurya SK, Mishra R. Co-Localization and Interaction of Pax5 with Iba1 in Brain of Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:919-927. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Modulation of apoptotic response by LAR family phosphatases-cIAP1 signaling during urinary tract morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9016-E9025. [PMID: 29073098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707229114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of unwanted cells by apoptosis is necessary for tissue morphogenesis. However, the cellular control of morphogenetic apoptosis is poorly understood, notably the modulation of cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Ureter maturation, the process by which the ureter is displaced to the bladder wall, represents an exquisite example of morphogenetic apoptosis, requiring the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs): LAR and RPTPσ. Here we show that LAR-RPTPs act through cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) to modulate caspase 3,7-mediated ureter maturation. Pharmacologic or genetic inactivation of cIAP1 reverts the apoptotic deficit of LAR-RPTP-deficient embryos. Moreover, Birc2 (cIAP1) inactivation generates excessive apoptosis leading to vesicoureteral reflux in newborns, which underscores the importance of apoptotic modulation during urinary tract morphogenesis. We finally demonstrate that LAR-RPTP deficiency increases cIAP1 stability during apoptotic cell death. Together these results identify a mode of cIAP1 regulation playing a critical role in the cellular response to apoptotic pathway activation in the embryo.
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Wu Q, Tang W, Luo Z, Li Y, Shu Y, Yue Z, Xiao B, Feng L. DISC1 Regulates the Proliferation and Migration of Mouse Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells through Pax5, Sox2, Dll1 and Neurog2. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:261. [PMID: 28900388 PMCID: PMC5581844 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) regulates neurogenesis and is a genetic risk factor for major psychiatric disorders. However, how DISC1 dysfunction affects neurogenesis and cell cycle progression at the molecular level is still unknown. Here, we investigated the role of DISC1 in regulating proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (MNSPCs) in vitro. Methods: MNSPCs were isolated and cultured from mouse fetal hippocampi. Retroviral vectors or siRNAs were used to manipulate DISC1 expression in MNSPCs. Proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of altered MNSPCs were analyzed in cell proliferation assays (MTS), transwell system and flow cytometry. A neurogenesis specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to identify genes downstream of DISC1, and functional analysis was performed through transfection of expression plasmids and siRNAs. Results: Loss of DISC1 reduced proliferation and migration of MNSPCs, while an increase in DISC1 led to increased proliferation and migration. Meanwhile, an increase in the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase was concomitant with reduced levels of DISC1, but significant changes were not observed in the number MNSPCs undergoing apoptosis. Paired box gene 5 (Pax5), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), delta-like1 (Dll1) and Neurogenin2 (Neurog2) emerged as candidate molecules downstream of DISC1, and rescue experiments demonstrated that increased or decreased expression of either molecule regulated proliferation and migration in DISC1-altered MNSPCs. Conclusion: These results suggest that Pax5, Sox2, Dll1 and Neurog2 mediate DISC1 activity in MNSPC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunming, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, MA, United States
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zongwei Yue
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, United States
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Smeenk L, Fischer M, Jurado S, Jaritz M, Azaryan A, Werner B, Roth M, Zuber J, Stanulla M, den Boer ML, Mullighan CG, Strehl S, Busslinger M. Molecular role of the PAX5-ETV6 oncoprotein in promoting B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EMBO J 2017; 36:718-735. [PMID: 28219927 PMCID: PMC5350564 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5 is a tumor suppressor in B-ALL, while the role of PAX5 fusion proteins in B-ALL development is largely unknown. Here, we studied the function of PAX5-ETV6 and PAX5-FOXP1 in mice expressing these proteins from the Pax5 locus. Both proteins arrested B-lymphopoiesis at the pro-B to pre-B-cell transition and, contrary to their proposed dominant-negative role, did not interfere with the expression of most regulated Pax5 target genes. Pax5-Etv6, but not Pax5-Foxp1, cooperated with loss of the Cdkna2a/b tumor suppressors in promoting B-ALL development. Regulated Pax5-Etv6 target genes identified in these B-ALLs encode proteins implicated in pre-B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and migration/adhesion, which could contribute to the proliferation, survival, and tissue infiltration of leukemic B cells. Together with similar observations made in human PAX5-ETV6+ B-ALLs, these data identified PAX5-ETV6 as a potent oncoprotein that drives B-cell leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Smeenk
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Jurado
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Azaryan
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Werner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Roth
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sabine Strehl
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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Application of Immunohistochemistry in Toxicologic Pathology of the Hematolymphoid System. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY IN TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47377-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Benzina S, Harquail J, Guerrette R, O'Brien P, Jean S, Crapoulet N, Robichaud GA. Breast Cancer Malignant Processes are Regulated by Pax-5 Through the Disruption of FAK Signaling Pathways. J Cancer 2016; 7:2035-2044. [PMID: 28070224 PMCID: PMC5219892 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of genetic factors regulating breast cancer malignancy is a top priority to mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. One of these factors, Pax-5, modulates cancer aggressiveness through the regulation of various components of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitioning (EMT) process. We have previously reported that Pax-5 expression profiles in cancer tissues inversely correlate with those of the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), a potent activator of breast cancer malignancy. In this study, we set out to elucidate the molecular and regulatory relationship between Pax-5 and FAK in breast cancer processes. Interestingly, we found that Pax-5 mediated suppression of breast cancer cell migration is dependent of FAK activity. Our mechanistic examination revealed that Pax-5 inhibits FAK expression and activation. We also demonstrate that Pax-5 is a potent modulator of FAK repressors (p53 and miR-135b) and activator (NFκB) which results in the overall suppression of FAK-mediated signaling cascades. Altogether, our findings bring more insight to the molecular triggers regulating phenotypic transitioning process and signaling cascades leading to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Benzina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Jason Harquail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Roxann Guerrette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Pierre O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Nicolas Crapoulet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9.; Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8X3
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Felisberto R, Matos J, Alves M, Cabeçadas J, Henriques J. Evaluation of Pax5 expression and comparison with BLA.36 and CD79αcy in feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1257-1268. [PMID: 27549353 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is a widely used B-cell marker for human and canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL); however, in the literature there is only one case report using Pax5 in a cat B-cell lymphoma. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression and detection of B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP) using a monoclonal anti-Pax5 antibody in feline nHL (FnHL) tissue samples to evaluate its diagnostic relevance as a B-cell marker. A total of 45 FnHL samples in 45 cats were evaluated. B-cell lymphoma was the most common immunophenotype (51.1%) for all the samples and T-cell the most common immunophenotype (64.3%) for the gastrointestinal (GI) form. Pax5 stained 82.6% of all B-cell lymphomas and no expression was found in any of the T-cell lymphomas. Anti-Pax5 antibody staining in FnHL is similar to that reported in human and canine counterparts and may offer an excellent B-cell marker in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Felisberto
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Matos
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Alves
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS) / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Cabeçadas
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
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The porcine glucocorticoid receptor: sequencing a 2.1 kb cDNA fragment and raising specific polyclonal antibodies for western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlucocorticoids and their tissue receptors are involved in many metabolic and developmental processes. Until now only two short fragments with a total length of 200 amino acids were known from the glucocorticoid receptor of the pig. Therefore we sequenced the main part (2.1 kb) of the porcine receptor. In addition, we subcloned a cDNA fragment of this sequence coding for 135 aa of the modulatory region in a pET expression vector. The protein fragment was expressed in E. coli as a his-tag fusion protein. In the SDS-PAGE, the crude E. coli extracts showed an enrichment of a 15 kDa protein which corresponds to the estimated molecular weight for the receptor fragment.After lysis and Ni-NTA affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions the protein was further purified either by dialysis (native protein) or by SDS-PAGE (linearized form). Both forms were emulsified together in adjuvant and used for rabbit immunization.The resulting antibodies were characterized by western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, and additionally by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis confirmed the binding of the denatured protein by the antiserum and revealed a high binding affinity. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that both the occupied and unoccupied forms of the receptor are detected. The specificity of the antiserum for pGCR was additionally demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.
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Liu W, MacDonald M, You J. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:20-27. [PMID: 27521569 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus is the only polyomavirus discovered to date that is associated with a human cancer. MCPyV infection is highly prevalent in the general population. Nearly all healthy adults asymptomatically shed MCPyV from their skin. However, in elderly and immunosuppressed individuals, the infection can lead to a lethal form of skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma. In the last few years, new findings have established links between MCPyV infection, host immune response, and Merkel cell carcinoma development. This review discusses these recent discoveries on how MCPyV interacts with host cells to achieve persistent infection and, in the immunocompromised population, contributes to MCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margo MacDonald
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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