1
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Martin-Jimenez D, Zhong Q, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Imaging the adsorption sites of organic molecules on metallic surfaces by an adaptive tunnelling current feedback. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:475703. [PMID: 39173655 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows submolecular resolution imaging of organic molecules deposited on a surface by using CO-functionalized qPlus sensors under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature conditions. However, the experimental determination of the adsorption sites of these organic molecules requires the precise identification of the atomic structure of the surface on which they are adsorbed. Here, we develop an automation method for AFM imaging that provides in a single image both, submolecular resolution on organic molecules and atomic resolution on the surrounding metallic surface. The method is based on an adaptive tunnelling current feedback system that is regulated according to the response of the AFM observables, which guarantees that both the molecules and the surface atoms are imaged under optimum conditions. Therewith, the approach is suitable for imaging adsorption sites of several adjacent and highly mobile molecules such as 2-iodotriphenylene on Ag(111) in a single scan. The proposed method with the adaptive feedback system facilitates statistical analysis of molecular adsorption geometries and could in the future contribute to autonomous AFM imaging as it adapts the feedback parameters depending on the sample properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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2
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Xiang Q, Ye L, Ma L, Sun Z. The Olympicenyl Radical and Its Derivatives. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300571. [PMID: 37916655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The olympicenyl radical (OR) has long been a fascinating spin doublet hydrocarbon radical that evoked theoretical and experimental research interests, but the chemistry of olympicenyl was limited by its inherent instability. Recently, this field was revived by the advent of stable, multi-substituted ORs and the isolation of them in the crystalline phase. In this minireview, we summarize the early studies on the pristine OR, as well as the recent advances on the substituted OR derivatives, heteroatom-containing OR derivatives, and OR-based diradicals and polyradicals. The synthetic chemistry, stabilization strategies, self-association behaviors, reactivities, and applications in the biological field of the abovementioned compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
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3
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Kinikar A, Wang XY, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Liu P, Eimre K, Pignedoli CA, Stolz S, Bommert M, Mishra S, Sun Q, Widmer R, Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. Sterically Selective [3 + 3] Cycloaromatization in the On-Surface Synthesis of Nanographenes. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:128-135. [PMID: 38644965 PMCID: PMC11027121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Surface-catalyzed reactions have been used to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomically predefined structures. The recent discovery of a gold surface-catalyzed [3 + 3] cycloaromatization of isopropyl substituted arenes has enabled the on-surface synthesis of arylene-phenylene copolymers, where the surface activates the isopropyl substituents to form phenylene rings by intermolecular coupling. However, the resulting polymers suffered from undesired cross-linking when more than two molecules reacted at a single site. Here we show that such cross-links can be prevented through steric protection by attaching the isopropyl groups to larger arene cores. Upon thermal activation of isopropyl-substituted 8,9-dioxa-8a-borabenzo[fg]tetracene on Au(111), cycloaromatization is observed to occur exclusively between the two molecules. The cycloaromatization intermediate formed by the covalent linking of two molecules is prevented from reacting with further molecules by the wide benzotetracene core, resulting in highly selective one-to-one coupling. Our findings extend the versatility of the [3 + 3] cycloaromatization of isopropyl substituents and point toward steric protection as a powerful concept for suppressing competing reaction pathways in on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- State
Key
Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pengcai Liu
- State
Key
Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Station 3, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Brill L, Brandhoff J, Gruenewald M, Calcinelli F, Hofmann OT, Forker R, Fritz T. Partial restoration of aromaticity of pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetrone on Cu(111). NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2654-2661. [PMID: 38230573 PMCID: PMC10832359 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The π-conjugation of organic molecules can be strongly influenced when functional groups are added to a molecule, for example when pentacene is converted into pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetrone (P4O) by substitution of four H-atoms with four O-atoms, leading to four CO double bonds. In fact, although free P4O resembles the parent hydrocarbon pentacene structurally at a first glance, its electronic properties differ drastically and can be more accurately described by three benzene units connected via four carbonyl groups. If P4O is deposited onto Cu(111), the electronic interaction across the interface has previously been reported to fully restore the π-conjugation through a weakening of the CO double bonds and a redistribution of electrons, both of which have been explained with the model of surface-induced aromatic stabilization. Here, we observe for the case of P4O on Cu(111) that the molecule does not exhibit full π-conjugation upon interaction with the surface, likely because of the special electronic nature of the hybridized P4O on Cu(111). Our results are derived from CO-functionalized noncontact atomic force microscopy measurements in combination with dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations yielding bond lengths and molecular geometries. To characterize the aromaticity, we apply the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Brill
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jonas Brandhoff
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marco Gruenewald
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Fabio Calcinelli
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Oliver T Hofmann
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Roman Forker
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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5
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Brown T, Blowey PJ, Sweetman A. Precise determination of molecular adsorption geometries by room temperature non-contact atomic force microscopy. Commun Chem 2024; 7:8. [PMID: 38184736 PMCID: PMC10771516 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
High resolution force measurements of molecules on surfaces, in non-contact atomic force microscopy, are often only performed at cryogenic temperatures, due to needing a highly stable system, and a passivated probe tip (typically via CO-functionalisation). Here we show a reliable protocol for acquiring three-dimensional force map data over both single organic molecules and assembled islands of molecules, at room temperature. Isolated cobalt phthalocyanine and islands of C60 are characterised with submolecular resolution, on a passivated silicon substrate (B:Si(111)-[Formula: see text]). Geometries of cobalt phthalocyanine are determined to a ~ 10 pm accuracy. For the C60, the protocol is sufficiently robust that areas spanning 10 nm × 10 nm are mapped, despite the difficulties of room temperature operation. These results provide a proof-of-concept for gathering high-resolution three-dimensional force maps of networks of complex, non-planar molecules on surfaces, in conditions more analogous to real-world application.
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6
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Ren J, Koy M, Osthues H, Lammers BS, Gutheil C, Nyenhuis M, Zheng Q, Xiao Y, Huang L, Nalop A, Dai Q, Gao HJ, Mönig H, Doltsinis NL, Fuchs H, Glorius F. On-surface synthesis of ballbot-type N-heterocyclic carbene polymers. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1737-1744. [PMID: 37640855 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are established ligands for metal complexes and surfaces. Here we go beyond monomeric NHCs and report on the synthesis of NHC polymers on gold surfaces, consisting of ballbot-type repeating units bound to single Au adatoms. We designed, synthesized and deposited precursors containing different halogens on gold surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. Conformational, electronic and charge transport properties were assessed by combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, first-principles calculations and reactive force field simulations. The confirmed ballbot-type nature of the NHCs explains the high surface mobility of the incommensurate NHC polymers, which is prerequisite for their desired spatial alignment. The delicate balance between mobility and polymerization rate allows essential parameters for controlling polymer directionality to be derived. These polymers open up new opportunities in the fields of nanoelectronics, surface functionalization and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Osthues
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Marvin Nyenhuis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qi Zheng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Arne Nalop
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Cao N, Björk J, Corral-Rascon E, Chen Z, Ruben M, Senge MO, Barth JV, Riss A. The role of aromaticity in the cyclization and polymerization of alkyne-substituted porphyrins on Au(111). Nat Chem 2023; 15:1765-1772. [PMID: 37723257 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is an established and widely used concept for the prediction of the reactivity of organic molecules. However, its role remains largely unexplored in on-surface chemistry, where the interaction with the substrate can alter the electronic and geometric structure of the adsorbates. Here we investigate how aromaticity affects the reactivity of alkyne-substituted porphyrin molecules in cyclization and coupling reactions on a Au(111) surface. We examine and quantify the regioselectivity in the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and bond-resolved atomic force microscopy at the single-molecule level. Our experiments show a substantially lower reactivity of carbon atoms that are stabilized by the aromatic diaza[18]annulene pathway of free-base porphyrins. The results are corroborated by density functional theory calculations, which show a direct correlation between aromaticity and thermodynamic stability of the reaction products. These insights are helpful to understand, and in turn design, reactions with aromatic species in on-surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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8
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Ferrão LFA, Pontes MAP, Fernandes GFS, Bettanin F, Aquino AJA, Lischka H, Nachtigallova D, Machado FBC. Stability and Reactivity of the Phenalene and Olympicene Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9430-9441. [PMID: 37920974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The phenalene (triangulene) and olympicene molecules belong to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class, which have attracted substantial technological interest due to their unique electronic properties. Electronic structure calculations serve as a valuable tool in investigating the stability and reactivity of these molecular systems. In the present work, the multireference calculations, namely, the complete active space second-order perturbation theory and multireference averaged quadratic coupled cluster (MR-AQCC), were employed to study the reactivity and stability of phenalene and olympicene isomers, as well as their modified structures where the sp3-carbon at the borders were removed. The harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) and the nucleus-independent chemical shift as geometric and magnetic indexes calculated with density functional theory were utilized to assess the aromaticity of the studied molecules. These indexes were compared with properties such as the excitation energy and natural orbitals occupation. The reactivity analyzed using the HOMA index combined with MR-AQCC revealed the radical character of certain structures as well as the weakening of their aromaticity. Moreover, the results suggest that the removal of sp3-carbon atoms and the addition of hydrogen atoms did not alter the π network and the excitation energies of the phenalene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F A Ferrão
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos 122228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A P Pontes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos 122228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F S Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos 122228-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bettanin
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades (EACH) - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Adélia J A Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Dana Nachtigallova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos 122228-900, SP, Brazil
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9
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Jiménez-Martín A, Gallardo A, de la Torre B. Coverage-modulated halogen bond geometry transformation in supramolecular assemblies. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16354-16361. [PMID: 37786923 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Halogen bonding (HB) has emerged as a promising route for designing supramolecular assemblies due to its directional nature and versatility in modifying interactions through the choice of halogens and molecular entities. Despite this, methods for tuning these interactions on surfaces, particularly in terms of directionality, are limited. In this study, we present a strategy for tuning the directionality of self-assembly processes in homomolecular organic compounds on inert metal surfaces. A variety of halogen-halogen geometries can promote highly-extended one-dimensional or two-dimensional self-assembly depending on the molecular coverage. Our results indicate that under lower molecular coverage conditions, robust one-dimensional (1D) structures promote the self-assembly of halogen-bonded molecules on Au(111). At certain coverage, a transformation from type-I to synthon halogen bonding is observed, leading to an extended hexagonal pattern of molecular assembly. The atomistic details of the structures are experimentally studied using high-resolution atomic force microscopy and supported by first-principle calculations. We employed DFT to evaluate the interplay between electrostatics and dispersion forces driving both type-I and synthon assemblies. The results reveal a halogen-bond geometry transformation induced by a subtle balance of molecule-molecule interaction. Finally, we investigate the capability of the halogen-bonded supramolecular assembly to periodically confine electronic quantum states and single atoms. Our findings demonstrate the versatility of sigma-bonding in regulating molecular assembly and provide new insights for tailoring functional molecular structures on an inert metal substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Martín
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
- IMDEA Nanoscience, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Cafolla C, Voïtchovsky K, Payam AF. Simultaneous quantification of Young's modulus and dispersion forces with nanoscale spatial resolution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:505714. [PMID: 37699380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf8ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Many advances in polymers and layered materials rely on a precise understanding of the local interactions between adjacent molecular or atomic layers. Quantifying dispersion forces at the nanoscale is particularly challenging with existing methods often time consuming, destructive, relying on surface averaging or requiring bespoke equipment. Here, we present a non-invasive method able to quantify the local mechanical and dispersion properties of a given sample with nanometer lateral precision. The method, based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), uses the frequency shift of a vibrating AFM cantilever in combination with established contact mechanics models to simultaneously derive the Hamaker constant and the effective Young's modulus at a given sample location. The derived Hamaker constant and Young's modulus represent an average over a small (typically <100) number of molecules or atoms. The oscillation amplitude of the vibrating AFM probe is used to select the length-scale of the features to analyse, with small vibrations able to resolve the contribution of sub-nanometric defects and large ones exploring effectively homogeneous areas. The accuracy of the method is validated on a range of 2D materials in air and water as well as on polymer thin films. We also provide the first experimental measurements of the Hamaker constant of HBN, MoT2, WSe2and polymer films, verifying theoretical predictions and computer simulations. The simplicity and robustness of the method, implemented with a commercial AFM, may support a broad range of technological applications in the growing field of polymers and nanostructured materials where a fine control of the van der Waals interactions is crucial to tune their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodomiro Cafolla
- Physics Department, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amir Farokh Payam
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, United Kingdom
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11
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Mallada B, Ondráček M, Lamanec M, Gallardo A, Jiménez-Martín A, de la Torre B, Hobza P, Jelínek P. Visualization of π-hole in molecules by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4954. [PMID: 37587123 PMCID: PMC10432393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Submolecular charge distribution significantly affects the physical-chemical properties of molecules and their mutual interaction. One example is the presence of a π-electron-deficient cavity in halogen-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds, the so-called π-holes, the existence of which was predicted theoretically, but the direct experimental observation is still missing. Here we present the resolution of the π-hole on a single molecule using the Kelvin probe force microscopy, which supports the theoretical prediction of its existence. In addition, experimental measurements supported by theoretical calculations show the importance of π-holes in the process of adsorption of molecules on solid-state surfaces. This study expands our understanding of the π-hole systems and, at the same time, opens up possibilities for studying the influence of submolecular charge distribution on the chemical properties of molecules and their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mallada
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Ondráček
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Lamanec
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - A Gallardo
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Jiménez-Martín
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - B de la Torre
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - P Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic.
- IT4Innovations, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - P Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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Ruiz VG, Wagner C, Maaß F, Arefi HH, Stremlau S, Tegeder P, Tautz FS, Tkatchenko A. Accurate quantification of the stability of the perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride on Au(111) molecule-surface interface. Commun Chem 2023; 6:136. [PMID: 37400714 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying inorganic/organic hybrid systems is a stepping stone towards the design of increasingly complex interfaces. A predictive understanding requires robust experimental and theoretical tools to foster trust in the obtained results. The adsorption energy is particularly challenging in this respect, since experimental methods are scarce and the results have large uncertainties even for the most widely studied systems. Here we combine temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM), and nonlocal density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, to accurately characterize the stability of a widely studied interface consisting of perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules on Au(111). This network of methods lets us firmly establish the adsorption energy of PTCDA/Au(111) via TPD (1.74 ± 0.10 eV) and single-molecule AFM (2.00 ± 0.25 eV) experiments which agree within error bars, exemplifying how implicit replicability in a research design can benefit the investigation of complex materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Ruiz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Wagner
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Maaß
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hadi H Arefi
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Stremlau
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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13
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Brown T, Blowey PJ, Henry J, Sweetman A. Intramolecular Force Mapping at Room Temperature. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1298-1304. [PMID: 36603104 PMCID: PMC9878970 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of dense, three-dimensional, force fields with intramolecular resolution via noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) has yielded enormous progress in our ability to characterize molecular and two-dimensional materials at the atomic scale. To date, intramolecular force mapping has been performed exclusively at cryogenic temperatures, due to the stability afforded by low temperature operation, and as the carbon monoxide functionalization of the metallic scanning probe tip, normally required for submolecular resolution, is only stable at low temperature. In this paper we show that high-resolution, three-dimensional force mapping of a single organic molecule is possible even at room temperature. The physical limitations of room temperature operation are overcome using semiconducting materials to inhibit molecular diffusion and create robust tip apexes, while challenges due to thermal drift are overcome with atom tracking based feedforward correction. Three-dimensional force maps comparable in spatial and force resolution to those acquired at low temperature are demonstrated, permitting a quantitative analysis of the adsorption induced changes in the geometry of the molecule at the picometer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Brown
- The School of Physics and Astronomy,
Bragg Centre for Materials Research, The
University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip James Blowey
- The School of Physics and Astronomy,
Bragg Centre for Materials Research, The
University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Henry
- The School of Physics and Astronomy,
Bragg Centre for Materials Research, The
University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sweetman
- The School of Physics and Astronomy,
Bragg Centre for Materials Research, The
University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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14
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Rothe K, Néel N, Bocquet ML, Kröger J. Extraction of Chemical Reactivity and Structural Relaxations of an Organic Dye from the Short-Range Interaction with a Molecular Probe. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8660-8665. [PMID: 36084075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A CO-functionalized atomic force microscope tip is used to locally probe local chemical reactivity and subtle structural relaxations of a single phthalocyanine molecule at different stages of pyrrolic-H abstraction. Spatially resolved vertical force spectroscopy unveils a variation of the maximum short-range attraction between CO and intramolecular sites, which is interpreted as a measure for the local chemical reactivity. In addition, the vertical position of the point of maximum attraction is observed to vary across the molecules. These changes follow the calculated adsorption heights of the probed molecular atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rothe
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Nicolas Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Bocquet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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15
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Klein BP, Ihle A, Kachel SR, Ruppenthal L, Hall SJ, Sattler L, Weber SM, Herritsch J, Jaegermann A, Ebeling D, Maurer RJ, Hilt G, Tonner-Zech R, Schirmeisen A, Gottfried JM. Topological Stone-Wales Defects Enhance Bonding and Electronic Coupling at the Graphene/Metal Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11979-11987. [PMID: 35916359 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Defects play a critical role for the functionality and performance of materials, but the understanding of the related effects is often lacking, because the typically low concentrations of defects make them difficult to study. A prominent case is the topological defects in two-dimensional materials such as graphene. The performance of graphene-based (opto-)electronic devices depends critically on the properties of the graphene/metal interfaces at the contacting electrodes. The question of how these interface properties depend on the ubiquitous topological defects in graphene is of high practical relevance, but could not be answered so far. Here, we focus on the prototypical Stone-Wales (S-W) topological defect and combine theoretical analysis with experimental investigations of molecular model systems. We show that the embedded defects undergo enhanced bonding and electron transfer with a copper surface, compared to regular graphene. These findings are experimentally corroborated using molecular models, where azupyrene mimics the S-W defect, while its isomer pyrene represents the ideal graphene structure. Experimental interaction energies, electronic-structure analysis, and adsorption distance differences confirm the defect-controlled bonding quantitatively. Our study reveals the important role of defects for the electronic coupling at graphene/metal interfaces and suggests that topological defect engineering can be used for performance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt P Klein
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ihle
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan R Kachel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Ruppenthal
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars Sattler
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Weber
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jan Herritsch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Jaegermann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße. 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner-Zech
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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16
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Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pozo I, Tavernelli I, Repp J, Peña D, Gross L. Selectivity in single-molecule reactions by tip-induced redox chemistry. Science 2022; 377:298-301. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlling selectivity of reactions is an ongoing quest in chemistry. In this work, we demonstrate reversible and selective bond formation and dissociation promoted by tip-induced reduction-oxidation reactions on a surface. Molecular rearrangements leading to different constitutional isomers are selected by the polarity and magnitude of applied voltage pulses from the tip of a combined scanning tunneling and atomic force microscope. Characterization of voltage dependence of the reactions and determination of reaction rates demonstrate selectivity in constitutional isomerization reactions and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms. With support of density functional theory calculations, we find that the energy landscape of the isomers in different charge states is important to rationalize the selectivity. Tip-induced selective single-molecule reactions increase our understanding of redox chemistry and could lead to novel molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Applied Physics Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iago Pozo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe – Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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17
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Xiang Q, Sun Z. Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35438845 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances on neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open-shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self-association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Tianjin University, Institute of Molecular Plus, CHINA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin University, Institute of molecular plus, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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18
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Kaiser K, Schulz F, Maillard JF, Hermann F, Pozo I, Peña D, Cleaves HJ, Burton AS, Danger G, Afonso C, Sandford S, Gross L. Visualization and identification of single meteoritic organic molecules by atomic force microscopy. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2022; 57:644-656. [PMID: 35912284 PMCID: PMC9305854 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-functionalized tips, we atomically resolved individual molecules from Murchison meteorite samples. We analyzed powdered Murchison meteorite material directly, as well as processed extracts that we prepared to facilitate characterization by AFM. From the untreated Murchison sample, we resolved very few molecules, as the sample contained mostly small molecules that could not be identified by AFM. By contrast, using a procedure based on several trituration and extraction steps with organic solvents, we isolated a fraction enriched in larger organic compounds. The treatment increased the fraction of molecules that could be resolved by AFM, allowing us to identify organic constituents and molecular moieties, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic chains. The AFM measurements are complemented by high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of Murchison fractions. We provide a proof of principle that AFM can be used to image and identify individual organic molecules from meteorites and propose a method for extracting and preparing meteorite samples for their investigation by AFM. We discuss the challenges and prospects of this approach to study extraterrestrial samples based on single-molecule identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Schulz
- IBM Research—ZurichRüschlikon8003Switzerland
- Present address:
Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
| | - Julien F. Maillard
- Normandie UnivCOBRAUMR 6014 et FR 3038 Univ RouenINSA RouenCNRS IRCOF1 Rue TesnièreMont‐Saint‐Aignan Cedex76821France
| | | | - Iago Pozo
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaCentro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaCentro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - H. James Cleaves
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of Technology2‑12‑1‑IE‑1 Ookayama, Meguro‑kuTokyo152‑8550Japan
- Blue Marble Space Institute for Science1001 4th Ave, Suite 3201SeattleWashington98154USA
| | - Aaron S. Burton
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science DivisionNASA Johnson Space CenterMS XI‐3HoustonTexas77058USA
| | - Gregoire Danger
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM)CNRSAix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- CNRSCNESLAMAix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie UnivCOBRAUMR 6014 et FR 3038 Univ RouenINSA RouenCNRS IRCOF1 Rue TesnièreMont‐Saint‐Aignan Cedex76821France
| | - Scott Sandford
- Space Science DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMS 245‐6Moffett FieldCalifornia94035USA
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research—ZurichRüschlikon8003Switzerland
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19
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Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L. Nonbenzenoid High-Spin Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Generated by Atom Manipulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3264-3271. [PMID: 35130690 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the on-surface synthesis of a nonbenzenoid triradical through dehydrogenation of truxene (C27H18) on coinage metal and insulator surfaces. Voltage pulses applied via the tip of a combined scanning tunneling microscope/atomic force microscope were used to cleave individual C-H bonds in truxene. The resultant final product truxene-5,10,15-triyl (1) was characterized at the single-molecule scale using a combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our analyses show that 1 retains its open-shell quartet ground state, predicted by density functional theory, on a two monolayer-thick NaCl layer on a Cu(111) surface. We image the frontier orbital densities of 1 and confirm that they correspond to spin-split singly occupied molecular orbitals. Through our synthetic strategy, we also isolate two reactive intermediates toward the synthesis of 1, derivatives of fluorenyl radical and indeno[1,2-a]fluorene, with predicted open-shell doublet and triplet ground states, respectively. Our results should have bearings on the synthesis of nonbenzenoid high-spin polycyclic frameworks with magnetism beyond Lieb's theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleta Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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20
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On-Surface Synthesis of Polypyridine: Strain Enforces Extended Linear Chains. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-induced on-surface transformations provide an appealing route to steer the selectivity towards desired products. Here, we demonstrate the selective on-surface synthesis of extended all-trans poly(2,6-pyridine) chains on Au(111). By combining high-resolution scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, we revealed the detailed chemical structure of the reaction products. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the synthesis of extended covalent structures is energetically favored over the formation of macrocycles, due to the minimization of internal strain. Our results consolidate the exploitation of internal strain relief as a driving force to promote selective on-surface reactions.
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21
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Li X, Ge H, Xue R, Wu M, Chi L. Anchoring and Reacting On-Surface to Achieve Programmability. JACS AU 2022; 2:58-65. [PMID: 35098221 PMCID: PMC8790738 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has developed into a modern method to fabricate low-dimensional molecular nanostructures with atomic precision. It impresses the chemistry community mostly via its simplicity, selectivity, and programmability during the synthesis. However, an insufficient mechanistic understanding of on-surface reactions and the discriminations in methodologies block it out from the conventional cognition of reaction and catalysis, which inhibits the extensive implication of on-surface synthesis. In this Perspective, we summarize the empirical paradigms of conceptually appealing programmability in on-surface synthesis. We endeavor to deliver the message that the impressive programmability is related to chemical heterogeneity which can also be coded at the molecular level and deciphered by the catalytic surfaces in varying chemical environments as specific chemical selectivity. With the assistance of structure-sensitive techniques, it is possible to recognize the chemical heterogeneity on surfaces to provide insight into the programmable on-surface construction of molecular nanoarchitectures and to reshape the correlation between the mechanistic understanding in on-surface synthesis and conventional chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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22
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Cochrane KA, Lee JH, Kastl C, Haber JB, Zhang T, Kozhakhmetov A, Robinson JA, Terrones M, Repp J, Neaton JB, Weber-Bargioni A, Schuler B. Spin-dependent vibronic response of a carbon radical ion in two-dimensional WS 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7287. [PMID: 34911952 PMCID: PMC8674275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic spin centers in 2D materials are a highly anticipated building block for quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate the creation of an effective spin-1/2 system via the atomically controlled generation of magnetic carbon radical ions (CRIs) in synthetic two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Hydrogenated carbon impurities located at chalcogen sites introduced by chemical doping are activated with atomic precision by hydrogen depassivation using a scanning probe tip. In its anionic state, the carbon impurity is computed to have a magnetic moment of 1 μB resulting from an unpaired electron populating a spin-polarized in-gap orbital. We show that the CRI defect states couple to a small number of local vibrational modes. The vibronic coupling strength critically depends on the spin state and differs for monolayer and bilayer WS2. The carbon radical ion is a surface-bound atomic defect that can be selectively introduced, features a well-understood vibronic spectrum, and is charge state controlled. Spin-polarized defects in 2D materials are attracting attention for future quantum technology applications, but their controlled fabrication is still challenging. Here, the authors report the creation and characterization of effective spin 1/2 defects via the atomically-precise generation of magnetic carbon radical ions in 2D WS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Cochrane
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Kastl
- Walter-Schottky-Institut and Physik-Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Jonah B Haber
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA.,Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Azimkhan Kozhakhmetov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA.,Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16082, USA.,Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | | | - Bruno Schuler
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
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23
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Castro‐Esteban J, Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pérez D, Gross L, Peña D. An on‐surface Diels–Alder reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro‐Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research—Zurich 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
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24
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Castro‐Esteban J, Albrecht F, Fatayer S, Pérez D, Gross L, Peña D. An on-surface Diels-Alder reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26346-26350. [PMID: 34664770 PMCID: PMC9298865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most popular reactions in organic chemistry. However, its use in the field of on-surface synthesis is hampered by the spatial restrictions of this cycloaddition reaction. Herein we selected a cyclic strained triyne to demonstrate an on-surface hexadehydro-Diels-Alder reaction in a single molecule. The reaction was studied in detail by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-functionalized tips. Our results pave the way to use this iconic pericyclic reaction for on-surface synthesis, introducing the concept of atom economy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro‐Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782-Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782-Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research—Zurich8803RüschlikonSwitzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782-Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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25
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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Cartus J, Jeindl A, Hofmann OT. Can We Predict Interface Dipoles Based on Molecular Properties? ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32270-32276. [PMID: 34870047 PMCID: PMC8638305 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We apply high-throughput density functional theory calculations and symbolic regression to hybrid inorganic/organic interfaces with the intent to extract physically meaningful correlations between the adsorption-induced work function modifications and the properties of the constituents. We separately investigate two cases: (1) hypothetical, free-standing self-assembled monolayers with a large intrinsic dipole moment and (2) metal-organic interfaces with a large charge-transfer-induced dipole. For the former, we find, without notable prior assumptions, the Topping model, as expected from the literature. For the latter, highly accurate correlations are found, which are, however, clearly unphysical.
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27
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Stilp F, Bereczuk A, Berwanger J, Mundigl N, Richter K, Giessibl FJ. Very weak bonds to artificial atoms formed by quantum corrals. Science 2021; 372:1196-1200. [PMID: 34010141 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We explored the bonding properties of the quantum corral (a circle of 48 iron atoms placed on a copper surface) reported by Crommie et al. in 1993, along with variants, as an artificial atom using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The original corral geometry confines 102 electrons to 28 discrete energy states, and we found that these states can form a bond to the front atom of the AFM with an energy of about 5 millielectron volts. The measured forces are about 1/1000 of typical forces in atomically resolved AFM. The confined electrons showed covalent attraction to metal tips and Pauli repulsion to CO-terminated tips. The repulsion at close distance was evident from the response of corral states created by deliberately placing single iron atoms inside the corral. The forces scaled appropriately with a 24-atom corral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Stilp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bereczuk
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Berwanger
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Mundigl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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28
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Anderson HL, Patrick CW, Scriven LM, Woltering SL. A Short History of Cyclocarbons. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Connor W. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lorel M. Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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29
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Weymouth AJ, Riegel E, Simmet B, Gretz O, Giessibl FJ. Lateral Force Microscopy Reveals the Energy Barrier of a Molecular Switch. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3264-3271. [PMID: 33523628 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is a small molecule often used in organic light emitting diodes where it is deposited on a conducting electrode. Previous scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of CuPc on Cu(111) have shown that inelastic tunneling events can cause CuPc to switch between a ground state and two symmetrically equivalent metastable states in which the molecule is rotated. We investigated CuPc on Cu(111) and Ag(111) with STM and lateral force microscopy (LFM). Even without inelastic events, the presence of the tip can induce rotations and upon closer approach, causes the rotated states to be favored. Combining STM measurements at various temperatures and LFM measurements, we show that the long-range attraction of the tip changes the potential energy landscape of this molecular switch. We can also determine the geometry of the rotated and ground states. We compare our observations of CuPc on Cu(111) to CuPc on Ag(111). On Ag(111), CuPc appears flat and does not rotate. Stronger bonding typically involves shorter bond lengths, larger shifts of energy levels, and structural stability. Although the binding of CuPc to Cu(111) is stronger than that on Ag(111), the nonplanar geometry of CuPc on Cu(111) is accompanied by two metastable states which are not present on the Ag(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver Gretz
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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30
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Song S, Su J, Telychko M, Li J, Li G, Li Y, Su C, Wu J, Lu J. On-surface synthesis of graphene nanostructures with π-magnetism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3238-3262. [PMID: 33481981 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanostructures (GNs) including graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes have attracted tremendous interest in the field of chemistry and materials science due to their fascinating electronic, optical and magnetic properties. Among them, zigzag-edged GNs (ZGNs) with precisely-tunable π-magnetism hold great potential for applications in spintronics and quantum devices. To improve the stability and processability of ZGNs, substitutional groups are often introduced to protect the reactive edges in organic synthesis, which renders the study of their intrinsic properties difficult. In contrast to the conventional wet-chemistry method, on-surface bottom-up synthesis presents a promising approach for the fabrication of both unsubstituted ZGNs and functionalized ZGNs with atomic precision via surface-catalyzed transformation of rationally-designed precursors. The structural and spin-polarized electronic properties of these ZGNs can then be characterized with sub-molecular resolution by means of scanning probe microscopy techniques. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the on-surface synthesis and characterization of a diversity of ZGNs with π-magnetism. We also discuss the important role of precursor design and reaction stimuli in the on-surface synthesis of ZGNs and their π-magnetism origin. Finally, we will highlight the existing challenges and future perspective surrounding the synthesis of novel open-shell ZGNs towards next-generation quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotang Song
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shen Zhen, 518060, China.
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31
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Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L. Intramolecular Coupling of Terminal Alkynes by Atom Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research–Zurich 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
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32
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Albrecht F, Rey D, Fatayer S, Schulz F, Pérez D, Peña D, Gross L. Intramolecular Coupling of Terminal Alkynes by Atom Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22989-22993. [PMID: 32845044 PMCID: PMC7756451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaser-like coupling of terminal alkynes by thermal activation is extensively used in on-surface chemistry. Here we demonstrate an intramolecular version of this reaction performed by atom manipulation. We used voltage pulses from the tip to trigger a Glaser-like coupling between terminal alkyne carbons within a custom-synthesized precursor molecule adsorbed on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111). Different conformations of the precursor molecule and the product were characterized by molecular structure elucidation with atomic force microscopy and orbital density mapping with scanning tunneling microscopy, accompanied by density functional theory calculations. We revealed partially dehydrogenated intermediates, providing insight into the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | | | | | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiagode CompostelaSpain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research–Zurich8803RüschlikonSwitzerland
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33
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Structural characterisation of molecular conformation and the incorporation of adatoms in an on-surface Ullmann-type reaction. Commun Chem 2020; 3:166. [PMID: 36703404 PMCID: PMC9814584 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of covalently bonded materials differs from solution-phase synthesis in several respects. The transition from a three-dimensional reaction volume to quasi-two-dimensional confinement, as is the case for on-surface synthesis, has the potential to facilitate alternative reaction pathways to those available in solution. Ullmann-type reactions, where the surface plays a role in the coupling of aryl-halide functionalised species, has been shown to facilitate extended one- and two-dimensional structures. Here we employ a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis to perform a chemical and structural characterisation of the Ullmann-type coupling of two iodine functionalised species on a Ag(111) surface held under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Our results allow characterisation of molecular conformations and adsorption geometries within an on-surface reaction and provide insight into the incorporation of metal adatoms within the intermediate structures of the reaction.
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34
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Patera LL, Queck F, Repp J. Imaging Charge Localization in a Conjugated Oligophenylene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:176803. [PMID: 33156651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.176803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polaron formation in conjugated polymers has a major impact on their optical and electronic properties. In polyphenylene, the molecular conformation is determined by a delicate interplay between electron delocalization and steric effects. Injection of excess charges is expected to increase the degree of conjugation, leading to structural distortions of the chain. Here we investigated at the single-molecule level the role of an excess charge in an individual oligophenylene deposited on sodium chloride films. By combining sub-molecular-resolved atomic force microscopy with redox-state-selective orbital imaging, we characterize both structural and electronical changes occurring upon hole injection. While the neutral molecule exhibits a delocalized frontier orbital, for the cationic radical the excess charge is observed to localize, inducing a partial planarization of the molecule. These results provide direct evidence for self-trapping of the excess charge in oligophenylenes, shedding light on the interplay of charge localization and structural distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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35
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Adachi Y, Sugawara Y, Li YJ. Atomic Scale Three-Dimensional Au Nanocluster on a Rutile TiO 2 (110) Surface Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7153-7158. [PMID: 32787303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The atomic structure of a three-dimensional Au nanocluster on a TiO2 surface is important for various studies such as photocatalysis and chemical reactions on metal oxide surfaces. However, accessing the atomic structure of a metal nanocluster supported on a metal oxide surface is still challenging possibly because of its small size, complexity, and flexible structure. Here, we report a detuning imaging mode combined with an atomically sharp tip to address these challenges. Using this method, for the first time, we resolve a three-dimensional Au nanocluster on a rutile TiO2 (110) surface. We found that the Au nanocluster was continuously adsorbed at the upper and lower terraces. Our results open up a new methodology for studying subnanometer clusters at various surfaces at an atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Adachi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Scriven LM, Kaiser K, Schulz F, Sterling AJ, Woltering SL, Gawel P, Christensen KE, Anderson HL, Gross L. Synthesis of Cyclo[18]carbon via Debromination of C 18Br 6. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12921-12924. [PMID: 32646214 PMCID: PMC7393637 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Cyclo[18]carbon (C18, a molecular carbon allotrope)
can be synthesized by dehalogenation of a bromocyclocarbon precursor,
C18Br6, in 64% yield, by atomic manipulation
on a sodium chloride bilayer on Cu(111) at 5 K, and imaged by high-resolution
atomic force microscopy. This method of generating C18 gives
a higher yield than that reported previously from the cyclocarbon
oxide C24O6. The experimental images of C18 were compared with simulated images for four theoretical
model geometries, including possible bond-angle alternation: D18h cumulene, D9h polyyne, D9h cumulene, and C9h polyyne. Cumulenic structures, with (D9h) and without (D18h) bond-angle alternation, can be excluded. Polyynic
structures, with (C9h) and without (D9h)
bond-angle alternation, both show a good agreement with the experiment
and are challenging to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorel M Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schulz
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Steffen L Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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37
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Xiang Q, Guo J, Xu J, Ding S, Li Z, Li G, Phan H, Gu Y, Dang Y, Xu Z, Gong Z, Hu W, Zeng Z, Wu J, Sun Z. Stable Olympicenyl Radicals and Their π-Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11022-11031. [PMID: 32456437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An olympicenyl radical, a spin 1/2 hydrocarbon radical with C2v symmetry and uneven spin distribution, remains elusive despite the considerable theoretical research interest. Herein, we report syntheses of two air-stable olympicenyl radical derivatives, OR1 and OR2, with half-life times (τ1/2) in air-saturated solution of 7 days and 34 days. The high stability was ascribed to kinetic blocking of reactive sites with high spin densities. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed unique 20-center-2-electron head-to-tail π-dimer structures with intermolecular distances shorter than the sum of van der Waals radius of carbon. The ground state of the π-dimers was found to be singlet, with singlet-triplet energy gaps estimated to be -2.34 kcal/mol and -3.28 kcal/mol for OR1 and OR2, respectively, by variable-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The monomeric radical species were in equilibrium with the π-dimer in solution, and the optical and electrochemical properties of the monomers and π-dimers in solution were investigated by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, revealing a concentration-dependent nature. Theoretical calculations illustrated that upon formation of a π-dimer the local aromaticity of each monomer was enhanced, and spatial ring current between the monomers was present, which resulted in an increment of aromaticity of the interior of the π-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Educational Park, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zongcheng Gong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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Franco-Cañellas A, Duhm S, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Binding and electronic level alignment of π-conjugated systems on metals. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:066501. [PMID: 32101802 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab7a42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We review the binding and energy level alignment of π-conjugated systems on metals, a field which during the last two decades has seen tremendous progress both in terms of experimental characterization as well as in the depth of theoretical understanding. Precise measurements of vertical adsorption distances and the electronic structure together with ab initio calculations have shown that most of the molecular systems have to be considered as intermediate cases between weak physisorption and strong chemisorption. In this regime, the subtle interplay of different effects such as covalent bonding, charge transfer, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions yields a complex situation with different adsorption mechanisms. In order to establish a better understanding of the binding and the electronic level alignment of π-conjugated molecules on metals, we provide an up-to-date overview of the literature, explain the fundamental concepts as well as the experimental techniques and discuss typical case studies. Thereby, we relate the geometric with the electronic structure in a consistent picture and cover the entire range from weak to strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Franco-Cañellas
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Riss A, Richter M, Paz AP, Wang XY, Raju R, He Y, Ducke J, Corral E, Wuttke M, Seufert K, Garnica M, Rubio A, V Barth J, Narita A, Müllen K, Berger R, Feng X, Palma CA, Auwärter W. Polycyclic aromatic chains on metals and insulating layers by repetitive [3+2] cycloadditions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1490. [PMID: 32198456 PMCID: PMC7083871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast potential of organic materials for electronic, optoelectronic and spintronic devices entails substantial interest in the fabrication of π-conjugated systems with tailored functionality directly at insulating interfaces. On-surface fabrication of such materials on non-metal surfaces remains to be demonstrated with high yield and selectivity. Here we present the synthesis of polyaromatic chains on metallic substrates, insulating layers, and in the solid state. Scanning probe microscopy shows the formation of azaullazine repeating units on Au(111), Ag(111), and h-BN/Cu(111), stemming from intermolecular homo-coupling via cycloaddition reactions of CN-substituted polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylide (PAMY) intermediates followed by subsequent dehydrogenation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry demonstrates that the reaction also takes place in the solid state in the absence of any catalyst. Such intermolecular cycloaddition reactions are promising methods for direct synthesis of regioregular polyaromatic polymers on arbitrary insulating surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marcus Richter
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuanqin He
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jacob Ducke
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eduardo Corral
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Wuttke
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuela Garnica
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department for Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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40
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Yesilpinar D, Schulze Lammers B, Timmer A, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H, Mönig H. High resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging with oxygen-terminated copper tips at 78 K. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2961-2965. [PMID: 31970359 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functionalizing atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips by picking up single inert probe particles like CO or Xe from the surface drastically increase the resolution. In particular, this approach allows imaging organic molecules with submolecular resolution revealing their internal bonding structure. However, due to the weak coupling of these probe particles to both, the surface they are picked up from and the tip apex, these experiments require liquid helium temperatures (i.e.≈5 K). In the present study we demonstrate that functionalizing an AFM tip with an atomically defined O-terminated copper tip (CuOx tip) allows performing such experiments at liquid nitrogen temperatures (i.e.≈78 K) with outstanding quality. We show that it is possible to utilize CuOx tips for chemically selective imaging of a copper oxide nanodomain on a partially oxidized Cu(110) surface in the repulsive force regime at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the high structural and chemical stability of CuOx tips allow even ex situ investigations where these tips are used to perform experiments on other, non-Cu, non-oxidized, substrates. In particular, we present results obtained from a dicoronylene (DCLN) molecule with submolecular resolution. An analysis of inner and peripheral bond lengths of the DCLN molecule shows excellent agreement with theoretical gas phase simulations emphasizing the exceptional imaging properties of CuOx tips also at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Yesilpinar
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Timmer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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41
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Sweetman A, Champness NR, Saywell A. On-surface chemical reactions characterised by ultra-high resolution scanning probe microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4189-4202. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of high resolution scanning probe microscopy on imaging individual molecules with intramolecular resolution is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sweetman
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
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42
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Quantitative determination of atomic buckling of silicene by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:228-237. [PMID: 31871150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913489117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atomic buckling in 2D "Xenes" (such as silicene) fosters a plethora of exotic electronic properties such as a quantum spin Hall effect and could be engineered by external strain. Quantifying the buckling magnitude with subangstrom precision is, however, challenging, since epitaxially grown 2D layers exhibit complex restructurings coexisting on the surface. Here, we characterize using low-temperature (5 K) atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-terminated tips assisted by density functional theory (DFT) the structure and local symmetry of each prototypical silicene phase on Ag(111) as well as extended defects. Using force spectroscopy, we directly quantify the atomic buckling of these phases within 0.1-Å precision, obtaining corrugations in the 0.8- to 1.1-Å range. The derived band structures further confirm the absence of Dirac cones in any of the silicene phases due to the strong Ag-Si hybridization. Our method paves the way for future atomic-scale analysis of the interplay between structural and electronic properties in other emerging 2D Xenes.
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43
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Jing C, Zhang B, Synkule S, Ebrahimi M, Riss A, Auwärter W, Jiang L, Médard G, Reichert J, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Snapshots of Dynamic Adaptation: Two-Dimensional Molecular Architectonics with Linear Bis-Hydroxamic Acid Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18948-18956. [PMID: 31671244 PMCID: PMC6973039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Linear modules equipped with two terminal hydroxamic acid groups act as the building block of diverse two-dimensional supramolecular motifs and patterns with room-temperature stability on the close-packed single-crystal surfaces of silver and gold, revealing a complex self-assembly scenario. By combining multiple investigation techniques (scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations), we analyze the characteristics of the ordered assemblies which range from close-packed structures to polyporous networks featuring an exceptionally extended primitive unit cell with a side length exceeding 7 nm. The polyporous network shows potential for hosting and promoting the formation of chiral supramolecules, whereas a transition from 1D chiral randomness to an ordered racemate is discovered in a different porous phase. We correlate the observed structural changes to the adaptivity of the building block and surface-induced changes in the chemical state of the hydroxamic acid functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jing
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Key Laboratory for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Sabine Synkule
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Department of ChemistryLakehead University955 Oliver RdThunder BayONP7B 5E1Canada
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Li Jiang
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and BioanalyticsTechnical University of MunichEmil Erlenmeyer Forum 585354FreisingGermany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
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44
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Jing C, Zhang B, Synkule S, Ebrahimi M, Riss A, Auwärter W, Jiang L, Médard G, Reichert J, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Snapshots of Dynamic Adaptation: Two‐Dimensional Molecular Architectonics with Linear Bis‐Hydroxamic Acid Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jing
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Sabine Synkule
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Department of Chemistry Lakehead University 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Li Jiang
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics Technical University of Munich Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
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45
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Cao D, Song Y, Peng J, Ma R, Guo J, Chen J, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang E, Xu L. Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy: Weakly Perturbative Imaging of the Interfacial Water. Front Chem 2019; 7:626. [PMID: 31572715 PMCID: PMC6751248 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of interfacial water, determined by the water-interface interactions, are important for a wide range of applied fields and natural processes, such as water diffusion (Kim et al., 2013), electrochemistry (Markovic, 2013), heterogeneous catalysis (Over et al., 2000), and lubrication (Zilibotti et al., 2013). The precise understanding of water-interface interactions largely relies on the development of atomic-scale experimental techniques (Guo et al., 2014) and computational methods (Hapala et al., 2014b). Scanning probe microscopy has been extensively applied to probe interfacial water in many interdisciplinary fields (Ichii et al., 2012; Shiotari and Sugimoto, 2017; Peng et al., 2018a). In this perspective, we review the recent progress in the noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) imaging and AFM simulation techniques and discuss how the newly developed techniques are applied to study the properties of interfacial water. The nc-AFM with the quadrupole-like CO-terminated tip can achieve ultrahigh-resolution imaging of the interfacial water on different surfaces, trace the reconstruction of H-bonding network and determine the intrinsic structures of the weakly bonded water clusters and even their metastable states. In the end, we present an outlook on the directions of future AFM studies of interfacial water as well as the challenges faced by this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyun Cao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Peng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Runze Ma
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Enge Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Ceramics Division, Songshan Lake Materials Lab, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, China.,School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Limei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
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46
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Functionalized olympicene (C19H12) as anode material for Li-ion batteries: a DFT approach. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Kaiser K, Scriven LM, Schulz F, Gawel P, Gross L, Anderson HL. An sp-hybridized molecular carbon allotrope, cyclo[18]carbon. Science 2019; 365:1299-1301. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allotropes built from rings of two-coordinate atoms, known as cyclo[n]carbons, have fascinated chemists for many years, but until now they could not be isolated or structurally characterized because of their high reactivity. We generated cyclo[18]carbon (C18) using atom manipulation on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111) at 5 kelvin by eliminating carbon monoxide from a cyclocarbon oxide molecule, C24O6. Characterization of cyclo[18]carbon by high-resolution atomic force microscopy revealed a polyynic structure with defined positions of alternating triple and single bonds. The high reactivity of cyclocarbon and cyclocarbon oxides allows covalent coupling between molecules to be induced by atom manipulation, opening an avenue for the synthesis of other carbon allotropes and carbon-rich materials from the coalescence of cyclocarbon molecules.
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48
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Scheuerer P, Patera LL, Simbürger F, Queck F, Swart I, Schuler B, Gross L, Moll N, Repp J. Charge-Induced Structural Changes in a Single Molecule Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:066001. [PMID: 31491133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular structural relaxations occurring upon electron transfer are crucial in determining the rate of redox reactions. Here, we demonstrate that subangstrom structural changes occurring upon single-electron charging can be quantified by means of atomically resolved atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the case of single copper(II)phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules deposited on an ultrathin NaCl film. Imaging the molecule in distinct charge states (neutral and anionic) reveals characteristic differences in the AFM contrast. In comparison to density functional theory simulations these changes in contrast can be directly related to relaxations of the molecule's geometric structure upon charging. The dominant contribution arises from a nonhomogeneous vertical relaxation of the molecule, caused by a change in the electrostatic interaction with the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Simbürger
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Swart
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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49
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Kaiser K, Gross L, Schulz F. A Single-Molecule Chemical Reaction Studied by High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Induced Light Emission. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6947-6954. [PMID: 31184117 PMCID: PMC6595658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as scanning tunneling microscopy induced light emission (STM-LE) are, each on their own, powerful tools used to investigate a large variety of properties of single molecules adsorbed on a surface. However, accessing both structural information by AFM as well as optical information by STM-LE on the same molecule so far remains elusive. We present a combined high-resolution AFM and STM-LE study on single metal-oxide phthalocyanines. Using atomic manipulation, the molecules can be deliberately reduced. We demonstrate structure elucidation and adsorption geometry determination of single molecules with atomic resolution combined with optical characterization by STM-LE and the possibility of investigating the change in a molecule's exciton emission intensity by a chemical reaction.
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50
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Martin-Jimenez D, Ahles S, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Bond-Level Imaging of the 3D Conformation of Adsorbed Organic Molecules Using Atomic Force Microscopy with Simultaneous Tunneling Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:196101. [PMID: 31144947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure and orientation of molecules on surfaces can be visualized using low temperature atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalized tips. Conventionally, this is done in constant-height mode by measuring the frequency shift of the oscillating force sensor. However, this method is unsuitable for analyzing 3D objects. We are using the tunneling current to track the topography while simultaneously obtaining submolecular resolution from the frequency shift signal. Thereby, the conformation of 3D molecules and the adsorption sites on the atomic lattice can be reliably determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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