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Minică CC, Verweij KJ, van der Most PJ, Mbarek H, Bernard M, van Eijk KR, Lind PA, Liu M, Maciejewski DF, Palviainen T, Sánchez-Mora C, Sherva R, Taylor M, Walters RK, Abdellaoui A, Bigdeli TB, Branje SJ, Brown SA, Casas M, Corley RP, Smith GD, Davies GE, Ehli EA, Farrer L, Fedko IO, Garcia-Martínez I, Gordon SD, Hartman CA, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Hickman M, Hopfer CJ, Hottenga JJ, Kahn RS, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, van Lier PA, Madden PA, Medland SE, Neale MC, Meeus WH, Montgomery GW, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Rose RJ, Shin J, Stallings MC, Wall TL, Ware JJ, Wright MJ, Zhao H, Koot HM, Paus T, Hewitt JK, Ribasés M, Loukola A, Boks MP, Snieder H, Munafò MR, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Vink JM, Derks EM. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use. Addiction 2018; 113:2073-2086. [PMID: 30003630 PMCID: PMC7087375 DOI: 10.1111/add.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among adolescents and young adults. Earlier age at cannabis initiation is linked to adverse life outcomes, including multi-substance use and dependence. This study estimated the heritability of age at first cannabis use and identified associations with genetic variants. METHODS A twin-based heritability analysis using 8055 twins from three cohorts was performed. We then carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use in a discovery sample of 24 953 individuals from nine European, North American and Australian cohorts, and a replication sample of 3735 individuals. RESULTS The twin-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 19-60%]. Shared and unique environmental factors explained 39% (95% CI = 20-56%) and 22% (95% CI = 16-29%). The genome-wide association meta-analysis identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 within the calcium-transporting ATPase gene (ATP2C2) at P < 5E-08. All five SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8), with the strongest association at the intronic variant rs1574587 (P = 4.09E-09). Gene-based tests of association identified the ATP2C2 gene on 16q24.1 (P = 1.33e-06). Although the five SNPs and ATP2C2 did not replicate, ATP2C2 has been associated with cocaine dependence in a previous study. ATP2B2, which is a member of the same calcium signalling pathway, has been associated previously with opioid dependence. SNP-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was non-significant. CONCLUSION Age at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities. The significant association between age of initiation and ATP2C2 is consistent with the role of calcium signalling mechanisms in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia C. Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristel R. van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Dominique F. Maciejewski
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest and Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raymond K. Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan J.T. Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Miguel Casas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gareth E. Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Erik A. Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Lindsay Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ken Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pol A.C. van Lier
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Wim H.J. Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tamara L. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Ware
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health & VA CT, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hans M. Koot
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
- Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Psychiatry, Genetics, & Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine & VA CT, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Translational Neurogenomics group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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