1
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Luchtel RA. ETS1 Function in Leukemia and Lymphoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:359-378. [PMID: 39017852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) is a transcription factor (TF) critically involved in lymphoid cell development and function. ETS1 expression is tightly regulated throughout differentiation and activation in T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B-cells. It has also been described as an oncogene in a range of solid and hematologic cancer types. Among hematologic malignancies, its role has been best studied in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Aberrant expression of ETS1 in these malignancies is driven primarily by chromosomal amplification and enhancer-driven transcriptional regulation, promoting the ETS1 transcriptional program. ETS1 also facilitates aberrantly expressed or activated transcriptional complexes to drive oncogenic pathways. Collectively, ETS1 functions to regulate cell growth, differentiation, signaling, response to stimuli, and viral interactions in these malignancies. A tumor suppressor role has also been indicated for ETS1 in select lymphoma types, emphasizing the importance of cellular context in ETS1 function. Research is ongoing to further characterize the clinical implications of ETS1 dysregulation in hematologic malignancies, to further resolve binding complexes and transcriptional targets, and to identify effective therapeutic targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Luchtel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Chakraborty J, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S, Narayan MN. Entanglement of MAPK pathways with gene expression and its omnipresence in the etiology for cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194988. [PMID: 37739217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) is one of the most well characterized cellular signaling pathways that controls fundamental cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These cellular functions are consequences of transcription of regulatory genes that are influenced and regulated by the MAP-Kinase signaling cascade. MAP kinase components such as Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) sense external cues or ligands and transmit these signals via multiple protein complexes such as RAS-RAF, MEK, and ERKs and eventually modulate the transcription factors inside the nucleus to induce transcription and other regulatory functions. Aberrant activation, dysregulation of this signaling pathway, and genetic alterations in any of these components results in the developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Over the years, the MAPK pathway has been a prime pharmacological target, to treat complex human disorders that are genetically linked such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The current review re-visits the mechanism of MAPK pathways in gene expression regulation. Further, a current update on the progress of the mechanistic understanding of MAPK components is discussed from a disease perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M Agrilife, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sohag Chakraborty
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mahesh N Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA.
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3
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Jin H, Zhang W, Liu H, Bao Y. Genome-wide identification and characteristic analysis of ETS gene family in blood clam Tegillarca granosa. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:700. [PMID: 37990147 PMCID: PMC10664356 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETS transcription factors, known as the E26 transformation-specific factors, assume a critical role in the regulation of various vital biological processes in animals, including cell differentiation, the cell cycle, and cell apoptosis. However, their characterization in mollusks is currently lacking. RESULTS The current study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the ETS genes in blood clam Tegillarca granosa and other mollusk genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed the absence of the SPI and ETV subfamilies in mollusks compared to humans. Additionally, several ETS genes in mollusks were found to lack the PNT domain, potentially resulting in a diminished ability of ETS proteins to bind target genes. Interestingly, the bivalve ETS1 genes exhibited significantly high expression levels during the multicellular proliferation stage and in gill tissues. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results showed that Tg-ETS-14 (ETS1) is upregulated in the high total hemocyte counts (THC) population of T. granosa, suggesting it plays a significant role in stimulating hemocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION Our study significantly contributes to the comprehension of the evolutionary aspects concerning the ETS gene family, while also providing valuable insights into its role in fostering hemocyte proliferation across mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China.
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China.
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4
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Yoo W, Kim S, Noh K. SAMD13 serves as a useful prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:514. [PMID: 37968735 PMCID: PMC10648382 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and the 5-year relative overall survival (OS) rate is less than 20%. Since there are no specific symptoms, most patients with HCC are diagnosed in an advanced stage with poor prognosis. Therefore, identifying novel prognostic biomarkers to improve the survival of patients with HCC is urgently needed. In the present study, we attempted to identify SAMD13 (Sterile Alpha Motif Domain-Containing Protein 13) as a novel biomarker associated with the prognosis of HCC using various bioinformatics tools. SAMD13 was found to be highly expressed pan-cancer; however, the SAMD13 expression was significantly correlated with the worst prognosis in HCC. Clinicopathological analysis revealed that SAMD13 upregulation was significantly associated with advanced HCC stage and high-grade tumor type. Simultaneously, high SAMD13 expression resulted in association with various immune markers in the immune cell subsets by TIMER databases and efficacy of immunotherapy. Methylation analysis showed SAMD13 was remarkably associated with prognosis. Furthermore, a six-hub gene signature associated with poor prognosis was correlated with the cell cycle, transcription, and epigenetic regulation and this analysis may support the connection between SAMD13 expression and drug-resistance. Our study illustrated the characteristics of SAMD13 role in patients with HCC using various bioinformatics tools and highlights its potential role as a therapeutic target and promising biomarker for prognosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbeak Yoo
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - KyungHee Noh
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Chung EYL, Sartori G, Ponzoni M, Cascione L, Priebe V, Xu-Monette ZY, Fang X, Zhang M, Visco C, Tzankov A, Rinaldi A, Sgrignani J, Zucca E, Rossi D, Cavalli A, Inghirami G, Scott DW, Young KH, Bertoni F. ETS1 phosphorylation at threonine 38 is associated with the cell of origin of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and sustains the growth of tumour cells. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:244-254. [PMID: 37584198 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor ETS1 is upregulated in 25% of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, we studied the role of ETS1 phosphorylation at threonine 38, a marker for ETS1 activation, in DLBCL cellular models and clinical specimens. p-ETS1 was detected in activated B cell-like DLBCL (ABC), not in germinal centre B-cell-like DLBCL (GCB) cell lines and, accordingly, it was more common in ABC than GCB DLBCL diagnostic biopsies. MEK inhibition decreased both baseline and IgM stimulation-induced p-ETS1 levels. Genetic inhibition of phosphorylation of ETS1 at threonine 38 affected the growth and the BCR-mediated transcriptome program in DLBCL cell lines. Our data demonstrate that ETS1 phosphorylation at threonine 38 is important for the growth of DLBCL cells and its pharmacological inhibition could benefit lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y L Chung
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valdemar Priebe
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carlo Visco
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ken H Young
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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6
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Ray S, Hewitt K. Sticky, Adaptable, and Many-sided: SAM protein versatility in normal and pathological hematopoietic states. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300022. [PMID: 37318311 PMCID: PMC10527593 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With decades of research seeking to generalize sterile alpha motif (SAM) biology, many outstanding questions remain regarding this multi-tool protein module. Recent data from structural and molecular/cell biology has begun to reveal new SAM modes of action in cell signaling cascades and biomolecular condensation. SAM-dependent mechanisms underlie blood-related (hematologic) diseases, including myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias, prompting our focus on hematopoiesis for this review. With the increasing coverage of SAM-dependent interactomes, a hypothesis emerges that SAM interaction partners and binding affinities work to fine tune cell signaling cascades in developmental and disease contexts, including hematopoiesis and hematologic disease. This review discusses what is known and remains unknown about the standard mechanisms and neoplastic properties of SAM domains and what the future might hold for developing SAM-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhita Ray
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Kyle Hewitt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
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7
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Zheng HL, Sun SY, Jin T, Zhang M, Zeng Y, Liu Q, Yang K, Wei R, Pan Z, Lin F. Transcription factor ETS proto-oncogene 1 contributes to neuropathic pain by regulating histone deacetylase 1 in primary afferent neurons. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231152125. [PMID: 36604795 PMCID: PMC9909074 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231152125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury can induce aberrant changes in ion channels, enzymes, and cytokines/chemokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs); these changes are due to or at least partly governed by transcription factors that contribute to the genesis of neuropathic pain. However, the involvement of transcription factors in neuropathic pain is poorly understood. In this study, we report that transcription factor (TF) ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) is required for the initiation and development of neuropathic pain. Sciatic nerve chronic constrictive injury (CCI, a clinical neuropathic pain model) increases ETS1 expression in the injured male mouse DRG. Blocking this upregulation alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with no apparent effect on locomotor function. Mimicking this upregulation results in the genesis of nociception hypersensitivity; mechanistically, nerve injury-induced ETS1 upregulation promotes the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1, a key initiator of pain) via enhancing its binding activity to the HDAC1 promotor, leading to the elevation of spinal central sensitization, as evidenced by increased expression of p-ERK1/2 and GFAP in the dorsal spinal horn. It appears that the ETS1/HDAC1 axis in DRG may have a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and ETS1 is a potential therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zheng
- Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yu Sun
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kehui Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Runa Wei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuqing Lin
- Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Reehorst CM, Nightingale R, Luk IY, Jenkins L, Koentgen F, Williams DS, Darido C, Tan F, Anderton H, Chopin M, Schoffer K, Eissmann MF, Buchert M, Mouradov D, Sieber OM, Ernst M, Dhillon AS, Mariadason JM. EHF is essential for epidermal and colonic epithelial homeostasis, and suppresses Apc-initiated colonic tumorigenesis. Development 2021; 148:269265. [PMID: 34180969 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ets homologous factor (EHF) is a member of the epithelial-specific Ets (ESE) family of transcription factors. To investigate its role in development and epithelial homeostasis, we generated a series of novel mouse strains in which the Ets DNA-binding domain of Ehf was deleted in all tissues (Ehf-/-) or specifically in the gut epithelium. Ehf-/- mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio, but showed reduced body weight gain, and developed a series of pathologies requiring most Ehf-/- mice to reach an ethical endpoint before reaching 1 year of age. These included papillomas in the facial skin, abscesses in the preputial glands (males) or vulvae (females), and corneal ulcers. Ehf-/-mice also displayed increased susceptibility to experimentally induced colitis, which was confirmed in intestinal-specific Ehf knockout mice. Gut-specific Ehf deletion also impaired goblet cell differentiation, induced extensive transcriptional reprogramming in the colonic epithelium and enhanced Apc-initiated adenoma development. The Ets DNA-binding domain of EHF is therefore essential for postnatal homeostasis of the epidermis and colonic epithelium, and its loss promotes colonic tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | | | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010Australia
| | - Fiona Tan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 3052Australia
| | - Michael Chopin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 3052Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010Australia
| | - Kael Schoffer
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Moritz F Eissmann
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | | | - Oliver M Sieber
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 3052Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia
| | - Amardeep S Dhillon
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010Australia
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9
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Boti MA, Adamopoulos PG, Tsiakanikas P, Scorilas A. Nanopore Sequencing Unveils Diverse Transcript Variants of the Epithelial Cell-Specific Transcription Factor Elf-3 in Human Malignancies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060839. [PMID: 34072506 PMCID: PMC8227732 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human E74-like ETS transcription factor 3 (Elf-3) is an epithelium-specific member of the ETS family, all members of which are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain. Elf-3 plays a crucial role in epithelial cell differentiation by participating in morphogenesis and terminal differentiation of the murine small intestinal epithelium, and also acts as an indispensable regulator of mesenchymal to epithelial transition, underlying its significant involvement in development and in pathological states, such as cancer. Although previous research works have deciphered the functional role of Elf-3 in normal physiology as well as in tumorigenesis, the present study highlights for the first time the wide spectrum of ELF3 mRNAs that are transcribed, providing an in-depth analysis of splicing events and exon/intron boundaries in a broad panel of human cell lines. The implementation of a versatile targeted nanopore sequencing approach led to the identification of 25 novel ELF3 mRNA transcript variants (ELF3 v.3–v.27) with new alternative splicing events, as well as two novel exons. Although the current study provides a qualitative transcriptional profile regarding ELF3, further studies must be conducted, so the biological function of all novel alternative transcript variants as well as the putative protein isoforms are elucidated.
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10
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A novel tissue specific alternative splicing variant mitigates phenotypes in Ets2 frame-shift mutant models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8297. [PMID: 33859300 PMCID: PMC8050053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
E26 avian leukemia oncogene 2, 3′ domain (Ets2) has been implicated in various biological processes. An Ets2 mutant model (Ets2db1/db1), which lacks the DNA-binding domain, was previously reported to exhibit embryonic lethality caused by a trophoblast abnormality. This phenotype could be rescued by tetraploid complementation, resulting in pups with wavy hair and curly whiskers. Here, we generated new Ets2 mutant models with a frame-shift mutation in exon 8 using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Homozygous mutants could not be obtained by natural mating as embryonic development stopped before E8.5, as previously reported. When we rescued them by tetraploid complementation, these mice did not exhibit wavy hair or curly whisker phenotypes. Our newly generated mice exhibited exon 8 skipping, which led to in-frame mutant mRNA expression in the skin and thymus but not in E7.5 Ets2em1/em1 embryos. This exon 8-skipped Ets2 mRNA was translated into protein, suggesting that this Ets2 mutant protein complemented the Ets2 function in the skin. Our data implies that novel splicing variants incidentally generated after genome editing may complicate the phenotypic analysis but may also give insight into the new mechanisms related to biological gene functions.
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11
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Casie Chetty S, Sumanas S. Ets1 functions partially redundantly with Etv2 to promote embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2020; 465:11-22. [PMID: 32628937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ETS transcription factors play an important role in the specification and differentiation of endothelial cells during vascular development. Despite previous studies, the role of the founding member of the ETS family, Ets1, in vascular development in vivo is only partially understood. Here, we generated a zebrafish ets1 mutant by TALEN genome editing and tested functional redundancy between Ets1 and a related ETS factor Etv2/Etsrp/ER71. While zebrafish ets1-/- mutants have a normal functional vascular system, etv2-/-;ets1-/embryos had more severe angiogenic defects and lower expression levels of kdr and kdrl, the two zebrafish homologs of the mammalian Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 VEGFR2/Flk1, than etv2-/-embryos. Expression of constitutively active Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase1 (MAP2K1) within endothelial cells partially rescued this angiogenic defect. Interestingly, ets1-/- embryos displayed extensive apoptosis within the trunk vasculature despite exhibiting normal vascular patterning. Loss of Ets1 combined with a partial knockdown of Etv2 function resulted in a decrease in endothelial cell numbers in the axial vasculature, which argues for a role of Ets1 in promoting vasculogenesis. We also demonstrate that although both Ets1 and Etv2 can induce ectopic vascular marker expression in zebrafish embryos, Ets1 activity is dependent on MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of its Thr30 and Ser33 residues, while Etv2 activity is not. Together, our results identify a novel function of Ets1 in regulating endothelial cell survival during vasculogenesis in vivo. Based on these findings, we propose a revised model of how Ets1 and Etv2 play unique and partially redundant roles to promote vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Casie Chetty
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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12
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Ets1 regulates the differentiation and function of iNKT cells through both Pointed domain-dependent and domain-independent mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1198-1200. [PMID: 32139882 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Nguyen CTK, Sawangarun W, Mandasari M, Morita KI, Harada H, Kayamori K, Yamaguchi A, Sakamoto K. AIRE is induced in oral squamous cell carcinoma and promotes cancer gene expression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222689. [PMID: 32012175 PMCID: PMC6996854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a transcriptional regulator that is primarily expressed in medullary epithelial cells, where it induces tissue-specific antigen expression. Under pathological conditions, AIRE expression is induced in epidermal cells and promotes skin tumor development. This study aimed to clarify the role of AIRE in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). AIRE expression was evaluated in six OSCC cell lines and in OSCC tissue specimens. Expression of STAT1, ICAM1, CXCL10, CXCL11, and MMP9 was elevated in 293A cells stably expressing AIRE, and conversely, was decreased in AIRE-knockout HSC3 OSCC cells when compared to the respective controls. Upregulation of STAT1, and ICAM in OSCC cells was confirmed in tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry. We provide evidence that AIRE exerts transcriptional control in cooperation with ETS1. Expression of STAT1, ICAM1, CXCL10, CXCL11, and MMP9 was increased in 293A cells upon Ets1 transfection, and coexpression of AIRE further increased the expression of these proteins. AIRE coprecipitated with ETS1 in a modified immunoprecipitation assay using formaldehyde crosslinking. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that promoter fragments of STAT1, ICAM1, CXCL10, and MMP9 were enriched in the AIRE precipitates. These results indicate that AIRE is induced in OSCC and supports cancer-related gene expression in cooperation with ETS1. This is a novel function of AIRE in extrathymic tissues under the pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Thi Kim Nguyen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanlada Sawangarun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masita Mandasari
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Morita
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Misiura MM, Kolomeisky AB. Role of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Acceleration of Protein–Protein Association. J Phys Chem B 2019; 124:20-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Misiura M, Kolomeisky AB. Kinetic network model to explain gain-of-function mutations in ERK2 enzyme. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:155101. [PMID: 31005085 DOI: 10.1063/1.5088647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK2 is a kinase protein that belongs to a Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is activated in response to a range of extracellular signals. Malfunctioning of this cascade leads to a variety of serious diseases, including cancers. This is often caused by mutations in proteins belonging to the cascade, frequently leading to abnormally high activity of the cascade even in the absence of an external signal. One such "gain-of-function" mutation in the ERK2 protein, called a "sevenmaker" mutation (D319N), was discovered in 1994 in Drosophila. The mutation leads to disruption of interactions of other proteins with the D-site of ERK2 and results, contrary to expectations, in an increase of its activity in vivo. However, no molecular mechanism to explain this effect has been presented so far. The difficulty is that this mutation should equally negatively affect interactions of ERK2 with all substrates, activators, and deactivators. In this paper, we present a semiquantitative kinetic network model that gives a possible explanation of the increased activity of mutant ERK2 species. A simplified biochemical network for ERK2, viewed as a system of coupled Michaelis-Menten processes, is presented. Its dynamic properties are calculated explicitly using the method of first-passage processes. The effect of mutation is associated with changes in the strength of interaction energy between the enzyme and the substrates. It is found that the dependence of kinetic properties of the protein on the interaction energy is nonmonotonic, suggesting that some mutations might lead to more efficient catalytic properties, despite weakening intermolecular interactions. Our theoretical predictions agree with experimental observations for the sevenmaker mutation in ERK2. It is also argued that the effect of mutations might depend on the concentrations of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikita Misiura
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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16
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Yu HL, Wang LZ, Zhang LL, Chen BL, Zhang HJ, Li YP, Xiao GD, Chen YZ. ESE1 expression correlates with neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:841-849. [PMID: 30688270 PMCID: PMC6375036 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-specific ETS-1 (ESE1), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, is widely expressed in multiple tissues and performs various functions in inflammation. During neuroinflammation, ESE1 promotes neuronal apoptosis; however, the expression and biological functions of ESE1 remain unclear after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. We performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the role of ESE1 in cerebral ischemic injury. A modified four vessel occlusion method was used in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. At 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after model induction, the hippocampus was collected for analysis. Western blot assays and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of ESE1, phosphorylated p65 and active caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated after ischemia. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that ESE1 and NeuN were mostly co-located in the hippocampus after ischemia. Furthermore, ESE1 was also co-expressed with active caspase-3. PC12 cells were stimulated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to establish a chemical hypoxia model. After ESE1 knockdown by siRNA for 6 hours, cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assays. The levels of ESE1, phosphorylated p65 and active caspase-3 were also remarkably increased in PC12 cells after CoCl2 stimulation. After ESE1 knockdown, PC12 cell viability was increased after hypoxia. siRNA knockdown of ESE1 decreased the level of p-p65 and active caspase-3 after CoCl2 stimulation. These data reveal that ESE1 levels are elevated in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This may play a role in neuronal apoptosis via activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Yu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou; Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang-Zhu Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bei-Lei Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Dong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Zhu Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Ghose R. Nature of the Pre-Chemistry Ensemble in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:145-157. [PMID: 30562484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the availability of a significant amount of structural detail on docking interactions involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their substrates, the mechanism by which the disordered phospho-acceptor on the substrate transiently interacts with the kinase catalytic elements and is phosphorylated, often with high efficiency, remains poorly understood. Here, this dynamic interaction is analyzed in the context of available biophysical and biochemical data for ERK2, an archetypal MAPK. A hypothesis about the nature of the ternary complex involving a MAPK, its substrate, and ATP immediately prior to the chemical step (the pre-chemistry complex) is proposed. It is postulated that the solution ensemble (the pre-chemistry ensemble) representing the pre-chemistry complex comprises several conformations that are linked by dynamics on multiple timescales. These individual conformations possess different intrinsic abilities to proceed through the chemical step. The overall rate of chemistry is therefore related to the microscopic nature of the pre-chemistry ensemble, its constituent conformational microstates, and their intrinsic abilities to yield a phosphorylated product. While characterizing these microstates within the pre-chemistry ensemble in atomic or near-atomic detail is an extremely challenging proposition, recent developments in hybrid methodologies that employ computational approaches driven by experimental data appear to provide the most promising path forward toward achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajeet Ghose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; Graduate Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; Graduate Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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Luk IY, Reehorst CM, Mariadason JM. ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF Transcription Factors in Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092191. [PMID: 30200227 PMCID: PMC6225137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium-specific ETS (ESE) transcription factors (ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF) are defined by their highly conserved ETS DNA binding domain and predominant epithelial-specific expression profile. ESE transcription factors maintain normal cell homeostasis and differentiation of a number of epithelial tissues, and their genetic alteration and deregulated expression has been linked to the progression of several epithelial cancers. Herein we review the normal function of the ESE transcription factors, the mechanisms by which they are dysregulated in cancers, and the current evidence for their role in cancer progression. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting or reactivating these factors as a novel means of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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19
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Niu H, Li F, Wang Q, Ye Z, Chen Q, Lin Y. High expression level of MMP9 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5050. [PMID: 30013825 PMCID: PMC6035719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) was found to be associated with tumor aggressiveness. In this study, we focused on the correlation between MMP9 expression and clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). Through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, we observed that compared with adjacent normal renal tissues, in ccRCC tissues the mRNA and protein levels of MMP9 were enhanced, and the mRNA levels of GTP-binding protein smg p21B(RAP1B), B rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF), methyl ethyl ketone2 (MEK2), extracellular regulated protein kinases1 (ERK1), ERK2, v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog1 (ETS1) and ETS2 also increased. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis suggested that high MMP9 expression was an unfavorable prognostic biomarker for ccRCC patients. Our results indicated that the increased expression level of MMP9 in ccRCC may be due to the activation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/ERK signaling pathway, and MMP9 may be an attractive target for ccRCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Niu
- Fujian Normal University, Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Pathology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- Fujian Normal University, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhoujie Ye
- Fujian Normal University, Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Normal University, Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Fujian Normal University, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Choul-Li S, Legrand AJ, Bidon B, Vicogne D, Villeret V, Aumercier M. Ets-1 interacts through a similar binding interface with Ku70 and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1753-1759. [PMID: 29912634 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1484276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ets-1 transcription factor plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. These diverse roles of Ets-1 are likely to depend on its interaction proteins. We have previously showed that Ets-1 interacted with DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex including its regulatory subunits, Ku70 and Ku86 and with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In this study, the binding domains for the interaction between Ets-1 and these proteins were reported. We demonstrated that the interaction of Ets-1 with DNA-PK was mediated through the Ku70 subunit and was mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the C-terminal part of Ku70 including SAP domain. The interactive domains between Ets-1 and PARP-1 have been mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domain of PARP-1. The results presented in this study may advance our understanding of the functional link between Ets-1 and its interaction partners, DNA-PK and PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhaila Choul-Li
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie , Université Chouaib Doukkali , El Jadida , Maroc
| | | | - Baptiste Bidon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogéne (GEIHP - EA 3142), Institut de Biologie en Santé, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dorothée Vicogne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
| | - Vincent Villeret
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
| | - Marc Aumercier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
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21
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Local destabilization, rigid body, and fuzzy docking facilitate the phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ets-1 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6287-E6296. [PMID: 28716922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702973114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase substrates are believed to require consensus docking motifs (D-site, F-site) to engage and facilitate efficient site-specific phosphorylation at specific serine/threonine-proline sequences by their cognate kinases. In contrast to other MAP kinase substrates, the transcription factor Ets-1 has no canonical docking motifs, yet it is efficiently phosphorylated by the MAP kinase ERK2 at a consensus threonine site (T38). Using NMR methodology, we demonstrate that this phosphorylation is enabled by a unique bipartite mode of ERK2 engagement by Ets-1 and involves two suboptimal noncanonical docking interactions instead of a single canonical docking motif. The N terminus of Ets-1 interacts with a part of the ERK2 D-recruitment site that normally accommodates the hydrophobic sidechains of a canonical D-site, retaining a significant degree of disorder in its ERK2-bound state. In contrast, the C-terminal region of Ets-1, including its Pointed (PNT) domain, engages in a largely rigid body interaction with a section of the ERK2 F-recruitment site through a binding mode that deviates significantly from that of a canonical F-site. This latter interaction is notable for the destabilization of a flexible helix that bridges the phospho-acceptor site to the rigid PNT domain. These two spatially distinct, individually weak docking interactions facilitate the highly specific recognition of ERK2 by Ets-1, and enable the optimal localization of its dynamic phospho-acceptor T38 at the kinase active site to enable efficient phosphorylation.
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22
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Fish JE, Cantu Gutierrez M, Dang LT, Khyzha N, Chen Z, Veitch S, Cheng HS, Khor M, Antounians L, Njock MS, Boudreau E, Herman AM, Rhyner AM, Ruiz OE, Eisenhoffer GT, Medina-Rivera A, Wilson MD, Wythe JD. Dynamic regulation of VEGF-inducible genes by an ERK/ERG/p300 transcriptional network. Development 2017; 144:2428-2444. [PMID: 28536097 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional pathways activated downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling during angiogenesis remain incompletely characterized. By assessing the signals responsible for induction of the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) in endothelial cells, we find that activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway mirrors the rapid and dynamic induction of DLL4 transcription and that this pathway is required for DLL4 expression. Furthermore, VEGF/ERK signaling induces phosphorylation and activation of the ETS transcription factor ERG, a prerequisite for DLL4 induction. Transcription of DLL4 coincides with dynamic ERG-dependent recruitment of the transcriptional co-activator p300. Genome-wide gene expression profiling identified a network of VEGF-responsive and ERG-dependent genes, and ERG chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq revealed the presence of conserved ERG-bound putative enhancer elements near these target genes. Functional experiments performed in vitro and in vivo confirm that this network of genes requires ERK, ERG and p300 activity. Finally, genome-editing and transgenic approaches demonstrate that a highly conserved ERG-bound enhancer located upstream of HLX (which encodes a transcription factor implicated in sprouting angiogenesis) is required for its VEGF-mediated induction. Collectively, these findings elucidate a novel transcriptional pathway contributing to VEGF-dependent angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Manuel Cantu Gutierrez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lan T Dang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Nadiya Khyzha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Shawn Veitch
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Henry S Cheng
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Melvin Khor
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Lina Antounians
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Makon-Sébastien Njock
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Emilie Boudreau
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Alexander M Herman
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander M Rhyner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oscar E Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra Medina-Rivera
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada.,Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto M5S 3H2, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Yagai T, Matsui S, Harada K, Inagaki FF, Saijou E, Miura Y, Nakanuma Y, Miyajima A, Tanaka M. Expression and localization of sterile alpha motif domain containing 5 is associated with cell type and malignancy of biliary tree. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175355. [PMID: 28388653 PMCID: PMC5384680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a type of relatively rare neoplasm in adenocarcinoma. The characteristics of CCs as well as biliary epithelial cells are heterogeneous at the different portion of the biliary tree. There are two candidate stem/progenitor cells of the biliary tree, i.e., biliary tree stem/progenitor cell (BTSC) at the peribiliary gland (PBG) of large bile ducts and liver stem/progenitor cell (LPC) at the canals of Hering of peripheral small bile duct. Although previous reports suggest that intrahepatic CC (ICC) can arise from such stem/progenitor cells, the characteristic difference between BTSC and LPC in pathological process needs further investigation, and the etiology of CC remains poorly understood. Here we show that Sterile alpha motif domain containing 5 (SAMD5) is exclusively expressed in PBGs of large bile ducts in normal mice. Using a mouse model of cholestatic liver disease, we demonstrated that SAMD5 expression was upregulated in the large bile duct at the hepatic hilum, the extrahepatic bile duct and PBGs, but not in proliferating intrahepatic ductules, suggesting that SAMD5 is expressed in BTSC but not LPC. Intriguingly, human ICCs and extrahepatic CCs exhibited striking nuclear localization of SAMD5 while the normal hilar large bile duct displayed slight-to-moderate expression in cytoplasm. In vitro experiments using siRNA for SAMD5 revealed that SAMD5 expression was associated with the cell cycle regulation of CC cell lines. Conclusion: SAMD5 is a novel marker for PBG but not LPC in mice. In humans, the expression and location of SAMD5 could become a promising diagnostic marker for the cell type as well as malignancy of bile ducts and CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsui
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fuyuki F. Inagaki
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Saijou
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Xiong S, Klausen C, Cheng JC, Leung PCK. TGFβ1 induces endometrial cancer cell adhesion and migration by up-regulating integrin αvβ3 via SMAD-independent MEK-ERK1/2 signaling. Cell Signal 2017; 34:92-101. [PMID: 28336232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common, and second most lethal, gynecological malignancy, and its rates of incidence and death are growing. This is likely attributable to increased numbers of high-risk type II endometrial cancers which account for ~30% of cases but ~75% of deaths due to their aggressive and metastatic behaviour. Histopathological and in vitro functional studies suggest that aberrant TGFβ1 signaling may contribute to endometrial cancer development and the acquisition of invasive/metastatic characteristics. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TGFβ1 in high-risk endometrial cancers. In the present study, we examined the roles and mechanisms of TGFβ1 on cell adhesion and motility in type II endometrial cancer cell lines, KLE and HEC-1B. We show that treatment with TGFβ1 increases cell adhesion to vitronectin and transwell cell migration. We also demonstrate that TGFβ1 treatment increases integrin β3 and αv mRNA and protein levels via SMAD-independent MEK-ERK1/2 signaling. Importantly, siRNA depletion or antibody-mediated blocking of integrin αvβ3 reversed the effects of TGFβ1 on cell adhesion and migration. Our results suggest that TGFβ1-MEK-ERK1/2-integrin αvβ3 signaling could contribute to the invasive behaviour of high-risk endometrial cancer by promoting cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Chen CP, Wang LK, Wu PC, Chang TY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen YN, Chen SW, Lee CC, Yang CW, Wang W. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Jacobsen syndrome (11q23.3-q25 deletion) in a fetus associated with double outlet right ventricle, hypoplastic left heart syndrome and ductus venosus agenesis on prenatal ultrasound. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:102-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Stem cells and the role of ETS transcription factors in the differentiation hierarchy of normal and malignant prostate epithelium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:68-83. [PMID: 27185499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the UK and accounts for a quarter of all new cases. Although treatment of localised cancer can be successful, there is no cure for patients presenting with invasive prostate cancer and there are less treatment options. They are generally treated with androgen-ablation therapies but eventually the tumours become hormone resistant and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for which there are no further successful or curative treatments. This highlights the need for new treatment strategies. In order to prevent prostate cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, all the cell populations in a heterogeneous prostate tumour must be targeted, including the rare cancer stem cell (CSC) population. The ETS transcription factor family members are now recognised as a common feature in multiple cancers including prostate cancer; with aberrant expression, loss of tumour suppressor function, inactivating mutations and the formation of fusion genes observed. Most notably, the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and in prostate CSCs. However, the role of other ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer is less well understood. This review will describe the prostate epithelial cell hierarchy and discuss the evidence behind prostate CSCs and their inherent resistance to conventional cancer therapies. The known and proposed roles of the ETS family of transcription factors in prostate epithelial cell differentiation and regulation of the CSC phenotype will be discussed, as well as how they might be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Archer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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Cabukusta B, Kol M, Kneller L, Hilderink A, Bickert A, Mina JGM, Korneev S, Holthuis JCM. ER residency of the ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase SMSr relies on homotypic oligomerization mediated by its SAM domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41290. [PMID: 28120887 PMCID: PMC5264588 DOI: 10.1038/srep41290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SMSr/SAMD8 is an ER-resident ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase with a critical role in controlling ER ceramides and suppressing ceramide-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. SMSr-mediated ceramide homeostasis relies on the enzyme's catalytic activity as well as on its N-terminal sterile α-motif or SAM domain. Here we report that SMSr-SAM is structurally and functionally related to the SAM domain of diacylglycerol kinase DGKδ, a central regulator of lipid signaling at the plasma membrane. Native gel electrophoresis indicates that both SAM domains form homotypic oligomers. Chemical crosslinking studies show that SMSr self-associates into ER-resident trimers and hexamers that resemble the helical oligomers formed by DGKδ-SAM. Residues critical for DGKδ-SAM oligomerization are conserved in SMSr-SAM and their substitution causes a dissociation of SMSr oligomers as well as a partial redistribution of the enzyme to the Golgi. Conversely, treatment of cells with curcumin, a drug disrupting ceramide and Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER, stabilizes SMSr oligomers and promotes retention of the enzyme in the ER. Our data provide first demonstration of a multi-pass membrane protein that undergoes homotypic oligomerization via its SAM domain and indicate that SAM-mediated self-assembly of SMSr is required for efficient retention of the enzyme in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Laura Kneller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Bickert
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John G. M. Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joost C. M. Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Shah AV, Birdsey GM, Randi AM. Regulation of endothelial homeostasis, vascular development and angiogenesis by the transcription factor ERG. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:3-13. [PMID: 27208692 PMCID: PMC5404112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the ETS transcription factor ERG has emerged as a major regulator of endothelial function. Multiple studies have shown that ERG plays a crucial role in promoting angiogenesis and vascular stability during development and after birth. In the mature vasculature ERG also functions to maintain endothelial homeostasis, by transactivating genes involved in key endothelial functions, while repressing expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Its homeostatic role is lineage-specific, since ectopic expression of ERG in non-endothelial tissues such as prostate is detrimental and contributes to oncogenesis. This review summarises the main roles and pathways controlled by ERG in the vascular endothelium, its transcriptional targets and its functional partners and the emerging evidence on the pathways regulating ERG's activity and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti V Shah
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme M Birdsey
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Randi
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Erkenbrack EM, Ako-Asare K, Miller E, Tekelenburg S, Thompson JR, Romano L. Ancestral state reconstruction by comparative analysis of a GRN kernel operating in echinoderms. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:37-45. [PMID: 26781941 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diverse sampling of organisms across the five major classes in the phylum Echinodermata is beginning to reveal much about the structure and function of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in development and evolution. Sea urchins are the most studied clade within this phylum, and recent work suggests there has been dramatic rewiring at the top of the skeletogenic GRN along the lineage leading to extant members of the euechinoid sea urchins. Such rewiring likely accounts for some of the observed developmental differences between the two major subclasses of sea urchins-cidaroids and euechinoids. To address effects of topmost rewiring on downstream GRN events, we cloned four downstream regulatory genes within the skeletogenic GRN and surveyed their spatiotemporal expression patterns in the cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides. We performed phylogenetic analyses with homologs from other non-vertebrate deuterostomes and characterized their spatiotemporal expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH). Our data suggest the erg-hex-tgif subcircuit, a putative GRN kernel, exhibits a mesoderm-specific expression pattern early in Eucidaris development that is directly downstream of the initial mesodermal GRN circuitry. Comparative analysis of the expression of this subcircuit in four echinoderm taxa allowed robust ancestral state reconstruction, supporting hypotheses that its ancestral function was to stabilize the mesodermal regulatory state and that it has been co-opted and deployed as a unit in mesodermal subdomains in distantly diverged echinoderms. Importantly, our study supports the notion that GRN kernels exhibit structural and functional modularity, locking down and stabilizing clade-specific, embryonic regulatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Erkenbrack
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Kayla Ako-Asare
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - Emily Miller
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - Saira Tekelenburg
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Thompson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Laura Romano
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
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Piggin CL, Roden DL, Gallego-Ortega D, Lee HJ, Oakes SR, Ormandy CJ. ELF5 isoform expression is tissue-specific and significantly altered in cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:4. [PMID: 26738740 PMCID: PMC4704400 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background E74-like factor 5 (ELF5) is an epithelial-specific member of the E26 transforming sequence (ETS) transcription factor family and a critical regulator of cell fate in the placenta, pulmonary bronchi, and milk-producing alveoli of the mammary gland. ELF5 also plays key roles in malignancy, particularly in basal-like and endocrine-resistant forms of breast cancer. Almost all genes undergo alternative transcription or splicing, which increases the diversity of protein structure and function. Although ELF5 has multiple isoforms, this has not been considered in previous studies of ELF5 function. Methods RNA-sequencing data for 6757 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed to characterize ELF5 isoform expression in multiple normal tissues and cancers. Extensive in vitro analysis of ELF5 isoforms, including a 116-gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction panel, was performed in breast cancer cell lines. Results ELF5 isoform expression was found to be tissue-specific due to alternative promoter use but altered in multiple cancer types. The normal breast expressed one main isoform, while in breast cancer there were subtype-specific alterations in expression. Expression of other ETS factors was also significantly altered in breast cancer, with the basal-like subtype demonstrating a distinct ETS expression profile. In vitro inducible expression of the full-length isoforms 1 and 2, as well as isoform 3 (lacking the Pointed domain) had similar phenotypic and transcriptional effects. Conclusions Alternative promoter use, conferring differential regulatory responses, is the main mechanism governing ELF5 action rather than differential transcriptional activity of the isoforms. This understanding of expression and function at the isoform level is a vital first step in realizing the potential of transcription factors such as ELF5 as prognostic markers or therapeutic targets in cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0666-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Piggin
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Daniel L Roden
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Heather J Lee
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Samantha R Oakes
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Saldana-Caboverde A, Perera EM, Watkins-Chow DE, Hansen NF, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Pavan WJ, Kos L. The transcription factors Ets1 and Sox10 interact during murine melanocyte development. Dev Biol 2015; 407:300-12. [PMID: 25912689 PMCID: PMC4618791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, arise from multipotent neural crest (NC) cells during embryogenesis. Many genes required for melanocyte development were identified using mouse pigmentation mutants. The variable spotting mouse pigmentation mutant arose spontaneously at the Jackson Laboratory. We identified a G-to-A nucleotide transition in exon 3 of the Ets1 gene in variable spotting, which results in a missense G102E mutation. Homozygous variable spotting mice exhibit sporadic white spotting. Similarly, mice carrying a targeted deletion of Ets1 exhibit hypopigmentation; nevertheless, the function of Ets1 in melanocyte development is unknown. The transcription factor Ets1 is widely expressed in developing organs and tissues, including the NC. In the chick, Ets1 is required for the expression of Sox10, a transcription factor critical for the development of various NC derivatives, including melanocytes. We show that Ets1 is required early for murine NC cell and melanocyte precursor survival in vivo. Given the importance of Ets1 for Sox10 expression in the chick, we investigated a potential genetic interaction between these genes by comparing the hypopigmentation phenotypes of single and double heterozygous mice. The incidence of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly greater than in single heterozygotes. The area of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly larger than would be expected from the addition of the areas of hypopigmentation of single heterozygotes, suggesting that Ets1 and Sox10 interact synergistically in melanocyte development. Since Sox10 is also essential for enteric ganglia development, we examined the distal colons of Ets1 null mutants and found a significant decrease in enteric innervation, which was exacerbated by Sox10 heterozygosity. At the molecular level, Ets1 was found to activate an enhancer critical for Sox10 expression in NC-derived structures. Furthermore, enhancer activation was significantly inhibited by the variable spotting mutation. Together, these results suggest that Ets1 and Sox10 interact to promote proper melanocyte and enteric ganglia development from the NC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erasmo M Perera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy F Hansen
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lidia Kos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
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Malemud CJ, Lewis AC, Wylie MA, Meszaros EC, Skomorovska-Prokvolit Y, Mesiano S. U0126, an Inhibitor of MEK1/2, Increases Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Apoptosis, but not Interleukin-6 Induced Apoptosis in C-28/I2 Human Chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1. [PMID: 26855970 DOI: 10.21767/2471-8153.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the SAPK/MAPK signaling pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines is known to induce apoptosis in cultured articular chondrocytes. C-28/I2, an immortalized human juvenile chondrocyte cell line was employed to determine the extent to which recombinant human (rh) forms of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (rhTNF-α,), interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) and oncostatin M (rhOSM) induced apoptosis. METHODS The induction of apoptosis in the presence or absence of these cytokines was measured by the DAPI/TUNEL assay, by whether or not pro-caspase-3 was activated and by the extent to which poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) was degraded. FINDINGS Only rhTNF-α, and rhIL-6 significantly increased apoptosis in C-28/I2 chondrocytes, although rhOSM exhibited a strong trend (p=0.067) towards increasing the frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes. The number of apoptotic C28/I2 chondrocytes was significantly increased (p=1.3 × 10-5) by the combination of rhTNF-α and U0126 (10 μM) compared to rhTNF-α alone. However apoptosis was not further increased by combining rhIL-6 with U0126. The LI-COR® western blot system showed that U0126 (10 μM) inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (p-ERK2) by phorbol myristate acetate-treated immortalized myometrial cells, U0126 (10 μM) did not alter total U-ERK2. Western blot analysis also revealed that the increased frequency of apoptotic C-28/I2 chondrocytes induced by rhTNF-α and rhOSM, but not rhIL-6, was associated with PARP degradation. However, none of the cytokines resulted in pro-caspase-3 activation. CONCLUSION These results showed that rhTNF-α and rhIL-6 were strong inducers of apoptosis in the immortalized C-28/I2 human chondrocyte cell line. They also suggested that inhibiting ERK2 phosphorylation via U0126-mediated inhibition of MEK1/2 activity, increased rhTNF-α-induced C-28/I2 chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Arthritis Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Aaron C Lewis
- Arthritis Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases
| | - Meredith A Wylie
- Arthritis Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases
| | - Evan C Meszaros
- Arthritis Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases
| | | | - Sam Mesiano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 USA
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Dittmer J. The role of the transcription factor Ets1 in carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:20-38. [PMID: 26392377 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets1 belongs to the large family of the ETS domain family of transcription factors and is involved in cancer progression. In most carcinomas, Ets1 expression is linked to poor survival. In breast cancer, Ets1 is primarily expressed in the triple-negative subtype, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Ets1 contributes to the acquisition of cancer cell invasiveness, to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), to the development of drug resistance and neo-angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the functions of Ets1 in carcinoma progression and on the mechanisms that regulate Ets1 activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Epithelial-specific ETS-1 (ESE1/ELF3) regulates apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis via accelerating NF-κB activation. Immunol Res 2015; 62:198-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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The oncogene ERG: a key factor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:403-14. [PMID: 25915839 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ETS-related gene (ERG) is a member of the E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors with roles in development that include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, haematopoiesis and bone development. ERG's oncogenic potential is well known because of its involvement in Ewing's sarcoma and leukaemia. However, in the past decade ERG has become highly associated with prostate cancer development, particularly as a result of a gene fusion with the promoter region of the androgen-induced TMPRRSS2 gene. We review ERG's structure and function, and its role in prostate cancer. We discuss potential new therapies that are based on targeting ERG.
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Selvaraj N, Kedage V, Hollenhorst PC. Comparison of MAPK specificity across the ETS transcription factor family identifies a high-affinity ERK interaction required for ERG function in prostate cells. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25885538 PMCID: PMC4338625 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway can regulate gene expression by phosphorylating and altering the function of some, but not all, ETS transcription factors. ETS family transcription factors bind similar DNA sequences and can compete for genomic binding sites. However, MAPK regulation varies across the ETS family. Therefore, changing the ETS factor bound to a cis-regulatory element can alter MAPK regulation of gene expression. To understand RAS/MAPK regulated gene expression programs, comprehensive knowledge of the ETS family members that are MAPK targets and relative MAPK targeting efficiency across the family is needed. Results An in vitro kinase assay was used to rank-order 27 human ETS family transcription factors based on phosphorylation by ERK2, JNK1, and p38α. Many novel MAPK targets and specificities were identified within the ETS family, including the identification of the prostate cancer oncoprotein ERG as a specific target of ERK2. ERK2 phosphorylation of ERG S215 required a DEF docking domain and was necessary for ERG to activate transcription of cell migration genes and promote prostate cell migration. The ability of ERK2 to bind ERG with higher affinity than ETS1 provided a potential molecular explanation for why ERG overexpression drives migration of prostate cells with low levels of RAS/ERK signaling, while ETS1 has a similar function only when RAS/ERK signaling is high. Conclusions The rank ordering of ETS transcription factors as MAPK targets provides an important resource for understanding ETS proteins as mediators of MAPK signaling. This is emphasized by the difference in rank order of ERG and ETS1, which allows these factors to have distinct roles based on the level of RAS/ERK signaling present in the cell. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-015-0089-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarathinam Selvaraj
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Vivekananda Kedage
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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PAX3 and ETS1 synergistically activate MET expression in melanoma cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:4964-74. [PMID: 25531327 PMCID: PMC4476961 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive disease that is difficult to treat due to rapid tumor growth, apoptotic resistance, and high metastatic potential. The MET tyrosine kinase receptor promotes many of these cellular processes, and while MET is often overexpressed in melanoma, the mechanism driving this overexpression is unknown. Since the MET gene is rarely mutated or amplified in melanoma, MET overexpression may be driven by to increased activation through promoter elements. In this report, we find that transcription factors PAX3 and ETS1 directly interact to synergistically activate MET expression. Inhibition of PAX3 and ETS1 expression in melanoma cells leads to a significant reduction of MET receptor levels. The 300 bp 5′ proximal MET promoter contains a PAX3 response element and two ETS1 consensus motifs. While ETS1 can moderately activate both of these sites without cofactors, robust MET promoter activation of the first site is PAX-dependent and requires the presence of PAX3, while the second site is PAX-independent. The induction of MET by ETS1 via this second site is enhanced by HGF-dependent ETS1 activation, thereby MET indirectly promotes its own expression. We further find that expression of a dominant negative ETS1 reduces the ability of melanoma cells to grow both in culture and in vivo. Thus, we discover a pathway where ETS1 advances melanoma through the expression of MET via PAX-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Reverse genetic screening reveals poor correlation between morpholino-induced and mutant phenotypes in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2014; 32:97-108. [PMID: 25533206 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread availability of programmable site-specific nucleases now enables targeted gene disruption in the zebrafish. In this study, we applied site-specific nucleases to generate zebrafish lines bearing individual mutations in more than 20 genes. We found that mutations in only a small proportion of genes caused defects in embryogenesis. Moreover, mutants for ten different genes failed to recapitulate published Morpholino-induced phenotypes (morphants). The absence of phenotypes in mutant embryos was not likely due to maternal effects or failure to eliminate gene function. Consistently, a comparison of published morphant defects with the Sanger Zebrafish Mutation Project revealed that approximately 80% of morphant phenotypes were not observed in mutant embryos, similar to our mutant collection. Based on these results, we suggest that mutant phenotypes become the standard metric to define gene function in zebrafish, after which Morpholinos that recapitulate respective phenotypes could be reliably applied for ancillary analyses.
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Transcription factor Ets1, but not the closely related factor Ets2, inhibits antibody-secreting cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:522-32. [PMID: 24277931 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00612-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) is a tightly regulated process under the control of multiple transcription factors. One such transcription factor, Ets1, blocks the transition of B cells to ASCs via two separate activities: (i) stimulating the expression of target genes that promote B cell identity and (ii) interfering with the functional activity of the transcription factor Blimp1. Ets1 is a member of a multigene family, several members of which are expressed within the B cell lineage, including the closely related protein Ets2. In this report, we demonstrate that Ets1, but not Ets2, can block ASC formation despite the fact that Ets1 and Ets2 bind to apparently identical DNA sequence motifs and are thought to regulate overlapping sets of target genes. The DNA binding domain of Ets1 is required, but not sufficient by itself, to block ASC formation. In addition, less conserved regions within the N terminus of Ets1 play an important role in inhibiting B cell differentiation. Differences between the N termini of Ets1 and Ets2, rather than differences in the DNA binding domains, determine whether the proteins are capable of blocking ASC formation or not.
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Kar A, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Molecular mechanisms of ETS transcription factor-mediated tumorigenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:522-43. [PMID: 24066765 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors is critical for development, differentiation, proliferation and also has a role in apoptosis and tissue remodeling. Changes in expression of ETS proteins therefore have a significant impact on normal physiology of the cell. Transcriptional consequences of ETS protein deregulation by overexpression, gene fusion, and modulation by RAS/MAPK signaling are linked to alterations in normal cell functions, and lead to unlimited increased proliferation, sustained angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Existing data show that ETS proteins control pathways in epithelial cells as well as stromal compartments, and the crosstalk between the two is essential for normal development and cancer. In this review, we have focused on ETS factors with a known contribution in cancer development. Instead of focusing on a prototype, we address cancer associated ETS proteins and have highlighted the diverse mechanisms by which they affect carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss strategies for ETS factor targeting as a potential means for cancer therapeutics.
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Review of Ets1 structure, function, and roles in immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3375-90. [PMID: 23288305 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ets1 transcription factor is a member of the Ets gene family and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Ets1 is known to regulate a number of important biological processes in normal cells and in tumors. In particular, Ets1 has been associated with regulation of immune cell function and with an aggressive behavior in tumors that express it at high levels. Here we review and summarize the general features of Ets1 and describe its roles in immunity and autoimmunity, with a focus on its roles in B lymphocytes. We also review evidence that suggests that Ets1 may play a role in malignant transformation of hematopoietic malignancies including B cell malignancies.
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Yang SH, Kalkan T, Morrisroe C, Smith A, Sharrocks AD. A genome-wide RNAi screen reveals MAP kinase phosphatases as key ERK pathway regulators during embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003112. [PMID: 23271975 PMCID: PMC3521700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells represent potentially important therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine. Complex interlinked transcriptional and signaling networks control the fate of these cells towards maintenance of pluripotency or differentiation. In this study we have focused on how mouse embryonic stem cells begin to differentiate and lose pluripotency and, in particular, the role that the ERK MAP kinase and GSK3 signaling pathways play in this process. Through a genome-wide siRNA screen we have identified more than 400 genes involved in loss of pluripotency and promoting the onset of differentiation. These genes were functionally associated with the ERK and/or GSK3 pathways, providing an important resource for studying the roles of these pathways in controlling escape from the pluripotent ground state. More detailed analysis identified MAP kinase phosphatases as a focal point of regulation and demonstrated an important role for these enzymes in controlling ERK activation kinetics and subsequently determining early embryonic stem cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsi Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tuzer Kalkan
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Morrisroe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Sharrocks
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lau DKW, Okon M, McIntosh LP. The PNT domain from Drosophila pointed-P2 contains a dynamic N-terminal helix preceded by a disordered phosphoacceptor sequence. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1716-25. [PMID: 22936607 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pointed-P2, the Drosophila ortholog of human ETS1 and ETS2, is a transcription factor involved in Ras/MAP kinase-regulated gene expression. In addition to a DNA-binding ETS domain, Pointed-P2 contains a PNT (or SAM) domain that serves as a docking module to enhance phosphorylation of an adjacent phosphoacceptor threonine by the ERK2 MAP kinase Rolled. Using NMR chemical shift, ¹⁵N relaxation, and amide hydrogen exchange measurements, we demonstrate that the Pointed-P2 PNT domain contains a dynamic N-terminal helix H0 appended to a core conserved five-helix bundle diagnostic of the SAM domain fold. Neither the secondary structure nor dynamics of the PNT domain is perturbed significantly upon in vitro ERK2 phosphorylation of three threonine residues in a disordered sequence immediately preceding this domain. These data thus confirm that the Drosophila Pointed-P2 PNT domain and phosphoacceptors are highly similar to those of the well-characterized human ETS1 transcription factor. NMR-monitored titrations also revealed that the phosphoacceptors and helix H0, as well as region of the core helical bundle identified previously by mutational analyses as a kinase docking site, are selectively perturbed upon ERK2 binding by Pointed-P2. Based on a homology model derived from the ETS1 PNT domain, helix H0 is predicted to partially occlude the docking interface. Therefore, this dynamic helix must be displaced to allow both docking of the kinase, as well as binding of Mae, a Drosophila protein that negatively regulates Pointed-P2 by competing with the kinase for its docking site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond K W Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Kiyota T, Kato A, Kato Y. Ets-1 regulates radial glia formation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 3:93-101. [PMID: 19279707 DOI: 10.4161/org.3.2.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glia cells are the first distinguishable glial population derived from neural epithelial cells and serve as guides for migrating neurons and as neural progenitor cells in the developing brain. Despite their functional importance during neural development, the determination and differentiation of these cells remains poorly understood at the molecular level. Ets-1 and Ets-2, Ets (E26 transformation-specific) transcription factors, are vertebrate homologues of Drosophila pointed, which is expressed in a subset of glia cells and promotes different aspects of Drosophila glia cell differentiation. However, it remains unsolved that the function of Ets genes is conserved in vertebrate glia development. Here we report that Ets-1 but not Ets-2 is necessary for Xenopus radial glia formation and the activity of Ets-1 is sufficient for radial glia formation prior to neural tube closure. Furthermore, we show that Ras-MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling, which acts as an upstream activator of Ets-1 in other biological processes, also regulates radial glia formation. A mutant form of Ets-1, which is not responsive to Ras-MAPK signaling, inhibits radial glia formation promoted by Ras-MAPK signaling. Together, our results show that Ets-1 activated by Ras-MAPK signaling promotes radial glia formation during Xenopus embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Biomedical Science; Florida State University College of Medicine; Tallahassee, Florida USA
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Inhibitory effects of the transcription factor Ets-1 on the expression of type I collagen in TGF-β1-stimulated renal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:247-54. [PMID: 22829018 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) production and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are important for phenotypic conversion in normal development and disease states such as tissue fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is one of the most potent inducers of ECM proteins, and its role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis is well established. Ets family is involved in a diverse array of biologic functions including cellular growth, migration, and differentiation. In the present study, we investigated whether Ets-1 has a role in ECM production and EMT in human renal tubuloepithelial cells (HKC cells). TGFβ1 treatment increases Ets-1 expression and nuclear translocation in the HKC cells. Overexpression of recombinant Ets-1 suppressed transcription of α2(I) collagen (COL1A2) and type I collagen production in the TGFβ1-activated HKC cells. From the experiments using specific inhibitors against Smad3 or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, Ets-1 has an inhibitory role for COL1A2 transcription and the p38 MAPK pathway participates in the negative contribution of Ets-1 in TGFβ1/Smad3-activated renal cells.
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von Brandenstein M, Schlosser M, Richter C, Depping R, Fries JWU. ETS-dependent p16INK4a and p21waf1/cip1 gene expression upon endothelin-1 stimulation in malignant versus and non-malignant proximal tubule cells. Life Sci 2012; 91:562-71. [PMID: 22521293 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cellular senescence, leading to cell death through prevention of regular cell renewal, is associated with the upregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p16(INK4a). While this mechanism has been described as leading to progressive nephron loss, p16(INK4a) upregulation in renal cell carcinoma has been linked to a disease-specific improved patient survival rate. While in both conditions endothelin-1 is also upregulated, the signaling pathway connecting ET-1 to p16(INK4a) has not been characterized until this study. MAIN METHODS Cell culture, qRT-PCR, Western Blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), proximity ligation assay (PLA), and non-radioactive electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). KEY FINDINGS In malignant renal proximal tumor cells (Caki-1), an activation of p16(INK4a) and p21(waf1/cip1) was observed. An increased expression of E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors was detectable. Using specific antibodies, a complex formation between ETS1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK2) was shown. A further complex partner was Mxi2. EMSA with supershift analysis for ETS1 and Mxi2 indicated the involvement of both factors in the protein-DNA interaction. After specifically blocking the endothelin receptors, ETS1 expression was significantly downregulated. However, the endothelin B receptor dependent downregulation was stronger than that of the A receptor. In contrast, primary proximal tubule cells showed a nuclear decrease after ET-1 stimulation. This indicates that other ETS members may be involved in the observed p16(INK4a) upregulation (as described in the literature). SIGNIFICANCE ETS1, ERK2 and Mxi2 are important complex partners initiating increased p16(INK4a) and p21w(af1/cip1) activation in renal tumor cells.
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Liu H, Duan Z, Zheng H, Hu D, Li M, Tao Y, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. EBV-encoded LMP1 upregulates Igκ 3'enhancer activity and Igκ expression in nasopharyngeal cancer cells by activating the Ets-1 through ERKs signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32624. [PMID: 22396784 PMCID: PMC3291551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that epithelial cancer cells, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, express immunoglobulins (Igs). We previously found that the expression of the kappa light chain protein in NPC cells can be upregulated by the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). In the present study, we used NPC cell lines as models and found that LMP1-augmented kappa production corresponds with elevations in ERKs phosphorylation. PD98059 attenuates LMP1-induced ERKs phosphorylation resulting in decreased expression of the kappa light chain. ERK-specific small interfering RNA blunts LMP1-induced kappa light chain gene expression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that immunoglobulin κ 3′ enhancer (3′Eκ) is active in Igκ-expressing NPC cells and LMP1 upregulates the activity of 3′Eκ in NPC cells. Moreover, mutation analysis of the PU binding site in 3′Eκ and inhibition of the MEK/ERKs pathway by PD98059 indicate that the PU site is functional and LMP1-enhanced 3′Eκ activity is partly regulated by this site. PD98059 treatment also leads to a concentration-dependent inhibition of LMP1-induced Ets-1 expression and phosphorylation, which corresponds with a dose-dependent attenuation of LMP1-induced ERK phosphorylation and kappa light chain expression. Suppression of endogenous Ets-1 by small interfering RNA is accompanied by a decrease of Ig kappa light chain expression. Gel shift assays using nuclear extracts of NPC cells indicate that the transcription factor Ets-1 is recruited by LMP1 to the PU motif within 3′Eκin vitro. ChIP assays further demonstrate Ets-1 binding to the PU motif of 3′Eκ in cells. These results suggest that LMP1 upregulates 3′Eκ activity and kappa gene expression by activating the Ets-1 transcription factor through the ERKs signaling pathway. Our studies provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism of kappa expression, by which virus-encoded proteins activate the kappa 3′ enhancer through activating transcription factors in non-B epithelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidan Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duosha Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZGD); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZGD); (YC)
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Hua P, Feng W, Rezonzew G, Chumley P, Jaimes EA. The transcription factor ETS-1 regulates angiotensin II-stimulated fibronectin production in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1418-29. [PMID: 22357921 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00477.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) produced as result of activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease via its hemodynamic effects on the renal microcirculation as well as by its nonhemodynamic actions including the production of extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein that plays a major role in cell adhesion and migration as well as in the development of glomerulosclerosis. ETS-1 is an important transcription factor essential for normal kidney development and glomerular integrity. We previously showed that ANG II increases ETS-1 expression and is required for fibronectin production in mesangial cells. In these studies, we determined that ANG II induces phosphorylation of ETS-1 via activation of the type 1 ANG II receptor and that Erk1/2 and Akt/PKB phosphorylation are required for these effects. In addition, we characterized the role of ETS-1 on the transcriptional activation of fibronectin production in mesangial cells. We determined that ETS-1 directly activates the fibronectin promoter and by utilizing gel shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified two different ETS-1 binding sites that promote the transcriptional activation of fibronectin in response to ANG II. In addition, we identified the essential role of CREB and its coactivator p300 on the transcriptional activation of fibronectin by ETS-1. These studies unveil novel mechanisms involved in RAS-induced production of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin in mesangial cells and establish the role of the transcription factor ETS-1 as a direct mediator of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hua
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1150, USA
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Otero M, Plumb DA, Tsuchimochi K, Dragomir CL, Hashimoto K, Peng H, Olivotto E, Bevilacqua M, Tan L, Yang Z, Zhan Y, Oettgen P, Li Y, Marcu KB, Goldring MB. E74-like factor 3 (ELF3) impacts on matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) transcriptional control in articular chondrocytes under proinflammatory stress. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3559-72. [PMID: 22158614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 has a pivotal, rate-limiting function in cartilage remodeling and degradation due to its specificity for cleaving type II collagen. The proximal MMP13 promoter contains evolutionarily conserved E26 transformation-specific sequence binding sites that are closely flanked by AP-1 and Runx2 binding motifs, and interplay among these and other factors has been implicated in regulation by stress and inflammatory signals. Here we report that ELF3 directly controls MMP13 promoter activity by targeting an E26 transformation-specific sequence binding site at position -78 bp and by cooperating with AP-1. In addition, ELF3 binding to the proximal MMP13 promoter is enhanced by IL-1β stimulation in chondrocytes, and the IL-1β-induced MMP13 expression is inhibited in primary human chondrocytes by siRNA-ELF3 knockdown and in chondrocytes from Elf3(-/-) mice. Further, we found that MEK/ERK signaling enhances ELF3-driven MMP13 transactivation and is required for IL-1β-induced ELF3 binding to the MMP13 promoter, as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, we show that enhanced levels of ELF3 co-localize with MMP13 protein and activity in human osteoarthritic cartilage. These studies define a novel role for ELF3 as a procatabolic factor that may contribute to cartilage remodeling and degradation by regulating MMP13 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Otero
- Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Research Division, the Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Fisher IB, Ostrowski M, Muthusamy N. Role for Ets-2(Thr-72) transcription factor in stage-specific thymocyte development and survival. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5199-210. [PMID: 22128184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.242602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference of Ras signaling deregulates thymocyte development in mouse models. However, the role of Ets-2, a transcription factor that is phosphorylated on a critical threonine residue (Thr-72) by the Ras/MAPK pathway in thymocyte development, has not been defined. Transgenic mice overexpressing a phosphomutant Ets-2 (T72A) in the thymus displayed reduced thymus size associated with a 60-80% reduction in thymocyte populations. The transgenic mice exhibited a 20-fold increase in a c-Kit(+) CD4(+) CD8(+) CD3(-) population and a 5-fold increase in a unique CD5(low) population associated with a partial developmental block at the DN2-DN3 stage of thymocytes. Transgenic thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis, and overexpression of Bcl-2 rescued the hypocellularity and associated thymocyte developmental block in double transgenic mice. The observed defects in these mice are not dependent on Ets-1 expression. These studies implicate for the first time a stage-specific Ets-1-independent regulatory role for Ets-2 in early thymocyte development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Fisher
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology Program, Division of Hematology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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