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Xianguan Z, Yun L, Wei L, Linying C, Haoran C, Xiaoyu H, Heng W, Ying W, Xiaobo W, Jiajia L. Soybean gene GmMLP34 regulates Arabidopsis negative response to high temperature stress. Gene 2024; 933:148983. [PMID: 39368788 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
The functions of major latex proteins (MLPs) in plant defense and stress responses have been widely documented; however, their roles in HT stress response in soybeans have not been elucidated. This study investigated the role of GmMLP34, a member of the major latex protein (MLP) family, in the response of soybeans to HT stress. Transcriptome analysis of HT-resistant (JD21) and HT-sensitive (HD14) soybean leaves under HT stress (43.40 ± 1.70 °C) and field conditions revealed differential expression of GmMLP34. Further examination across different HT-resistant varieties showed that GmMLP34 was down-regulated in the leaves of 6 HT-resistant varieties (85.7 %) and up-regulated in the leaves of 6 HT-sensitive varieties (85.7 %) under the HT treatment (45 °C for 3 h). The results of this study indicate that ectopic expression of the GmMLP34 gene in Arabidopsis led to a significant decrease in the survival rate of seedling when compared to the wild type (WT) under HT stress conditions of 37/28 °C (day/night) for 5 d, Moreover, the results indicated a significant decrease in primary root length and lateral root number under 45 °C/3 h HT stress followed by 12 h room temperature recovery. Additionally, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), and flavonoids, and the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme in the antioxidant system was decreased, while the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme increased in GmMLP34-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression levels of the HT-response genes AtCHS1 and AtCHI2-A, were significantly down-regulated, whereas that of AtGBP1 was significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that GmMLP34 negatively regulates the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to HT stress by modulating flavonoid synthesis, hormone synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme system. These findings provide theoretical information for the genetic improvement of HT tolerance in soybean and contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xianguan
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lu Yun
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liao Wei
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chen Linying
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chen Haoran
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hu Xiaoyu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wang Heng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Ying
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wang Xiaobo
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Li Jiajia
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Tang X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Sun C, Huang Z. Enhancing the antioxidant potential of ESIPT-based naringenin flavonoids based on excited state hydrogen bond dynamics: A theoretical study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 258:112996. [PMID: 39094239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Exploring antioxidant potential of flavonoid derivatives after ESIPT process provides a theoretical basis for discovering compounds with higher antioxidant capacity. In this work, employing the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods, the antioxidant potential of two citrus-derived naringenin flavonoids after ESIPT process is explored. Based on studies of ESIPT process including IMHB intensity variations, potential energy curves, and transition state, these molecules exist only in enol and keto⁎ forms due to ultra-fast ESIPT. The HOMOs are utilized to explore electron-donating capacity, demonstrating that the molecules in keto⁎ form is stronger than that in enol form. Furthermore, the atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population (ADCH) and Fukui functions indicate that the sites attacked by the electrophilic free radical of the two molecules in the keto⁎ form are O3 and O5' respectively, and both are more active than in the enol form. Overall, a comprehensive consideration of the ESIPT process and antioxidant potential of flavonoid derivatives will facilitate the exploration and design of substances with higher antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Tang
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chaofan Sun
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhanhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Wang Y, Liu X, Chen S, Wang Q, Jin B, Wang L. Functions, accumulation, and biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in the fig tree ( Ficus carica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397874. [PMID: 39022605 PMCID: PMC11253076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica. The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Dong X, Han B, Chen J, Luo D, Zhou Q, Liu Z. Multiomics Analyses Reveal MsC3H29 Positively Regulates Flavonoid Biosynthesis to Improve Drought Resistance of Autotetraploid Cultivated Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14448-14465. [PMID: 38864675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), the "queen of forage," is the most important perennial legume, with high productivity and an excellent nutritional profile. Medicago sativa subsp. falcata is a subspecies of the alfalfa complex and exhibits better drought tolerance. However, drought stress significantly hampers their development and yield. The molecular mechanisms underlying the aboveground and underground tissues of sativa and falcata responding to drought stress remain obscure. Here, we performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of the physiological and transcriptomic responses of sativa and falcata under drought stress. The results showed that photosynthesis was inhibited, and antioxidant enzymes were activated under drought stress. MsC3H29, a CCCH-type zinc finger protein, was identified as a hub gene through weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and was significantly induced by drought in underground tissue. The MsC3H29 protein was localized in the nucleus. Overexpression (OE) of MsC3H29 can increase the primary root length and fresh weight of transgenic alfalfa hairy roots, while RNA interference (RNAi) decreases them under drought stress. The 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining revealed that MsC3H29 promoted drought tolerance of alfalfa hairy roots through decreasing ROS accumulation. The targeted metabolome analysis showed that the overexpression of MsC3H29 resulted in higher levels of accumulation for flavonoid monomers, including vicenin, daidzein, apigenin, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and tricin, in transgenic alfalfa hairy roots before and after drought stress, while RNAi led to a reduction. Our study provided a key candidate gene for molecular breeding to improve drought resistance in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingcheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Li C, Luo K. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of isoflavonoids in model plants and crops: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384091. [PMID: 38984160 PMCID: PMC11231381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids, the major secondary metabolites within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, play important roles in plant defense and exhibit free radical scavenging properties in mammals. Recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, transport, and regulation of isoflavonoids have identified their biosynthetic pathways as promising targets for metabolic engineering, offering potential benefits such as enhanced plant resistance, improved biomass, and restoration of soil fertility. This review provides an overview of recent breakthroughs in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, encompassing key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, transporters influencing their subcellular localization, molecular mechanisms regulating the metabolic pathway (including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as epigenetic modifications). Metabolic engineering strategies aimed at boosting isoflavonoid content in both leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies and resources for precise isoflavonoid regulation. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on model plants and crops, offering insights for more effective and sustainable metabolic engineering approaches to enhance nutritional quality and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Maize Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Lewis JA, Jacobo EP, Palmer N, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Brozik JA, Sarath G, Kang C. Structural and Interactional Analysis of the Flavonoid Pathway Proteins: Chalcone Synthase, Chalcone Isomerase and Chalcone Isomerase-like Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5651. [PMID: 38891840 PMCID: PMC11172311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyze the first two committed steps of the flavonoid pathway that plays a pivotal role in the growth and reproduction of land plants, including UV protection, pigmentation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and pathogen resistance. Based on the obtained X-ray crystal structures of CHS, CHI, and chalcone isomerase-like protein (CHIL) from the same monocotyledon, Panicum virgatum, along with the results of the steady-state kinetics, spectroscopic/thermodynamic analyses, intermolecular interactions, and their effect on each catalytic step are proposed. In addition, PvCHI's unique activity for both naringenin chalcone and isoliquiritigenin was analyzed, and the observed hierarchical activity for those type-I and -II substrates was explained with the intrinsic characteristics of the enzyme and two substrates. The structure of PvCHS complexed with naringenin supports uncompetitive inhibition. PvCHS displays intrinsic catalytic promiscuity, evident from the formation of p-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL) in addition to naringenin chalcone. In the presence of PvCHIL, conversion of p-coumaroyl-CoA to naringenin through PvCHS and PvCHI displayed ~400-fold increased Vmax with reduced formation of CTAL by 70%. Supporting this model, molecular docking, ITC (Isothermal Titration Calorimetry), and FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) indicated that both PvCHI and PvCHIL interact with PvCHS in a non-competitive manner, indicating the plausible allosteric effect of naringenin on CHS. Significantly, the presence of naringenin increased the affinity between PvCHS and PvCHIL, whereas naringenin chalcone decreased the affinity, indicating a plausible feedback mechanism to minimize spontaneous incorrect stereoisomers. These are the first findings from a three-body system from the same species, indicating the importance of the macromolecular assembly of CHS-CHI-CHIL in determining the amount and type of flavonoids produced in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Eric P. Jacobo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - James A Brozik
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
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Wang L, Zhao J, Mao Y, Liu L, Li C, Wu H, Zhao H, Wu Q. Tartary buckwheat rutin: Accumulation, metabolic pathways, regulation mechanisms, and biofortification strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108503. [PMID: 38484679 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rutin is a significant flavonoid with strong antioxidant property and various therapeutic effects. It plays a crucial role in disease prevention and human health maintenance, especially in anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. While many plants can synthesize and accumulate rutin, tartary buckwheat is the only food crop possessing high levels of rutin. At present, the rutin content (RC) is regarded as the key index for evaluating the nutritional quality of tartary buckwheat. Consequently, rutin has become the focus for tartary buckwheat breeders and has made considerable progress. Here, we summarize research on the rutin in tartary buckwheat in the past two decades, including its accumulation, biosynthesis and breakdown pathways, and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose several strategies to increase the RC in tartary buckwheat seeds based on current knowledge. This review aims to provide valuable references for elevating the quality of tartary buckwheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yuanbin Mao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Linling Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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Mejía-Manzano LA, Ortiz-Alcaráz CI, Parra Daza LE, Suarez Medina L, Vargas-Cortez T, Fernández-Niño M, González Barrios AF, González-Valdez J. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofactory to produce naringenin using a systems biology approach and a bicistronic vector expression strategy in flavonoid production. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0337423. [PMID: 38088543 PMCID: PMC10871697 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03374-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Flavonoids are a group of compounds generally produced by plants with proven biological activity, which have recently beeen recommended for the treatment and prevention of diseases and ailments with diverse causes. In this study, naringenin was produced in adequate amounts in yeast after in silico design. The four genes of the involved enzymes from several organisms (bacteria and plants) were multi-expressed in two vectors carrying each two genes linked by a short viral peptide sequence. The batch kinetic behavior of the product, substrate, and biomass was described at lab scale. The engineered strain might be used in a more affordable and viable bioprocess for industrial naringenin procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura E. Parra Daza
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina Suarez Medina
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Teresa Vargas-Cortez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Miguel Fernández-Niño
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrés Fernando González Barrios
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José González-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Yang B, Pan F, Yasmeen F, Shan L, Pan J, Zhang M, Weng X, Wang M, Li M, Wang Q, Cheng K. Integrated multi-omic analysis reveals the cytokinin and sucrose metabolism-mediated regulation of flavone glycoside biosynthesis by MeJA exposure in Ficus pandurata Hance. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113680. [PMID: 37981372 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Ficus pandurata Hance (FPH) holds a rich history as a traditional Chinese botanical remedy, utilized both as a culinary condiment and a medicinal intervention for diverse ailments. This study focuses on enhancing FPH's therapeutic potential by subjecting it to exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, a strategy aimed at elevating the levels of active constituents to align with clinical and commercial requirements. Employing metabolomics, the impact of MeJA treatment on the lipid and flavonoid profiles of FPH leaves was investigated, revealing a marked increase in flavone glycosides, a subset of flavonoids. Investigation into the regulatory mechanism governing flavone glycoside biosynthesis uncovered elevated expression of structural genes associated with flavonoid production in response to MeJA exposure. Global endogenous hormone analysis pinpointed the selective activation of JA and cytokinin biosynthesis following MeJA treatment. Through a comprehensive integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, the cooperative stimulation of glucosyltransferase activity, alongside the JA and cytokinin signaling pathways, orchestrated by MeJA were explored. Furthermore, genes linked to sucrose metabolism exhibited heightened expression, concomitant with a noteworthy surge in antioxidant activity subsequent to MeJA treatment. These findings validate the augmentation of FPH leaf antioxidant capacity through MeJA intervention, while also offering profound insights into the regulatory role of MeJA in flavone glycoside biosynthesis, mediated by the interplay between cytokinin and sucrose metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Fupeng Pan
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Farhat Yasmeen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan
| | - Luhuizi Shan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junjie Pan
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinying Weng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kejun Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Yue Z, He S, Wang J, Jiang Q, Wang H, Wu J, Li C, Wang Z, He X, Jia N. Glyceollins from soybean: Their pharmacological effects and biosynthetic pathways. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21874. [PMID: 38034638 PMCID: PMC10682181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a highly abundant class of secondary metabolites present in plants. Isoflavonoids, in particular, are primarily synthesized in leguminous plants within the subfamily Papilionoideae. Numerous reports have established the favorable role of isoflavonoids in preventing a range of human diseases. Among the isoflavonoid components, glyceollins are synthesized specifically in soybean plants and have displayed promising effects in mitigating the occurrence and progression of breast and ovarian cancers as well as other diseases. Consequently, glyceollins have become a sought-after natural component for promoting women's health. In recent years, extensive research has focused on investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the preventative properties of glyceollins against various diseases. Substantial progress has also been made toward elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of glyceollins and exploring potential regulatory factors. Herein, we provide a review of the research conducted on glyceollins since their discovery five decades ago (1972-2023). We summarize their pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and advancements in chemical synthesis to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of their function and the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Such knowledge may facilitate improved glyceollin synthesis and the creation of health products based on glyceollins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yue
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Shanhong He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Xuan He
- School of Engineering, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
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11
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Yiakoumetti A, Hanko EKR, Zou Y, Chua J, Chromy J, Stoney RA, Valdehuesa KNG, Connolly JA, Yan C, Hollywood KA, Takano E, Breitling R. Expanding flavone and flavonol production capabilities in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1275651. [PMID: 37920246 PMCID: PMC10619664 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1275651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavones and flavonols are important classes of flavonoids with nutraceutical and pharmacological value, and their production by fermentation with recombinant microorganisms promises to be a scalable and economically favorable alternative to extraction from plant sources. Flavones and flavonols have been produced recombinantly in a number of microorganisms, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically being a preferred production host for these compounds due to higher yields and titers of precursor compounds, as well as generally improved ability to functionally express cytochrome P450 enzymes without requiring modification to improve their solubility. Recently, a rapid prototyping platform has been developed for high-value compounds in E. coli, and a number of gatekeeper (2S)-flavanones, from which flavones and flavonols can be derived, have been produced to high titers in E. coli using this platform. In this study, we extended these metabolic pathways using the previously reported platform to produce apigenin, chrysin, luteolin and kaempferol from the gatekeeper flavonoids naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol by the expression of either type-I flavone synthases (FNS-I) or type-II flavone synthases (FNS-II) for flavone biosynthesis, and by the expression of flavanone 3-dioxygenases (F3H) and flavonol synthases (FLS) for the production of the flavonol kaempferol. In our best-performing strains, titers of apigenin and kaempferol reached 128 mg L-1 and 151 mg L-1 in 96-DeepWell plates in cultures supplemented with an additional 3 mM tyrosine, though titers for chrysin (6.8 mg L-1) from phenylalanine, and luteolin (5.0 mg L-1) from caffeic acid were considerably lower. In strains with upregulated tyrosine production, apigenin and kaempferol titers reached 80.2 mg L-1 and 42.4 mg L-1 respectively, without the further supplementation of tyrosine beyond the amount present in the rich medium. Notably, the highest apigenin, chrysin and luteolin titers were achieved with FNS-II enzymes, suggesting that cytochrome P450s can show competitive performance compared with non-cytochrome P450 enzymes in prokaryotes for the production of flavones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Zu Q, Deng X, Qu Y, Chen X, Cai Y, Wang C, Li Y, Chen Q, Zheng K, Liu X, Chen Q. Genetic Channelization Mechanism of Four Chalcone Isomerase Homologous Genes for Synergistic Resistance to Fusarium wilt in Gossypium barbadense L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14775. [PMID: 37834230 PMCID: PMC10572676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Duplication events occur very frequently during plant evolution. The genes in the duplicated pathway or network can evolve new functions through neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites involved in plant development and defense. Our previous transcriptomic analysis of F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and the parent lines after Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) infection showed that CHI genes have important functions in cotton. However, there are few reports on the possible neofunctionalization differences of CHI family paralogous genes involved in Fusarium wilt resistance in cotton. In this study, the resistance to Fusarium wilt, expression of metabolic pathway-related genes, metabolite content, endogenous hormone content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and subcellular localization of four paralogous CHI family genes in cotton were investigated. The results show that the four paralogous CHI family genes may play a synergistic role in Fusarium wilt resistance. These results revealed a genetic channelization mechanism that can regulate the metabolic flux homeostasis of flavonoids under the mediation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) via the four paralogous CHI genes, thereby achieving disease resistance. Our study provides a theoretical basis for studying the evolutionary patterns of homologous plant genes and using homologous genes for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Zu
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yanying Qu
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Xunji Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), No. 403, Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Yongsheng Cai
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Caoyue Wang
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Ying Li
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kai Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- College of Life Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China; (Q.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (K.Z.)
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13
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Zhang X, Xu J, Si L, Cao K, Wang Y, Li H, Wang J. Cloning, Identification, and Functional Analysis of the Chalcone Isomerase Gene from Astragalus sinicus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1400. [PMID: 37510305 PMCID: PMC10379301 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus sinicus is an important winter-growing cover crop. It is widely utilized, not only as a cover crop for its benefits in fertilizing the soil but also as a landscape ground cover plant. Anthocyanins are involved in the pigmentation of plants in leaves and flowers, which is a crucial characteristic trait for A. sinicus. The formation of anthocyanins depends significantly on the enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI). However, research on the CHI gene of A. sinicus remains unexplored. The rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach was used in this research to clone the CHI sequence from A. sinicus (AsiCHI). The expression profiles of the AsiCHI gene in multiple tissues of A. sinicus were subsequently examined by qRT-PCR (Quantitative Real-Time PCR). Furthermore, the function of the AsiCHI was identified by the performance of ectopic expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The outcomes revealed that the full-length cDNA of the AsiCHI gene (GeneBank: OQ870547) measured 972 bp in length and included an open reading frame of 660 bp. The encoded protein contains 219 amino acids with a molecular weight of 24.14 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.11. In addition, the remarkable similarity between the AsiCHI protein and the CHI proteins of other Astragalus species was demonstrated by the sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, the highest expression level of AsiCHI was observed in leaves and showed a positive correlation with anthocyanin content. The functional analysis further revealed that the overexpression of AsiCHI enhanced the anthocyanidin accumulation in the transgenic lines. This study provided a better understanding of AsiCHI and elucidated its role in anthocyanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Linlin Si
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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14
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Xu J, Shan T, Zhang J, Zhong X, Tao Y, Wu J. Full-length transcriptome analysis provides insights into flavonoid biosynthesis in Ranunculus japonicus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13965. [PMID: 37350650 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. is a traditional Chinese herb. Plants in the genus Ranunculus are generally rich in flavonoids, which have antibacterial, anti-infective, and other pharmacological effects. However, owing to the lack of reference genomes, little is known about the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in R. japonicus. In this study, PacBio isoform sequencing (PacBio iso-seq) and DNA nanoball sequencing (DNB-seq) were combined to build a full-length transcriptome database for three different tissues of R. japonicus. A total of 395,402 full-length transcripts were obtained, of which 308,474 were successfully annotated. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis identified 29 differentially expressed genes encoding nine key enzymes for flavonoid biosynthesis. Correlation analysis indicated that flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase genes might have key roles in the accumulation of flavonoid substances in the different tissues of R. japonicus. The structures of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase enzymes were spatially modeled. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was used to verify gene expression levels of key enzymes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, 22 MYB transcription factors involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were discovered. The reliable transcriptomic data from this study provide genetic information about R. japonicus as well as insights into the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis. The results also provide a basis for developing the medicinal value R. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Xu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tingyu Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Zhong
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yijia Tao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
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15
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Wolf-Saxon ER, Moorman CC, Castro A, Ruiz A, Mallari JP, Burke JR. Regulatory ligand binding in plant chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins. J Biol Chem 2023:104804. [PMID: 37172720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) is a noncatalytic protein that enhances flavonoid content in green plants by serving as a metabolite binder and a rectifier of chalcone synthase (CHS). Rectification of CHS catalysis occurs through direct protein-protein interactions between CHIL and CHS, which alter CHS kinetics and product profiles, favoring naringenin chalcone production. These discoveries raise questions about how CHIL proteins interact structurally with metabolites and how CHIL-ligand interactions affect interactions with CHS. Using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) on a CHIL protein from Vitis Vinifera (VvCHIL), we report positive thermostability effects are induced by the binding of naringenin chalcone and negative thermostability effects are induced by the binding of naringenin. Naringenin chalcone further causes positive changes to CHIL-CHS binding, while naringenin causes negative changes to CHIL-CHS binding. These results suggest that CHILs may act as sensors for ligand-mediated pathway feedback by influencing CHS function. The protein X-ray crystal structure of VvCHIL compared with the protein X-ray crystal structure of a CHIL from Physcomitrella patens, reveals key amino acid differences at a ligand binding site of VvCHIL that can be substituted to nullify the destabilizing effect caused by naringenin. Together these results support a role for CHIL proteins as metabolite sensors that modulate the committed step of the flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wolf-Saxon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA
| | - Chad C Moorman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA
| | - Anthony Castro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA
| | - Alfredo Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA
| | - Jeremy P Mallari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA
| | - Jason R Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA.
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16
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Lan HN, Liu RY, Liu ZH, Li X, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Biological valorization of lignin to flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108107. [PMID: 36758651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most affluent natural aromatic biopolymer on the earth, which is the promising renewable source for valuable products to promote the sustainability of biorefinery. Flavonoids are a class of plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites containing the benzene ring structure with various biological activities, which are largely applied in health food, pharmaceutical, and medical fields. Due to the aromatic similarity, microbial conversion of lignin derived aromatics to flavonoids could facilitate flavonoid biosynthesis and promote the lignin valorization. This review thereby prospects a novel valorization route of lignin to high-value natural products and demonstrates the potential advantages of microbial bioconversion of lignin to flavonoids. The biodegradation of lignin polymers is summarized to identify aromatic monomers as momentous precursors for flavonoid synthesis. The biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids in both plants and strains are introduced and compared. After that, the key branch points and important intermediates are clearly discussed in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Moreover, the most significant enzyme reactions including Claisen condensation, cyclization and hydroxylation are demonstrated in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Finally, current challenges and potential future strategies are also discussed for transforming lignin into various flavonoids. The holistic microbial conversion routes of lignin to flavonoids could make a sustainable production of flavonoids and improve the feasibility of lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Na Lan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ruo-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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17
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Feng Y, Zhang S, Li J, Pei R, Tian L, Qi J, Azam M, Agyenim-Boateng KG, Shaibu AS, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Li B, Sun J. Dual-function C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor GmZFP7 contributes to isoflavone accumulation in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1794-1809. [PMID: 36352516 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are a class of secondary metabolites produced by legumes and play important roles in human health and plant stress tolerance. The C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor (TF) functions in plant stress tolerance, but little is known about its function in isoflavone regulation in soybean (Glycine max). Here, we report a C2H2 zinc-finger TF gene, GmZFP7, which regulates isoflavone accumulation in soybean. Overexpressing GmZFP7 increased the isoflavone concentration in both transgenic hairy roots and plants. By contrast, silencing GmZFP7 expression significantly reduced isoflavone levels. Metabolomic and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that GmZFP7 can increase the flux of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Furthermore, dual-luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that GmZFP7 regulates isoflavone accumulation by influencing the expression of Isoflavone synthase 2 (GmIFS2) and Flavanone 3 β-hydroxylase 1 (GmF3H1). In this study, we demonstrate that GmZFP7 contributes to isoflavone accumulation by regulating the expression of the gateway enzymes (GmIFS2 and GmF3H1) of competing phenylpropanoid pathway branches to direct the metabolic flux into isoflavone. A haplotype analysis indicated that important natural variations were present in GmZFP7 promoters, with P-Hap1 and P-Hap3 being the elite haplotypes. Our findings provide insight into how GmZFP7 regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway and enhances soybean isoflavone content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruili Pei
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Tian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Qi
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Abdulwahab S Shaibu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yitian Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zuofeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junming Sun
- The National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
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18
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Lim YJ, Kwon SJ, Eom SH. Red and blue light-specific metabolic changes in soybean seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128001. [PMID: 36938020 PMCID: PMC10014548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Red and blue artificial light sources are commonly used as photosynthetic lighting in smart farm facilities, and they can affect the metabolisms of various primary and secondary metabolites. Although the soybean plant contains major flavonoids such as isoflavone and flavonol, using light factors to produce specific flavonoids from this plant remains difficult because the regulation of light-responded flavonoids is poorly understood. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybean seedlings in response to red and blue lights was evaluated, and the isoflavone-flavonol regulatory mechanism under different light irradiation periods was elucidated. Profiling of metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, alcohol sugars, and sugar acids, revealed that specific flavonol, isoflavone, and phenolic acid showed irradiation time-dependent accumulation. Therefore, the metabolic gene expression level and accumulation of isoflavone and flavonol were further investigated. The light irradiation period regulated kaempferol glycoside, the predominant flavonol in soybeans, with longer light irradiation resulting in higher kaempferol glycoside content, regardless of photosynthetic lights. Notably, blue light stimulated kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-dirhamnosyl)-galactoside accumulation more than red light. Meanwhile, isoflavones were controlled differently based on isoflavone types. Malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin, the predominant isoflavones in soybeans, were significantly increased by short-term red light irradiation (12 and 36 h) with higher expressions of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, which contributed to the increased total isoflavone level. Although most isoflavones increased in response to red and blue lights, daidzein increased in response only to red light. In addition, prolonged red light irradiation downregulated the accumulation of glycitin types, suggesting that isoflavone's structural specificity results in different accumulation in response to light. Overall, these findings suggest that the application of specific wavelength and irradiation periods of light factors enables the regulation and acquisition of specialized metabolites from soybean seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jin Lim
- Department of Smart Farm Science, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jae Kwon
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Smart Farm Science, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Schmitz JM, Wolters JF, Murray NH, Guerra RM, Bingman CA, Hittinger CT, Pagliarini DJ. Aim18p and Aim46p are chalcone isomerase domain-containing mitochondrial hemoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102981. [PMID: 36739946 PMCID: PMC9996372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone isomerases (CHIs) have well-established roles in the biosynthesis of plant flavonoid metabolites. Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two predicted CHI-like proteins, Aim18p (encoded by YHR198C) and Aim46p (YHR199C), but it lacks other enzymes of the flavonoid pathway, suggesting that Aim18p and Aim46p employ the CHI fold for distinct purposes. Here, we demonstrate using proteinase K protection assays, sodium carbonate extractions, and crystallography that Aim18p and Aim46p reside on the mitochondrial inner membrane and adopt CHI folds, but they lack select active site residues and possess an extra fungal-specific loop. Consistent with these differences, Aim18p and Aim46p lack CHI activity and also the fatty acid-binding capabilities of other CHI-like proteins, but instead bind heme. We further show that diverse fungal homologs also bind heme and that Aim18p and Aim46p possess structural homology to a bacterial hemoprotein. Collectively, our work reveals a distinct function and cellular localization for two CHI-like proteins, introduces a new variation of a hemoprotein fold, and suggests that ancestral CHI-like proteins were hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John F Wolters
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan H Murray
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel M Guerra
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Azam M, Zhang S, Li J, Ahsan M, Agyenim-Boateng KG, Qi J, Feng Y, Liu Y, Li B, Qiu L, Sun J. Identification of hub genes regulating isoflavone accumulation in soybean seeds via GWAS and WGCNA approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120498. [PMID: 36866374 PMCID: PMC9971994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isoflavones are the secondary metabolites synthesized by the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in soybean that benefits human and plant health. METHODS In this study, we have profiled seed isoflavone content by HPLC in 1551 soybean accessions grown in Beijing and Hainan for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) and in Anhui for one year (2017). RESULTS A broad range of phenotypic variations was observed for individual and total isoflavone (TIF) content. The TIF content ranged from 677.25 to 5823.29 µg g-1 in the soybean natural population. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on 6,149,599 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we identified 11,704 SNPs significantly associated with isoflavone contents; 75% of them were located within previously reported QTL regions for isoflavone. Two significant regions on chromosomes 5 and 11 were associated with TIF and malonylglycitin across more than 3 environments. Furthermore, the WGCNA identified eight key modules: black, blue, brown, green, magenta, pink, purple, and turquoise. Of the eight co-expressed modules, brown (r = 0.68***), magenta (r = 0.64***), and green (r = 0.51**) showed a significant positive association with TIF, as well as with individual isoflavone contents. By combining the gene significance, functional annotation, and enrichment analysis information, four hub genes Glyma.11G108100, Glyma.11G107100, Glyma.11G106900, and Glyma.11G109100 encoding, basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MYB4 transcription factor, early responsive to dehydration, and PLATZ transcription factor respectively were identified in brown and green modules. The allelic variation in Glyma.11G108100 significantly influenced individual and TIF accumulation. DISCUSSION The present study demonstrated that the GWAS approach, combined with WGCNA, could efficiently identify isoflavone candidate genes in the natural soybean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qi
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Feng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yitian Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junming Sun
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Azam M, Zhang S, Huai Y, Abdelghany AM, Shaibu AS, Qi J, Feng Y, Liu Y, Li J, Qiu L, Li B, Sun J. Identification of genes for seed isoflavones based on bulk segregant analysis sequencing in soybean natural population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:13. [PMID: 36662254 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We identified four hub genes for isoflavone biosynthesis based on BSA-seq and WGCNA methods and validated that GmIE3-1 positively contribute to isoflavone accumulation in soybean. Soybean isoflavones are secondary metabolites of great interest owing to their beneficial impact on human health. Herein, we profiled the seed isoflavone content by HPLC in 1551 soybean accessions grown in two locations for two years and constructed two extreme pools with high (4065.1 µg g-1) and low (1427.23 µg g-1) isoflavone contents to identify candidate genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis pathways using bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) approach. The results showed that the average sequencing depths were 50.3× and 65.7× in high and low pools, respectively. A total of 23,626 polymorphic SNPs and 5299 InDels were detected between both pools and 1492 genes with different variations were identified. Based on differential genes in BSA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four hub genes, Glyma.06G290400 (designated as GmIE3-1), Glyma.01G239200, Glyma.01G241500, Glyma.13G256100 were identified, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, arm repeat protein interacting with ABF2, zinc metallopeptidase EGY3, and dynamin-related protein 3A, respectively. The allelic variation in GmIE3-1 showed a significant influence on isoflavone accumulation. The virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and RNAi hairy root transformation of GmIE3-1 revealed partial suppression of this gene could cause a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) of total isoflavone content, suggesting GmIE3-1 is a positive regulator for isoflavones. The present study demonstrated that the BSA-seq approach combined with WGCNA, VIGS and hairy root transformation can efficiently identify isoflavone candidate genes in soybean natural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huai
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ahmed M Abdelghany
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
- Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Abdulwahab S Shaibu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Agronomy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jie Qi
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Feng
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yitian Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Li
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junming Sun
- The National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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22
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Zhang W, Forester NT, Moon CD, Maclean PH, Gagic M, Arojju SK, Card SD, Matthew C, Johnson RD, Johnson LJ, Faville MJ, Voisey CR. Epichloë seed transmission efficiency is influenced by plant defense response mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025698. [PMID: 36340377 PMCID: PMC9635450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Asexual Epichloë are endophytic fungi that form mutualistic symbioses with cool-season grasses, conferring to their hosts protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Symbioses are maintained between grass generations as hyphae are vertically transmitted from parent to progeny plants through seed. However, endophyte transmission to the seed is an imperfect process where not all seeds become infected. The mechanisms underpinning the varying efficiencies of seed transmission are poorly understood. Host gene expression in response to Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 strain AR37 was examined within inflorescence primordia and ovaries of high and low endophyte transmission genotypes within a single population of perennial ryegrass. A genome-wide association study was conducted to identify population-level single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated genes correlated with vertical transmission efficiency. For low transmitters of AR37, upregulation of perennial ryegrass receptor-like kinases and resistance genes, typically associated with phytopathogen detection, comprised the largest group of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both inflorescence primordia and ovaries. DEGs involved in signaling and plant defense responses, such as cell wall modification, secondary metabolism, and reactive oxygen activities were also abundant. Transmission-associated SNPs were associated with genes for which gene ontology analysis identified "response to fungus" as the most significantly enriched term. Moreover, endophyte biomass as measured by quantitative PCR of Epichloë non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes, was significantly lower in reproductive tissues of low-transmission hosts compared to high-transmission hosts. Endophyte seed-transmission efficiency appears to be influenced primarily by plant defense responses which reduce endophyte colonization of host reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natasha T. Forester
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christina D. Moon
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Milan Gagic
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sai Krishna Arojju
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cory Matthew
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Johnson
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marty J. Faville
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christine R. Voisey
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Keefover-Ring K, Carlson CH, Hyden B, Azeem M, Smart LB. Genetic mapping of sexually dimorphic volatile and non-volatile floral secondary chemistry of a dioecious willow. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6352-6366. [PMID: 35710312 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary chemistry often differs between sexes in dioecious plant species, a pattern attributed to its possible role in the evolution and/or maintenance of dioecy. We used GC-MS to measure floral volatiles emitted from, and LC-MS to quantitate non-volatile secondary compounds contained in, female and male Salix purpurea willow catkins from an F2 family. Using the abundance of these chemicals, we then performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to locate them on the genome, identified biosynthetic candidate genes in the QTL intervals, and examined expression patterns of candidate genes using RNA-seq. Male flowers emitted more total terpenoids than females, but females produced more benzenoids. Male tissue contained greater amounts of phenolic glycosides, but females had more chalcones and flavonoids. A flavonoid pigment and a spermidine derivative were found only in males. Male catkins were almost twice the mass of females. Forty-two QTL were mapped for 25 chemical traits and catkin mass across 16 of the 19 S. purpurea chromosomes. Several candidate genes were identified, including a chalcone isomerase associated with seven compounds. A better understanding of the genetic basis of the sexually dimorphic chemistry of a dioecious species may shed light on how chemically mediated ecological interactions may have helped in the evolution and maintenance of dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Keefover-Ring
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Craig H Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
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Guo L, Zhao W, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wei C, Guo J, Dai J, Hirai MY, Bao A, Yang Z, Chen H, Li Y. Heterologous biosynthesis of isobavachalcone in tobacco based on in planta screening of prenyltransferases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034625. [PMID: 36275607 PMCID: PMC9582842 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Isobavachalcone (IBC) is a prenylated chalcone mainly distributed in some Fabaceae and Moraceae species. IBC exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we attempted to construct the heterologous biosynthesis pathway of IBC in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Four previously reported prenyltransferases, including GuILDT from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, HlPT1 from Humulus lupulus, and SfILDT and SfFPT from Sophora flavescens, were subjected to an in planta screening to verify their activities for the biosynthesis of IBC, by using tobacco transient expression with exogenous isoliquiritigenin as the substrate. Only SfFPT and HlPT1 could convert isoliquiritigenin to IBC, and the activity of SfFPT was higher than that of HlPT1. By co-expression of GmCHS8 and GmCHR5 from Glycine max, endogenous isoliquiritigenin was generated in tobacco leaves (21.0 μg/g dry weight). After transformation with a multigene vector carrying GmCHS8, GmCHR5, and SfFPT, de novo biosynthesis of IBC was achieved in transgenic tobacco T0 lines, in which the highest amount of IBC was 0.56 μg/g dry weight. The yield of IBC in transgenic plants was nearly equal to that in SfFPT transient expression experiments, in which substrate supplement was sufficient, indicating that low IBC yield was not attributed to the substrate supplement. Our research provided a prospect to produce valuable prenylflavonoids using plant-based metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cuimei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianye Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Aike Bao
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
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Wang J, Jiang Y, Sun T, Zhang C, Liu X, Li Y. Genome-Wide Classification and Evolutionary Analysis Reveal Diverged Patterns of Chalcone Isomerase in Plants. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070961. [PMID: 35883518 PMCID: PMC9313115 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids as a class of important secondary metabolites are widely present in land plants, and chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the key rate-limiting enzyme that participates in catalyzing the stereospecific isomerization of chalcones to yield their corresponding flavanones. However, the phylogenetic dynamics and functional divergence of CHI family genes during the evolutionary path of green plants remains poorly understood. Here, a total of 122 CHI genes were identified by performing a genome-wide survey of 15 representative green plants from the most ancestral basal plant chlorophyte algae to higher angiosperm plants. Phylogenetic, orthologous groups (OG) classification, and genome structure analysis showed that the CHI family genes have evolved into four distinct types (types I–IV) containing eight OGs after gene duplication, and further studies indicated type III CHIs consist of three subfamilies (FAP1, FAP2, and FAP3). The phylogeny showed FAP3 CHIs as an ancestral out-group positioned on the outer layers of the main branch, followed by type IV CHIs, which are placed in an evolutionary intermediate between FAP3 CHIs and bona fide CHIs (including type I and type II). The results imply a potential intrinsic evolutionary connection between CHIs existing in the green plants. The amino acid substitutions occurring in several residues have potentially affected the functional divergence between CHI proteins. This is supported by the analysis of transcriptional divergence and cis-acting element analysis. Evolutionary dynamics analyses revealed that the differences in the total number of CHI family genes in each plant are primarily attributed to the lineage-specific expansion by natural selective forces. The current studies provide a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and functional diversification of CHI family genes in green plants, which will guide further investigation on molecular characteristics and biological functions of CHIs.
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Isogai S, Tominaga M, Kondo A, Ishii J. Plant Flavonoid Production in Bacteria and Yeasts. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.880694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a major group of secondary metabolites in plants, are promising for use as pharmaceuticals and food supplements due to their health-promoting biological activities. Industrial flavonoid production primarily depends on isolation from plants or organic synthesis, but neither is a cost-effective or sustainable process. In contrast, recombinant microorganisms have significant potential for the cost-effective, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and selective industrial production of flavonoids, making this an attractive alternative to plant-based production or chemical synthesis. Structurally and functionally diverse flavonoids are derived from flavanones such as naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol, the major basic skeletons for flavonoids, by various modifications. The establishment of flavanone-producing microorganisms can therefore be used as a platform for producing various flavonoids. This review summarizes metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for the microbial production of flavanones. In addition, we describe directed evolution strategies based on recently-developed high-throughput screening technologies for the further improvement of flavanone production. We also describe recent progress in the microbial production of structurally and functionally complicated flavonoids via the flavanone modifications. Strategies based on synthetic biology will aid more sophisticated and controlled microbial production of various flavonoids.
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Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Lather A, Redhu N, Khatkar A. Phenolic Acids - Versatile Natural Moiety With Numerous Biological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1472-1484. [PMID: 35747974 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220623114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal uses of natural phenolic acids and its synthetic derivatives have been augmented in recent years. Phenolic acids are chemically defined secondary plant metabolitesand being moieties or leads are much versatile in nature with a widescope of biological activities which seek the attention of researchers across the worldto synthesize different derivatives of phenolic acids and screen them for their various biological properties.These compounds are of meticulous interest due to the properties they possess and their occurrence.Based on the convincing evidences reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic acids andtheir derivatives are promising molecules as a drug. OBJECTIVE The present review article aims to bring together the information on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and sources of phenolic acids and emphasize on the therapeutic potential of phenolic acid and its synthetic derivatives to comprehensively portray the current scenery for researchers interested in designing drugs for furthering this study. CONCLUSION Phenolic acids being moieties or lead are much versatile in nature as they possess a wide range of biological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and many more which offers researchers to explore more about these or many untapped benefits in medicinal field. The information mentioned in this article will be helpful to the forthcoming researchers working in this area. Phenolic acids have massive potential to be investigated for novel medicinal possibilities and for the development of new chemical moieties to treat different diseases of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Rathee
- SBMN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, B.M.U., Rohtak
| | - Esra Küpelli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sarita Khatkar
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak
| | - Amit Lather
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak
| | - Neelam Redhu
- Former Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, M.D.University, Rohtak
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D.University, Rohtak
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28
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Xu H, Lan Y, Xing J, Li Y, Liu L, Wang Y. AfCHIL, a Type IV Chalcone Isomerase, Enhances the Biosynthesis of Naringenin in Metabolic Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:891066. [PMID: 35665193 PMCID: PMC9158529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.891066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Naringenin is an essential precursor for all flavonoids, and effectively promoting naringenin production is crucial in metabolic engineering. The interaction between plant metabolic enzymes ensures metabolic flux. The effect can effectively improve the natural product synthesis of engineering microbial systems. In this study, chalcone isomerase genes in Allium fistulosum have been identified. The expression of AfCHIL is closely related to the accumulation of anthocyanins, and the expression of AfCHIL and AfCHS was highly synchronized. Yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay further confirmed AfCHIL physically interacted with AfCHS/AfCHI. The bioconversion experiment confirmed that AfCHIL reduced the derailment produced by AfCHS and increased the yield of naringenin. In addition, a system of biosynthesis naringenin involved in AfCHS was constructed, and these results suggested that the potential function between CHS with CHIL advanced naringenin production effectively. In conclusion, this study illustrated the function of AfCHIs in Allium fistulosum and provided new insight into improving the synthesis efficiency of naringenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yanping Lan
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Xing
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lecheng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wan Q, Bai T, Liu M, Liu Y, Xie Y, Zhang T, Huang M, Zhang J. Comparative Analysis of the Chalcone-Flavanone Isomerase Genes in Six Citrus Species and Their Expression Analysis in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis). Front Genet 2022; 13:848141. [PMID: 35495138 PMCID: PMC9039136 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.848141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit contains rich nutrients which is edible and of officinal value. Citrus flavanones are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and other diseases, and they are a foundational material of Chinese medicine. The chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHI) plays a key role in flavanone synthesis. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed CHI genes in Citrus species. Here, thirty CHI genes were identified for the first time in six Citrus species, which were divided into CHI and FAP groups. Evolutionary analysis showed that CHI gene members were highly conserved and were an ancient family. All CsCHI genes showed the highest expression level after the second physiological fruit-falling period in C. sinensis. CsCHI1 and CsCHI3 were highly expressed at 50 days after the flowering (DAF) stage in albedo. The expression of CsFAP2 and CsCHI3 genes at the 50 DAF stage was 16.5 and 24.3 times higher than that at the 220 DAF stage, respectively. The expression of CsCHI1, CsCHI3, and CsFAP2 genes in the peel was higher than that in the pulp, especially in common sweet orange. The CsCHI3 gene maintained a high expression level in the epicarp and juice sac at all periods. The members of CHIs interacted with chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FLS) and naringenin, and 2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase (F3H) to form heterodimers, which might together play a regulatory role and participate in the flavonoid pathway. This study will provide the basis for the selection of flavonoids in plant tissues and periods and fundamental information for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wan, ; Jinlian Zhang,
| | - Tingting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Minmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yating Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wan, ; Jinlian Zhang,
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Lam PY, Wang L, Lui ACW, Liu H, Takeda-Kimura Y, Chen MX, Zhu FY, Zhang J, Umezawa T, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Deficiency in flavonoid biosynthesis genes CHS, CHI, and CHIL alters rice flavonoid and lignin profiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1993-2011. [PMID: 34963002 PMCID: PMC8969032 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex phenylpropanoid polymer deposited in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants. Unlike most gymnosperm and eudicot lignins that are generated via the polymerization of monolignols, grass lignins additionally incorporate the flavonoid tricin as a natural lignin monomer. The biosynthesis and functions of tricin-integrated lignin (tricin-lignin) in grass cell walls and its effects on the utility of grass biomass remain largely unknown. We herein report a comparative analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants deficient in the early flavonoid biosynthetic genes encoding CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS), CHALCONE ISOMERASE (CHI), and CHI-LIKE (CHIL), with an emphasis on the analyses of disrupted tricin-lignin formation and the concurrent changes in lignin profiles and cell wall digestibility. All examined CHS-, CHI-, and CHIL-deficient rice mutants were largely depleted of extractable flavones, including tricin, and nearly devoid of tricin-lignin in the cell walls, supporting the crucial roles of CHS and CHI as committed enzymes and CHIL as a noncatalytic enhancer in the conserved biosynthetic pathway leading to flavone and tricin-lignin formation. In-depth cell wall structural analyses further indicated that lignin content and composition, including the monolignol-derived units, were differentially altered in the mutants. However, regardless of the extent of the lignin alterations, cell wall saccharification efficiencies of all tested rice mutants were similar to that of the wild-type controls. Together with earlier studies on other tricin-depleted grass mutant and transgenic plants, our results reflect the complexity in the metabolic consequences of tricin pathway perturbations and the relationships between lignin profiles and cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | | | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Realization of Sustainable Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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de Oliveira DM, de Oliveira DBC, Nunes YRF, de Almeida Alves TM, Kohlhoff M, Andrade AA, Cota BB. Natural Occurring Phenolic Derivatives from Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) Stems and Their Potential Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100788. [PMID: 35146890 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus filius (buriti or aguage; Arecaceae) is a palm used by traditional medicine in Brazil to treat dysentery and diarrhea. Our group showed that the soluble dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2 ) fraction from EtOH extract from M. flexuosa stems inhibited the growth of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and it is rich in phenolic compounds. This study aimed to isolate new phenolic compounds from CH2 Cl2 fraction from M. flexuosa stems with in vitro antibacterial activity. The crude CH2 Cl2 fraction was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by semi-preparative RP-HPLC. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against MSSA (ATCC 29213) and MRSA (clinical isolate 155). All compounds were also tested against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli; ATCC 35218) bacteria and two fungi species (Candida albicans; ATCC 14053 and Trichophyton rubrum; ATCC MYA 4438). The chemical structures of isolated compounds were determined by analysis and comparison with literature data of their NMR and HRMS spectra and optical activity. The chemical investigation yielded seven aromatic compounds, of which four, (2S,15S)-2,15-dimethyl-2,15-dioxa-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclotetradecaphane (1), (2S,5S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexane-2,5-diol (3), bruguierol E (4), and buritin (5) were previously unreported and three are known compounds identified as 6-(4'-hydroxyphenyl) hexan-2-one (2), (+)-(2R,3R)-dihydrokaempferol (6), and (+)-(2R)-naringenin (7). Compounds 1 and 7 showed antibacterial activity against MRSA and MSSA with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of between 62.5 and 31.3 μg/mL, respectively. Our preliminary findings support that CH2 Cl2 fraction from buriti, a typical species of flooded areas of Brazilian savanna, and its aromatic phenolic compounds are active against MSSA and MRSA contributing with understanding about the traditional use of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djalma Menezes de Oliveira
- Department of Science and Technology, State University of Bahia Southwest, José Moreira Sobrinho Avenue, 45206-191, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Diego Batista Carneiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Pça Manoel Terra, 330, Abadia, 38025-015, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes
- Ecology Laboratory and Plant Propagation, Department of General Biology, Estadual University of Montes Claros, University Campus Prof. Darcy Ribeiro, 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tânia Maria de Almeida Alves
- Laboratory of Chemistry Bioactive Natural Products, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Augusto de Lima Avenue, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Laboratory of Chemistry Bioactive Natural Products, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Augusto de Lima Avenue, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Assunção Andrade
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Pça Manoel Terra, 330, Abadia, 38025-015, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Betania Barros Cota
- Laboratory of Chemistry Bioactive Natural Products, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Augusto de Lima Avenue, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Liu J, Jiang W. Identification and characterization of unique 5-hydroxyisoflavonoid biosynthetic key enzyme genes in Lupinus albus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:415-430. [PMID: 34851457 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxyisoflavonoids, no 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, in Lupinus species, are due to lack of CHRs and Type II CHIs, and the key enzymes of isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway in white lupin were identified. White lupin (Lupinus albus) is used as food ingredients owing to rich protein, low starch, and rich bioactive compounds such as isoflavonoids. The isoflavonoids biosynthetic pathway in white lupin still remains unclear. In this study, only 5-hydroxyisoflavonoids, but no 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, were detected in white lupin and other Lupinus species. No 5-deoxyisoflavonoids in Lupinus species are due to lack of CHRs and Type II CHIs. We further found that the CHI gene cluster containing both Type I and Type II CHIs possibly arose after the divergence of Lupinus with other legume clade. LaCHI1 and LaCHI2 identified from white lupin metabolized naringenin chalcone to naringenin in yeast and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), and were bona fide Type I CHIs. We further identified two isoflavone synthases (LaIFS1 and LaIFS2), catalyzing flavanone naringenin into isoflavone genistein and also catalyzing liquiritigenin into daidzein in yeast and tobacco. In addition, LaG6DT1 and LaG6DT2 prenylated genistein at the C-6 position into wighteone. Two glucosyltransferases LaUGT1 and LaUGT2 metabolized genistein and wighteone into its 7-O-glucosides. Taken together, our study not only revealed that exclusive 5-hydroxyisoflavonoids do exist in Lupinus species, but also identified key enzymes in the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway in white lupin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332900, China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bashir MA, Wei J, Wang H, Zhong F, Zhai H. Recent advances in catalytic oxidative reactions of phenols and naphthalenols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review aims to provide an overview of oxidative phenol and naphthalenol transformations in nature and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Bashir
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Dastmalchi M. Elusive partners: a review of the auxiliary proteins guiding metabolic flux in flavonoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:314-329. [PMID: 34318549 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are specialized metabolites widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are involved in the growth and survival of plants, conferring the ability to filter ultra-violet rays, conduct symbiotic partnerships, and respond to stress. While many branches of flavonoid biosynthesis have been resolved, recent discoveries suggest missing auxiliary components. These overlooked elements can guide metabolic flux, enhance production, mediate stereoselectivity, transport intermediates, and exert regulatory functions. This review describes several families of auxiliary proteins from across the plant kingdom, including examples from specialized metabolism. In flavonoid biosynthesis, we discuss the example of chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins and their non-catalytic role. CHILs mediate the cyclization of tetraketides, forming the chalcone scaffold by interacting with chalcone synthase (CHS). Loss of CHIL activity leads to derailment of the CHS-catalyzed reaction and a loss of pigmentation in fruits and flowers. Similarly, members of the pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) protein family have been found to differentially bind flavonoid intermediates, guiding the composition of anthocyanins. This role comes within a larger body of PR10 involvement in specialized metabolism, from outright catalysis (e.g., (S)-norcoclaurine synthesis) to controlling stereochemistry (e.g., enhancing cis-trans cyclization in catnip). Both CHILs and PR10s hail from larger families of ligand-binding proteins with a spectrum of activity, complicating the characterization of their enigmatic roles. Strategies for the discovery of auxiliary proteins are discussed, as well as mechanistic models for their function. Targeting such unanticipated components will be crucial in manipulating plants or engineering microbial systems for natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Park SI, Park HL, Bhoo SH, Lee SW, Cho MH. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of the Rice Chalcone Isomerase Family. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102064. [PMID: 34685873 PMCID: PMC8540780 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. In plants, CHIs occur in multigene families, and they are divided into four types, types I-IV. Type I and II CHIs are bona fide CHIs with CHI activity, and type III and IV CHIs are non-catalytic members with different functions. Rice contains seven CHI family genes (OsCHIs). Molecular analysis suggested that OsCHI3 is a type I CHI, and the other OsCHIs were classified into types III and IV. To elucidate their biochemical functions, OsCHI1, OsCHI3, OsCHI6, and OsCHI7 were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant OsCHI proteins were purified. An activity assay of recombinant OsCHIs showed that OsCHI3 catalyzed the isomerization of naringenin chalcone and isoliquiritigenin, whereas the other recombinant OsCHIs had no CHI activity. OsCHI3 also exhibited a strong preference to naringenin chalcone compared to isoliquiritigenin, which agrees well with the catalytic properties of type I CHIs. These results ascertain OsCHI3 to be a bona fide CHI in rice. OsCHI3 and the other OsCHIs were expressed constitutively throughout the rice growth period and different tissues. OsCHI3 expression was induced immediately in response to ultra-violet (UV) stress, suggesting its involvement in the biosynthesis of sakuranetin, a flavonoid phytoalexin in rice.
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Meinert H, Yi D, Zirpel B, Schuiten E, Geißler T, Gross E, Brückner SI, Hartmann B, Röttger C, Ley JP, Bornscheuer UT. Entdeckung neuer bakterieller Chalconisomerasen durch eine Sequenz‐Struktur‐Funktions‐Evolutions‐Strategie für die enzymatische Synthese von (
S
)‐Flavanonen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Meinert
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Dong Yi
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Deutschland
| | | | - Eva Schuiten
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Deutschland
| | | | - Egon Gross
- Symrise Postfach 1253 37603 Holzminden Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Jakob P. Ley
- Symrise Postfach 1253 37603 Holzminden Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Deutschland
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Meinert H, Yi D, Zirpel B, Schuiten E, Geißler T, Gross E, Brückner SI, Hartmann B, Röttger C, Ley JP, Bornscheuer UT. Discovery of Novel Bacterial Chalcone Isomerases by a Sequence-Structure-Function-Evolution Strategy for Enzymatic Synthesis of (S)-Flavanones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16874-16879. [PMID: 34129275 PMCID: PMC8361940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. The first bacterial CHI (CHIera ) was identified from Eubacterium ramulus, but its distribution, evolutionary source, substrate scope, and stereoselectivity are still unclear. Here, we describe the identification of 66 novel bacterial CHIs from Genbank using a novel Sequence-Structure-Function-Evolution (SSFE) strategy. These novel bacterial CHIs show diversity in substrate specificity towards various hydroxylated and methoxylated chalcones. The mutagenesis of CHIera according to the substrate binding models of these novel bacterial CHIs resulted in several variants with greatly improved activity towards these chalcones. Furthermore, the preparative scale conversion catalyzed by bacterial CHIs has been performed for five chalcones and revealed (S)-selectivity with up to 96 % ee, which provides an alternative biocatalytic route for the synthesis of (S)-flavanones in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Meinert
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Eva Schuiten
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Egon Gross
- Symrise, P.O. Box 1253, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jakob P Ley
- Symrise, P.O. Box 1253, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Liu Y, Wu L, Deng Z, Yu Y. Two putative parallel pathways for naringenin biosynthesis in Epimedium wushanense. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13919-13927. [PMID: 35423948 PMCID: PMC8697707 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids that exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are found in a wide range of medicinal plants. Among the flavonoid-producing plants identified so far, the genus Epimedium is recognised as a group of prolific prenyl-flavonoid glycoside producers with high economic value in the global dietary supplement market. To date, the biosynthetic genes for prenyl-flavonoid glycosides still remain elusive in Epimedium. Here, we identified five genes in Epimedium wushanense responsible for the biosynthesis of naringenin, the common precursor for flavonoid natural products. We successfully set up the biosynthetic pathway of naringenin using l-tyrosine as the precursor through enzymatic assays of these genes' encoding products, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EwPAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ew4CL1), chalcone synthase (EwCHS1), chalcone isomerase (EwCHI1) and CHI-like protein (EwCHIL3). Intriguingly, in vitro characterisation of the above catalytic enzymes' substrate specificity indicated a route parallel to naringenin biosynthesis, which starts from l-phenylalanine and ends in pinocembrin. The fact that there is no pinocembrin or pinocembrin-derived flavonoid accumulated in E. wushanense prompted us to propose that pinocembrin is likely converted into naringenin in vivo, constituting two parallel biosynthetic pathways for naringenin. Therefore, our study provides a basis for the full elucidation of the biosynthetic logic of prenyl-flavonoid glycoside in Epimedium, paving the way for future metabolite engineering and molecular breeding of E. wushanense to acquire a higher titre of desired, bioactive flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Linrui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
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Zhao C, Liu X, Gong Q, Cao J, Shen W, Yin X, Grierson D, Zhang B, Xu C, Li X, Chen K, Sun C. Three AP2/ERF family members modulate flavonoid synthesis by regulating type IV chalcone isomerase in citrus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:671-688. [PMID: 33089636 PMCID: PMC8051604 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavanones and flavones are excellent source of bioactive compounds but the molecular basis of their highly efficient production remains elusive. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) family proteins play essential roles in flavonoid biosynthesis but little are known about the transcription factors controlling their gene expression. Here, we identified a type IV CHI (designated as CitCHIL1) from citrus which enhances the accumulation of citrus flavanones and flavones (CFLs). CitCHIL1 participates in a CFL biosynthetic metabolon and assists the cyclization of naringenin chalcone to (2S)-naringenin, which leads to the efficient influx of substrates to chalcone synthase (CHS) and improves the catalytic efficiency of CHS. Overexpressing CitCHIL1 in Citrus and Arabidopsis significantly increased flavonoid content and RNA interference-induced silencing of CitCHIL1 in citrus led to a 43% reduction in CFL content. Three AP2/ERF transcription factors were identified as positive regulators of the CitCHIL1 expression. Of these, two dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) proteins, CitERF32 and CitERF33, activated the transcription by directly binding to the CGCCGC motif in the promoter, while CitRAV1 (RAV: related to ABI3/VP1) formed a transcription complex with CitERF33 that strongly enhanced the activation efficiency and flavonoid accumulation. These results not only illustrate the specific function that CitCHIL1 executes in CFL biosynthesis but also reveal a new DREB-RAV transcriptional complex regulating flavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenning Zhao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qin Gong
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wanxia Shen
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Xueren Yin
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Donald Grierson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Division of Plant and Crop SciencesSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Changjie Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Lim YJ, Lyu JI, Kwon SJ, Eom SH. Effects of UV-A radiation on organ-specific accumulation and gene expression of isoflavones and flavonols in soybean sprout. Food Chem 2021; 339:128080. [PMID: 33152873 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific flavonoid destination in soybean sprouts following UV irradiation is still unclear although the metabolic pathway of flavonoid synthesis and UV responded flavonoid accumulation have been well investigated. We report the identification of organ-specific localization and specific gene expression of isoflavones and kaempferol glycosides in the soybean sprouts responded to UV-A irradiation. UV-A irradiation stimulated only root isoflavones, especially increase of genistein types. The daidzein types predominated in non-UV-A treated roots. Kaempferol glycosides were not increased in roots by UV-A, but distinctly increased in aerial organs, especially in the cotyledons. These results demonstrate that UV-A upregulates the naringenin pathway synthesizing genistin and kaempferol rather than the liquiritigenin pathway synthesizing daidzin and glycitin. High GmUGT9 and other gene expression related to isoflavone synthesis in roots clearly demonstrate the UV-A-induced isoflavone accumulation. Aerial organ specific increase of GmF3H, GmFLS1, and GmDFR1 expression by UV-A distinctly demonstrates the flavonol increase in aerial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jin Lim
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lyu
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jae Kwon
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Dong NQ, Lin HX. Contribution of phenylpropanoid metabolism to plant development and plant-environment interactions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:180-209. [PMID: 33325112 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important metabolisms in plants, yielding more than 8,000 metabolites contributing to plant development and plant-environment interplay. Phenylpropanoid metabolism materialized during the evolution of early freshwater algae that were initiating terrestrialization and land plants have evolved multiple branches of this pathway, which give rise to metabolites including lignin, flavonoids, lignans, phenylpropanoid esters, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, and sporopollenin. Recent studies have revealed that many factors participate in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism, and modulate phenylpropanoid homeostasis when plants undergo successive developmental processes and are subjected to stressful environments. In this review, we summarize recent progress on elucidating the contribution of phenylpropanoid metabolism to the coordination of plant development and plant-environment interaction, and metabolic flux redirection among diverse metabolic routes. In addition, our review focuses on the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels, and in response to phytohormones and biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Qian Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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Zhu J, Zhao W, Li R, Guo D, Li H, Wang Y, Mei W, Peng S. Identification and Characterization of Chalcone Isomerase Genes Involved in Flavonoid Production in Dracaena cambodiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:616396. [PMID: 33719287 PMCID: PMC7947852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.616396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is a traditional medicine in which flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds; however, the underlying formation mechanism of dragon's blood remains largely poorly understood. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, CHI family genes are not well understood in Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep, an important source plant of dragon's blood. In this study, 11 CHI family genes were identified from D. cambodiana, and they were classified into three types. Evolutionary and transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 might be involved in flavonoid production. Both DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 displayed low expression levels in stem under normal growth conditions and were induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA, synthetic cytokinin), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and wounding. The recombinant proteins DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by His-Bind resin chromatography. Enzyme activity assay indicated that DcCHI1 catalyzed the formation of naringenin from naringenin chalcone, while DcCHI4 lacked this catalytic activity. Overexpression of DcCHI1 or DcCHI4 enhanced the flavonoid production in D. cambodiana and tobacco. These findings implied that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 play important roles in flavonoid production. Thus, our study will not only contribute to better understand the function and expression regulation of CHI family genes involved in flavonoid production in D. cambodiana but also lay the foundation for developing the effective inducer of dragon's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Rongshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Wenli Mei,
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiqing Peng,
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Sohn SI, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Kang HJ, Cho WS, Cho YS. Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavones: An Updated Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670103. [PMID: 34163508 PMCID: PMC8216759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are ecophysiologically active secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They were mostly found in leguminous plants, especially in the pea family. Isoflavones play a key role in plant-environment interactions and act as phytoalexins also having an array of health benefits to the humans. According to epidemiological studies, a high intake of isoflavones-rich diets linked to a lower risk of hormone-related cancers, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and cardiovascular diseases. These characteristics lead to the significant advancement in the studies on genetic and metabolic engineering of isoflavones in plants. As a result, a number of structural and regulatory genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis in plants have been identified and characterized. Subsequently, they were engineered in various crop plants for the increased production of isoflavones. Furthermore, with the advent of high-throughput technologies, the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis gains attention to increase or decrease the level of isoflavones in the crop plants. In the review, we begin with the role of isoflavones in plants, environment, and its benefits in human health. Besides, the main theme is to discuss the updated research progress in metabolic engineering of isoflavones in other plants species and regulation of production of isoflavones in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo In Sohn
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soo-In Sohn,
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Woo Suk Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Youn Sung Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
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Kabanda MM, Gbashi S, Madala NE. Proportional coexistence of okanin chalcone glycoside and okanin flavanone glycoside in Bidens pilosa leaves and theoretical investigation on the antioxidant properties of their aglycones. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:53-70. [PMID: 33267705 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1859107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa plant has been shown to produce okanin flavanone glycoside and its chalcone derivative. In most other plants, due to chalcone isomerase enzyme, the flavanone tends to exist in higher proportions than their chalcone precursors. Herein we have utilized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach and shown that within the leaves of Bidens pilosa plant the two okanin glycosides exist in unusual equal proportional distribution, which indicates that Bidens pilosa plant is an alternative rich source of these highly sought-after antioxidant molecules. The aglycone okanin chalcone (ONC) and okanin flavanone (ONF) have experimentally been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity. However, experimental findings have not conclusively determined which of the two compounds is a more potent antiradical than the other. Herein, the density functional theory (DFT) method is utilized to establish, from structural and thermodynamic energetic considerations, the preferred antioxidant molecule between the two aglycone okanins. A theoretical study on the antioxidant properties of ONC and ONF has been performed by considering their radical scavenging and metal cation (Mn+, where M = Cu(II) or Fe (III)) chelation ability. The study has been performed using B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) method. In the case of the metal chelation mechanism, the LANL2DZ pseudo-potential was selected to describe the selected Mn+ cations. The results of the study suggest that ONC is a better radical scavenger than ONF because of the extended electron delocalization on its neutral radical, which is due to the presence of conjugation within the ONC neutral radical after hydrogen atom abstraction. In the metal chelation mechanism, it is noted that the binding energies depend on the media, the nature of the ligand and the cation and the cation coordination site on the ligand. The charge and the spin density on Mn+ decrease on coordination to the ligand. The ability of the ligands to reduce Mn+ cations, coupled with the strong Mn+ binding properties, has significant implication on the antioxidant ability of both okanins. However, since ONC⋅⋅⋅M+n interaction results in higher binding energy than ONF⋅⋅⋅M+n interaction, the implication is that ONC is a preferred free metal ion chelator than ONF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwadham M Kabanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Adaptive Evolution of Chalcone Isomerase Superfamily in Fagaceae. Biochem Genet 2020; 59:491-505. [PMID: 33135088 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-10012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the biosynthesis of flavonoids and secondary metabolism in plants. Currently, there is no systematic analysis of CHIs gene family in Fagaceae which is available. In this study, twenty-two CHI proteins were identified in five species of the Fagaceae family. The CHI superfamily in Fagaceae can be classified into three subfamilies and five groups using phylogenetic analysis, analysis of physicochemical properties, and structural prediction. Results indicated that serine (Ser) and isoleucine (Ile) residues determine the substrate preferred by active Type I Fagaceae CHI, and the chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) of Fagaceae had active site residues. Adaptive analysis of CHIs showed that CHIs are subject to selection pressure. The active CHI gene of Fagaceae was located in the cytoplasm, and it had the typical gene structure of CHI and contains four exons. All the twenty-two identified CHIs had the conserved domain motif 3, and the different groups had their own structural characteristics. In the process of fatty acid binding protein (FAP) evolution to CHIL and CHI, the physical and chemical properties of proteins also had significant differences in addition to changes in protein functions.
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Dare AP, Tomes S, McGhie TK, van Klink JW, Sandanayaka M, Hallett IC, Atkinson RG. Overexpression of chalcone isomerase in apple reduces phloridzin accumulation and increases susceptibility to herbivory by two-spotted mites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:293-307. [PMID: 32096261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apples (Malus spp.) accumulate significant quantities of the dihydrochalcone glycoside, phloridzin, whilst pears (Pyrus spp.) do not. To explain this difference, we hypothesized that a metabolic bottleneck in the phenylpropanoid pathway might exist in apple. Expression analysis indicated that transcript levels of early phenylpropanoid pathway genes in apple and pear leaves were similar, except for chalcone isomerase (CHI), which was much lower in apple. Apples also showed very low CHI activity compared with pear. To relieve the bottleneck at CHI, transgenic apple plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis AtCHI gene were produced. Unlike other transgenic apples where phenylpropanoid flux was manipulated, AtCHI overexpression (CHIox) plants were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type, except for an increase in red pigmentation in expanding leaves. CHIox plants accumulated slightly increased levels of flavanols and flavan-3-ols in the leaves, but the major change was a 2.8- to 19-fold drop in phloridzin concentrations compared with wild-type. The impact of these phytochemical changes on insect preference was studied using a two-choice leaf assay with the polyphagous apple pest, the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Transgenic CHIox leaves were more susceptible to herbivory, an effect that could be reversed (complemented) by application of phloridzin to transgenic leaves. Taken together, these findings shed new light on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in apple and suggest a new physiological role for phloridzin as an antifeedant in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John W van Klink
- PFR Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Manoharie Sandanayaka
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Elessawy FM, Bazghaleh N, Vandenberg A, Purves RW. Polyphenol profile comparisons of seed coats of five pulse crops using a semi-quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:458-471. [PMID: 31869515 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulse crops are nutritious and therefore widely grown. Pulse seed coats are typically discarded, despite their high content of polyphenols that are known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits. A better understanding of polyphenol diversity and biochemical pathways will ultimately provide insight into how polyphenols are linked to health benefits, which will help to better utilise these seed coats. OBJECTIVES To explore polyphenol profiles among seed coats of diverse genotypes of five pulse crops using a targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. METHODS Four genotypes of each of common bean, chickpea, pea, lentil and faba bean seed coats were selected for analysis. Following extraction, polyphenols were quantified using LC-MS. RESULTS An LC-MS method was developed to quantify 98 polyphenols from 13 different classes in 30 min. The low-tannin seed coats had the lowest concentrations of all polyphenols. Chickpea and pea seed coats had the most similar polyphenolic profiles. The black common bean showed the most diverse seed coat polyphenol profile, including several anthocyanins not detected in any of the other seed coats. CONCLUSION The LC-MS method reported herein was used to show polyphenol diversity within several polyphenol classes among the pulse crop seed coats. Detected in all seed coats, flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acids appear well-conserved in the edible Fabaceae. The presence of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanins in the coloured seed coats suggests that unique divergent branches were introduced in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, possibly in response to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Elessawy
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Navid Bazghaleh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Randy W Purves
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Sarkar MAR, Otsu W, Suzuki A, Hashimoto F, Anai T, Watanabe S. Single-base deletion in GmCHR5 increases the genistein-to-daidzein ratio in soybean seed. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:265-276. [PMID: 32714048 PMCID: PMC7372027 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel mutant alleles related to isoflavone content are useful for breeding programs to improve the disease resistance and nutritional content of soybean. However, identification of mutant alleles from high-density mutant libraries is expensive and time-consuming because soybean has a large, complicated genome. Here, we identified the gene responsible for increased genistein-to-daidzein ratio in seed of the mutant line F333ES017D9. For this purpose, we used a time- and cost-effective approach based on selective genotyping of a small number of F2 plants showing the mutant phenotype with nearest-neighboring-nucleotide substitution-high-resolution melting analysis markers, followed by alignment of short reads obtained by next-generation sequencing analysis with the identified locus. In the mutant line, GmCHR5 harbored a single-base deletion that caused a change in the substrate flow in the isoflavone biosynthetic pathway towards genistein. Mutated GmCHR5 was expressed at a lower level during seed development than wild-type GmCHR5. Ectopic overexpression of GmCHR5 increased the production of daidzein derivatives in both the wild-type and mutant plants. The present strategy will be useful for accelerating identification of mutant alleles responsible for traits of interest in agronomically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdur Rauf Sarkar
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Wakana Otsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Fumio Hashimoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Kim S, Jeong YJ, Park SH, Park SC, Lee SB, Lee J, Kim SW, Ha BK, Kim HS, Kim H, Ryu YB, Jeong JC, Kim CY. The Synergistic Effect of Co-Treatment of Methyl Jasmonate and Cyclodextrins on Pterocarpan Production in Sophora flavescens Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113944. [PMID: 32486319 PMCID: PMC7313034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterocarpans are derivatives of isoflavonoids, found in many species of the family Fabaceae. Sophora flavescens Aiton is a promising traditional Asian medicinal plant. Plant cell suspension cultures represent an excellent source for the production of valuable secondary metabolites. Herein, we found that methyl jasmonate (MJ) elicited the activation of pterocarpan biosynthetic genes in cell suspension cultures of S. flavescens and enhanced the accumulation of pterocarpans, producing mainly trifolirhizin, trifolirhizin malonate, and maackiain. MJ application stimulated the expression of structural genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHR, CHI, IFS, I3’H, and IFR) of the pterocarpan biosynthetic pathway. In addition, the co-treatment of MJ and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MeβCD) as a solubilizer exhibited a synergistic effect on the activation of the pterocarpan biosynthetic genes. The maximum level of total pterocarpan production (37.2 mg/g dry weight (DW)) was obtained on day 17 after the application of 50 μM MJ on cells. We also found that the combined treatment of cells for seven days with MJ and MeβCD synergistically induced the pterocarpan production (trifolirhizin, trifolirhizin malonate, and maackiain) in the cells (58 mg/g DW) and culture medium (222.7 mg/L). Noteworthy, the co-treatment only stimulated the elevated extracellular production of maackiain in the culture medium, indicating its extracellular secretion; however, its glycosides (trifolirhizin and trifolirhizin malonate) were not detected in any significant amounts in the culture medium. This work provides new strategies for the pterocarpan production in plant cell suspension cultures, and shows MeβCD to be an effective solubilizer for the extracellular production of maackiain in the cell cultures of S. flavescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yu Jeong Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Saet Buyl Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Suk Weon Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Bo-Keun Ha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.-S.K.); (H.K.)
| | - HyeRan Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.-S.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.); (C.Y.K.); Tel.: +82-63-570-5001 (C.Y.K.); Fax: +82-63-570-5009 (C.Y.K.)
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.P.); (S.-C.P.); (S.B.L.); (J.L.); (S.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.); (C.Y.K.); Tel.: +82-63-570-5001 (C.Y.K.); Fax: +82-63-570-5009 (C.Y.K.)
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Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of plant constituents called phenolic compounds and correspond to the nonenergy part of the human diet. Flavonoids are found in vegetables, seeds, fruits, and beverages such as wine and beer. Over 7000 flavonoids have been identified and they have been considered substances with a beneficial action on human health, particularly of multiple positive effects because of their antioxidant and free radical scavenging action. Although several studies indicate that some flavonoids have provident actions, they occur only at high doses, confirming in most investigations the existence of anti-inflammatory effects, antiviral or anti-allergic, and their protective role against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and various pathologies. Flavonoids are generally removed by chemical methods using solvents and traditional processes, which besides being expensive, involve long periods of time and affect the bioactivity of such compounds. Recently, efforts to develop biotechnological strategies to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic solvents have been reported, reducing processing time and maintaining the bioactivity of the compounds. In this paper, we review, analyze, and discuss methodologies for biotechnological recovery/extraction of flavonoids from agro-industrial residues, describing the advances and challenges in the topic.
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