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Liao Y, Du W, Wan J, Fan J, Pi J, Wu M, Wei Y, Ouyang Z. Mining and functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases of the DNJ biosynthetic pathway in mulberry leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:133. [PMID: 38395770 PMCID: PMC10885410 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), the main active ingredient in mulberry leaves, with wide applications in the medicine and food industries due to its significant functions in lowering blood sugar, and lipids, and combating viral infections. Cytochrome P450 is a key enzyme for DNJ biosynthesis, its activity depends on the electron supply of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs). However, the gene for MaCPRs in mulberry leaves remains unknown. RESULTS In this study, we successfully cloned and functionally characterized two key genes, MaCPR1 and MaCPR2, based on the transcriptional profile of mulberry leaves. The MaCPR1 gene comprised 2064 bp, with its open reading frame (ORF) encoding 687 amino acids. The MaCPR2 gene comprised 2148 bp, and its ORF encoding 715 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree indicates that MaCPR1 and MaCPR2 belong to Class I and Class II, respectively. In vitro, we found that the recombinant enzymes MaCPR2 protein could reduce cytochrome c and ferricyanide using NADPH as an electron donor, while MaCPR1 did not. In yeast, heterologous co-expression indicates that MaCPR2 delivers electrons to MaC3'H hydroxylase, a key enzyme catalyzing the production of chlorogenic acid from 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the orchestration of hydroxylation process mediated by MaCPR2 during the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in mulberry leaves. These results provided a foundational understanding for fully elucidating the DNJ biosynthetic pathway within mulberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhen Liao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Wenmin Du
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Jingqiong Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Jiahe Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Jilan Pi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR, China.
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2
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Cheng J, Li G, Wang X, Yang C, Xu F, Qian Z, Ma X. Cloning and Functional Characterization of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductases in Aconitum vilmorinianum. Molecules 2023; 28:7409. [PMID: 37959828 PMCID: PMC10648341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs) are major pharmacologically active ingredients of Aconitum vilmorinianum, an important medicinal plant. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the DA biosynthetic pathway, and the electron transfer reaction of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) with P450 is the rate-limiting step of the P450 redox reaction. Here, we identified and characterized two homologs of CPR from Aconitum vilmorinianum. The open reading frames of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were found to be 2103 and 2100 bp, encoding 700 and 699 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis characterized both AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 as class II CPRs. Cytochrome c and ferricyanide could be reduced with the recombinant proteins of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2. Both AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of A. vilmorinianum. The expression levels of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 were significantly increased in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The yeasts co-expressing AvCPR1/AvCPR2/SmCPR1 and CYP76AH1 all produced ferruginol, indicating that AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 can transfer electrons to CYP76AH1 in the same manner as SmCPR1. Docking analysis confirmed the experimentally deduced functional activities of AvCPR1 and AvCPR2 for FMN, FAD, and NADPH. The functional characterization of AvCPRs will be helpful in disclosing molecular mechanisms relating to the biosynthesis of diterpene alkaloids in A. vilmorinianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Cheng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guodong Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Congwei Yang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zigang Qian
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education on Substance Benchmark Research of Ethnic Medicines, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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Katerova Z, Todorova D, Shopova E, Brankova L, Dimitrova L, Petrakova M, Sergiev I. Biochemical Alterations in Triticale Seedlings Pretreated with Selective Herbicide and Subjected to Drought or Waterlogging Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2803. [PMID: 37570956 PMCID: PMC10421267 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging and drought disrupt crop development and productivity. Triticale is known to be relatively tolerant to different stress factors. In natural conditions, plants are rather subjected to multiple environmental factors. Serrate® (Syngenta) is a systemic selective herbicide suitable for cereal crops such as triticale and wheat to restrain annual grass and broadleaf weeds. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm., cv. Rozhen) was grown as soil culture under controlled conditions. Seventeen-day-old plantlets were leaf sprayed with Serrate®. The water stress (drought or waterlogging) was applied after 72 h for 7 days, and then the seedlings were left for recovery. The herbicide does not provoke sharp alterations in the antioxidant state (stress markers level, and antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes activity). The water stresses and combined treatments enhanced significantly the content of stress markers (malondialdehyde, proline, hydrogen peroxide), non-enzymatic (total phenolics and thiol groups-containing compounds), and enzymatic (activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase) antioxidants, and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes (activities of glutathione S-transferase, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase, NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase). These effects were more severely expressed after the drought stress, suggesting that this cultivar is more tolerant to waterlogging than to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Iskren Sergiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (Z.K.); (D.T.); (E.S.); (L.B.); (L.D.); (M.P.)
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4
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Winichayakul S, Curran A, Moraga R, Cookson R, Xue H, Crowther T, Roldan M, Bryan G, Roberts N. An alternative angiosperm DGAT1 topology and potential motifs in the N-terminus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951389. [PMID: 36186081 PMCID: PMC9523541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The highly variable cytoplasmic N-terminus of the plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has been shown to have roles in oligomerization as well as allostery; however, the biological significance of the variation within this region is not understood. Comparing the coding sequences over the variable N-termini revealed the Poaceae DGAT1s contain relatively high GC compositional gradients as well as numerous direct and inverted repeats in this region. Using a variety of reciprocal chimeric DGAT1s from angiosperms we show that related N-termini had similar effects (positive or negative) on the accumulation of the recombinant protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When expressed in Camelina sativa seeds the recombinant proteins of specific chimeras elevated total lipid content of the seeds as well as increased seed size. In addition, we combine N- and C-terminal as well as internal tags with high pH membrane reformation, protease protection and differential permeabilization. This led us to conclude the C-terminus is in the ER lumen; this contradicts earlier reports of the cytoplasmic location of plant DGAT1 C-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrutai Winichayakul
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy Curran
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Roger Moraga
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Cookson
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hong Xue
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Crowther
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marissa Roldan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Greg Bryan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nick Roberts
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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5
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Subcellular Localization Prediction of Human Proteins Using Multifeature Selection Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3288527. [PMID: 36132086 PMCID: PMC9484878 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3288527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular localization attempts to assign proteins to one of the cell compartments that performs specific biological functions. Finding the link between proteins, biological functions, and subcellular localization is an effective way to investigate the general organization of living cells in a systematic manner. However, determining the subcellular localization of proteins by traditional experimental approaches is difficult. Here, protein–protein interaction networks, functional enrichment on gene ontology and pathway, and a set of proteins having confirmed subcellular localization were applied to build prediction models for human protein subcellular localizations. To build an effective predictive model, we employed a variety of robust machine learning algorithms, including Boruta feature selection, minimum redundancy maximum relevance, Monte Carlo feature selection, and LightGBM. Then, the incremental feature selection method with random forest and support vector machine was used to discover the essential features. Furthermore, 38 key features were determined by integrating results of different feature selection methods, which may provide critical insights into the subcellular location of proteins. Their biological functions of subcellular localizations were discussed according to recent publications. In summary, our computational framework can help advance the understanding of subcellular localization prediction techniques and provide a new perspective to investigate the patterns of protein subcellular localization and their biological importance.
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6
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Expanding the terpene biosynthetic code with non-canonical 16 carbon atom building blocks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5188. [PMID: 36057727 PMCID: PMC9440906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Humankind relies on specialized metabolites for medicines, flavors, fragrances, and numerous other valuable biomaterials. However, the chemical space occupied by specialized metabolites, and, thus, their application potential, is limited because their biosynthesis is based on only a handful of building blocks. Engineering organisms to synthesize alternative building blocks will bypass this limitation and enable the sustainable production of molecules with non-canonical chemical structures, expanding the possible applications. Herein, we focus on isoprenoids and combine synthetic biology with protein engineering to construct yeast cells that synthesize 10 non-canonical isoprenoid building blocks with 16 carbon atoms. We identify suitable terpene synthases to convert these building blocks into C16 scaffolds and a cytochrome P450 to decorate the terpene scaffolds and produce different oxygenated compounds. Thus, we reconstruct the modular structure of terpene biosynthesis on 16-carbon backbones, synthesizing 28 different non-canonical terpenes, some of which have interesting odorant properties.
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7
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Linnenbrügger L, Doering L, Lansing H, Fischer K, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, von Schaewen A. Alternative splicing of Arabidopsis G6PD5 recruits NADPH-producing OPPP reactions to the endoplasmic reticulum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909624. [PMID: 36119606 PMCID: PMC9478949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (OPPP). The OPPP mainly provides NADPH and sugar-phosphate building blocks for anabolic pathways and is present in all eukaryotes. In plant cells, the irreversible part of the OPPP is found in several compartments. Among the isoforms catalyzing the first OPPP step in Arabidopsis, G6PD1 to G6PD4 target plastids (with G6PD1 being also directed to peroxisomes), whereas G6PD5 and G6PD6 operate in the cytosol. We noticed that alternative splice forms G6PD5.4 and G6PD5.5 encode N-terminally extended proteoforms. Compared to G6PD5.1, RT-PCR signals differed and fluorescent reporter fusions expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts accumulated in distinct intracellular sites. Co-expression with organelle-specific markers revealed that the G6PD5.4 and G6PD5.5 proteoforms label different subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and analysis of C-terminal roGFP fusions showed that their catalytic domains face the cytosol. In g6pd5-1 g6pd6-2 mutant protoplasts lacking cytosolic G6PDH activity, the ER-bound proteoforms were both active and thus able to form homomers. Among the Arabidopsis 6-phosphogluconolactonases (catalyzing the second OPPP step), we noticed that isoform PGL2 carries a C-terminal CaaX motif that may be prenylated for membrane attachment. Reporter-PGL2 fusions co-localized with G6PD5.4 in ER subdomains, which was abolished by Cys-to-Ser exchange in the 256CSIL motif. Among the Arabidopsis 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases (catalyzing the third OPPP step), S-acylated peptides were detected for all three isoforms in a recent palmitoylome, with dual cytosolic/peroxisomal PGD2 displaying three sites. Co-expression of GFP-PGD2 diminished crowding of OFP-G6PD5.4 at the ER, independent of PGL2's presence. Upon pull-down of GFP-G6PD5.4, not only unlabeled PGD2 and PGL2 were enriched, but also enzymes that depend on NADPH provision at the ER, indicative of physical interaction with the OPPP enzymes. When membrane-bound G6PD5.5 and 5.4 variants were co-expressed with KCR1 (ketoacyl-CoA reductase, involved in fatty acid elongation), ATR1 (NADPH:cytochrome-P450 oxidoreductase), or pulled C4H/CYP73A5 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) as indirectly (via ATR) NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme, co-localization in ER subdomains was observed. Thus, alternative splicing of G6PD5 can direct the NADPH-producing OPPP reactions to the cytosolic face of the ER, where they may operate as membrane-bound metabolon to support several important biosynthetic pathways of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Linnenbrügger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Lennart Doering
- Department of Biology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- Department of Biology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Department of Biology, Molecular Physiology of Plants, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster (WWU Münster), Münster, Germany
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8
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Rodríguez-López CE, Jiang Y, Kamileen MO, Lichman BR, Hong B, Vaillancourt B, Buell CR, O'Connor SE. Phylogeny-aware chemoinformatic analysis of chemical diversity in the Lamiaceae enables iridoid pathway assembly and discovery of aucubin synthase. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6550147. [PMID: 35298643 PMCID: PMC9048965 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Countless reports describe the isolation and structural characterization of natural products, yet this information remains disconnected and under-utilized. Using a cheminformatics approach, we leverage the reported observations of iridoid glucosides with the known phylogeny of a large iridoid producing plant family (Lamiaceae), to generate a set of biosynthetic pathways that best explain the extant iridoid chemical diversity. We developed a pathway reconstruction algorithm that connects iridoid reports via reactions, and prunes this solution space by considering phylogenetic relationships between genera. We formulate a model that emulates the evolution of iridoid glucosides to create a synthetic dataset, used to select the parameters that would best reconstruct the pathways, and apply them to the iridoid dataset to generate Pathway Hypotheses. These computationally generated pathways were then used as the basis by which to select and screen biosynthetic enzyme candidates. Our model was successfully applied to discover a cytochrome P450 enzyme from Callicarpa americana that catalyzes the oxidation of bartsioside to aucubin, predicted by our model despite neither molecule having been observed in the genus. We also demonstrate aucubin synthase activity in orthologues of Vitex agnus-castus, and the outgroup Paulownia tomentosa, further strengthening the hypothesis, enabled by our model, that the reaction was present in the ancestral biosynthetic pathway. This is the first systematic hypothesis on the epi-iridoid glucosides biosynthesis in 25 years, and sets the stage for streamlined work on the iridoid pathway. This work highlights how curation and computational analysis of widely available structural data can facilitate hypothesis-based gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Rodríguez-López
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Yindi Jiang
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamed O Kamileen
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Brieanne Vaillancourt
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Robin Buell
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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9
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Zhang B, Munske GR, Timokhin VI, Ralph J, Davydov DR, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C. Functional and structural insight into the flexibility of cytochrome P450 reductases from Sorghum bicolor and its implications for lignin composition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101761. [PMID: 35202651 PMCID: PMC8942828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is a multidomain enzyme that donates electrons for hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by class II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in the synthesis of many primary and secondary metabolites. These P450 enzymes include trans-cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, p-coumarate-3′-hydroxylase, and ferulate-5-hydroxylase involved in monolignol biosynthesis. Because of its role in monolignol biosynthesis, alterations in CPR activity could change the composition and overall output of lignin. Therefore, to understand the structure and function of three CPR subunits from sorghum, recombinant subunits SbCPR2a, SbCPR2b, and SbCPR2c were subjected to X-ray crystallography and kinetic assays. Steady-state kinetic analyses demonstrated that all three CPR subunits supported the oxidation reactions catalyzed by SbC4H1 (CYP73A33) and SbC3′H (CYP98A1). Furthermore, comparing the SbCPR2b structure with the well-investigated CPRs from mammals enabled us to identify critical residues of functional importance and suggested that the plant flavin mononucleotide–binding domain might be more flexible than mammalian homologs. In addition, the elucidated structure of SbCPR2b included the first observation of NADP+ in a native CPR. Overall, we conclude that the connecting domain of SbCPR2, especially its hinge region, could serve as a target to alter biomass composition in bioenergy and forage sorghums through protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Gerhard R Munske
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Vitaliy I Timokhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dmitri R Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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10
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Huang R, Liu L, He X, Wang W, Hou Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Tian T, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Multiple NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Genes from Camellia sinensis in View of Catechin Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14926-14937. [PMID: 34859673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catechins are critical constituents for the sensory quality and health-promoting benefits of tea. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for catechin biosynthesis and are dependent on NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) to provide reducing equivalents for their activities. However, CPRs have not been identified in tea, and their relationship to catechin accumulation also remains unknown. Thus, three CsCPR genes were identified in this study, all of which had five CPR-related conserved domains and were targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. These three recombinant CsCPR proteins could reduce cytochrome c using NADPH as an electron donor. Heterologous co-expression in yeast demonstrated that all the three CsCPRs could support the enzyme activities of CsC4H and CsF3'H. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression level of CsCPR1 (or CsCPR2 or CsCPR3) was positively correlated with 3',4',5'-catechin (or total catechins) content. Our results indicate that the CsCPRs are involved in the biosynthesis of catechins in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihong Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - He Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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11
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Zou X, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Liu T, Li G, Dai Y, Xie Y, Luo Z. Molecular Cloning and Identification of NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase from Panax ginseng. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216654. [PMID: 34771064 PMCID: PMC8588036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a precious Chinese traditional medicine, for which ginsenosides are the most important medicinal ingredients. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) and their primary redox molecular companion NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) play a key role in ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. However, systematic studies of CPR genes in ginseng have not been reported. Numerous studies on ginsenoside synthesis biology still use Arabidopsis CPR (AtCPR1) as a reductase. In this study, we isolated two CPR genes (PgCPR1, PgCPR2) from ginseng adventitious roots. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that both PgCPR1 and PgCPR2 are grouped in classⅡ of dicotyledonous CPR. Enzyme experiments showed that recombinant proteins PgCPR1, PgCPR2 and AtCPR1 can reduce cytochrome c and ferricyanide with NADPH as the electron donor, and PgCPR1 had the highest enzymatic activities. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that PgCPR1 and PgCPR2 transcripts were detected in all examined tissues of Panax ginseng and both showed higher expression in stem and main root. Expression levels of the PgCPR1 and PgCPR2s were both induced after a methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and its pattern matched with ginsenoside accumulation. The present investigation suggested PgCPR1 and PgCPR2 are associated with the biosynthesis of ginsenoside. This report will assist in future CPR family studies and ultimately improving ginsenoside production through transgenic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Chen X, Yang L, Huang R, Li S, Jia Q. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in eclosion and wing expansion in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 131:103551. [PMID: 33556555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major proteinases that process or degrade numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) components and are evolutionarily conserved from nematodes to humans. During molting in insects, the old cuticle is removed and replaced by a new counterpart. Although the regulatory mechanisms of hormones and nutrients in molting have been well studied, very little is known about the roles of ECM-modifying enzymes in this process. Here, we found that MMPs are necessary for imaginal molting of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Inhibition of Mmp activity via inhibitor treatment led to the failure of eclosion and wing expansion. Five Mmps genes were identified from the P. americana genome, and PaMmp2 played the dominant roles during molting. Further microscopic investigations showed that newly formed adult cuticles were attenuated and that then chitin content was reduced upon Mmp inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis of the integument demonstrated that multiple signaling and metabolic pathways were changed. Microscopic investigation of the wings showed that epithelial cells were restrained together because they were incapable of degrading the ECM upon Mmp inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis of the wing identified dozens of possible genes functioned in wing expansion. This is the first study to show the essential roles of Mmps in the nymph-adult transition of hemimetabolous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Run Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, 514779, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China.
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13
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Pandreka A, Chaya PS, Kumar A, Aarthy T, Mulani FA, Bhagyashree DD, B SH, Jennifer C, Ponnusamy S, Nagegowda D, Thulasiram HV. Limonoid biosynthesis 3: Functional characterization of crucial genes involved in neem limonoid biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112669. [PMID: 33524856 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) is well known for its medicinal, agricultural, and pesticidal applications since ages. The secondary metabolites, limonoids, confer these biological properties, wherein over 150 different limonoids have been reported from neem. To understand limonoid biosynthesis, we analyzed tissue-specific (kernel, pericarp, leaves, and flower) transcriptome that resulted in the identification of one farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AiFDS), one squalene synthase (AiSQS), three squalene epoxidases (AiSQE1, AiSQE2, and AiSQE3), two triterpene synthases (AiTTS1 and AiTTS2), cycloartenol synthase (AiCAS), two cytochrome P450 reductases, and ten cytochrome P450 systems. Comparative tissue-expression analysis indicated that AiFDS, AiSQS, AiSQE3, and AiTTS1 are expressed higher in the kernel than in the other tissues. Heterologously expressed recombinant AiTTS1 produced tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol as the sole product. Expression profile data, phylogeny with triterpene synthases from Meliaceae and Rutaceae families, real-time PCR of different tissues, and transient transformation revealed the involvement of tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol synthase (AiTTS1) in limonoid biosynthesis. Further, mutagenesis studies of AiTTS1 indicated that Y125 and F260 are probably involved in stabilization of dammarenyl cation. A 2.6-fold increase in production of tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol was observed when AiSQE1 was co-expressed with mutant AiTTS1 in a yeast system. Furthermore, we functionally characterized the highly expressed cytochrome P450 reductases and cycloartenol synthase. This study helps in further analysis and identification of genes involved in limonoid biosynthesis in Meliaceae/Rutaceae and their production in a metabolically tractable heterologous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pandreka
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Patil S Chaya
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Date D Bhagyashree
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shilpashree H B
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Cheruvathur Jennifer
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Sudha Ponnusamy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Dinesh Nagegowda
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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14
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Rodríguez-López CE, Hong B, Paetz C, Nakamura Y, Koudounas K, Passeri V, Baldoni L, Alagna F, Calderini O, O'Connor SE. Two bi-functional cytochrome P450 CYP72 enzymes from olive (Olea europaea) catalyze the oxidative C-C bond cleavage in the biosynthesis of secoxy-iridoids - flavor and quality determinants in olive oil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2288-2301. [PMID: 33124697 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea) is an important crop in Europe, with high cultural, economic and nutritional significance. Olive oil flavor and quality depend on phenolic secoiridoids, but the biosynthetic pathway of these iridoids remains largely uncharacterized. We discovered two bifunctional cytochrome P450 enzymes, catalyzing the rare oxidative C-C bond cleavage of 7-epi-loganin to produce oleoside methyl ester (OeOMES) and secoxyloganin (OeSXS), both through a ketologanin intermediary. Although these enzymes are homologous to the previously reported Catharanthus roseus secologanin synthase (CrSLS), the substrate and product profiles differ. Biochemical assays provided mechanistic insights into the two-step OeOMES and CrSLS reactions. Model-guided mutations of OeOMES changed the product profile in a predictable manner, revealing insights into the molecular basis for this change in product specificity. Our results suggest that, in contrast to published hypotheses, in planta production of secoxy-iridoids is secologanin-independent. Notably, sequence data of cultivated and wild olives point to a relation between domestication and OeOMES expression. Thus, the discovery of this key biosynthetic gene suggests a link between domestication and secondary metabolism, and could potentially be used as a genetic marker to guide next-generation breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Rodríguez-López
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Valentina Passeri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | | | - Ornella Calderini
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Istiandari P, Yasumoto S, Srisawat P, Tamura K, Chikugo A, Suzuki H, Seki H, Fukushima EO, Muranaka T. Comparative Analysis of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductases From Legumes for Heterologous Production of Triterpenoids in Transgenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762546. [PMID: 34975947 PMCID: PMC8716914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are plant specialized metabolites with various pharmacological activities. They are widely distributed in higher plants, such as legumes. Because of their low accumulation in plants, there is a need for improving triterpenoid production. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) play critical roles in the structural diversification of triterpenoids. To perform site-specific oxidations, CYPs require the electrons that are transferred by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Plants possess two main CPR classes, class I and class II. CPR classes I and II have been reported to be responsible for primary and specialized (secondary) metabolism, respectively. In this study, we first analyzed the CPR expression level of three legumes species, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, showing that the expression level of CPR class I was lower and more stable, while that of CPR class II was higher in almost all the samples. We then co-expressed different combinations of CYP716As and CYP72As with different CPR classes from these three legumes in transgenic yeast. We found that CYP716As worked better with CPR-I from the same species, while CYP72As worked better with any CPR-IIs. Using engineered yeast strains, CYP88D6 paired with class II GuCPR produced the highest level of 11-oxo-β-amyrin, the important precursor of high-value metabolites glycyrrhizin. This study provides insight into co-expressing genes from legumes for heterologous production of triterpenoids in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramesti Istiandari
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pisanee Srisawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Chikugo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Plant Translational Research Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshiya Muranaka,
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Wang Z, Jian X, Zhao Y, Li S, Sui Z, Li L, Kong L, Luo J. Functional characterization of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from Helianthus annuus Linn using a fusion protein method. Gene 2020; 758:144950. [PMID: 32683078 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil crop, the secondary metabolites of it include many compounds such as flavonoids and lignin. However, the research on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in sunflowers is still scarce. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) belongs to the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase family and is involved in the synthesis of many phenolic compounds, but C4H in sunflowers has not yet been cloned and functionally characterized. In this study, we screened three C4H genes from the sunflower transcriptome and genomic databases, named HaC4H1, HaC4H2, and, HaC4H3, respectively. In heterologous expression experiments, we had improved a method from previous studies by the addition of restriction sites to make it easier to express multiple C4H functions and suitable for in vitro activity verification. HaC4Hs without the N-terminal membrane anchor region was fused with a redox partner of Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) by the method and functionally expressed in E. coli and the results showed that these three enzymes catalyzed the formation of p-coumaric acid. To further investigate whether our fusion protein approach is applicable to other C4Hs, we used this method to explore the functions of C4H from Peucedanum praeruptorum and Angelica decursiva, and they can also convert trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid. The gene expression profile showed that all three HaC4H genes showed the highest transcription levels in the roots and might be up-regulated by MeJA. In summary, these results reveal the function of HaC4Hs in sunflower and provide a simpler way to explore C4H and even other cytochrome P450 enzymes in prokaryotic expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Sui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Yamamura Y, Mabuchi A. Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase encoding genes from Scoparia dulcis L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:6. [PMID: 32124148 PMCID: PMC7052086 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins need to be supplied with electrons from a redox partner, e.g. an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), for the activation of oxygen molecules via heme. CPR is a flavoprotein with an N-terminal transmembrane domain, which transfers electrons from NADPH to the P450 via coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. RESULTS In this study, a novel CPR (SdCPR) was isolated from a tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L. The deduced amino acid of SdCPR showed high homology of > 76% with CPR from higher plants and belonged to the class II CPRs of dicots. Recombinant SdCPR protein reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and dichlorophenolindophenol in an NADPH-dependent manner. To elucidate the P450 monooxygenase activity of SdCPR, we isolated a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (SdC4H, CYP73A111) gene from S. dulcis. Biochemical characterization of SdCPR/SdC4H demonstrated that SdCPR supports the oxidation step of SdC4H. Real-time qPCR results showed that expression levels of SdCPR and SdC4H were inducible by mechanical wounding treatment and phytohormone elicitation (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), which were consistent with the results of promotor analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the SdCPR and SdC4H are related to defense reactions, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Mabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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18
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Jin Z, Cong Y, Zhu S, Xing R, Zhang D, Yao X, Wan R, Wang Y, Yu F. Two classes of cytochrome P450 reductase genes and their divergent functions in Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:1098-1108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Orthogonal monoterpenoid biosynthesis in yeast constructed on an isomeric substrate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3799. [PMID: 31444322 PMCID: PMC6707142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology efforts for the production of valuable chemicals are frequently hindered by the structure and regulation of the native metabolic pathways of the chassis. This is particularly evident in the case of monoterpenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the canonical terpene precursor geranyl diphosphate is tightly coupled to the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds essential for yeast viability. Here, we establish a synthetic orthogonal monoterpenoid pathway based on an alternative precursor, neryl diphosphate. We identify structural determinants of isomeric substrate selectivity in monoterpene synthases and engineer five different enzymes to accept the alternative substrate with improved efficiency and specificity. We combine the engineered enzymes with dynamic regulation of metabolic flux to harness the potential of the orthogonal substrate and improve the production of industrially-relevant monoterpenes by several-fold compared to the canonical pathway. This approach highlights the introduction of synthetic metabolism as an effective strategy for high-value compound production.
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20
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Song W, Yan S, Li Y, Feng S, Zhang JJ, Li JR. Functional characterization of squalene epoxidase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in Dioscorea zingiberensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 509:822-827. [PMID: 30638657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dioscorea zingiberensis is a perennial medicinal herb rich in a variety of pharmaceutical steroidal saponins. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathways of triterpenoids and sterols, and catalyzes the epoxidation of squalene in coordination with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). In this study, we cloned DzSE and DzCPR gene sequences from D. zingiberensis leaves, encoding proteins with 514 and 692 amino acids, respectively. Recombinant proteins were successfully expressed in vitro, and enzymatic analysis indicated that, when SE and CPR were incubated with the substrates squalene and NADPH, 2,3-oxidosqualene was formed as the product. Subcellular localization revealed that both the DzSE and DzCPR proteins are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The changes in transcription of DzSE and DzCPR were similar in several tissues. DzSE expression was enhanced in a time-dependent manner after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments, while DzCPR expression was not inducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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21
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Li Y, Li J, Qian B, Cheng L, Xu S, Wang R. De Novo Biosynthesis of p-Coumaric Acid in E. coli with a trans-Cinnamic Acid 4-Hydroxylase from the Amaryllidaceae Plant Lycoris aurea. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123185. [PMID: 30513965 PMCID: PMC6320932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Coumaric acid is a commercially available phenolcarboxylic acid with a great number of important applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, material and chemical industries. p-Coumaric acid has been biosynthesized in some engineered microbes, but the potential of the plant CYP450-involved biosynthetic route has not investigated in Escherichia coli. In the present study, a novel trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) encoding the LauC4H gene was isolated from Lycoris aurea (L’ Hér.) Herb via rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Then, N-terminal 28 amino acids of LauC4H were characterized, for the subcellular localization, at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. In E. coli, LauC4H without the N-terminal membrane anchor region was functionally expressed when fused with the redox partner of A. thaliana cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450), and was verified to catalyze the trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid transformation by whole-cell bioconversion, HPLC detection and LC-MS analysis as well. Further, with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 of A. thaliana, p-coumaric acid was de novo biosynthesized from glucose as the sole carbon source via the phenylalanine route in the recombinant E. coli cells. By regulating the level of intracellular NADPH, the production of p-coumaric acid was dramatically improved by 9.18-fold, and achieved with a titer of 156.09 μM in shake flasks. The recombinant cells harboring functional LauC4H afforded a promising chassis for biological production of p-coumaric acid, even other derivatives, via a plant CYP450-involved pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Binbin Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Sheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Ren Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China.
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22
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Functional expression of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from Siraitia grosvenorii. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1515-1524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Gou M, Ran X, Martin DW, Liu CJ. The scaffold proteins of lignin biosynthetic cytochrome P450 enzymes. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:299-310. [PMID: 29725099 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex and irregular biopolymer of crosslinked phenylpropanoid units in plant secondary cell walls. Its biosynthesis requires three endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, C4H, C3'H and F5H, to establish the structural characteristics of its monomeric precursors. These P450 enzymes were reported to associate with each other or potentially with other soluble monolignol biosynthetic enzymes to form an enzyme complex or a metabolon. However, the molecular basis governing such enzyme or pathway organization remains elusive. Here, we show that Arabidopsis membrane steroid-binding proteins (MSBPs) serve as a scaffold to physically organize monolignol P450 monooxygenases, thereby regulating the lignin biosynthetic process. We find that although C4H, C3'H and F5H are in spatial proximity to each other on the ER membrane in vivo, they do not appear to directly interact with each other. Instead, two MSBP proteins physically interact with all three P450 enzymes and, moreover, MSBPs themselves associate as homomers and heteromers on the ER membrane, thereby organizing P450 clusters. Downregulation of MSBP genes does not affect the transcription levels of monolignol biosynthetic P450 genes but substantially impairs the stability and activity of the MSBP-interacting P450 enzymes and, consequently, lignin deposition, and the accumulation of soluble phenolics in the monolignol branch but not in the flavonoid pathway. Our study suggests that MSBP proteins are essential structural components in the ER membrane that physically organize and stabilize the monolignol biosynthetic P450 enzyme complex, thereby specifically controlling phenylpropanoid-monolignol branch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Gou
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xiuzhi Ran
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Dwight W Martin
- Department of Medicine and the Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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24
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Heskes AM, Sundram TC, Boughton BA, Jensen NB, Hansen NL, Crocoll C, Cozzi F, Rasmussen S, Hamberger B, Hamberger B, Staerk D, Møller BL, Pateraki I. Biosynthesis of bioactive diterpenoids in the medicinal plant Vitex agnus-castus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:943-958. [PMID: 29315936 PMCID: PMC5838521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant historically used throughout the Mediterranean region to treat menstrual cycle disorders, and is still used today as a clinically effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome. The pharmaceutical activity of the plant extract is linked to its ability to lower prolactin levels. This feature has been attributed to the presence of dopaminergic diterpenoids that can bind to dopamine receptors in the pituitary gland. Phytochemical analyses of V. agnus-castus show that it contains an enormous array of structurally related diterpenoids and, as such, holds potential as a rich source of new dopaminergic drugs. The present work investigated the localisation and biosynthesis of diterpenoids in V. agnus-castus. With the assistance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), diterpenoids were localised to trichomes on the surface of fruit and leaves. Analysis of a trichome-specific transcriptome database, coupled with expression studies, identified seven candidate genes involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis: three class II diterpene synthases (diTPSs); three class I diTPSs; and a cytochrome P450 (CYP). Combinatorial assays of the diTPSs resulted in the formation of a range of different diterpenes that can account for several of the backbones of bioactive diterpenoids observed in V. agnus-castus. The identified CYP, VacCYP76BK1, was found to catalyse 16-hydroxylation of the diol-diterpene, peregrinol, to labd-13Z-ene-9,15,16-triol when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Notably, this product is a potential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway towards bioactive furan- and lactone-containing diterpenoids that are present in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Heskes
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Tamil C.M. Sundram
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Department of Plant ScienceKulliyyah of ScienceInternational Islamic University Malaysia50728Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- Metabolomics AustraliaSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneVic.3010Australia
| | | | - Nikolaj L. Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo CenterDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Federico Cozzi
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Britta Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Birger L. Møller
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40DK‐1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
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25
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Renault H, De Marothy M, Jonasson G, Lara P, Nelson DR, Nilsson I, André F, von Heijne G, Werck-Reichhart D. Gene Duplication Leads to Altered Membrane Topology of a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme in Seed Plants. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 34:2041-2056. [PMID: 28505373 PMCID: PMC5850782 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of the phenolic metabolism was critical for the transition of plants from water to land. A cytochrome P450, CYP73, with cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) activity, catalyzes the first plant-specific and rate-limiting step in this pathway. The CYP73 gene is absent from green algae, and first detected in bryophytes. A CYP73 duplication occurred in the ancestor of seed plants and was retained in Taxaceae and most angiosperms. In spite of a clear divergence in primary sequence, both paralogs can fulfill comparable cinnamate hydroxylase roles both in vitro and in vivo. One of them seems dedicated to the biosynthesis of lignin precursors. Its N-terminus forms a single membrane spanning helix and its properties and length are highly constrained. The second is characterized by an elongated and variable N-terminus, reminiscent of ancestral CYP73s. Using as proxies the Brachypodium distachyon proteins, we show that the elongation of the N-terminus does not result in an altered subcellular localization, but in a distinct membrane topology. Insertion in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum via a double-spanning open hairpin structure allows reorientation to the lumen of the catalytic domain of the protein. In agreement with participation to a different functional unit and supramolecular organization, the protein displays modified heme proximal surface. These data suggest the evolution of divergent C4H enzymes feeding different branches of the phenolic network in seed plants. It shows that specialization required for retention of gene duplicates may result from altered protein topology rather than change in enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Renault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Minttu De Marothy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Jonasson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), DRF/Joliot/SB2SM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - IngMarie Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - François André
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), DRF/Joliot/SB2SM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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26
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Wang H, Yan H, Liu H, Liu R, Chen J, Xiang Y. GFDP: the gene family database in poplar. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2018; 2018:5139564. [PMID: 30339216 PMCID: PMC6195104 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A gene family is formed by duplication of a single original gene. Poplar trees (genus Populus) are important, principally because of their ecological and economic benefits, and are one of the most widely distributed and adaptable trees in the world. Systematic identification and annotation of gene family members are primary steps in studying the function and evolution of poplar genomes. Here, we describe the construction of the Gene Family Database in Poplar (GFDP), which contains information that systematically describes 6551 genes distributed in 145 gene families. GFDP is designed to present important biological information, such as gene structure, protein length, isoelectric point and functional and evolutionary information, using highly visual displays. Data and graphs are visualized by a web-based interface. Users can browse and download data through all the major browsers. GFDP provides a comprehensive platform with a solid foundation for further study of poplar gene families. GFDP is free available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwei Yan
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanlong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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27
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Lin H, Wang J, Qi M, Guo J, Rong Q, Tang J, Wu Y, Ma X, Huang L. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of multiple NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from Andrographis paniculata. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:208-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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28
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Gwak YS, Han JY, Adhikari PB, Ahn CH, Choi YE. Heterologous production of a ginsenoside saponin (compound K) and its precursors in transgenic tobacco impairs the vegetative and reproductive growth. PLANTA 2017; 245:1105-1119. [PMID: 28243734 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Production of compound K (a ginsenoside saponin) and its precursors in transgenic tobacco resulted in stunted growth and seed set failure, which may be caused by strong autotoxicity of heterologously produced phytochemicals against the tobacco itself. Panax ginseng roots contain various saponins (ginsenosides), which are major bioactive compounds. A monoglucosylated saponin, compound K (20-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), has high medicinal and cosmetic values but is present in undetectable amounts in naturally grown ginseng roots. The production of compound K (CK) requires complicated deglycosylation of ginsenosides using physicochemical and/or enzymatic degradation. In this work, we report the production of CK in transgenic tobacco by co-overexpressing three genes (PgDDS, CYP716A47 and UGT71A28) isolated from P. ginseng. Introduction and expression of the transgenes in tobacco lines were confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR. All the lines of transgenic tobacco produced CK including its precursors, protopanaxadiol and dammarenediol-II (DD). The concentrations of CK in the leaves ranged from 1.55 to 2.64 µg/g dry weight, depending on the transgenic line. Interestingly, production of CK in tobacco brought stunted plant growth and gave rise to seed set failure. This seed set failure was caused by both long-styled flowers and abnormal pollen development in transgenic tobacco. Both CK and DD treatments highly suppressed in vitro germination and tube growth in wild-type pollens. Based on these results, metabolic engineering for CK production in transgenic tobacco was successfully achieved, but the production of CK and its precursors in tobacco severely affects vegetative and reproductive growth due to the cytotoxicity of phytochemicals that are heterologously produced in transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shin Gwak
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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29
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An endoplasmic reticulum-engineered yeast platform for overproduction of triterpenoids. Metab Eng 2017; 40:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Purpose of Review We provide an overview of the current knowledge on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism organized as metabolons and factors that facilitate their stabilization. Essential parameters will be discussed including those that are commonly disregarded using the dhurrin metabolon from Sorghum bicolor as a case study. Recent Findings Sessile plants control their metabolism to prioritize their resources between growth and development, or defense. This requires fine-tuned complex dynamic regulation of the metabolic networks involved. Within the recent years, numerous studies point to the formation of dynamic metabolons playing a major role in controlling the metabolic fluxes within such networks. Summary We propose that P450s and their partners interact and associate dynamically with POR, which acts as a charging station possibly in concert with Cytb5. Solvent environment, lipid composition, and non-catalytic proteins guide metabolon formation and thereby activity, which have important implications for synthetic biology approaches aiming to produce high-value specialized metabolites in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
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31
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Parage C, Foureau E, Kellner F, Burlat V, Mahroug S, Lanoue A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Londono MA, Carqueijeiro I, Oudin A, Besseau S, Papon N, Glévarec G, Atehortùa L, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, St-Pierre B, Clastre M, O'Connor SE, Courdavault V. Class II Cytochrome P450 Reductase Governs the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1563-1577. [PMID: 27688619 PMCID: PMC5100751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of the biosynthesis of plant specialized metabolites notably results from the massive recruitment of cytochrome P450s that catalyze multiple types of conversion of biosynthetic intermediates. For catalysis, P450s require a two-electron transfer catalyzed by shared cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases (CPRs), making these auxiliary proteins an essential component of specialized metabolism. CPR isoforms usually group into two distinct classes with different proposed roles, namely involvement in primary and basal specialized metabolisms for class I and inducible specialized metabolism for class II. By studying the role of CPRs in the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids, we provide compelling evidence of an operational specialization of CPR isoforms in Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). Global analyses of gene expression correlation combined with transcript localization in specific leaf tissues and gene-silencing experiments of both classes of CPR all point to the strict requirement of class II CPRs for monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis with a minimal or null role of class I. Direct assays of interaction and reduction of P450s in vitro, however, showed that both classes of CPR performed equally well. Such high specialization of class II CPRs in planta highlights the evolutionary strategy that ensures an efficient reduction of P450s in specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Parage
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Emilien Foureau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Franziska Kellner
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Samira Mahroug
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Monica Arias Londono
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Lucia Atehortùa
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.)
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.)
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.)
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.); sarah.o'
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.); sarah.o'
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.); sarah.o'
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and sarah.o'
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.) sarah.o'
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, F-37200 Tours, France (C.P., E.F., S.M., A.L., T.D.d.B., M.A.L., I.C., A.O., S.B., G.G., N.G.-G., B.S.-P., M.C., V.C.); sarah.o'
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (F.K., S.E.O.); sarah.o'
- Université de Toulouse, Université de Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (V.B.); sarah.o'
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia (M.A.L., L.A.); and sarah.o'
- Université d'Angers, EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, F-49933 Angers, France (N.P.) sarah.o'
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Suástegui M, Shao Z. Yeast factories for the production of aromatic compounds: from building blocks to plant secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1611-1624. [PMID: 27581441 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway is a source to a plethora of commercially relevant chemicals with very diverse industrial applications. Tremendous efforts in microbial engineering have led to the production of compounds ranging from small aromatic molecular building blocks all the way to intricate plant secondary metabolites. Particularly, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a great model organism given its superior capability to heterologously express long metabolic pathways, especially the ones containing cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review contains a collection of state-of-the-art metabolic engineering work devoted towards unraveling the mechanisms for enhancing the flux of carbon into the aromatic pathway. Some of the molecules discussed include the polymer precursor muconic acid, as well as important nutraceuticals (flavonoids and stilbenoids), and opium-derived drugs (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suástegui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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Bifunctional CYP81AA proteins catalyse identical hydroxylations but alternative regioselective phenol couplings in plant xanthone biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11472. [PMID: 27145837 PMCID: PMC4858744 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthones are natural products present in plants and microorganisms. In plants, their biosynthesis starts with regioselective cyclization of 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone to either 1,3,5- or 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthones, catalysed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Here we isolate and express CYP81AA-coding sequences from Hypericum calycinum and H. perforatum in yeast. Microsomes catalyse two consecutive reactions, that is, 3′-hydroxylation of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone and C–O phenol coupling of the resulting 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone. Relative to the inserted 3′-hydroxyl, the orthologues Hc/HpCYP81AA1 cyclize via the para position to form 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone, whereas the paralogue HpCYP81AA2 directs cyclization to the ortho position, yielding the isomeric 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone. Homology modelling and reciprocal mutagenesis reveal the impact of S375, L378 and A483 on controlling the regioselectivity of HpCYP81AA2, which is converted into HpCYP81AA1 by sextuple mutation. However, the reciprocal mutations in HpCYP81AA1 barely affect its regiospecificity. Product docking rationalizes the alternative C–O phenol coupling reactions. Our results help understand the machinery of bifunctional CYPs. Xanthones are pharmacologically and biosynthetically intriguing compounds. Here, the authors identify two cytochrome P450 enzymes, which hydroxylate and cyclize the benzophenone precursor to either 1,3,7- or 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthones, and pinpoint residues that determine the alternative regioselectivities.
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Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches achieving the reconstruction of specific plant natural product biosynthetic pathways in dedicated microbial "chassis" have provided access to important industrial compounds (e.g., artemisinin, resveratrol, vanillin). However, the potential of such production systems to facilitate elucidation of plant biosynthetic pathways has been underexplored. Here we report on the application of a modular terpene production platform in the characterization of the biosynthetic pathway leading to the potent antioxidant carnosic acid and related diterpenes in Salvia pomifera and Rosmarinus officinalis.Four cytochrome P450 enzymes are identified (CYP76AH24, CYP71BE52, CYP76AK6, and CYP76AK8), the combined activities of which account for all of the oxidation events leading to the biosynthesis of the major diterpenes produced in these plants. This approach develops yeast as an efficient tool to harness the biotechnological potential of the numerous sequencing datasets that are increasingly becoming available through transcriptomic or genomic studies.
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Ignea C, Ioannou E, Georgantea P, Trikka FA, Athanasakoglou A, Loupassaki S, Roussis V, Makris AM, Kampranis SC. Production of the forskolin precursor 11β-hydroxy-manoyl oxide in yeast using surrogate enzymatic activities. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:46. [PMID: 26920948 PMCID: PMC4769550 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several plant diterpenes have important biological properties. Among them, forskolin is a complex labdane-type diterpene whose biological activity stems from its ability to activate adenylyl cyclase and to elevate intracellular cAMP levels. As such, it is used in the control of blood pressure, in the protection from congestive heart failure, and in weight-loss supplements. Chemical synthesis of forskolin is challenging, and production of forskolin in engineered microbes could provide a sustainable source. To this end, we set out to establish a platform for the production of forskolin and related epoxy-labdanes in yeast. Results Since the forskolin biosynthetic pathway has only been partially elucidated, and enzymes involved in terpene biosynthesis frequently exhibit relaxed substrate specificity, we explored the possibility of reconstructing missing steps of this pathway employing surrogate enzymes. Using CYP76AH24, a Salvia pomifera cytochrome P450 responsible for the oxidation of C-12 and C-11 of the abietane skeleton en route to carnosic acid, we were able to produce the forskolin precursor 11β-hydroxy-manoyl oxide in yeast. To improve 11β-hydroxy-manoyl oxide production, we undertook a chassis engineering effort involving the combination of three heterozygous yeast gene deletions (mct1/MCT1, whi2/WHI2, gdh1/GDH1) and obtained a 9.5-fold increase in 11β-hydroxy-manoyl oxide titers, reaching 21.2 mg L−1. Conclusions In this study, we identify a surrogate enzyme for the specific and efficient hydroxylation of manoyl oxide at position C-11β and establish a platform that will facilitate the synthesis of a broad range of tricyclic (8,13)-epoxy-labdanes in yeast. This platform forms a basis for the heterologous production of forskolin and will facilitate the elucidation of subsequent steps of forskolin biosynthesis. In addition, this study highlights the usefulness of using surrogate enzymes for the production of intermediates of complex biosynthetic pathways. The combination of heterozygous deletions and the improved yeast strain reported here will provide a useful tool for the production of numerous other isoprenoids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0440-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codruta Ignea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Georgantea
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini A Trikka
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Sofia Loupassaki
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100, Chania, Greece.
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
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Evolution of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases (POR) in Apiales - POR 1 is missing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:21-8. [PMID: 26854662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the obligate electron donor to eukaryotic microsomal cytochromes P450 enzymes. The number of PORs within plant species is limited to one to four isoforms, with the most common being two PORs per plant. These enzymes provide electrons to a huge number of different cytochromes P450s (from 50 to several hundred within one plant). Within the eudicotyledons, PORs can be divided into two major clades, POR 1 and POR 2. Based on our own sequencing analysis and publicly available data, we have identified 45 PORs from the angiosperm order Apiales. These were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis along with 237 other publicly available (NCBI and oneKP) POR sequences found within the clade Asterids. Here, we show that the order Apiales only harbor members of the POR 2 clade, which are further divided into two distinct subclades. This is in contrast to most other eudicotyledon orders that have both POR 1 and POR 2. This suggests that through gene duplications and one gene deletion, Apiales only contain members of the POR 2 clade. Three POR 2 isoforms from Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae, were all full-length in an Illumina root transcriptome dataset (available from the SRA at NCBI). All three genes were shown to be functional upon reconstitution into nanodiscs, confirming that none of the isoforms are pseudogenes.
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Dhar N, Razdan S, Rana S, Bhat WW, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. A Decade of Molecular Understanding of Withanolide Biosynthesis and In vitro Studies in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Prospects and Perspectives for Pathway Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1031. [PMID: 26640469 PMCID: PMC4661287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, a multipurpose medicinal plant is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active triterpenoids that are steroidal lactones known as withanolides. Though the plant has been well-characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. This scenario limits biotechnological interventions for enhanced production of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, recent emergent trends vis-à-vis, the exploration of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, and in vitro studies have opened new vistas regarding pathway engineering of withanolide production. During recent years, various strategic pathway genes have been characterized with significant amount of regulatory studies which allude toward development of molecular circuitries for production of key intermediates or end products in heterologous hosts. Another pivotal aspect covering redirection of metabolic flux for channelizing the precursor pool toward enhanced withanolide production has also been attained by deciphering decisive branch point(s) as robust targets for pathway modulation. With these perspectives, the current review provides a detailed overview of various studies undertaken by the authors and collated literature related to molecular and in vitro approaches employed in W. somnifera for understanding various molecular network interactions in entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid W Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
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Eljounaidi K, Comino C, Moglia A, Cankar K, Genre A, Hehn A, Bourgaud F, Beekwilder J, Lanteri S. Accumulation of cynaropicrin in globe artichoke and localization of enzymes involved in its biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:128-36. [PMID: 26398797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) belongs to the Asteraceae family, in which one of the most biologically significant class of secondary metabolites are sesquiterpene lactones (STLs). In globe artichoke the principal STL is the cynaropicrin, which contributes to approximately 80% of its characteristic bitter taste. Cynaropicrin content was assessed in globe artichoke tissues and was observed to accumulate in leaves of different developmental stages. In the receptacle, a progressive decrease was observed during inflorescence development, while the STL could not be detected in the inflorescence bracts. Almost undetectable amounts were found in the roots and inflorescence stems at the commercial stage. Cynaropicrin content was found to correlate with expression of genes encoding CcGAS, CcGAO and CcCOS, which are involved in the STL biosynthesis. A more detailed study of leaf material revealed that cynaropicrin predominantly accumulates in the trichomes, and not in the apoplastic cavity fluids. Analysis of the promoter regions of CcGAO and CcCOS revealed the presence of L1-box motifs, which confers trichome-specific expression in Arabidopsis, suggesting that cynaropicrin is not only stored but also synthesized in trichomes. A transient expression of GFP fusion proteins was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants: the CcGAS fluorescence signal was located in the cytoplasm while the CcGAO and CcCOS localized to the endoplasmatic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eljounaidi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Comino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - K Cankar
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - A Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - F Bourgaud
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - J Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Lanteri
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Chun JH, Adhikari PB, Park SB, Han JY, Choi YE. Production of the dammarene sapogenin (protopanaxadiol) in transgenic tobacco plants and cultured cells by heterologous expression of PgDDS and CYP716A47. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1551-60. [PMID: 25981048 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an aglycone of dammarene-type ginsenoside and has high medicinal values. In this work, we reported the PPD production in transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing PgDDS and CYP716A47. PPD is an aglycone of ginsenosides produced by Panax species and has a wide range of pharmacological activities. PPD is synthesized via the hydroxylation of dammarenediol-II (DD) by CYP716A47 enzyme. Here, we established a PPD production system via cell suspension culture of transgenic tobacco co-overexpressing the genes for PgDDS and CYP716A47. The concentration of PPD in transgenic tobacco leaves was 2.3-5.7 µg/g dry weight (DW), depending on the transgenic line. Leaf segments were cultured on medium with various types of hormones to induce callus. Auxin treatment, particularly 2,4-D, strongly enhanced the production of DD (783.8 µg g(-1) DW) and PPD (125.9 µg g(-1) DW). Treatment with 2,4-D enhanced the transcription of the HMG-Co reductase (HMGR) and squalene epoxidase genes. PPD production reached 166.9 and 980.9 µg g(-1) DW in a 250-ml shake flask culture and in 5-l airlift bioreactor culture, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyeon Chun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Rong Tan L, Chen Lu Y, Jing Zhang J, Luo F, Yang H. A collection of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes involved in modification and detoxification of herbicide atrazine in rice (Oryza sativa) plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 119:25-34. [PMID: 25968601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases constitute one of the largest families of protein genes involved in plant growth, development and acclimation to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, whether these genes respond to organic toxic compounds and their biological functions for detoxifying toxic compounds such as herbicides in rice are poorly understood. The present study identified 201 genes encoding cytochrome P450s from an atrazine-exposed rice transcriptome through high-throughput sequencing. Of these, 69 cytochrome P450 genes were validated by microarray and some of them were confirmed by real time PCR. Activities of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (PNOD) related to toxicity were determined and significantly induced by atrazine exposure. To dissect the mechanism underlying atrazine modification and detoxification by P450, metabolites (or derivatives) of atrazine in plants were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Major metabolites comprised desmethylatrazine (DMA), desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), hydroxyatrazine (HA), hydroxyethylatrazine (HEA) and hydroxyisopropylatrazine (HIA). All of them were chemically modified by P450s. Furthermore, two specific inhibitors of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and malathion (MAL) were used to assess the correlation between the P450s activity and rice responses including accumulation of atrazine in tissues, shoot and root growth and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Rong Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Chen Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Qu X, Pu X, Chen F, Yang Y, Yang L, Zhang G, Luo Y. Molecular Cloning, Heterologous Expression, and Functional Characterization of an NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene from Camptotheca acuminata, a Camptothecin-Producing Plant. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135397. [PMID: 26252645 PMCID: PMC4529168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CAM), a complex pentacyclic pyrroloqinoline alkaloid, is the starting material for CAM-type drugs that are well-known antitumor plant drugs. Although many chemical and biological research efforts have been performed to produce CAM, a few attempts have been made to uncover the enzymatic mechanism involved in the biosynthesis of CAM. Enzyme-catalyzed oxidoreduction reactions are ubiquitously presented in living organisms, especially in the biosynthetic pathway of most secondary metabolites such as CAM. Due to a lack of its reduction partner, most catalytic oxidation steps involved in the biosynthesis of CAM have not been established. In the present study, an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) encoding gene CamCPR was cloned from Camptotheca acuminata, a CAM-producing plant. The full length of CamCPR cDNA contained an open reading frame of 2127-bp nucleotides, corresponding to 708-amino acid residues. CamCPR showed 70 ~ 85% identities to other characterized plant CPRs and it was categorized to the group II of CPRs on the basis of the results of multiple sequence alignment of the N-terminal hydrophobic regions. The intact and truncate CamCPRs with N- or C-terminal His6-tag were heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzymes showed NADPH-dependent reductase activity toward a chemical substrate ferricyanide and a protein substrate cytochrome c. The N-terminal His6-tagged CamCPR showed 18- ~ 30-fold reduction activity higher than the C-terminal His6-tagged CamCPR, which supported a reported conclusion, i.e., the last C-terminal tryptophan of CPRs plays an important role in the discrimination between NADPH and NADH. Co-expression of CamCPR and a P450 monooxygenase, CYP73A25, a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from cotton, and the following catalytic formation of p-coumaric acid suggested that CamCPR transforms electrons from NADPH to the heme center of P450 to support its oxidation reaction. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that CamCPR was expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves of C. acuminata seedlings. The relative transcript level of CamCPR in leaves was 2.2-fold higher than that of roots and the stems showed 1.5-fold transcript level higher than the roots. The functional characterization of CamCPR will be helpful to disclose the mysterious mechanisms of the biosynthesis of CAM. The present study established a platform to characterize the P450 enzymes involved in the growth, development, and metabolism of eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixing Qu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiang Pu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Sircar D, Gaid MM, Chizzali C, Reckwell D, Kaufholdt D, Beuerle T, Broggini GAL, Flachowsky H, Liu B, Hänsch R, Beerhues L. Biphenyl 4-Hydroxylases Involved in Aucuparin Biosynthesis in Rowan and Apple Are Cytochrome P450 736A Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:428-42. [PMID: 25862456 PMCID: PMC4453778 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon pathogen attack, fruit trees such as apple (Malus spp.) and pear (Pyrus spp.) accumulate biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins, with aucuparin as a major biphenyl compound. 4-Hydroxylation of the biphenyl scaffold, formed by biphenyl synthase (BIS), is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 (CYP). The biphenyl 4-hydroxylase (B4H) coding sequence of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) was isolated and functionally expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). SaB4H was named CYP736A107. No catalytic function of CYP736 was known previously. SaB4H exhibited absolute specificity for 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl. In rowan cell cultures treated with elicitor from the scab fungus, transient increases in the SaB4H, SaBIS, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase transcript levels preceded phytoalexin accumulation. Transient expression of a carboxyl-terminal reporter gene construct directed SaB4H to the endoplasmic reticulum. A construct lacking the amino-terminal leader and transmembrane domain caused cytoplasmic localization. Functional B4H coding sequences were also isolated from two apple (Malus × domestica) cultivars. The MdB4Hs were named CYP736A163. When stems of cv Golden Delicious were infected with the fire blight bacterium, highest MdB4H transcript levels were observed in the transition zone. In a phylogenetic tree, the three B4Hs were closest to coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylases involved in lignin biosynthesis, suggesting a common ancestor. Coniferaldehyde and related compounds were not converted by SaB4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Sircar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Mariam M Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Cornelia Chizzali
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Dennis Reckwell
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Giovanni A L Broggini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology (D.S., M.M.G., D.R., T.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institute of Plant Biology (D.K., R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.C., G.A.L.B.); andJulius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, 01326 Dresden, Germany (H.F.)
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Božić D, Papaefthimiou D, Brückner K, de Vos RCH, Tsoleridis CA, Katsarou D, Papanikolaou A, Pateraki I, Chatzopoulou FM, Dimitriadou E, Kostas S, Manzano D, Scheler U, Ferrer A, Tissier A, Makris AM, Kampranis SC, Kanellis AK. Towards Elucidating Carnosic Acid Biosynthesis in Lamiaceae: Functional Characterization of the Three First Steps of the Pathway in Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124106. [PMID: 26020634 PMCID: PMC4447455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the Lamiaceae family, including Salvia fruticosa (Cretan sage) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary). To elucidate CA biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of S. fruticosa were mined for terpene synthase genes. Two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely SfCPS and SfKSL, showing similarities to copalyl diphosphate synthase and kaurene synthase-like genes, respectively, were isolated and functionally characterized. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli followed by in vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed that SfCPS is a copalyl diphosphate synthase. Coupling of SfCPS with SfKSL, both in vitro and in yeast, resulted in the synthesis miltiradiene, as confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analyses (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC and HMBC). Coupled transient in vivo assays of SfCPS and SfKSL in Nicotiana benthamiana further confirmed production of miltiradiene in planta. To elucidate the subsequent biosynthetic step, RNA-Seq data of S. fruticosa and R. officinalis were searched for cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes potentially involved in the synthesis of the first phenolic compound in the CA pathway, ferruginol. Three candidate genes were selected, SfFS, RoFS1 and RoFS2. Using yeast and N. benthamiana expression systems, all three where confirmed to be coding for ferruginol synthases, thus revealing the enzymatic activities responsible for the first three steps leading to CA in two Lamiaceae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos A. Tsoleridis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Katsarou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Papanikolaou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fani M. Chatzopoulou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Dimitriadou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Laboratory of Floriculture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulschan Scheler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonios M. Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios C. Kampranis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angelos K. Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Ignea C, Ioannou E, Georgantea P, Loupassaki S, Trikka FA, Kanellis AK, Makris AM, Roussis V, Kampranis SC. Reconstructing the chemical diversity of labdane-type diterpene biosynthesis in yeast. Metab Eng 2015; 28:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dima O, Morreel K, Vanholme B, Kim H, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:695-710. [PMID: 25700483 PMCID: PMC4558659 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer derived from the combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals in the cell wall. Recently, various glycosylated lignin oligomers have been revealed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Given that monolignol oxidation and monolignol radical coupling are known to occur in the apoplast, and glycosylation in the cytoplasm, it raises questions about the subcellular localization of glycosylated lignin oligomer biosynthesis and their storage. By metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles, we show that the leaf vacuole stores a large number of these small glycosylated lignin oligomers. Their structural variety and the incorporation of alternative monomers, as observed in Arabidopsis mutants with altered monolignol biosynthesis, indicate that they are all formed by combinatorial radical coupling. In contrast to the common believe that combinatorial coupling is restricted to the apoplast, we hypothesized that the aglycones of these compounds are made within the cell. To investigate this, leaf protoplast cultures were cofed with 13C6-labeled coniferyl alcohol and a 13C4-labeled dimer of coniferyl alcohol. Metabolite profiling of the cofed protoplasts provided strong support for the occurrence of intracellular monolignol coupling. We therefore propose a metabolic pathway involving intracellular combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals, followed by oligomer glycosylation and vacuolar import, which shares characteristics with both lignin and lignan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Dima
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - John Ralph
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Liu S, Liang QM, Zhou WW, Jiang YD, Zhu QZ, Yu H, Zhang CX, Gurr GM, Zhu ZR. RNA interference of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, increases susceptibility to insecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:32-39. [PMID: 24515640 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is essential for numerous biological reactions catalysed by microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). Knockdown of CPR in several insects leads to developmental defects and increased susceptibility to insecticides. However, information about the role of CPR in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is still unavailable. RESULTS A full-length cDNA encoding CPR was cloned from N. lugens (NlCPR). The deduced amino acid sequence showed marked features of classical CPRs, such as an N-terminus membrane anchor, conserved domains for flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate binding, as well as an FAD-binding motif and catalytic residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NlCPR was located in a branch along with bed bug and pea aphid hemipteran insects. NlCPR mRNA was detectable in all tissues and developmental stages of N. lugens, as determined by real-time quantitative PCR. NlCPR transcripts were most abundant in the abdomen in adults, and in first-instar nymphs. Injection of N. lugens with double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against NlCPR significantly reduced the transcription level of the mRNA, and silencing of NlCPR resulted in increased susceptibility in N. lugens to beta-cypermethrin and imidacloprid. CONCLUSION The results provide first evidence that NlCPR contributes to the susceptibility to beta-cypermethrin and imidacloprid in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Sintupachee S, Ngamrojanavanich N, Sitthithaworn W, De-Eknamkul W. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and functional characterisation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP97C27, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR I, from Croton stellatopilosus Ohba. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:131-141. [PMID: 25443840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (designated as CYP97C27 by D. Nelson's group) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (designated as CPR I based on its classification) were isolated from Croton stellatopilosus leaves, which actively biosynthesise plaunotol (18-OH geranylgeraniol). CYP97C27 and CPR I contain open reading frames encoding proteins of 471 and 711 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 53 and 79kDa, respectively. By aligning the deduced sequences of CYP97C27 and CPR I with other plant species, all functional domains of CYP97C27 (heme and oxygen binding) and CPR I (CYP- and FMN, FAD, and NADPH cofactor binding) were identified. Amino acid sequence comparison indicated that both CYP97C27 (85-93%) and CPR I (79-83%) share high sequence identities with homologous proteins in other plant species, suggesting that CYP97C27 belongs to the CYP97C subfamily and that CPR I belongs to class I of the dicotyledonous CPR. Functional characterisation of both enzymes, produced in Escherichia coli (pET32a/BL21(DE3)) as recombinant proteins, showed that simultaneous incubation of CYP97C27 and CPR I with the substrate geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and coenzyme NADPH led to formation of the product plaunotol. In C. stellatopilosus, the levels of the CYP97C27 and CPR I transcripts were highly correlated with those of several mRNAs involved in the plaunotol biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that CYP97C27 and CPR I are the enzymes that catalyse the last hydroxylation step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Worapan Sitthithaworn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakonnayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Phamacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Sundin L, Vanholme R, Geerinck J, Goeminne G, Höfer R, Kim H, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Mutation of the inducible ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE2 alters lignin composition and improves saccharification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1956-71. [PMID: 25315601 PMCID: PMC4256863 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE1 (ATR1) and ATR2 provide electrons from NADPH to a large number of CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP450) enzymes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Whereas ATR1 is constitutively expressed, the expression of ATR2 appears to be induced during lignin biosynthesis and upon stresses. Therefore, ATR2 was hypothesized to be preferentially involved in providing electrons to the three CYP450s involved in lignin biosynthesis: CINNAMATE 4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H), p-COUMARATE 3-HYDROXYLASE1 (C3H1), and FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE1 (F5H1). Here, we show that the atr2 mutation resulted in a 6% reduction in total lignin amount in the main inflorescence stem and a compositional shift of the remaining lignin to a 10-fold higher fraction of p-hydroxyphenyl units at the expense of syringyl units. Phenolic profiling revealed shifts in lignin-related phenolic metabolites, in particular with the substrates of C4H, C3H1 and F5H1 accumulating in atr2 mutants. Glucosinolate and flavonol glycoside biosynthesis, both of which also rely on CYP450 activities, appeared less affected. The cellulose in the atr2 inflorescence stems was more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis after alkaline pretreatment, making ATR2 a potential target for engineering plant cell walls for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sundin
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - Jan Geerinck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - René Höfer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.S., R.V., J.G., G.G., R.H., W.B.); andDepartments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (H.K., J.R.)
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Jung SC, Kim W, Park SC, Jeong J, Park MK, Lim S, Lee Y, Im WT, Lee JH, Choi G, Kim SC. Two Ginseng UDP-Glycosyltransferases Synthesize Ginsenoside Rg3 and Rd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:2177-88. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Lee GY, Kim HM, Ma SH, Park SH, Joung YH, Yun CH. Heterologous expression and functional characterization of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Capsicum annuum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 82:116-22. [PMID: 24935229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) genes (CaCPR1 and CaCPR2) were isolated from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bukang). At the red ripe stage, the expression level of CaCPR1 was more than 6-fold greater than that in leaves or flowers. It gradually increased during fruit ripening. The CaCPR2 gene seemed to be expressed constitutively in all of the tested tissues. To investigate the enzymatic properties of CaCPR1, the cDNA of CaCPR1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli without any modification of amino acid sequences, and CaCPR1 was purified. The enzymatic properties of CaCPR1 were confirmed using cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 as protein substrates. The CaCPR1 could support human CYP1A2-catalyzed reaction. It also reduced tetrazolium salts and ferricyanide. These results show that CaCPR1 is the major CPR in most hot pepper tissues. It is suggested that the CaCPR1 can be used a prototype for studying biological functions and biotechnological applications of plant CPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ma
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Joung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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