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Gilman IS, Heyduk K, Maya-Lastra C, Hancock LP, Edwards EJ. Predicting photosynthetic pathway from anatomy using machine learning. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1029-1042. [PMID: 38173400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have long been associated with a specialized anatomy, including succulence and thick photosynthetic tissues. Firm, quantitative boundaries between non-CAM and CAM plants have yet to be established - if they indeed exist. Using novel computer vision software to measure anatomy, we combined new measurements with published data across flowering plants. We then used machine learning and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate relationships between CAM and anatomy. We found significant differences in photosynthetic tissue anatomy between plants with differing CAM phenotypes. Machine learning-based classification was over 95% accurate in differentiating CAM from non-CAM anatomy, and had over 70% recall of distinct CAM phenotypes. Phylogenetic least squares regression and threshold analyses revealed that CAM evolution was significantly correlated with increased mesophyll cell size, thicker leaves, and decreased intercellular airspace. Our findings suggest that machine learning may be used to aid the discovery of new CAM species and that the evolutionary trajectory from non-CAM to strong, obligate CAM requires continual anatomical specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Karolina Heyduk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Carlos Maya-Lastra
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Biology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, 76909, USA
| | - Lillian P Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Winter K, Holtum JAM. Shifting photosynthesis between the fast and slow lane: Facultative CAM and water-deficit stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154185. [PMID: 38373389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Five decades ago, the first report of a shift from C3 to CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis following the imposition of stress was published in this journal. The annual, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Aizoaceae), was shown to be a C3 plant when grown under non-saline conditions, and a CAM plant when exposed to high soil salinity. This observation of environmentally triggered CAM eventually led to the introduction of the term facultative CAM, which categorises CAM that is induced or upregulated in response to water-deficit stress and is lost or downregulated when the stress is removed. Reversibility of C3-to-CAM shifts distinguishes stress-driven facultative-CAM responses from purely ontogenetic increases of CAM activity. We briefly review how the understanding of facultative CAM has developed, evaluate the current state of knowledge, and highlight questions of continuing interest. We demonstrate that the long-lived leaves of a perennial facultative-CAM arborescent species, Clusia pratensis, can repeatedly switch between C3 and CAM in response to multiple wet-dry-wet cycles. Undoubtedly, this is a dedicated response to environment, independent of ontogeny. We highlight the potential for engineering facultative CAM into C3 crops to provide a flexible capacity for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Holtum JAM, Sage RF, Silvera K, Winter K, Edwards EJ. The CAM lineages of planet Earth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:627-654. [PMID: 37698538 PMCID: PMC10799995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The growth of experimental studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in diverse plant clades, coupled with recent advances in molecular systematics, presents an opportunity to re-assess the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of species capable of CAM. It has been more than two decades since the last comprehensive lists of CAM taxa were published, and an updated survey of the occurrence and distribution of CAM taxa is needed to facilitate and guide future CAM research. We aimed to survey the phylogenetic distribution of these taxa, their diverse morphology, physiology and ecology, and the likely number of evolutionary origins of CAM based on currently known lineages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found direct evidence (in the form of experimental or field observations of gas exchange, day-night fluctuations in organic acids, carbon isotope ratios and enzymatic activity) for CAM in 370 genera of vascular plants, representing 38 families. Further assumptions about the frequency of CAM species in CAM clades and the distribution of CAM in the Cactaceae and Crassulaceae bring the currently estimated number of CAM-capable species to nearly 7 % of all vascular plants. The phylogenetic distribution of these taxa suggests a minimum of 66 independent origins of CAM in vascular plants, possibly with dozens more. To achieve further insight into CAM origins, there is a need for more extensive and systematic surveys of previously unstudied lineages, particularly in living material to identify low-level CAM activity, and for denser sampling to increase phylogenetic resolution in CAM-evolving clades. This should allow further progress in understanding the functional significance of this pathway by integration with studies on the evolution and genomics of CAM in its many forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katia Silvera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Zotz G, Andrade JL, Einzmann HJR. CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:685-698. [PMID: 36617243 PMCID: PMC10799991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The epiphytic life form characterizes almost 10 % of all vascular plants. Defined by structural dependence throughout their life and their non-parasitic relationship with the host, the term epiphyte describes a heterogeneous and taxonomically diverse group of plants. This article reviews the importance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes in current climatic conditions and explores the prospects under global change. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We question the view of a disproportionate importance of CAM among epiphytes and its role as a 'key innovation' for epiphytism but do identify ecological conditions in which epiphytic existence seems to be contingent on the presence of this photosynthetic pathway. Possibly divergent responses of CAM and C3 epiphytes to future changes in climate and land use are discussed with the help of experimental evidence, current distributional patterns and the results of several long-term descriptive community studies. The results and their interpretation aim to stimulate a fruitful discussion on the role of CAM in epiphytes in current climatic conditions and in altered climatic conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
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Yamaga-Hatakeyama Y, Okutani M, Hatakeyama Y, Yabiku T, Yukawa T, Ueno O. Photosynthesis and leaf structure of F1 hybrids between Cymbidium ensifolium (C3) and C. bicolor subsp. pubescens (CAM). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:895-907. [PMID: 36579478 PMCID: PMC10799985 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The introduction of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops has been considered as a means of improving water-use efficiency. In this study, we investigated photosynthetic and leaf structural traits in F1 hybrids between Cymbidium ensifolium (female C3 parent) and C. bicolor subsp. pubescens (male CAM parent) of the Orchidaceae. METHODS Seven F1 hybrids produced through artificial pollination and in vitro culture were grown in a greenhouse with the parent plants. Structural, biochemical and physiological traits involved in CAM in their leaves were investigated. KEY RESULTS Cymbidium ensifolium accumulated very low levels of malate without diel fluctuation, whereas C. bicolor subsp. pubescens showed nocturnal accumulation and diurnal consumption of malate. The F1s also accumulated malate at night, but much less than C. bicolor subsp. pubescens. This feature was consistent with low nocturnal fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the F1s. The δ13C values of the F1s were intermediate between those of the parents. Leaf thickness was thicker in C. bicolor subsp. pubescens than in C. ensifolium, and those of the F1s were more similar to that of C. ensifolium. This was due to the difference in mesophyll cell size. The chloroplast coverage of mesophyll cell perimeter adjacent to intercellular air spaces of C. bicolor subsp. pubescens was lower than that of C. ensifolium, and that of the F1s was intermediate between them. Interestingly, one F1 had structural and physiological traits more similar to those of C. bicolor subsp. pubescens than the other F1s. Nevertheless, all F1s contained intermediate levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase but as much pyruvate, Pi dikinase as C. bicolor subsp. pubescens. CONCLUSIONS CAM traits were intricately inherited in the F1 hybrids, the level of CAM expression varied widely among F1 plants, and the CAM traits examined were not necessarily co-ordinately transmitted to the F1s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masamitsu Okutani
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuto Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yabiku
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Osamu Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Holtum JAM. The diverse diaspora of CAM: a pole-to-pole sketch. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:597-625. [PMID: 37303205 PMCID: PMC10800000 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a successful adaptation that has evolved often in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes. Present in ~5 % of vascular plants, the CAM diaspora includes all continents apart from Antarctica. Species with CAM inhabit most landscapes colonized by vascular plants, from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego, from below sea level to 4800 m a.s.l., from rainforests to deserts. They have colonized terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, palustrine and aquatic systems, developing perennial, annual or geophyte strategies that can be structurally arborescent, shrub, forb, cladode, epiphyte, vine or leafless with photosynthetic roots. CAM can enhance survival by conserving water, trapping carbon, reducing carbon loss and/or via photoprotection. SCOPE This review assesses the phylogenetic diversity and historical biogeography of selected lineages with CAM, i.e. ferns, gymnosperms and eumagnoliids, Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aizoaceae, Portulacineae (Montiaceae, Basellaceae, Halophytaceae, Didiereaceae, Talinaceae, Portulacaceae, Anacampserotaceae and Cactaceae) and aquatics. CONCLUSIONS Most extant CAM lineages diversified after the Oligocene/Miocene, as the planet dried and CO2 concentrations dropped. Radiations exploited changing ecological landscapes, including Andean emergence, Panamanian Isthmus closure, Sundaland emergence and submergence, changing climates and desertification. Evidence remains sparse for or against theories that CAM biochemistry tends to evolve before pronounced changes in anatomy and that CAM tends to be a culminating xerophytic trait. In perennial taxa, any form of CAM can occur depending upon the lineage and the habitat, although facultative CAM appears uncommon in epiphytes. CAM annuals lack strong CAM. In CAM annuals, C3 + CAM predominates, and inducible or facultative CAM is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia
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Luján M, Leverett A, Winter K. Forty years of research into crassulacean acid metabolism in the genus Clusia: anatomy, ecophysiology and evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:739-752. [PMID: 36891814 PMCID: PMC10799992 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Clusia is the only genus containing dicotyledonous trees with a capacity to perform crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Since the discovery of CAM in Clusia 40 years ago, several studies have highlighted the extraordinary plasticity and diversity of life forms, morphology and photosynthetic physiology of this genus. In this review, we revisit aspects of CAM photosynthesis in Clusia and hypothesize about the timing, the environmental conditions and potential anatomical characteristics that led to the evolution of CAM in the group. We discuss the role of physiological plasticity in influencing species distribution and ecological amplitude in the group. We also explore patterns of allometry of leaf anatomical traits and their correlations with CAM activity. Finally, we identify opportunities for further research on CAM in Clusia, such as the role of elevated nocturnal accumulation of citric acid, and gene expression in C3-CAM intermediate phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Luján
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Alistair Leverett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Mok D, Leung A, Searles P, Sage TL, Sage RF. CAM photosynthesis in Bulnesia retama (Zygophyllaceae), a non-succulent desert shrub from South America. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:655-670. [PMID: 37625031 PMCID: PMC10799978 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bulnesia retama is a drought-deciduous, xerophytic shrub from arid landscapes of South America. In a survey of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in specimens from the field, B. retama exhibited less negative values, indicative of CAM or C4 photosynthesis. Here, we investigate whether B. retama is a C4 or CAM plant. METHODS Gas-exchange responses to intercellular CO2, diurnal gas-exchange profiles, δ13C and dawn vs. afternoon titratable acidity were measured on leaves and stems of watered and droughted B. retama plants. Leaf and stem cross-sections were imaged to determine whether the tissues exhibited succulent CAM or C4 Kranz anatomy. KEY RESULTS Field-collected stems and fruits of B. retama exhibited δ13C between -16 and -19 ‰. Plants grown in a glasshouse from field-collected seeds had leaf δ13C values near -31 ‰ and stem δ13C values near -28 ‰. The CO2 response of photosynthesis showed that leaves and stems used C3 photosynthesis during the day, while curvature in the nocturnal response of net CO2 assimilation rate (A) in all stems, coupled with slightly positive rates of A at night, indicated modest CAM function. C4 photosynthesis was absent. Succulence was absent in all tissues, although stems exhibited tight packing of the cortical chlorenchyma in a CAM-like manner. Tissue titratable acidity increased at night in droughted stems. CONCLUSIONS Bulnesia retama is a weak to modest C3 + CAM plant. This is the first report of CAM in the Zygophyllaceae and the first showing that non-succulent, xerophytic shrubs use CAM. CAM alone in B. retama was too limited to explain less negative δ13C in field-collected plants, but combined with effects of low stomatal and mesophyll conductance it could raise δ13C to observed values between -16 and -19 ‰. Modest CAM activity, particularly during severe drought, could enable B. retama to persist in arid habitats of South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mok
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Arthur Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Peter Searles
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco (5301), La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
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Sage RF, Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Silvera K, Edwards EJ. Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:753-770. [PMID: 37642245 PMCID: PMC10799994 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assess this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 73 CAM clades. We further consider evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis. RESULTS Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 million years. In these clades, CAM is probably younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae during the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2 decline. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 million years, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades. CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can pre-date low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Katia Silvera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Edwards EJ. Reconciling continuous and discrete models of C4 and CAM evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:717-725. [PMID: 37675944 PMCID: PMC10799980 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A current argument in the CAM biology literature has focused on the nature of the CAM evolutionary trajectory: whether there is a smooth continuum of phenotypes between plants with C3 and CAM photosynthesis or whether there are discrete steps of phenotypic evolutionary change such as has been modelled for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. A further implication is that a smooth continuum would increase the evolvability of CAM, whereas discrete changes would make the evolutionary transition from C3 to CAM more difficult. SCOPE In this essay, I attempt to reconcile these two viewpoints, because I think in many ways this is a false dichotomy that is constraining progress in understanding how both CAM and C4 evolved. In reality, the phenotypic space connecting C3 species and strong CAM/C4 species is both a continuum of variably expressed quantitative traits and yet also contains certain combinations of traits that we are able to identify as discrete, recognizable phenotypes. In this sense, the evolutionary mechanics of CAM origination are no different from those of C4 photosynthesis, nor from the evolution of any other complex trait assemblage. CONCLUSIONS To make progress, we must embrace the concept of discrete phenotypic phases of CAM evolution, because their delineation will force us to articulate what aspects of phenotypic variation we think are significant. There are some current phenotypic gaps that are limiting our ability to build a complete CAM evolutionary model: the first is how a rudimentary CAM biochemical cycle becomes established, and the second is how the 'accessory' CAM cycle in C3+CAM plants is recruited into a primary metabolism. The connections to the C3 phenotype we are looking for are potentially found in the behaviour of C3 plants when undergoing physiological stress - behaviour that, strangely enough, remains essentially unexplored in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Niechayev NA, Mayer JA, Cushman JC. Developmental dynamics of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Opuntia ficus-indica. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:869-879. [PMID: 37256773 PMCID: PMC10799983 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relative contributions of C3 photosynthesis and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) during the earliest stages of development were investigated to assess how much each might contribute to cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) productivity. METHODS The developmental progression of C3 photosynthesis and CAM was assessed in seedlings and daughter cladodes of mature plants by titratable acidity, δ13C isotopic values and diel gas exchange measurements. KEY RESULTS Nocturnal acidification was observed in seedling cladodes and cotyledons at the earliest stages of development and became highly significant by 75 days of development. Seedling cotyledons showed mean δ13C values of -21.4 and -17.1 ‰ at 30 and 100 days of age, respectively. Seedling cladodes showed mean δ13C values of -19.4 and -14.5 ‰ at 30 and 100 days of age, respectively. These values are typical of CAM plants. Net CO2 assimilation was negative, then occurred in both the day and the night, with nighttime fixation becoming predominant once the primary cladode reached 5 cm in size. Emergent daughter cladodes growing on mature plants showed nocturnal titratable acidity at the earliest stages of development, which became significant when daughter cladodes were >2.5-5 cm in height. Emergent daughter cladodes showed mean δ13C values of -14.5 to -15.6 ‰, typical of CAM plants. CO2 assimilation studies revealed that net CO2 uptake was negative in daughter cladodes <12 cm in length, but then exhibited net positive CO2 assimilation in both the day and the night, with net nocturnal CO2 assimilation predominating once the daughter cladode grew larger. CONCLUSIONS Developing O. ficus-indica primary and daughter cladodes begin as respiring sink tissues that transition directly to performing CAM once net positive CO2 fixation is observed. Overall, these results demonstrate that CAM is the primary form of photosynthetic carbon assimilation for O. ficus-indica even at the earliest stages of seedling or daughter cladode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Niechayev
- Department of Seed Research, D’Arrigo California, 21777 Harris Road, Salinas, CA 93908, USA
| | - Jesse A Mayer
- Biosero Inc., 9560 Waples Street, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
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Li C, Huang W, Han X, Zhao G, Zhang W, He W, Nie B, Chen X, Zhang T, Bai W, Zhang X, He J, Zhao C, Fernie AR, Tschaplinski TJ, Yang X, Yan S, Wang L. Diel dynamics of multi-omics in elkhorn fern provide new insights into weak CAM photosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100594. [PMID: 36960529 PMCID: PMC10504562 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has high water-use efficiency (WUE) and is widely recognized to have evolved from C3 photosynthesis. Different plant lineages have convergently evolved CAM, but the molecular mechanism that underlies C3-to-CAM evolution remains to be clarified. Platycerium bifurcatum (elkhorn fern) provides an opportunity to study the molecular changes underlying the transition from C3 to CAM photosynthesis because both modes of photosynthesis occur in this species, with sporotrophophyll leaves (SLs) and cover leaves (CLs) performing C3 and weak CAM photosynthesis, respectively. Here, we report that the physiological and biochemical attributes of CAM in weak CAM-performing CLs differed from those in strong CAM species. We investigated the diel dynamics of the metabolome, proteome, and transcriptome in these dimorphic leaves within the same genetic background and under identical environmental conditions. We found that multi-omic diel dynamics in P. bifurcatum exhibit both tissue and diel effects. Our analysis revealed temporal rewiring of biochemistry relevant to the energy-producing pathway (TCA cycle), CAM pathway, and stomatal movement in CLs compared with SLs. We also confirmed that PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE KINASE (PPCK) exhibits convergence in gene expression among highly divergent CAM lineages. Gene regulatory network analysis identified candidate transcription factors regulating the CAM pathway and stomatal movement. Taken together, our results provide new insights into weak CAM photosynthesis and new avenues for CAM bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun He
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bao Nie
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taijie Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Bai
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan, China.
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13
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Lin D, Zhou X, Zhao H, Tao X, Yu S, Zhang X, Zang Y, Peng L, Yang L, Deng S, Li X, Mao X, Luan A, He J, Ma J. The Synergistic Mechanism of Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Metabolism between the Green and White Tissues of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus Chimeric Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119238. [PMID: 37298190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (Ac. bracteatus) is a typical leaf-chimeric ornamental plant. The chimeric leaves are composed of central green photosynthetic tissue (GT) and marginal albino tissue (AT). The mosaic existence of GT and AT makes the chimeric leaves an ideal material for the study of the synergistic mechanism of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism. The daily changes in net photosynthetic rate (NPR) and stomatal conductance (SCT) of the leaves indicated the typical crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) characteristic of Ac. bracteatus. Both the GT and AT of chimeric leaves fixed CO2 during the night and released CO2 from malic acid for photosynthesis during the daytime. The malic acid content and NADPH-ME activity of the AT during the night was significantly higher than that of GT, which suggests that the AT may work as a CO2 pool to store CO2 during the night and supply CO2 for photosynthesis in the GT during the daytime. Furthermore, the soluble sugar content (SSC) in the AT was significantly lower than that of GT, while the starch content (SC) of the AT was apparently higher than that of GT, indicating that AT was inefficient in photosynthesis but may function as a photosynthate sink to help the GT maintain high photosynthesis activity. Additionally, the AT maintained peroxide balance by enhancing the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and antioxidant enzyme system to avoid antioxidant damage. The enzyme activities of reductive ascorbic acid (AsA) and the glutathione (GSH) cycle (except DHAR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced, apparently to make the AT grow normally. This study indicates that, although the AT of the chimeric leaves was inefficient at photosynthesis because of the lack of chlorophyll, it can cooperate with the GT by working as a CO2 supplier and photosynthate store to enhance the photosynthetic ability of GT to help chimeric plants grow well. Additionally, the AT can avoid peroxide damage caused by the lack of chlorophyll by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant system. The AT plays an active role in the normal growth of the chimeric leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpu Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Xuzixin Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Sanmiao Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Yaoqiang Zang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Lingli Peng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Shuyue Deng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Xinjing Mao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
| | - Aiping Luan
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Junhu He
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611100, China
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14
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Wolf N, Smeltz TS, Cook C, Martinez del Rio C. Using stable isotopes in hummingbird breath to estimate reliance on supplemental feeders. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9799. [PMID: 36789347 PMCID: PMC9905664 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological consequences of supplemental feeding to both hummingbirds and the plants they pollinate is complicated by logistical challenges associated with assessing relative dietary resource use with commonly applied observational methods. Here, we describe the results of research conducted to assess the relative use of feeder and flower nectar by Broad-tailed (Selasphorus platycercus) and Rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) using two distinct methodological variations to measure the δ13C values of exhaled CO2. Because of the relatively quick time in which both species switch from exogenous to endogenous resources to fuel metabolism, our experiment allowed us to assess resource use at two timescales. Our results suggest variability in the relative contributions of the two dietary sources within and among species and timescales, with most birds employing a mixture of feeder and flower sugars as fuel sources. This diversity in relative resource use may mitigate potential negative effects of supplemental feeding on hummingbirds and their plant symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wolf
- FAST LaboratoryAlaska Pacific UniversityAnchorageAlaskaUSA
| | | | - Craig Cook
- University of Wyoming Stable Isotope Facility, University of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
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15
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Hu R, Zhang J, Jawdy S, Sreedasyam A, Lipzen A, Wang M, Ng V, Daum C, Keymanesh K, Liu D, Lu H, Ranjan P, Chen JG, Muchero W, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, Schmutz J, Yang X. Comparative genomics analysis of drought response between obligate CAM and C 3 photosynthesis plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153791. [PMID: 36027837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants exhibit elevated drought and heat tolerance compared to C3 and C4 plants through an inverted pattern of day/night stomatal closure and opening for CO2 assimilation. However, the molecular responses to water-deficit conditions remain unclear in obligate CAM species. In this study, we presented genome-wide transcription sequencing analysis using leaf samples of an obligate CAM species Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi under moderate and severe drought treatments at two-time points of dawn (2-h before the start of light period) and dusk (2-h before the dark period). Differentially expressed genes were identified in response to environmental drought stress and a whole genome wide co-expression network was created as well. We found that the expression of CAM-related genes was not regulated by drought stimuli in K. fedtschenkoi. Our comparative analysis revealed that CAM species (K. fedtschenkoi) and C3 species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus deltoides 'WV94') share some common transcriptional changes in genes involved in multiple biological processes in response to drought stress, including ABA signaling and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Hu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Jin Zhang
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Sara Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35801, USA.
| | - Anna Lipzen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Vivian Ng
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Christopher Daum
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Keykhosrow Keymanesh
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Degao Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35801, USA; Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94589, USA.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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16
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Snyder KA, Robinson SA, Schmidt S, Hultine KR. Stable isotope approaches and opportunities for improving plant conservation. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac056. [PMID: 35966756 PMCID: PMC9367551 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful conservation of threatened species and ecosystems in a rapidly changing world requires scientifically sound decision-making tools that are readily accessible to conservation practitioners. Physiological applications that examine how plants and animals interact with their environment are now widely used when planning, implementing and monitoring conservation. Among these tools, stable-isotope physiology is a potentially powerful, yet under-utilized cornerstone of current and future conservation efforts of threatened and endangered plants. We review the underlying concepts and theory of stable-isotope physiology and describe how stable-isotope applications can support plant conservation. We focus on stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen to address plant ecophysiological responses to changing environmental conditions across temporal scales from hours to centuries. We review examples from a broad range of plant taxa, life forms and habitats and provide specific examples where stable-isotope analysis can directly improve conservation, in part by helping identify resilient, locally adapted genotypes or populations. Our review aims to provide a guide for practitioners to easily access and evaluate the information that can be derived from stable-isotope signatures, their limitations and how stable isotopes can improve conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keirith A Snyder
- Corresponding author: USDA Agricultural Research Service, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, Reno,
920 Valley Road, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Building 62, Brisbane Queensland 4075, Australia
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
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17
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Guzmán‐Jacob V, Guerrero‐Ramírez NR, Craven D, Brant Paterno G, Taylor A, Krömer T, Wanek W, Zotz G, Kreft H. Broad‐ and small‐scale environmental gradients drive variation in chemical, but not morphological, leaf traits of vascular epiphytes. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guzmán‐Jacob
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Gustavo Brant Paterno
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research University of Vienna Austria
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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18
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Winter K, Smith JAC. CAM photosynthesis: the acid test. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:599-609. [PMID: 34637529 PMCID: PMC9298356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in the prospects for bioengineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis - or key elements associated with it, such as increased water-use efficiency - into C3 plants. Resolving how CAM photosynthesis evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway could provide valuable insights into the targets for such bioengineering efforts. It has been proposed that the ability to accumulate organic acids at night may be common among C3 plants, and that the transition to CAM might simply require enhancement of pre-existing fluxes, without the need for changes in circadian or diurnal regulation. We show, in a survey encompassing 40 families of vascular plants, that nocturnal acidification is a feature entirely restricted to CAM species. Although many C3 species can synthesize malate during the light period, we argue that the switch to night-time malic acid accumulation requires a fundamental metabolic reprogramming that couples glycolytic breakdown of storage carbohydrate to the process of net dark CO2 fixation. This central element of the CAM pathway, even when expressed at a low level, represents a biochemical capability not seen in C3 plants, and so is better regarded as a discrete evolutionary innovation than as part of a metabolic continuum between C3 and CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
| | - J. Andrew C. Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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19
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Holtum JAM, Hancock LP, Edwards EJ, Winter K. CAM photosynthesis in desert blooming Cistanthe of the Atacama, Chile. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:691-702. [PMID: 33896445 DOI: 10.1071/fp20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When plants of the Atacama desert undergo episodic blooms, among the most prominent are succulent-leaved Cistanthe (Montiaceae). We demonstrate that two Cistanthe species, the perennial Cistanthe sp. aff. crassifolia and the annual/biannual Cistanthe sp. aff. longiscapa, can exhibit net CO2 uptake and leaf acidification patterns typical of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). In C. sp. aff. crassifolia leaves, CAM expression was facultative. CAM-type nocturnal net CO2 uptake and acid accumulation occurred in drought-stressed but not in well-watered plants. By contrast, CAM expression in C. sp. aff. longiscapa was largely constitutive. Nocturnal acid accumulation was present in leaves of well-watered and in droughted plants. Following water-deficit stress, net nocturnal CO2 uptake was induced and the level of acid accumulated increased. Neither nocturnal CO2 uptake nor acid accumulation was reduced when the plants were re-watered. δ13C values of a further nine field-collected Cistanthe species are consistent with a contribution of CAM to their carbon pools. In the Portulacinae, a suborder with eight CAM-containing families, Cistanthe becomes the sixth genus with CAM within the family Montiaceae, and it is likely that the ancestor of all Portulacineae also possessed CAM photosynthesis. In the stochastic rainfall landscape of the Atacama, carbon uptake in the dark is a water-use efficient mechanism that increases the carbon pool available for seed production or dormancy. The next rain event may be years away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia; and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama; and Corresponding author.
| | - Lillian P Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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20
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Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Andrae J, Welti N, Guerin GR, Leitch E, Hall T, Szarvas S, Atkins R, Caddy-Retalic S, Sparrow B. The photosynthetic pathways of plant species surveyed in Australia's national terrestrial monitoring network. Sci Data 2021; 8:97. [PMID: 33795698 PMCID: PMC8016977 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic pathway of plants is a fundamental trait that influences terrestrial environments from the local to global level. The distribution of different photosynthetic pathways in Australia is expected to undergo a substantial shift due to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2; however, tracking change is hindered by a lack of data on the pathways of species, as well as their distribution and relative cover within plant communities. Here we present the photosynthetic pathways for 2428 species recorded across 541 plots surveyed by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) between 2011 and 2017. This dataset was created to facilitate research exploring trends in vegetation change across Australia. Species were assigned a photosynthetic pathway using published literature and stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk tissue. The photosynthetic pathway of species can be extracted from the dataset individually, or used in conjunction with vegetation surveys to study the occurrence and abundance of pathways across the continent. This dataset will be updated as TERN's plot network expands and new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E M Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Francesca A McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jake Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Greg R Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Emrys Leitch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Tony Hall
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Steve Szarvas
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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21
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Liu D, Hu R, Zhang J, Guo HB, Cheng H, Li L, Borland AM, Qin H, Chen JG, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Overexpression of an Agave Phospho enolpyruvate Carboxylase Improves Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance. Cells 2021; 10:582. [PMID: 33800849 PMCID: PMC7999111 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been challenging to simultaneously improve photosynthesis and stress tolerance in plants. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2-concentrating mechanism that facilitates plant adaptation to water-limited environments. We hypothesized that the ectopic expression of a CAM-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), an enzyme that catalyzes primary CO2 fixation in CAM plants, would enhance both photosynthesis and abiotic stress tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we engineered a CAM-specific PEPC gene (named AaPEPC1) from Agave americana into tobacco. In comparison with wild-type and empty vector controls, transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing AaPEPC1 showed a higher photosynthetic rate and biomass production under normal conditions, along with significant carbon metabolism changes in malate accumulation, the carbon isotope ratio δ13C, and the expression of multiple orthologs of CAM-related genes. Furthermore, AaPEPC1 overexpression enhanced proline biosynthesis, and improved salt and drought tolerance in the transgenic plants. Under salt and drought stress conditions, the dry weight of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing AaPEPC1 was increased by up to 81.8% and 37.2%, respectively, in comparison with wild-type plants. Our findings open a new door to the simultaneous improvement of photosynthesis and stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degao Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rongbin Hu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SimCenter, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA; (H.-B.G.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hua Cheng
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
| | - Linling Li
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
| | - Anne M. Borland
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SimCenter, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA; (H.-B.G.); (H.Q.)
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (D.L.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.B.); (J.-G.C.); (W.M.); (G.A.T.)
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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22
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De La Harpe M, Paris M, Hess J, Barfuss MHJ, Serrano-Serrano ML, Ghatak A, Chaturvedi P, Weckwerth W, Till W, Salamin N, Wai CM, Ming R, Lexer C. Genomic footprints of repeated evolution of CAM photosynthesis in a Neotropical species radiation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2987-3001. [PMID: 32677061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive radiation of Bromeliaceae (pineapple family) is one of the most diverse among Neotropical flowering plants. Diversification in this group was facilitated by shifts in several adaptive traits or "key innovations" including the transition from C3 to CAM photosynthesis associated with xeric (heat/drought) adaptation. We used phylogenomic approaches, complemented by differential gene expression (RNA-seq) and targeted metabolite profiling, to address the mechanisms of C3 /CAM evolution in the extremely species-rich bromeliad genus, Tillandsia, and related taxa. Evolutionary analyses of whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq data suggest that evolution of CAM is associated with coincident changes to different pathways mediating xeric adaptation in this group. At the molecular level, C3 /CAM shifts were accompanied by gene expansion of XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER homologs, a regulator involved in sugar- and light-dependent regulation of growth and development. Our analyses also support the re-programming of abscisic acid-related gene expression via differential expression of ABF2/ABF3 transcription factor homologs, and adaptive sequence evolution of an ENO2/LOS2 enolase homolog, effectively tying carbohydrate flux to abscisic acid-mediated abiotic stress response. By pinpointing different regulators of overlapping molecular responses, our results suggest plausible mechanistic explanations for the repeated evolution of correlated adaptive traits seen in a textbook example of an adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylaure De La Harpe
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margot Paris
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jaqueline Hess
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Harald Johannes Barfuss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Arindam Ghatak
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Till
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ching Man Wai
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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23
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Herrera A. Are thick leaves, large mesophyll cells and small intercellular air spaces requisites for CAM? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:859-868. [PMID: 31970387 PMCID: PMC7218806 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is commonly accepted that the leaf of a crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant is thick, with large mesophyll cells and vacuoles that can accommodate the malic acid produced during the night. The link between mesophyll characteristics and CAM mode, whether obligate or C3/CAM, was evaluated. METHODS Published values of the carbon isotopic ratio (δ 13C) as an indicator of CAM, leaf thickness, leaf micrographs and other evidence of CAM operation were used to correlate cell density, cell area, the proportion of intercellular space in the mesophyll (IAS) and the length of cell wall facing the intercellular air spaces (Lmes/A) with CAM mode. KEY RESULTS Based on 81 species and relatively unrelated families (15) belonging to nine orders, neither leaf thickness nor mesophyll traits helped explain the degree of CAM expression. A strong correlation was found between leaf thickness and δ 13C in some species of Crassulaceae and between leaf thickness and nocturnal acid accumulation in a few obligate CAM species of Bromeliaceae but, when all 81 species were pooled together, no significant changes with δ 13C were observed in cell density, cell area, IAS or Lmes/A. CONCLUSIONS An influence of phylogeny on leaf anatomy was evidenced in a few cases but this precluded generalization for widely separate taxa containing CAM species. The possible relationships between leaf anatomy and CAM mode should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrera
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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24
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Hermida-Carrera C, Fares MA, Font-Carrascosa M, Kapralov MV, Koch MA, Mir A, Molins A, Ribas-Carbó M, Rocha J, Galmés J. Exploring molecular evolution of Rubisco in C 3 and CAM Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 31969115 PMCID: PMC6977233 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CO2-concentrating mechanism associated to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) alters the catalytic context for Rubisco by increasing CO2 availability and provides an advantage in particular ecological conditions. We hypothesized about the existence of molecular changes linked to these particular adaptations in CAM Rubisco. We investigated molecular evolution of the Rubisco large (L-) subunit in 78 orchids and 144 bromeliads with C3 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. The sequence analyses were complemented with measurements of Rubisco kinetics in some species with contrasting photosynthetic mechanism and differing in the L-subunit sequence. RESULTS We identified potential positively selected sites and residues with signatures of co-adaptation. The implementation of a decision tree model related Rubisco specific variable sites to the leaf carbon isotopic composition of the species. Differences in the Rubisco catalytic traits found among C3 orchids and between strong CAM and C3 bromeliads suggested Rubisco had evolved in response to differing CO2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that the variability in the Rubisco L-subunit sequence in orchids and bromeliads is composed of coevolving sites under potential positive adaptive signal. The sequence variability was related to δ13C in orchids and bromeliads, however it could not be linked to the variability found in the kinetic properties of the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida-Carrera
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Integrative and Systems Biology Group, Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC–UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcel Font-Carrascosa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Maxim V. Kapralov
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Marcus A. Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 9120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnau Mir
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Jairo Rocha
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
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25
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Hultine KR, Dettman DL, English NB, Williams DG. Giant cacti: isotopic recorders of climate variation in warm deserts of the Americas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6509-6519. [PMID: 31269200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant family Cactaceae is considered among the most threatened groups of organisms on the planet. The threatened status of the cacti family has created a renewed interest in the highly evolved physiological and morphological traits that underpin their persistence in some of the harshest subtropical environments in the Americas. Among the most important anatomical features of cacti is the modification of leaves into spines, and previous work has shown that the stable isotope chemistry of cacti spines records potential variations in stem water balance, stress, and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). We review the opportunities, challenges, and pitfalls in measuring δ 13C, δ 2H, and δ 18O ratios captured in spine tissues that potentially reflect temporal and spatial patterns of stomatal conductance, internal to atmospheric CO2 partial pressures, and subsequent patterns of photosynthetic gas exchange. We then evaluate the challenges in stable isotope analysis in spine tissues related to variation in CAM expression, stem water compartmentalization, and spine whole-tissue composition among other factors. Finally, we describe how the analysis of all three isotopes can be used in combination to provide potentially robust analysis of photosynthetic function in cacti, and other succulent-stemmed taxa across broad spatio-temporal environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David L Dettman
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nathan B English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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26
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Winter K. Ecophysiology of constitutive and facultative CAM photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6495-6508. [PMID: 30810162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants exhibiting crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), CAM photosynthesis almost always occurs together with C3 photosynthesis, and occasionally with C4 photosynthesis. Depending on species, ontogeny, and environment, CAM input to total carbon gain can vary from values of <1% to 100%. The wide range of CAM phenotypes between and within species is a fascinating example of functional diversity and plasticity, but poses a significant challenge when attempting to define CAM. CO2 gas exchange experiments designed for this review illustrate key patterns of CAM expression and highlight distinguishing features of constitutive and facultative CAM. Furthermore, they help to address frequently recurring questions on CAM terminology. The functional and evolutionary significance of contrasting CAM phenotypes and of intermediate states between extremes is discussed. Results from a study on nocturnal malate accumulation in 50 species of Aizoaceae exposed to drought and salinity stress suggest that facultative CAM is more widespread amongst vascular plants than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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27
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Winter K, Garcia M, Virgo A, Holtum JAM. Operating at the very low end of the crassulacean acid metabolism spectrum: Sesuvium portulacastrum (Aizoaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6561-6570. [PMID: 30535159 PMCID: PMC6883264 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Demonstration of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in species with low usage of this system relative to C3-photosynthetic CO2 assimilation can be challenging experimentally but provides crucial information on the early steps of CAM evolution. Here, weakly expressed CAM was detected in the well-known pantropical coastal, leaf-succulent herb Sesuvium portulacastrum, demonstrating that CAM is present in the Sesuvioideae, the only sub-family of the Aizoaceae in which it had not yet been shown conclusively. In outdoor plots in Panama, leaves and stems of S. portulacastrum consistently exhibited a small degree of nocturnal acidification which, in leaves, increased during the dry season. In potted plants, nocturnal acidification was mainly facultative, as levels of acidification increased in a reversible manner following the imposition of short-term water-stress. In drought-stressed plants, nocturnal net CO2 exchange approached the CO2-compensation point, consistent with low rates of CO2 dark fixation sufficient to eliminate respiratory carbon loss. Detection of low-level CAM in S. portulacastrum adds to the growing number of species that cannot be considered C3 plants sensu stricto, although they obtain CO2 principally via the C3 pathway. Knowledge about the presence/absence of low-level CAM is critical when assessing trajectories of CAM evolution in lineages. The genus Sesuvium is of particular interest because it also contains C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Milton Garcia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Aurelio Virgo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Li MH, Liu DK, Zhang GQ, Deng H, Tu XD, Wang Y, Lan SR, Liu ZJ. A perspective on crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis evolution of orchids on different continents: Dendrobium as a case study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6611-6619. [PMID: 31625570 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants, evolved the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis strategy. It is thought that CAM triggers adaptive radiation into new niche spaces, yet very little is known about its origin and diversification on different continents. Here, we assess the prevalence of CAM in Dendrobium, which is one of the largest genera of flowering plants and found in a wide range of environments, from the high altitudes of the Himalayas to relatively arid habitats in Australia. Based on phylogenetic time trees, we estimated that CAM, as determined by δ 13C values less negative than -20.0‰, evolved independently at least eight times in Dendrobium. The oldest lineage appeared in the Asian clade during the middle Miocene, indicating the origin of CAM was associated with a pronounced climatic cooling that followed a period of aridity. Divergence of the four CAM lineages in the Asian clade appeared to be earlier than divergence of those in the Australasian clade. However, CAM species in the Asian clade are much less diverse (25.6%) than those in the Australasian clade (57.9%). These findings shed new light on CAM evolutionary history and the aridity levels of the paleoclimate on different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong-De Tu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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29
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Pereira PN, Cushman JC. Exploring the Relationship between Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) and Mineral Nutrition with a Special Focus on Nitrogen. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4363. [PMID: 31491972 PMCID: PMC6769741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is characterized by nocturnal CO2 uptake and concentration, reduced photorespiration, and increased water-use efficiency (WUE) when compared to C3 and C4 plants. Plants can perform different types of CAM and the magnitude and duration of CAM expression can change based upon several abiotic conditions, including nutrient availability. Here, we summarize the abiotic factors that are associated with an increase in CAM expression with an emphasis on the relationship between CAM photosynthesis and nutrient availability, with particular focus on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Additionally, we examine nitrogen uptake and assimilation as this macronutrient has received the greatest amount of attention in studies using CAM species. We also discuss the preference of CAM species for different organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen, including nitrate, ammonium, glutamine, and urea. Lastly, we make recommendations for future research areas to better understand the relationship between macronutrients and CAM and how their interaction might improve nutrient and water-use efficiency in order to increase the growth and yield of CAM plants, especially CAM crops that may become increasingly important as global climate change continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Natália Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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30
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Edwards EJ. Evolutionary trajectories, accessibility and other metaphors: the case of C 4 and CAM photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1742-1755. [PMID: 30993711 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Are evolutionary outcomes predictable? Adaptations that show repeated evolutionary convergence across the Tree of Life provide a special opportunity to dissect the context surrounding their origins, and identify any commonalities that may predict why certain traits evolved many times in particular clades and yet never evolved in others. The remarkable convergence of C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in vascular plants makes them exceptional model systems for understanding the repeated evolution of complex phenotypes. This review highlights what we have learned about the recurring assembly of C4 and CAM, focusing on the increasingly predictable stepwise evolutionary integration of anatomy and biochemistry. With the caveat that we currently understand C4 evolution better than we do CAM, I propose a general model that explains and unites C4 and CAM evolutionary trajectories. Available data suggest that anatomical modifications are the 'rate-limiting step' in each trajectory, which in large part determines the evolutionary accessibility of both syndromes. The idea that organismal structure exerts a primary influence on innovation is discussed in the context of other systems. Whether the rate-limiting step occurs early or late in the evolutionary assembly of a new phenotype may have profound implications for its distribution across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8105, USA
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31
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Hancock LP, Holtum JAM, Edwards EJ. The Evolution of CAM Photosynthesis in Australian Calandrinia Reveals Lability in C3+CAM Phenotypes and a Possible Constraint to the Evolution of Strong CAM. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:517-534. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Australian Calandrinia has radiated across the Australian continent during the last 30 Ma, and today inhabits most Australian ecosystems. Given its biogeographic range and reports of facultative Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in multiple species, we hypothesized (1) that CAM would be widespread across Australian Calandrinia and that species, especially those that live in arid regions, would engage in strong CAM, and (2) that Australian Calandrinia would be an important lineage for informing on the CAM evolutionary trajectory. We cultivated 22 Australian Calandrinia species for a drought experiment. Using physiological measurements and δ13C values we characterized photosynthetic mode across these species, mapped the resulting character states onto a phylogeny, and characterized the climatic envelopes of species in their native ranges. Most species primarily utilize C3 photosynthesis, with CAM operating secondarily, often upregulated following drought. Several phylogenetically nested species are C3, indicating evolutionary losses of CAM. No strong CAM was detected in any of the species. Results highlight the limitations of δ13C surveys in detecting C3+CAM phenotypes, and the evolutionary lability of C3+CAM phenotypes. We propose a model of CAM evolution that allows for lability and reversibility among C3+CAM phenotypes and C3 and suggest that an annual life-cycle may preclude the evolution of strong CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian P Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Terrestrial Ecosystems and Climate Change, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Terrestrial Ecosystems and Climate Change, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT PO Box 208105, 06520, USA
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Niechayev NA, Pereira PN, Cushman JC. Understanding trait diversity associated with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:74-85. [PMID: 31284077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized mode of photosynthesis that exploits a temporal CO2 pump with nocturnal CO2 uptake and concentration to reduce photorespiration, improve water-use efficiency (WUE), and optimize the adaptability of plants to climates with seasonal or intermittent water limitations. CAM plants display a plastic continuum in the extent to which species engage in net nocturnal CO2 uptake that ranges from 0 to 100%. CAM plants also display diverse enzyme and organic acid and carbohydrate storage systems, which likely reflect the multiple, independent evolutionary origins of CAM. CAM is often accompanied by a diverse set of anatomical traits, such as tissue succulence and water-storage and water-capture strategies to attenuate drought. Other co-adaptive traits, such as thick cuticles, epicuticular wax, low stomatal density, high stomatal responsiveness, and shallow rectifier-like roots limit water loss under conditions of water deficit. Recommendations for future research efforts to better explore and understand the diversity of traits associated with CAM and CAM Biodesign efforts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Niechayev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States
| | - Paula N Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States.
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Cheng Y, He D, He J, Niu G, Gao R. Effect of Light/Dark Cycle on Photosynthetic Pathway Switching and CO 2 Absorption in Two Dendrobium Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:659. [PMID: 31178881 PMCID: PMC6538687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many Dendrobium species are both ornamental and medicinal plants in China. Several wild species have been exploited to near extinction, and facility cultivation has become an important way to meet the great market demand. Most Dendrobium species have evolved into crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways in adapting to harsh epiphytic environment, leading to low daily net CO2 absorption. Photosynthetic pathways of many facultative CAM plants are regulated by various environmental factors. Light/dark cycle plays an important role in regulating the photosynthetic pathway of several CAM species. The aims of this study were to investigate whether the photosynthetic pathway of Dendrobium species could be regulated between C3 and CAM by changing light/dark cycles and the daily net CO2 absorption could be enhanced by shortening light/dark cycle. In this study, net CO2 exchange rates of D. officinale and D. primulinum were monitored continuously during two different light/dark cycles conversion compared to Kalanchoe daigremontiana as an obligate CAM plant. The net CO2 exchange pattern and stomatal behavior of D. officinale and D. primulinum were switched from CAM to C3-like by changing the light/dark cycle from 12/12 h to 4/4 h. However, this switching was not completely reversible. Compared to the original 12/12 h light/dark cycle, the dark, light, and daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. officinale were significantly increased after the light/dark cycle was changed from 4/4 h to 12/12 h, but those in D. primulinum was opposite and those in K. daigremontiana was not affected. Daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. officinale increased by 47% after the light/dark cycle was changed from 12/12 h to 4/4 h, due to the sharp increase of light net CO2 exchange amount. However, the large decrease of dark net CO2 exchange amount could not be offset by increased light net CO2 exchange amount, leading to reduced daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. primulinum. In conclusion, the 4/4 h light/dark cycle can induce the photosynthetic pathway of D. officinale and D. primulinum to C3-like, and improve the daily CO2 absorption of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsan Cheng
- Key Laboratory Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxian He
- Key Laboratory Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Genhua Niu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research at El Paso, Texas A&M University System, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Rongfu Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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34
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Hultine KR, Dettman DL, Williams DG, Puente R, English NB, Butterfield BJ, Búrquez A. Relationships among climate, stem growth, and biomass δ
13
C in the giant saguaro cactus (
Carnegiea gigantea
). Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix Arizona 85008 USA
| | - D. L. Dettman
- Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - D. G. Williams
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - R. Puente
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix Arizona 85008 USA
| | - N. B. English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Townsville Queensland 4810 Australia
| | - B. J. Butterfield
- Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - A. Búrquez
- Unidad Hermosillo Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apartado Postal 1354 C.P. 83000 Hermosillo Sonora México
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Huber J, Dettman DL, Williams DG, Hultine KR. Gas exchange characteristics of giant cacti species varying in stem morphology and life history strategy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1688-1702. [PMID: 30304560 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Giant cacti species possess long cylindrical stems that store massive amounts of water and other resources to draw on for photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction during hot and dry conditions. Across all giant cacti taxa, stem photosynthetic surface area to volume ratio (S:V) varies by several fold. This broad morphological diversity leads to the hypothesis that giant cacti function along a predictable resource use continuum from a "safe" strategy reflected in low S:V, low relative growth rates (RGR), and low net assimilation rates (Anet ) to a high-risk strategy that is reflected in high S:V, RGR, and Anet . METHODS To test this hypothesis, whole-plant gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and whole-spine-tissue carbon isotope ratios (δ13 C) were measured in four giant cacti species varying in stem morphology and RGR. Measurements were conducted on five well-watered, potted plants per species. KEY RESULTS Under conditions of mild diel temperatures and low atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, Anet , transpiration (E), and stomatal conductance (Gs ) were significantly higher, and water-use efficiency (Anet : Gs ) was lower in fast-growing, multi-stemmed species compared to the slower growing, single-stemmed species. However, under warmer, less optimal conditions, gas exchange converged between stem types, and neither δ13 C nor chlorophyll fluorescence varied among species. CONCLUSIONS The results add to a growing body of evidence that succulent-stemmed plants function along a similar economic spectrum as leaf-bearing plants such that functional traits including stem RGR, longevity, morphology, and gas exchange are correlated across species with varying life-history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Huber
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David L Dettman
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Montero E, Francisco AM, Montes E, Herrera A. Salinity induction of recycling Crassulacean acid metabolism and salt tolerance in plants of Talinum triangulare. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1333-1342. [PMID: 29596562 PMCID: PMC6007505 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) can be induced by salinity, thus conferring the plant higher water-use efficiency. Talinum triangulare does not frequently encounter salt in its natural habitat but is cultivated in soils that may become salinized. Here we examined whether plants of T. triangulare can grow in saline soils and show salt-induced CAM. Methods Leaf gas exchange, carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C), nocturnal acid accumulation (ΔH+), water relations, photosynthetic pigment and mineral contents, leaf anatomy and growth were determined in greenhouse in plants irrigated with 0, 150, 300 and 400 mm NaCl. Key Results Salinity reduced gas exchange and induced CAM, ΔH+ reaching 50.2 μmol H+ g-1 fresh mass under 300 mm NaCl. No nocturnal CO2 uptake, but compensation, was observed. Values of δ13C were lowest under 0 and 400 mm NaCl, and highest under 150 and 300 mm. The difference in osmotic potential (ψs) between control and treated plants averaged 0.45 MPa for the three [NaCl] values, the decrease in ψs being accounted for by up to 63 % by Na+ and K+. Pigment contents were unaffected by treatment, suggesting lack of damage to the photosynthetic machinery. Changes in stomatal index with unchanged stomatal density in newly expanded leaves suggested inhibited differentiation of epidermal cells into stomata. Whole-leaf and parenchymata thickness increased under 150 and 300 mm NaCl. Only plants irrigated with 400 mm NaCl showed reductions in biomass (stems, 41 %; reproductive structures, 78 %). The K/Na molar ratio decreased with [NaCl] from 2.0 to 0.4. Conclusions The operation of CAM in the recycling mode was evidenced by increased ΔH+ with no nocturnal CO2 uptake. Talinum triangulare can be classified as a halo-tolerant species based on its low K/Na molar ratio under salinity and the relatively small reduction in growth only at the highest [NaCl].
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Montero
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana Marta Francisco
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, Venezuela
| | - Enrique Montes
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL , USA
| | - Ana Herrera
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Males J. Concerted anatomical change associated with crassulacean acid metabolism in the Bromeliaceae. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:681-695. [PMID: 32291044 DOI: 10.1071/fp17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a celebrated example of convergent evolution in plant ecophysiology. However, many unanswered questions surround the relationships among CAM, anatomy and morphology during evolutionary transitions in photosynthetic pathway. An excellent group in which to explore these issues is the Bromeliaceae, a diverse monocot family from the Neotropics in which CAM has evolved multiple times. Progress in the resolution of phylogenetic relationships among the bromeliads is opening new and exciting opportunities to investigate how evolutionary changes in leaf structure has tracked, or perhaps preceded, photosynthetic innovation. This paper presents an analysis of variation in leaf anatomical parameters across 163C3 and CAM bromeliad species, demonstrating a clear divergence in the fundamental aspects of leaf structure in association with the photosynthetic pathway. Most strikingly, the mean volume of chlorenchyma cells of CAM species is 22 times higher than that of C3 species. In two bromeliad subfamilies (Pitcairnioideae and Tillandsioideae), independent transitions from C3 to CAM are associated with increased cell succulence, whereas evolutionary trends in tissue thickness and leaf air space content differ between CAM origins. Overall, leaf anatomy is clearly and strongly coupled with the photosynthetic pathway in the Bromeliaceae, where the independent origins of CAM have involved significant anatomical restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Email
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38
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Functional Anatomical Traits of the Photosynthetic Organs of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Holtum JAM, Hancock LP, Edwards EJ, Winter K. Facultative CAM photosynthesis (crassulacean acid metabolism) in four species of Calandrinia, ephemeral succulents of arid Australia. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:17-25. [PMID: 28871459 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was demonstrated in four small endemic Australian terrestrial succulents from the genus Calandrinia (Montiaceae) viz. C. creethiae, C. pentavalvis, C. quadrivalvis and C. reticulata. CAM was substantiated by measurements of CO2 gas-exchange and nocturnal acidification. In all species, the expression of CAM was overwhelmingly facultative in that nocturnal H+ accumulation was greatest in droughted plants and zero, or close to zero, in plants that were well-watered, including plants that had been droughted and were subsequently rewatered, i.e. the inducible component was proven to be reversible. Gas-exchange measurements complemented the determinations of acidity. In all species, net CO2 uptake was restricted to the light in well-watered plants, and cessation of watering was followed by a progressive reduction of CO2 uptake in the light and a reduction in nocturnal CO2 efflux. In C. creethiae, C. pentavalvis and C. reticulata net CO2 assimilation was eventually observed in the dark, whereas in C. quadrivalvis nocturnal CO2 exchange approached the compensation point but did not transition to net CO2 gain. Following rewatering, all species returned to their original well-watered CO2 exchange pattern of net CO2 uptake restricted solely to the light. In addition to facultative CAM, C. quadrivalvis and C. reticulata exhibited an extremely small constitutive CAM component as demonstrated by the nocturnal accumulation in well-watered plants of small amounts of acidity and by the curved pattern of the nocturnal course of CO2 efflux. It is suggested that low-level CAM and facultative CAM are more common within the Australian succulent flora, and perhaps the world succulent flora, than has been previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama.
| | - Lillian P Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Schipilliti L, Bonaccorsi IL, Occhiuto C, Dugo P, Mondello L. Authentication of citrus volatiles based on carbon isotope ratios. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2017.1377123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Schipilliti
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ivana Lidia Bonaccorsi
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- CHIBIOFARAM Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Guralnick LJ, Gladsky K. Crassulacean acid metabolism as a continuous trait: variability in the contribution of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in populations of Portulacaria afra. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00293. [PMID: 28443322 PMCID: PMC5393293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Portulacaria afra L. is a dominant facultative CAM species growing in the Southeastern Cape of South Africa. P. afra is well adapted to regions of the Spekboom thicket in areas of limited and sporadic rainfall. P. afra populations occur in isolated drainages. We hypothesized the utilization of CAM would vary in the different populations in response to rainfall and temperature gradients. Carbon isotope composition can be used to determine the contribution of CAM in leaf tissue. P. afra leaves of populations were analyzed in transects running south to north and east to west in locations from the coast to elevations of 1400 m. Carbon isotope values ranged from -16.1‰ in Plutosvale to -21.0‰ to -22.7‰ in Port Alfred and Grahamstown populations respectively with some values reaching -25.2‰. These values indicated an estimated variable contribution of the CAM pathway ranging from 23% to almost 60%. The results indicate a much greater range of variability than previously reported. The carbon isotope values showed no direct correlation with rainfall or maximum or minimum day/night temperatures in the summer or winter for the different locations. The results indicated the microclimate may play a more significant role in determining CAM utilization. We present evidence that CAM is a continuous trait in P. afra and CAM is operating continuously at low levels during C3 photosynthesis which may explain the high variability in its carbon isotope composition. P. afra populations illustrate a large phenotypic plasticity and further studies may indicate genotypic differences between populations. This may be valuable in ascertaining the genetic contribution to its water use efficiency and possible use in engineering higher water use efficiency in C3 plants. The results revealed here may explain P. afra's ability to sequester carbon at high rates compared to more mesic species.
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Evolution of a CAM anatomy predates the origins of Crassulacean acid metabolism in the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 105:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stable isotope physiology of stem succulents across a broad range of volume-to-surface area ratio. Oecologia 2016; 182:679-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Winter K, Holtum JAM, Smith JAC. Crassulacean acid metabolism: a continuous or discrete trait? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:73-8. [PMID: 25975197 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The key components of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) - nocturnal fixation of atmospheric CO2 and its processing via Rubisco in the subsequent light period - are now reasonably well understood in terms of the biochemical reactions defining this water-saving mode of carbon assimilation. Phenotypically, however, the degree to which plants engage in the CAM cycle relative to regular C3 photosynthesis is highly variable. Depending upon species, ontogeny and environment, the contribution of nocturnal CO2 fixation to 24-h carbon gain can range continuously from close to 0% to 100%. Nevertheless, not all possible combinations of light and dark CO2 fixation appear equally common. Large-scale surveys of carbon-isotope ratios typically show a strongly bimodal frequency distribution, with relatively few intermediate values. Recent research has revealed that many species capable of low-level CAM activity are nested within the peak of C3 -type isotope signatures. While questions remain concerning the adaptive significance of dark CO2 fixation in such species, plants with low-level CAM should prove valuable models for investigating the discrete changes in genetic architecture and gene expression that have enabled the evolutionary transition from C3 to CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Yang X, Cushman JC, Borland AM, Edwards EJ, Wullschleger SD, Tuskan GA, Owen NA, Griffiths H, Smith JAC, De Paoli HC, Weston DJ, Cottingham R, Hartwell J, Davis SC, Silvera K, Ming R, Schlauch K, Abraham P, Stewart JR, Guo HB, Albion R, Ha J, Lim SD, Wone BWM, Yim WC, Garcia T, Mayer JA, Petereit J, Nair SS, Casey E, Hettich RL, Ceusters J, Ranjan P, Palla KJ, Yin H, Reyes-García C, Andrade JL, Freschi L, Beltrán JD, Dever LV, Boxall SF, Waller J, Davies J, Bupphada P, Kadu N, Winter K, Sage RF, Aguilar CN, Schmutz J, Jenkins J, Holtum JAM. A roadmap for research on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to enhance sustainable food and bioenergy production in a hotter, drier world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:491-504. [PMID: 26153373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized mode of photosynthesis that features nocturnal CO2 uptake, facilitates increased water-use efficiency (WUE), and enables CAM plants to inhabit water-limited environments such as semi-arid deserts or seasonally dry forests. Human population growth and global climate change now present challenges for agricultural production systems to increase food, feed, forage, fiber, and fuel production. One approach to meet these challenges is to increase reliance on CAM crops, such as Agave and Opuntia, for biomass production on semi-arid, abandoned, marginal, or degraded agricultural lands. Major research efforts are now underway to assess the productivity of CAM crop species and to harness the WUE of CAM by engineering this pathway into existing food, feed, and bioenergy crops. An improved understanding of CAM has potential for high returns on research investment. To exploit the potential of CAM crops and CAM bioengineering, it will be necessary to elucidate the evolution, genomic features, and regulatory mechanisms of CAM. Field trials and predictive models will be required to assess the productivity of CAM crops, while new synthetic biology approaches need to be developed for CAM engineering. Infrastructure will be needed for CAM model systems, field trials, mutant collections, and data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Anne M Borland
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Nick A Owen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Henrique C De Paoli
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Robert Cottingham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs and Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Katia Silvera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karen Schlauch
- Nevada Center for Bioinformatics, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Paul Abraham
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - J Ryan Stewart
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4105 Life Sciences Building, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca Albion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Jungmin Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Bernard W M Wone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Won Cheol Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Travis Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Jesse A Mayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Juli Petereit
- Nevada Center for Bioinformatics, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - Sujithkumar S Nair
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - Erin Casey
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Department of M²S, Faculty of Engineering Technology, TC Bioengineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Palla
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, China
| | - Casandra Reyes-García
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97200, Mérida, México
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97200, Mérida, México
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Juan D Beltrán
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Louisa V Dever
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Susanna F Boxall
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jade Waller
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jack Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Phaitun Bupphada
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Nirja Kadu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Cristobal N Aguilar
- Department of Food Research, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, México
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35801, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35801, USA
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
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Herrera A, Ballestrini C, Montes E. What is the potential for dark CO2 fixation in the facultative crassulacean acid metabolism species Talinum triangulare? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 174:55-61. [PMID: 25462967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In obligate Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, dark CO2 fixation is almost the sole route of CO2 fixation and, under drought, continues for long periods. In contrast, in plants of the facultative CAM species Talinum triangulare under experimental drought, dark CO2 fixation provides a small proportion of the daily assimilation observed in watered plants and occurs only for a few days, after which almost nil CO2 fixation is observed. Under field conditions, with a practically unlimited substrate volume, drought-induced CAM might operate for a longer period and make a higher contribution to daily CO2 fixation. Greenhouse-grown plants of T. triangulare were subjected to low and nearly constant soil water content; the operation of CAM was assessed through the measurement of nocturnal proton accumulation and dark CO2 fixation. Dark CO2 fixation appeared 19d after the onset of drought; its contribution during three months of experiment to daily CO2 assimilation ranged from 0.5 to 30.7% with a mean of 13.5%. Twenty days after the beginning of treatment, nocturnal proton accumulation increased six times and remained high for over three months. In spite of low soil water content, leaves did not engage in dark CO2 fixation all the time but dark CO2 fixation was large enough to produce an increase in relative (13)C composition of mature leaves compared to watered plants but not to the value in short-term drought experiments. Leaf anatomical characteristics may guarantee the achievement of higher rates of dark CO2 fixation but results evidence the occurrence of a limit to the expression of CAM that remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrera
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041, Venezuela.
| | - Caín Ballestrini
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041, Venezuela
| | - Enrique Montes
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FA 33701-5016, USA
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Llano C, Ugan A. Alternative Interpretations of Intermediate and Positive d13C Isotope Signals in Prehistoric Human Remains from Southern Mendoza, Argentina. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1086/678991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Horn JW, Xi Z, Riina R, Peirson JA, Yang Y, Dorsey BL, Berry PE, Davis CC, Wurdack KJ. Evolutionary bursts inEuphorbia(Euphorbiaceae) are linked with photosynthetic pathway. Evolution 2014; 68:3485-504. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Horn
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Ricarda Riina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- Real Jardín Botánico; RJB-CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Jess A. Peirson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Brian L. Dorsey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- The Huntington Botanical Gardens; 1151 Oxford Road San Marino California 91108
| | - Paul E. Berry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Charles C. Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kenneth J. Wurdack
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
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Holtum JAM, Winter K. Limited photosynthetic plasticity in the leaf-succulent CAM plant Agave angustifolia grown at different temperatures. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:843-849. [PMID: 32481038 DOI: 10.1071/fp13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Agave angustifolia Haw., a leaf-succulent constitutive crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant of tropical Panama, we tested whether nocturnal CO2 uptake and growth were reduced at night temperatures above 20°C. Unlike some CAM model species from habitats with pronounced day-night temperature variations, in A. angustifolia temperature affected little the relative contributions of CAM and C3 photosynthesis to growth. In plants grown under 12h light/dark regimes of 25/17, 30/22 and 35/27°C, biomass increased with temperature. Maintaining day temperature at 35°C and reducing night temperature from 27 to 17°C markedly lowered growth, a reduction partially reversed when roots were heated to 27°C. Across all treatments, whole-shoot δ13C values ranged between -14.6 and -13.2 ‰, indicating a stable proportion of CO2 was fixed at night, between 75 and 83%. Nocturnal acidification reflected growth, varying between 339 and 393μmol H+ g-1 fresh mass and 63-87μmol H+ cm-2. In outdoor open-top chambers, warming the air 3°C above ambient at night did not reduce biomass accumulation. The persistence of a high capacity for nocturnal CO2 fixation at the expense of a limited capacity for switching between C3 and CAM probably makes this Agave, and others like it, potential species for biomass production in seasonally-dry landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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50
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Barrera Zambrano VA, Lawson T, Olmos E, Fernández-García N, Borland AM. Leaf anatomical traits which accommodate the facultative engagement of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical trees of the genus Clusia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3513-3523. [PMID: 24510939 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Succulence and leaf thickness are important anatomical traits in CAM plants, resulting from the presence of large vacuoles to store organic acids accumulated overnight. A higher degree of succulence can result in a reduction in intercellular air space which constrains internal conductance to CO2. Thus, succulence presents a trade-off between the optimal anatomy for CAM and the internal structure ideal for direct C3 photosynthesis. This study examined how plasticity for the reversible engagement of CAM in the genus Clusia could be accommodated by leaf anatomical traits that could facilitate high nocturnal PEPC activity without compromising the direct day-time uptake of CO2 via Rubisco. Nine species of Clusia ranging from constitutive C3 through C3/CAM intermediates to constitutive CAM were compared in terms of leaf gas exchange, succulence, specific leaf area, and a range of leaf anatomical traits (% intercellular air space (IAS), length of mesophyll surface exposed to IAS per unit area, cell size, stomatal density/size). Relative abundances of PEPC and Rubisco proteins in different leaf tissues of a C3 and a CAM-performing species of Clusia were determined using immunogold labelling. The results indicate that the relatively well-aerated spongy mesophyll of Clusia helps to optimize direct C3-mediated CO2 fixation, whilst enlarged palisade cells accommodate the potential for C4 carboxylation and nocturnal storage of organic acids. The findings provide insight on the optimal leaf anatomy that could accommodate the bioengineering of inducible CAM into C3 crops as a means of improving water use efficiency without incurring detrimental consequences for direct C3-mediated photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Enrique Olmos
- CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernández-García
- CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU, UK Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
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