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Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zeng P, Tian Z, Sun W, Cai J. Chromosome-scale genomes of Quercus sichourensis and Quercus rex provide insights into the evolution and adaptation of Fagaceae. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:554-565. [PMID: 38575109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The Fagaceae, a plant family with a wide distribution and diverse adaptability, has garnered significant interest as a subject of study in plant speciation and adaptation. Meanwhile, certain Fagaceae species are regarded as highly valuable wood resources due to the exceptional quality of their wood. In this study, we present two high-quality, chromosome-scale genome sequences for Quercus sichourensis (848.75 Mb) and Quercus rex (883.46 Mb). Comparative genomics analysis reveals that the difference in the number of plant disease resistance genes and the nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks) of protein-coding genes among Fagaceae species are related to different environmental adaptations. Interestingly, most genes related to starch synthesis in the investigated Quercoideae species are located on a single chromosome, as compared to the outgroup species, Fagus sylvatica. Furthermore, resequencing and population analysis of Q. sichourensis and Q. rex reveal that Q. sichourensis has lower genetic diversity and higher deleterious mutations compared to Q. rex. The high-quality, chromosome-level genomes and the population genomic analysis of the critically endangered Q. sichourensis and Q. rex will provide an invaluable resource as well as insights for future study in these two species, even the genus Quercus, to facilitate their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yongting Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Zunzhe Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Weibang Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Jing Cai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
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de Souza AP, de Oliveira DC, Dalvi VC, Kuster VC. Nutritive tissue rich in reserves in the cell wall and protoplast: the case of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:513-525. [PMID: 38114665 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The galls can offer shelter, protection, and an adequate diet for the gall-inducing organisms. Herein, we evaluated the structure of Manihot esculenta leaves and galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis in order to identify metabolic and cell wall composition changes. We expected to find a complex gall with high primary metabolism in a typical nutritive tissue. Non-galled leaves and galls were subjected to anatomical, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate the structural features, primary and secondary metabolites, and glycoproteins, pectins, and hemicelluloses in the cell wall. The gall is cylindric, with a uniseriate epidermis, a larval chamber, and a parenchymatic cortex divided into outer and inner compartments. The outer compartment has large cells with intercellular spaces and stocks starch and is designated as storage tissue. Reducing sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids were detected in the protoplast of inner tissue cells of galls, named nutritive tissue, which presents five layers of compact small cells. Cell walls with esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) occurred in some cells of the galls indicating the continuous biosynthesis of HGs. For both non-galled leaves and galls, galactans and xyloglucans were broadly labeled on the cell walls, indicating a cell growth capacity and cell wall stiffness, respectively. The cell wall of the nutritive tissue had wide labeling for glycoproteins, HGs, heteroxylans, and xyloglucans, which can be used as source for the diet of the galling insect. Manihot esculenta galls have compartments specialized in the protection and feeding of the galling insect, structured by nutritive tissue rich in resource compounds, in the cell walls and protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Campus Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
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Ushasree MV, Jia Q, Do SG, Lee EY. New opportunities and perspectives on biosynthesis and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from Aloe vera. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108325. [PMID: 38395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically, the genus Aloe has been an indispensable part of both traditional and modern medicine. Decades of intensive research have unveiled the major bioactive secondary metabolites of this plant. Recent pandemic outbreaks have revitalized curiosity in aloe metabolites, as they have proven pharmacokinetic profiles and repurposable chemical space. However, the structural complexity of these metabolites has hindered scientific advances in the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Multi-omics research interventions have transformed aloe research by providing insights into the biosynthesis of many of these compounds, for example, aloesone, aloenin, noreugenin, aloin, saponins, and carotenoids. Here, we summarize the biological activities of major aloe secondary metabolites with a focus on their mechanism of action. We also highlight the recent advances in decoding the aloe metabolite biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic machinery linked with these pathways. Proof-of-concept studies on in vitro, whole-cell, and microbial synthesis of aloe compounds have also been briefed. Research initiatives on the structural modification of various aloe metabolites to expand their chemical space and activity are detailed. Further, the technological limitations, patent status, and prospects of aloe secondary metabolites in biomedicine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudulakumari Vasudevan Ushasree
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc., 2121 South street suite 400 Tacoma, Washington 98405, USA
| | - Seon Gil Do
- Naturetech, Inc., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27858, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chernova T, Ageeva M, Ivanov O, Lev-Yadun S, Gorshkova T. Characterization of the fiber-like cortical cells in moss gametophytes. PLANTA 2024; 259:92. [PMID: 38504021 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Fiber-like cells with thickened cell walls of specific structure and polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans develop in the outer stem cortex of several moss species gametophytes. The early land plants evolved several specialized cell types and tissues that did not exist in their aquatic ancestors. Of these, water-conducting elements and reproductive organs have received most of the research attention. The evolution of tissues specialized to fulfill a mechanical function is by far less studied despite their wide distribution in land plants. For vascular plants following a homoiohydric trajectory, the evolutionary emergence of mechanical tissues is mainly discussed starting with the fern-like plants with their hypodermal sterome or sclerified fibers that have xylan and lignin-based cell walls. However, mechanical challenges were also faced by bryophytes, which lack lignified cell-walls. To characterize mechanical tissues in the bryophyte lineage, following a poikilohydric trajectory, we used six wild moss species (Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum sp., Rhodobryum roseum, Eurhynchiadelphus sp., Climacium dendroides, and Hylocomium splendens) and analyzed the structure and composition of their cell walls. In all of them, the outer stem cortex of the leafy gametophytic generation had fiber-like cells with a thickened but non-lignified cell wall. Such cells have a spindle-like shape with pointed tips. The additional thick cell wall layer in those fiber-like cells is composed of sublayers with structural evidence for different cellulose microfibril orientation, and with specific polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans. Thus, the basic cellular characters of the cells that provide mechanical support in vascular plant taxa (elongated cell shape, location at the periphery of a primary organ, the thickened cell wall and its peculiar composition and structure) also exist in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, 36006, Tivon, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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K R, S VK, Saravanan P, Rajeshkannan R, Rajasimman M, Kamyab H, Vasseghian Y. Exploring the diverse applications of Carbohydrate macromolecules in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117521. [PMID: 37890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that has significant potential across several domains, including the organisation of genetic material, provision of structural support, and facilitation of defence mechanisms against invasion. Their molecular diversity enables a vast array of essential functions, such as energy storage, immunological signalling, and the modification of food texture and consistency. Due to their rheological characteristics, solubility, sweetness, hygroscopicity, ability to prevent crystallization, flavour encapsulation, and coating capabilities, carbohydrates are useful in food products. Carbohydrates hold potential for the future of therapeutic development due to their important role in sustained drug release, drug targeting, immune antigens, and adjuvants. Bio-based packaging provides an emerging phase of materials that offer biodegradability and biocompatibility, serving as a substitute for traditional non-biodegradable polymers used as coatings on paper. Blending polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with carbohydrate biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, polylactic acid, etc., reduces the undesirable qualities of PHA, such as crystallinity and brittleness, and enhances the PHA's properties in addition to minimizing manufacturing costs. Carbohydrate-based biopolymeric nanoparticles are a viable and cost-effective way to boost agricultural yields, which is crucial for the increasing global population. The use of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from carbohydrates is a potential and economically viable approach to enhance the quality and quantity of agricultural harvests, which is of utmost importance given the developing global population. The carbohydrate biopolymers may play in plant protection against pathogenic fungi by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, may act as effective elicitors inducing the plant immune system to cope with pathogens. Furthermore, they can be utilised as carriers in controlled-release formulations of agrochemicals or other active ingredients, offering an alternative approach to conventional fungicides. It is expected that this review provides an extensive summary of the application of carbohydrates in the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaprabha K
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Venkat Kumar S
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
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6
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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Fradera-Soler M, Mravec J, Harholt J, Grace OM, Jørgensen B. Cell wall polysaccharide and glycoprotein content tracks growth-form diversity and an aridity gradient in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14007. [PMID: 37882271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall traits are believed to be a key component of the succulent syndrome, an adaptive syndrome to drought, yet the variability of such traits remains largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed the leaf polysaccharide and glycoprotein composition in a wide sampling of Crassula species that occur naturally along an aridity gradient in southern Africa, and we interpreted its adaptive significance in relation to growth form and arid adaptation. To study the glycomic diversity, we sampled leaf material from 56 Crassula taxa and performed comprehensive microarray polymer profiling to obtain the relative content of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. This analysis was complemented by the determination of monosaccharide composition and immunolocalization in leaf sections using glycan-targeting antibodies. We found that compact and non-compact Crassula species occupy distinct phenotypic spaces in terms of leaf glycomics, particularly in regard to rhamnogalacturonan I, its arabinan side chains, and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Moreover, these cell wall components also correlated positively with increasing aridity, which suggests that they are likely advantageous in terms of arid adaptation. These differences point to compact Crassula species having more elastic cell walls with plasticizing properties, which can be interpreted as an adaptation toward increased drought resistance. Furthermore, we report an intracellular pool of AGPs associated with oil bodies and calcium oxalate crystals, which could be a peculiarity of Crassula and could be linked to increased drought resistance. Our results indicate that glycomics may be underlying arid adaptation and drought resistance in succulent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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8
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Tian D, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Shi L, Xiong X, He M, Xu X, Shi B. A Poly-D-Mannose Synthesized by a One-Pot Method Exhibits Anti-Biofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1579. [PMID: 37627574 PMCID: PMC10451989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, D-mannose was used to synthesize poly-D-mannose using a one-pot method. The molecular weight, degree of branching, monosaccharide composition, total sugar content, and infrared spectrum were determined. In addition, we evaluated the safety and bioactivity of poly-D-mannose including anti-pathogen biofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that poly-D-mannose was a mixture of four components with different molecular weights. The molecular weight of the first three components was larger than 410,000 Da, and that of the fourth was 3884 Da. The branching degree of poly-D-mannose was 0.53. The total sugar content was 97.70%, and the monosaccharide was composed only of mannose. The infrared spectra showed that poly-D-mannose possessed characteristic groups of polysaccharides. Poly-D-mannose showed no cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at the concentration range from 0.125 mg/mL to 8 mg/mL. In addition, poly-D-mannose had the best inhibition effect on Salmonella typhimurium at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (68.0% ± 3.9%). The inhibition effect on Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not obvious, and the biofilm was reduced by 37.6% ± 2.9% at 2 mg/mL. For Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, poly-D-mannose had no effect on biofilms at low concentration; however, 2 mg/mL of poly-D-mannose showed inhibition rates of 33.7% ± 6.4% and 47.5% ± 4%, respectively. Poly-D-mannose showed different scavenging ability on free radicals. It showed the best scavenging effect on DPPH, with the highest scavenging rate of 74.0% ± 2.8%, followed by hydroxyl radicals, with the scavenging rate of 36.5% ± 1.6%; the scavenging rates of superoxide anion radicals and ABTS radicals were the lowest, at only 10.1% ± 2.1% and 16.3% ± 0.9%, respectively. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, poly-D-mannose decreased the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, it can be concluded that poly-D-mannose prepared in this research is safe and has certain biological activity. Meanwhile, it provides a new idea for the development of novel prebiotics for food and feed industries or active ingredients used for pharmaceutical production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (D.T.); (Y.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.S.); (X.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (D.T.); (Y.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.S.); (X.X.); (M.H.)
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9
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Wang Y, Wang H, Wang H, Zhou R, Wu J, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Li T, Kohnen MV, Liu X, Wei W, Chen K, Gao Y, Ding J, Zhang H, Liu B, Lin C, Gu L. Multi-omics of Circular RNAs and Their Responses to Hormones in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:866-885. [PMID: 36805531 PMCID: PMC10787125 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs with covalently closed structures, which have important functions in plants. However, their biogenesis, degradation, and function upon treatment with gibberellins (GAs) and auxins (1-naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA) remain unknown. Here, we systematically identified and characterized the expression patterns, evolutionary conservation, genomic features, and internal structures of circRNAs using RNase R-treated libraries from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seedlings. Moreover, we investigated the biogenesis of circRNAs dependent on both cis- and trans-regulation. We explored the function of circRNAs, including their roles in regulating microRNA (miRNA)-related genes and modulating the alternative splicing of their linear counterparts. Importantly, we developed a customized degradome sequencing approach to detect miRNA-mediated cleavage of circRNAs. Finally, we presented a comprehensive view of the participation of circRNAs in the regulation of hormone metabolism upon treatment of bamboo seedlings with GA and NAA. Collectively, our study provides insights into the biogenesis, function, and miRNA-mediated degradation of circRNAs in moso bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruifan Zhou
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yandong Jin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tao Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Markus V Kohnen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wentao Wei
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yubang Gao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiazhi Ding
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hangxiao Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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10
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Chavan RR, Singh AP, Turner AP. Cell corner middle lamella in hydroids of dendroid moss Hypnodendron menziesii gametophyte is prominently thickened: a proposed role in the mechanical support function. PLANTA 2023; 257:82. [PMID: 36917364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Significantly thickened corner middle lamella of the hydroid cell wall in the stipe of dendroid moss Hypnodendron menziesii has a mechanical support function. The hydroid cell walls of the erect stipe of Hypnodendron menziesii were investigated using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and TEM-immunogold labeling in support of the proposed biomechanical function for the highly thickened cell corner middle lamellae. The statistical analyses of dimensions of hydroid cell and wall parameters revealed a strong positive correlation between the area of hydroid cell and (i) the hydroid cell walls adhering to thick corner middle lamella, (ii) the area of the thick cell wall at hydroid corners, and (iii) the maximum thickness of cell wall at hydroid corners. The total area of the thick cell wall at the hydroid corners concomitantly increased with the area of the hydroid cell wall adhering to the middle lamella, and with the increased number of hydroids surrounding a reference hydroid. The results suggest that markedly thickened middle lamellae of the hydroid cell wall in Hypnodendron likely function by preventing hydroid cells from collapsing under the tensile forces generated from the transpirational pull on the water column. The specific localization of (1→4)- β-D-galactan and (1,5)-α-L-arabinan in the interface region of the hydroid cell wall and the thick middle lamella is consistent with these cell wall components being involved in the mechanical strengthening of the interface through firm adhesion as well as elasticity, ensuring the structural stability of this cell wall region, which may be prone to delamination/fracturing from the various internal and external pressures imposed. The copious presence of homogalacturonan in the thick middle lamella may further enhance the strength and flexibility of hydroid cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Chavan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Adya P Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adrian P Turner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Ge N, Jia JS, Yang L, Huang RM, Wang QY, Chen C, Meng ZG, Li LG, Chen JW. Exogenous gibberellic acid shortening after-ripening process and promoting seed germination in a medicinal plant Panax notoginseng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:67. [PMID: 36721119 PMCID: PMC9890714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen is an essential plant in the family of Araliaceae. Its seeds are classified as a type of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), and are characterized by recalcitrance during the after-ripening process. However, it is not clear about the molecular mechanism on the after-ripening in recalcitrant seeds. RESULTS In this study, exogenous supply of gibberellic acid (GA3) with different concentrations shortened after-ripening process and promoted the germination of P. notoginseng seeds. Among the identified plant hormone metabolites, exogenous GA3 results in an increased level of endogenous hormone GA3 through permeation. A total of 2971 and 9827 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to 50 mg L-1 GA3 (LG) and 500 mg L-1 GA3 (HG) treatment, respectively, and the plant hormone signal and related metabolic pathways regulated by GA3 was significantly enriched. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that GA3 treatment enhances GA biosynthesis and accumulation, while inhibiting the gene expression related to ABA signal transduction. This effect was associated with higher expression of crucial seed embryo development and cell wall loosening genes, Leafy Contyledon1 (LEC1), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA), expansins (EXP) and Pectinesterase (PME). CONCLUSIONS Exogenous GA3 application promotes germination and shorts the after-ripening process of P. notoginseng seeds by increasing GA3 contents through permeation. Furthermore, the altered ratio of GA and ABA contributes to the development of the embryo, breaks the mechanical constraints of the seed coat and promotes the protrusion of the radicle in recalcitrant P. notoginseng seeds. These findings improve our knowledge of the contribution of GA to regulating the dormancy of MPD seeds during the after-ripening process, and provide new theoretical guidance for the application of recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ge
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Shan Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Mei Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Cui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen-Gui Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Long-Geng Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan, 650201, Kunming, China.
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12
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Qi L, Shi Y, Li C, Liu J, Chong SL, Lim KJ, Si J, Han Z, Chen D. Glucomannan in Dendrobium catenatum: Bioactivities, Biosynthesis and Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1957. [PMID: 36360194 PMCID: PMC9690530 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium catenatum is a classical and precious dual-use plant for both medicine and food in China. It was first recorded in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic, and has the traditional functions of nourishing yin, antipyresis, tonifying the stomach, and promoting fluid production. The stem is its medicinal part and is rich in active polysaccharide glucomannan. As an excellent dietary fiber, glucomannan has been experimentally confirmed to be involved in anti-cancer, enhancing immunity, lowering blood sugar and blood lipids, etc. Here, the status quo of the D. catenatum industry, the structure, bioactivities, biosynthesis pathway and key genes of glucomannan are systematically described to provide a crucial foundation and theoretical basis for understanding the value of D. catenatum and the potential application of glucomannan in crop biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Dendrobium catenatum Industry, Engineering Technology Research Center of Dendrobium catenatum of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Dendrobium catenatum Industry, Engineering Technology Research Center of Dendrobium catenatum of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Dendrobium catenatum Industry, Engineering Technology Research Center of Dendrobium catenatum of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- National Innovation Alliance of Dendrobium catenatum Industry, Engineering Technology Research Center of Dendrobium catenatum of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
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13
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Yu L, Yoshimi Y, Cresswell R, Wightman R, Lyczakowski JJ, Wilson LFL, Ishida K, Stott K, Yu X, Charalambous S, Wurman-Rodrich J, Terrett OM, Brown SP, Dupree R, Temple H, Krogh KBRM, Dupree P. Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis, structure, and function to xyloglucan. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4600-4622. [PMID: 35929080 PMCID: PMC9614514 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | | | - Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Stephan Charalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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14
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Halder U, Mazumder K, Kumar KJ, Bandopadhyay R. Structural insight into a glucomannan-type extracellular polysaccharide produced by a marine Bacillus altitudinis SORB11 from Southern Ocean. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16322. [PMID: 36175467 PMCID: PMC9523031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by a deep-sea, psychrotolerant Bacillus altitudinis SORB11 was evaluated by considering physiochemical nature and structural constituents. The productivity of crude EPS was measured ~ 13.17 g L-1. The surface topography of the crude EPS showed a porous, webbed structure along with a branched coil-like configuration. The crystalline crude EPS contained a high amount of sulfur. Further, the crude EPS was subjected for purification. The molecular weight of purified EPS was determined ~ 9.8 × 104 Da. The purified EPS was appeared to show glucomannan-like configuration that is composed of → 4)-β-Manp-(1 → and → 4)-β-Glcp-(1 → residues. So, this polysaccharide was comparable to the structure of plant-derived glucomannan. Subsequently, EPS biosynthesis protein clusters like EpsC, EpsD, EpsE, and glycosyltransferase family proteins were predicted from the genome of strain SORB11, which may provide an insight into the production of glucomannan-type of polysaccharide. This low molecular weight linear form of glucomannan-type EPS might be involved to form a network-like unattached aggregation, and helps in cell-to-cell interaction in deep-sea microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Halder
- Microbiology Section, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Koushik Mazumder
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - K Jayaram Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Rajib Bandopadhyay
- Microbiology Section, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India.
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15
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Classen B. The cell wall of hornworts and liverworts: innovations in early land plant evolution? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4454-4472. [PMID: 35470398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important step for plant diversification was the transition from freshwater to terrestrial habitats. The bryophytes and all vascular plants share a common ancestor that was probably the first to adapt to life on land. A polysaccharide-rich cell wall was necessary to cope with newly faced environmental conditions. Therefore, some pre-requisites for terrestrial life have to be shared in the lineages of modern bryophytes and vascular plants. This review focuses on hornwort and liverwort cell walls and aims to provide an overview on shared and divergent polysaccharide features between these two groups of bryophytes and vascular plants. Analytical, immunocytochemical, and bioinformatic data were analysed. The major classes of polysaccharides-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins-seem to be present but have diversified structurally during evolution. Some polysaccharide groups show structural characteristics which separate hornworts from the other bryophytes or are too poorly studied in detail to be able to draw absolute conclusions. Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein backbones are found in hornworts and liverworts, and show differences in, for example, the occurrence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored arabinogalactan-proteins, while glycosylation is practically unstudied. Overall, the data are an appeal to researchers in the field to gain more knowledge on cell wall structures in order to understand the changes with regard to bryophyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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16
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Voiniciuc C. Modern mannan: a hemicellulose's journey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1175-1184. [PMID: 35285041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulosic polysaccharides built of β-1,4-linked mannose units have been found throughout the plant kingdom and have numerous industrial applications. Here, I review recent advances in the biosynthesis and modification of plant β-mannans. These matrix polymers can associate with cellulose bundles to impact the mechanical properties of plant fibers or biocomposites. In certain algae, mannan microfibrils even replace cellulose as the dominant structural component of the cell wall. Conversely, patterned galactoglucomannan found in Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage significantly modulates cell wall architecture and abiotic stress tolerance despite its relatively low content. I also discuss the subcellular requirements for β-mannan biosynthesis, the increasing number of carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in this process, and the players that continue to be puzzling. I discuss how cellulose synthase-like enzymes elongate (gluco)mannans in orthogonal hosts and highlight the discoveries of plant enzymes that add specific galactosyl or acetyl decorations. Hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases have recently been involved in a wide range of biological contexts including seed germination, wood formation, heavy metal tolerance, and defense responses. Synthetic biology tools now provide faster tracks to modulate the increasingly-relevant mannan structures for improved plant traits and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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17
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Carbohydrates Used in Polymeric Systems for Drug Delivery: From Structures to Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040739. [PMID: 35456573 PMCID: PMC9025897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, one of the most important compounds in living organisms, perform numerous roles, including those associated with the extracellular matrix, energy-related compounds, and information. Of these, polymeric carbohydrates are a class of substance with a long history in drug delivery that have attracted more attention in recent years. Because polymeric carbohydrates have the advantages of nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, they can be used in drug targeting, sustained drug release, immune antigens and adjuvants. In this review, various carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-modified drug delivery systems and their applications in disease therapy have been surveyed. Specifically, this review focuses on the fundamental understanding of carbohydrate-based drug delivery systems, strategies for application, and the evaluation of biological activity. Future perspectives, including opportunities and challenges in this field, are also discussed.
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18
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Gomez-Osorio LM, Nielsen JU, Martens HJ, Wimmer R. Upgrading the Nutritional Value of PKC Using a Bacillus subtilis Derived Monocomponent β-Mannanase. Molecules 2022; 27:563. [PMID: 35056877 PMCID: PMC8781566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant side stream that can only be added to non-ruminant feed in small concentrations due to its content of antinutritional factors, mainly galactomannan, which cannot be digested by non-ruminants. β-mannanases can be added to partially hydrolyze galactomannan to form mannose oligosaccharides, which are known to be prebiotic. We here investigate the action of a β-mannanase from B. subtilis on PKC by colorimetry, NMR and fluorescence microscopy. The amount of mannan oligosaccharides in solution was significantly increased by the β-mannanase and their degree of polymerization (DP) was significantly reduced. There was a dose-response behavior in that larger β-mannanase concentrations increased the amount of soluble mannose oligosaccharides while reducing their average DP. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, solubilization of galactomannan in PKC was clearly visualized. Images show a clear disruption of the cellulose and galactomannan structures of the PKC cell walls. We thus show in this study that using commercial dosages of β-mannanase on PKC can lead to formation of prebiotic compounds. Thus, this study suggests that utilization of PKC in poultry feed formulation might be increased by addition of a β-mannanase and would improve the return on investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Miguel Gomez-Osorio
- Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Medellín 110921, Colombia;
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Janni Ulnits Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Helle Jakobe Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
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19
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Lassfolk R, Bertuzzi S, Ardá A, Wärnå J, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Leino R. Kinetic Studies of Acetyl Group Migration between the Saccharide Units in an Oligomannoside Trisaccharide Model Compound and a Native Galactoglucomannan Polysaccharide. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2986-2995. [PMID: 34405515 PMCID: PMC8597014 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl group migration is a fundamental phenomenon in carbohydrate chemistry, recently shown to take place also between two non-adjacent hydroxyl groups, across the glycosidic bond, in a β-(1→4)-linked mannan trisaccharide model compound. With the central mannoside unit containing acetyl groups at the O2 and O3 positions, the O2-acetyl was in the earlier study shown to migrate to O6 of the reducing end. Potential implications of the general acyl migration process on cell signaling events and plant growth in nature are intriguing open questions. In the present work, migration kinetics in this original trisaccharide model system were studied in more detail together with potential interactions of the model compound and the migration products with DC-SIGN lectin. Furthermore, we demonstrate here for the first time that similar migration may also take place in native polysaccharides, here represented by galactoglucomannan from Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
- Department of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
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Meng F, Zhao H, Zhu B, Zhang T, Yang M, Li Y, Han Y, Jiang J. Genomic editing of intronic enhancers unveils their role in fine-tuning tissue-specific gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1997-2014. [PMID: 33764459 PMCID: PMC8290289 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Enhancers located in introns are abundant and play a major role in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian species. By contrast, the functions of intronic enhancers in plants have largely been unexplored and only a handful of plant intronic enhancers have been reported. We performed a genome-wide prediction of intronic enhancers in Arabidopsis thaliana using open chromatin signatures based on DNase I sequencing. We identified 941 candidate intronic enhancers associated with 806 genes in seedling tissue and 1,271 intronic enhancers associated with 1,069 genes in floral tissue. We validated the function of 15 of 21 (71%) of the predicted intronic enhancers in transgenic assays using a reporter gene. We also created deletion lines of three intronic enhancers associated with two different genes using CRISPR/Cas. Deletion of these enhancers, which span key transcription factor binding sites, did not abolish gene expression but caused varying levels of transcriptional repression of their cognate genes. Remarkably, the transcriptional repression of the deletion lines occurred at specific developmental stages and resulted in distinct phenotypic effects on plant morphology and development. Clearly, these three intronic enhancers are important in fine-tuning tissue- and development-specific expression of their cognate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Meng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hainan Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University AgBioResearch, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I, Islamov B, Ageeva M, Gogoleva N, Mikshina P, Parfirova O, Gogoleva O, Petrova O, Gorshkova T, Gogolev Y. The Modification of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Potato Plants during Pectobacterium atrosepticum-Caused Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071407. [PMID: 34371610 PMCID: PMC8309280 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our study is the first to consider the changes in the entire set of matrix plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides in the course of a plant infectious disease. We compared the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide content, and the epitope distribution of pectic compounds and cross-linking glycans in non-infected potato plants and plants infected with Pectobacterium atrosepticum at the initial and advanced stages of plant colonization by the pathogen. To predict the gene products involved in the modification of the PCW polysaccharide skeleton during the infection, the expression profiles of potato and P. atrosepticum PCW-related genes were analyzed by RNA-Seq along with phylogenetic analysis. The assemblage of P. atrosepticum biofilm-like structures—the bacterial emboli—and the accumulation of specific fragments of pectic compounds that prime the formation of these structures were demonstrated within potato plants (a natural host of P. atrosepticum). Collenchyma was shown to be the most “vulnerable” tissue to P. atrosepticum among the potato stem tissues. The infection caused by the representative of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae was shown to affect not only pectic compounds but also cross-linking glycans; the content of the latter was increased in the infected plants compared to the non-infected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Bakhtiyar Islamov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Kim MH, Tran TNA, Cho JS, Park EJ, Lee H, Kim DG, Hwang S, Ko JH. Wood transcriptome analysis of Pinus densiflora identifies genes critical for secondary cell wall formation and NAC transcription factors involved in tracheid formation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1289-1305. [PMID: 33440425 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although conifers have significant ecological and economic value, information on transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers is still limited. Here, to gain insight into secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis and tracheid formation in conifers, we performed wood tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) using RNA sequencing. In addition, to obtain full-length transcriptome information, PacBio single molecule real-time iso-sequencing was carried out using RNAs from 28 tissues of P. densiflora. Subsequent comparative tissue-specific transcriptome analysis successfully pinpointed critical genes encoding key proteins involved in biosynthesis of the major secondary wall components (cellulose, galactoglucomannan, xylan and lignin). Furthermore, we predicted a total of 62 NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) family transcription factor members and identified seven PdeNAC genes preferentially expressed in developing xylem tissues in P. densiflora. Protoplast-based transcriptional activation analysis found that four PdeNAC genes, homologous to VND, NST and SND/ANAC075, upregulated GUS activity driven by an SCW-specific cellulose synthase promoter. Consistently, transient overexpression of the four PdeNACs induced xylem vessel cell-like SCW deposition in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and Arabidopsis leaves. Taken together, our data provide a foundation for further research to unravel transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers, especially SCW formation and tracheid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Ngoc Anh Tran
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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23
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Chavan RR, Singh AP, Azizan A, Harris PJ. Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types. PLANTA 2021; 254:2. [PMID: 34085144 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types Little is known about the cell-wall polysaccharides of mosses. Monosaccharide analysis of cell walls isolated from the stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii was consistent with heteromannans, probably galactoglucomannans, being the predominant hemicellulosic polysaccharides in the walls. Immunofluorescence and immunogold microscopy with the monoclonal antibody LM21, specific for heteromannans, showed that these polysaccharides were present in the walls of all stem cell types. These cell types, except the hydroids, have secondary walls. Experiments in which sections were pre-treated with 0.1 M sodium carbonate and with the enzyme pectate lyase indicated that the heteromannans have O-acetyl groups that limit LM21 binding and the cell walls contain pectic homogalacturonan that masks detection of heteromannans using LM21. Therefore, to fully detect heteromannans in the cell walls, it was essential to use these pre-treatments to remove the O-acetyl groups from the heteromannans and pectic homogalacturonan from the cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy experiments with a second monoclonal antibody, LM22, also specific for heteromannans, showed similar results, but the binding was considerably weaker than with LM21, possibly as a result of subtle structural differences in the epitopes of the two antibodies. Although heteromannans occur abundantly in the cell walls of many species in basal lineages of tracheophytes, prior to the present study, research on the distribution of these polysaccharides in the walls of different cell types in mosses was confined to the model species Physcomitrium patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Chavan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adya P Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Awanis Azizan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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24
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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25
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Bragança GPP, Alencar CF, Freitas MSC, Isaias RMS. Hemicelluloses and associated compounds determine gall functional traits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:981-991. [PMID: 32597563 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing questions concerning gall development refer to the processes of the remodelling of the host plant organ. Such processes involve the restructuring of cell walls and can be influenced by phenolics, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alterations in cell walls demand the interference in the coupling of cellulose fibrils and hemicelluloses (xyloglucans) at specific stages of gall development. In addition to cell wall remodelling, hemicelluloses, such as the, xyloglucans and heteromannans can act as reserve carbohydrates, while xylans provide rigidity to the secondary cell walls. Developmental traits of the lenticular, fusiform and globoid galls on Inga ingoides (Fabaceae) were analysed using anatomical, cytometric, histochemical and immunocytochemical tools. Phenolics, IAA and ROS accumulated in similar gall tissue compartments, and may have influenced the restructuring of hemicelluloses and pectins. Contrary to expectations, cell wall flexibility regarding the dynamics of xyloglucans and cellulose fibrils does not relate to a temporal scale. The detection of xyloglucans in nutritive cell walls relate to carbohydrate nutritional resources to the galling insect, while xylans were associated to the lignified cell walls. Heteromanans were not detected, either in non-galled or galled tissues. The patterns of cell expansion during gall development relied on the relationship among phenolics, ROS and IAA with the hemicelluloses (xyloglucans and xylans) and cellulose fibrils. Although cell wall dynamics is specific to each gall morphotype in I. ingoides, the xyloglucans function as carbohydrate reserve to the gall inducers, which constitutes a functional trait common to the three morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P P Bragança
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C F Alencar
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M S C Freitas
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R M S Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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26
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Parra R, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Spatio-temporal immunolocalization of extensin protein and hemicellulose polysaccharides during olive fruit abscission. PLANTA 2020; 252:32. [PMID: 32757074 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical and molecular analyses reveal that the disassembly of the cell wall may be mediated by changes in the level and subcellular location of extensin protein and hemicelluloses during olive-fruit abscission. Although cell-wall modification is believed to underlie the changes in organ abscission, information concerning the changes in cell-wall proteins and hemicellulose polysaccharides is still limited. The aim of this work was to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of the distribution of different extensin proteins and hemicelluloses in the abscission zone (AZ) during natural ripe-fruit abscission in olive (Olea europaea L.). In this study, we employed immunogold labeling in the ripe-fruit AZ during olive AZ cell separation, using an expanded set of monoclonal antibodies that recognize different types of hemicelluloses (LM11, LM15, and LM21), callose (anti-(1,3)-β-D-glucan) and extensin (JIM19) epitopes, and transmission electron microscopy imaging. Our data demonstrate that AZ cell separation was accompanied by a loss of the JIM19 extensin epitopes and a reduction in the detection of the LM15 xyloglucan epitopes in AZ cell walls, whereas AZ cells were found to be enriched with respect to the xylan and callose levels of the cell wall during olive ripe-fruit abscission. By contrast, AZ cell-wall polysaccharide remodeling did not involve mannans. Moreover, in ripe-fruit AZ, quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that OeEXT1, OeEXT2, OeXTH9, and OeXTH13 genes were downregulated during abscission, whereas the expression of OeXTH1, OeXTH5, and OeXTH14 genes increased during abscission. Taken together, the results indicate that AZ cell-wall dynamics during olive ripe-fruit abscission involves extensin protein and hemicellulose modifications, as well as related expressed genes. This is the first study available demonstrating temporal degradation of extensin protein and hemicelluloses in the AZ at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Parra
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria C Gomez-Jimenez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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27
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The synthesis of xyloglucan, an abundant plant cell wall polysaccharide, requires CSLC function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20316-20324. [PMID: 32737163 PMCID: PMC7443942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells have a polysaccharide-based wall that maintains their structural and functional integrity and determines their shape. Reorganization of wall components is required to allow growth and differentiation. One matrix polysaccharide that is postulated to play an important role in this reorganization is xyloglucan (XyG). While the structure of XyG is well understood, its biosynthesis is not. Through genetic studies with Arabidopsis CSLC genes, we demonstrate that they are responsible for the synthesis of the XyG glucan backbone. A quintuple cslc mutant is able to grow and develop normally but lacks detectable XyG. These results raise important questions regarding cell wall structure and its reorganization during growth. The series of cslc mutants will be valuable tools for investigating these questions. Xyloglucan (XyG) is an abundant component of the primary cell walls of most plants. While the structure of XyG has been well studied, much remains to be learned about its biosynthesis. Here we employed reverse genetics to investigate the role of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase like-C (CSLC) proteins in XyG biosynthesis. We found that single mutants containing a T-DNA in each of the five Arabidopsis CSLC genes had normal levels of XyG. However, higher-order cslc mutants had significantly reduced XyG levels, and a mutant with disruptions in all five CSLC genes had no detectable XyG. The higher-order mutants grew with mild tissue-specific phenotypes. Despite the apparent lack of XyG, the cslc quintuple mutant did not display significant alteration of gene expression at the whole-genome level, excluding transcriptional compensation. The quintuple mutant could be complemented by each of the five CSLC genes, supporting the conclusion that each of them encodes a XyG glucan synthase. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CSLC genes are widespread in the plant kingdom and evolved from an ancient family. These results establish the role of the CSLC genes in XyG biosynthesis, and the mutants described here provide valuable tools with which to study both the molecular details of XyG biosynthesis and the role of XyG in plant cell wall structure and function.
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28
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Liu S, Cui T, Song Y. Expression, homology modeling and enzymatic characterization of a new β-mannanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 1 from Enterobacter aerogenes B19. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:142. [PMID: 32665004 PMCID: PMC7362650 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01399-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-mannanase can hydrolyze β-1,4 glycosidic bond of mannan by the manner of endoglycosidase to generate mannan-oligosaccharides. Currently, β-mannanase has been widely applied in food, medicine, textile, paper and petroleum exploitation industries. β-mannanase is widespread in various organisms, however, microorganisms are the main source of β-mannanases. Microbial β-mannanases display wider pH range, temperature range and better thermostability, acid and alkali resistance, and substrate specificity than those from animals and plants. Therefore microbial β-mannanases are highly valued by researchers. Recombinant bacteria constructed by gene engineering and modified by protein engineering have been widely applied to produce β-mannanase, which shows more advantages than traditional microbial fermentation in various aspects. RESULTS A β-mannanase gene (Man1E), which encoded 731 amino acid residues, was cloned from Enterobacter aerogenes. Man1E was classified as Glycoside Hydrolase family 1. The bSiteFinder prediction showed that there were eight essential residues in the catalytic center of Man1E as Trp166, Trp168, Asn229, Glu230, Tyr281, Glu309, Trp341 and Lys374. The catalytic module and carbohydrate binding module (CBM) of Man1E were homologously modeled. Superposition analysis and molecular docking revealed the residues located in the catalytic module of Man1E and the CBM of Man1E. The recombinant enzyme was successfully expressed, purified, and detected about 82.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimal reaction condition was 55 °C and pH 6.5. The enzyme exhibited high stability below 60 °C, and in the range of pH 3.5-8.5. The β-mannanase activity was activated by low concentration of Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+ and Ca2+. Man1E showed the highest affinity for Locust bean gum (LBG). The Km and Vmax values for LBG were 3.09 ± 0.16 mg/mL and 909.10 ± 3.85 μmol/(mL min), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A new type of β-mannanase with high activity from E. aerogenes is heterologously expressed and characterized. The enzyme belongs to an unreported β-mannanase family (CH1 family). It displays good pH and temperature features and excellent catalysis capacity for LBG and KGM. This study lays the foundation for future application and molecular modification to improve its catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tangbing Cui
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yan Song
- School of Biological Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Differences in protein structural regions that impact functional specificity in GT2 family β-glucan synthases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224442. [PMID: 31665152 PMCID: PMC6821405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cell wall and secreted β-glucans are synthesised by the CAZy Glycosyltransferase 2 family (www.cazy.org), with different members catalysing the formation of (1,4)-β-, (1,3)-β-, or both (1,4)- and (1,3)-β-glucosidic linkages. Given the distinct physicochemical properties of each of the resultant β-glucans (cellulose, curdlan, and mixed linkage glucan, respectively) are crucial to their biological and biotechnological functions, there is a desire to understand the molecular evolution of synthesis and how linkage specificity is determined. With structural studies hamstrung by the instability of these proteins to solubilisation, we have utilised in silico techniques and the crystal structure for a bacterial cellulose synthase to further understand how these enzymes have evolved distinct functions. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine amino acid conservation, both family-wide and within each sub-family. Further structural analysis centred on comparison of a bacterial curdlan synthase homology model with the bacterial cellulose synthase crystal structure, with molecular dynamics simulations performed with their respective β-glucan products bound in the trans-membrane channel. Key residues that differentially interact with the different β-glucan chains and have sub-family-specific conservation were found to reside at the entrance of the trans-membrane channel. The linkage-specific catalytic activity of these enzymes and hence the type of β-glucan chain built is thus likely determined by the different interactions between the proteins and the first few glucose residues in the channel, which in turn dictates the position of the acceptor glucose. The sequence-function relationships for the bacterial β-glucan synthases pave the way for extending this understanding to other kingdoms, such as plants.
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Goyal D, Kumar K, Sharma K, Goyal A. Small-angle X-ray scattering based structure, modeling and molecular dynamics analyses of a family 5 glycoside hydrolase first endo-mannanase named as RfGH5_7 from Ruminococcus flavefaciens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4371-4384. [PMID: 31608797 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1680438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endo-β-1,4-mannanase named as RfGH5_7 from Ruminococcus flavefaciens cloned, expressed and purified earlier was structurally characterized in present study. The RaptorX modeled structure of RfGH5_7 showed a (β/α)8 Triose-phosphate Isomerase (TIM) barrel fold. The Ramachandran plot assessment of RfGH5_7 showed that all amino acids fall in allowed region except one, Asn22 in the disallowed region. The superposition of RfGH5_7 modeled structure with its nearest homologues revealed that Glu154 acts as proton donor while Glu249 acts as nucleophile. Secondary structure of RfGH5_7 through Circular Dichroism (CD) analysis revealed 33.5% α-helices, 17% β-strands and 49.5% random coils. Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation showed Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), 0.67 nm and radius of gyration (Rg) between 1.9 nm and 1.85 nm. The binding interaction of mannotetraose on the surface of RfGH5_7 structure displayed polar interactions with His219, Tyr221, Trp278, Ser279 and Gly282 residues. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis displayed the intact and monodispersed nature of the enzyme RfGH5_7. The radius of gyration (Rg) by Guinier analysis for globular shape was found to be 2.29 ± 0.09 nm and for rod-shape it was 0.95 ± 0.02 nm. Kratky plot confirmed that RfGH5_7 structure is compact and folded in solution. The ab initio derived dummy model of RfGH5_7 displayed single domain structure of yellow humped fish like shape. The RfGH5_7 modeled structure was well fitted with ab initio derived model from SAXS data. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishant Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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31
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Evolutionary origin of O-acetyltransferases responsible for glucomannan acetylation in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:466-479. [PMID: 31183872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in bryophytes, seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms. A previous study has shown that mannan acetylation in Arabidopsis and konjac is mediated by mannan O-acetyltransferases belonging to the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 231 family. However, little is known about the acetylation patterns of mannans in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, and the evolutionary origin of mannan O-acetyltransferases in land plants has not yet been studied. Phylogenetic analysis of the DUF231 family revealed that DUF231 members were present in the charophycean green algae and evolved to form overlapped and divergent phylogenetic groups in different taxa of land plants. Acetyltransferase activity assays of recombinant proteins demonstrated that a number of group II DUF231 members from moss, Selaginella, pine, spruce, rice and poplar were mannan 2-O- and 3-O-acetyltransferases, whereas the two group I DUF231 members from the alga Klebsormidium nitens were not. Structural analysis of mannans from moss and Selaginella showed they were composed of mannosyl and glucosyl residues and the mannosyl residues were acetylated at O-2 and O-3. These findings indicate that although the DUF231 genes originated in algae, their recruitment as mannan O-acetyltransferases probably occurred in bryophytes, and the biochemical functions of these O-acetyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved throughout land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Faik A, Held M. Review: Plant cell wall biochemical omics: The high-throughput biochemistry for polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:49-56. [PMID: 31300141 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the functional biochemical analysis of plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) has been slow because plant GTs are generally membrane proteins, operate as part of larger, multimeric complexes, and utilize a vast complexity of substrate acceptors. Therefore, the field would benefit from development of adequate high throughput expression as well as product detection and characterization techniques. Here we review current approaches to tackle such obstacles and suggest a new path forward: nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) with liquid sample desorption ionization (LS-DESI-MS) mass spectrometry. NAPPA utilizes in vitro transcription and translation to produce epitope-tagged fusion proteins from cloned GT cDNAs. LS-DESI is a soft ionization technique that allows rapid and sensitive MS-based product characterization in situ. Coupling both approaches provides the opportunity to examine individual GT functions as well as protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, advances in automated oligosaccharide synthesis and lipid nanodisc technology should allow testing of plant GT activity in presence of numerous substrate acceptors and lipid environments in a high throughput fashion. Thus, NAPPA-DESI-MS has great potential to make headway in biochemical characterization of the large number of plant GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Faik
- Environmental and Plant Biology Department, Athens 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA.
| | - Michael Held
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Athens 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA
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Heidari P, Ahmadizadeh M, Izanlo F, Nussbaumer T. In silico study of the CESA and CSL gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa: Focus on post-translation modifications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Molecular Cloning, Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Family 5 Glycoside Hydrolase First Endo-Mannanase (RfGH5_7) from Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 v3. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:826-835. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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35
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Characterization of genes in guar gum biosynthesis based on quantitative RNA-sequencing in guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Sci Rep 2019; 9:10991. [PMID: 31358893 PMCID: PMC6662795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guar gum is an important raw material in the food, textile and oil industries, but the biosynthesis of guar gum remains unclear. To illuminate the genes involved in guar gum biosynthesis, guar beans from 30 and 40 days after flowering (DAF) were used for RNA sequencing in this study. A total of 2,535 and 2,724 preferentially expressed genes were found in 30 and 40 DAF endosperm, and 3,720 and 2,530 preferentially expressed genes were found in 30 and 40 DAF embryos, respectively. Of these, mannan synthase genes, α-galactosyltransferase genes and cellulose synthase genes were preferentially expressed in the endosperm from 30 and 40 DAF. The high expression level of these glycometabolism genes in endosperm is consistent with the expectation that the main component of guar gum is galactomannan. We believe that genes related to guar gum biosynthesis found in this study will be useful for both new variety development via genetic engineering and synthetic biology research on guar gum biosynthesis in the future.
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Li J, Du J. Molecular Characterization of Arabinoxylan from Wheat Beer, Beer Foam and Defoamed Beer. Molecules 2019; 24:E1230. [PMID: 30934822 PMCID: PMC6479467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was to explore the distribution and some molecular characterization of arabinoxylan in wheat beer (B), beer foam (BF) and defoamed beer (DB) because of the crucial influences of arabinoxylan on wheat beer and its foam. The purified arabinoxylan from B, BF, and DB were fractionated by ethanol of 50%, 67%, 75%, and 80%. The monosaccharide composition, substitution degree (Ara/Xyl ratio, A/X), and average degrees of polymerization (avDP) of arabinoxylan were investigated. Molecular weight and microstructure were also involved in this study by GPC-LLS and SEM, respectively. Under the same ethanol concentration, the arabinoxylan content in the BF was higher than the other two, respectively, and it was precipitated in BF fraction with 50% ethanol which accounted for 80.84% of the total polysaccharides. Meanwhile, the greatest substitution degree (A/X) and highest value of avDP of the arabinoxylan was found in all beer foam fractions regardless of the concentration of ethanol used. The average degrees of polymerization (avDP) of arabinoxylan displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among B, BF, and DB. Furthermore, arabinoxylan presented varied microstructure with irregular lamellas and spherical structures and the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of arabinoxylan showed the lowest values in BF, while the largest values were shown in DB. Therefore, arabinoxylan was more accumulated in beer foam, especially in 50% ethanol, characterised by greater value of A/X and avDP, as well as lower Mw. It was suggested that the arabinoxylan played important roles in maintaining wheat beer foam characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinhua Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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37
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Park J, Jung S, Carey J. Effects of a Commercial Beta-Mannanase Product on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology, Bone and Body Composition, and Amino Acid Digestibility in White Pekin Ducks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Salinas P, Salinas C, Contreras RA, Zuñiga GE, Dupree P, Cardemil L. Water deficit and abscisic acid treatments increase the expression of a glucomannan mannosyltransferase gene (GMMT) in Aloe vera Burm. F. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 159:90-101. [PMID: 30605853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main polysaccharide of the gel present in the leaves of or Aloe vera Burm.F., (Aloe barbadensis Miller) a xerophytic crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, is an acetylated glucomannan named acemannan. This polysaccharide is responsible for the succulence of the plant, helping it to retain water. In this study we determined using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) that the acemannan is a glucomannan without galactose side branches. We also investigated the expression of the gene responsible for acemannan backbone synthesis, encoding a glucomannan mannosyltransferase (GMMT, EC 2.4.1.32), since there are no previous reports on GMMT expression under water stress in general and specifically in Aloe vera. It was found by in silico analyses that the GMMT gene belongs to the cellulose synthase-like A type-9 (CSLA9) subfamily. Using RT-qPCR it was found that the expression of GMMT increased significantly in Aloe vera plants subjected to water stress. This expression correlates with an increase of endogenous ABA levels, suggesting that the gene expression could be regulated by ABA. To corroborate this hypothesis, exogenous ABA was applied to non-water-stressed plants, resulting in a significant increase of GMMT expression after 48 h of ABA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Salinas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Carlos Salinas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Contreras
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gustavo E Zuñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Liliana Cardemil
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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40
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Voiniciuc C, Dama M, Gawenda N, Stritt F, Pauly M. Mechanistic insights from plant heteromannan synthesis in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:522-527. [PMID: 30584101 PMCID: PMC6329948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromannan (HM) is one of the most ancient cell wall polymers in the plant kingdom, consisting of β-(1-4)-linked backbones of glucose (Glc) and mannose (Man) units. Despite the widespread distribution of HM polysaccharides, their biosynthesis remains mechanistically unclear. HM is elongated by glycosyltransferases (GTs) from the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) family. MANNAN-SYNTHESIS RELATED (MSR) putative GTs have also been implicated in (gluco)mannan synthesis, but their roles have been difficult to decipher in planta and in vitro. To further characterize the products of the HM synthases and accessory proteins, we chose a synthetic biology approach to synthesize plant HM in yeast. The expression of a CSLA protein in Pichia pastoris led to the abundant production of plant HM: up to 30% of glycans in the yeast cell wall. Based on sequential chemical and enzymatic extractions, followed by detailed structural analyses, the newly produced HM polymers were unbranched and could be larger than 270 kDa. Using CSLAs from different species, we programmed yeast cells to produce an HM backbone composed exclusively of Man or also incorporating Glc. We demonstrate that specific MSR cofactors were indispensable for mannan synthase activity of a coffee CSLA or modulated a functional CSLA enzyme to produce glucomannan instead of mannan. Therefore, this powerful platform yields functional insight into the molecular machinery required for HM biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Gawenda
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stritt
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Penning BW, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Evolution of the Cell Wall Gene Families of Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1205. [PMID: 31681352 PMCID: PMC6805987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grasses and related commelinid monocot species synthesize cell walls distinct in composition from other angiosperm species. With few exceptions, the genomes of all angiosperms contain the genes that encode the enzymes for synthesis of all cell-wall polysaccharide, phenylpropanoid, and protein constituents known in vascular plants. RNA-seq analysis of transcripts expressed during development of the upper and lower internodes of maize (Zea mays) stem captured the expression of cell-wall-related genes associated with primary or secondary wall formation. High levels of transcript abundances were not confined to genes associated with the distinct walls of grasses but also of those associated with xyloglucan and pectin synthesis. Combined with proteomics data to confirm that expressed genes are translated, we propose that the distinctive cell-wall composition of grasses results from sorting downstream from their sites of synthesis in the Golgi apparatus and hydrolysis of the uncharacteristic polysaccharides and not from differential expression of synthases of grass-specific polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Penning
- Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research, USDA-ARS, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Maureen C. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas C. Carpita,
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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Plancot B, Gügi B, Mollet JC, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Ramasandra Govind S, Lerouge P, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M, Alfonso C, Nguema-Ona E, Bardor M, Driouich A. Desiccation tolerance in plants: Structural characterization of the cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides in three Selaginella species. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 208:180-190. [PMID: 30658789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought-induced dehydration of vegetative tissues in lycopods affects growth and survival. Different species of Selaginella have evolved a series of specialized mechanisms to tolerate desiccation in vegetative tissues in response to water stress. In the present study, we report on the structural characterization of the leaf cell wall of the desiccation-tolerant species S. involvens and two desiccation-sensitive species, namely S. kraussiana and S. moellendorffii. Isolated cell walls from hydrated and desiccated leaves of each species were fractionated and the resulting oligosaccharide fragments were analyzed to determine their structural features. Our results demonstrate that desiccation induces substantial modifications in the cell wall composition and structure. Altogether, these data highlight the fact that structural remodeling of cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides including XXXG-rich xyloglucan, arabinoxylan and acetylated galactomannan is an important process in order to mitigate desiccation stress in Selaginella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Alfonso
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, CNRS UMR 6014, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Members of the DUF231 Family are O-Acetyltransferases Catalyzing 2-O- and 3-O-Acetylation of Mannan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2339-2349. [PMID: 30102392 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides commonly found in the primary and secondary cell walls of land plants, and their mannosyl residues are often acetylated at O-2 and O-3. Currently, little is known about the genes responsible for the acetylation of mannans. In this report, we investigated the roles of a subgroup of DUF231 proteins including 11 from Arabidopsis thaliana and one from Amorphophallus konjac in mannan acetylation. Acetyltransferase activity assays of their recombinant proteins revealed that four Arabidopsis DUF231 proteins possessed an enzymatic activity capable of transferring acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto the mannohexaose acceptor, and thus were named mannan O-acetyltransferases (MOAT1, MOAT2, MOAT3 and MOAT4). Their close homolog from A. konjac (named AkMOAT1) also exhibited mannan O-acetyltransferase activity. Structural analysis of the MOAT-catalyzed reaction products demonstrated that these MOATs catalyzed 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of mannosyl residues, an acetyl substitution pattern similar to that of Arabidopsis glucomannan. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations of the conserved residues in the GDS and DXXH motifs of MOAT3 abolished its acetyltransferase activity, indicating the essential roles of these motifs in its activity. In addition, simultaneous RNA interference (RNAi) inhibition of the expression of the four Arabidopsis MOAT genes led to a drastic reduction in the degree of acetyl substitutions in glucomannan, further corroborating their role in glucomannan acetylation. Together, these results present the first lines of biochemical and genetic evidence demonstrating that these four Arabidopsis DUF231 members and their close A. konjac homolog are mannan O-acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Yu L, Lyczakowski JJ, Pereira CS, Kotake T, Yu X, Li A, Mogelsvang S, Skaf MS, Dupree P. The Patterned Structure of Galactoglucomannan Suggests It May Bind to Cellulose in Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1011-1026. [PMID: 30185440 PMCID: PMC6236596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between mannan polysaccharides and cellulose microfibrils contributes to cell wall properties in some vascular plants, but the molecular arrangement of mannan in the cell wall and the nature of the molecular bonding between mannan and cellulose remain unknown. Previous studies have shown that mannan is important in maintaining Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage architecture, and that Cellulose Synthase-Like A2 (CSLA2) synthesizes a glucomannan backbone, which Mannan α-Galactosyl Transferase1 (MAGT1/GlycosylTransferase-Like6/Mucilage Related10) might decorate with single α-Gal branches. Here, we investigated the ratio and sequence of Man and Glc and the arrangement of Gal residues in Arabidopsis mucilage mannan using enzyme sequential digestion, carbohydrate gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. We found that seed mucilage galactoglucomannan has a backbone consisting of the repeating disaccharide [4)-β-Glc-(1,4)-β-Man-(1,], and most of the Man residues in the backbone are substituted by single α-1,6-Gal. CSLA2 is responsible for the synthesis of this patterned glucomannan backbone and MAGT1 catalyses the addition of α-Gal. In vitro activity assays revealed that MAGT1 transferred α-Gal from UDP-Gal only to Man residues within the CSLA2 patterned glucomannan backbone acceptor. These results indicate that CSLAs and galactosyltransferases are able to make precisely defined galactoglucomannan structures. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested this patterned galactoglucomannan is able to bind stably to some hydrophilic faces and to hydrophobic faces of cellulose microfibrils. A specialization of the biosynthetic machinery to make galactoglucomannan with a patterned structure may therefore regulate the mode of binding of this hemicellulose to cellulose fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8642, Japan
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - An Li
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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47
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Perera D, Magbanua ZV, Thummasuwan S, Mukherjee D, Arick M, Chouvarine P, Nairn CJ, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Dean JFD, Peterson DG. Exploring the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genome by BAC sequencing and Cot analysis. Gene 2018; 663:165-177. [PMID: 29655895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loblolly pine (LP; Pinus taeda L.) is an economically and ecologically important tree in the southeastern U.S. To advance understanding of the loblolly pine (LP; Pinus taeda L.) genome, we sequenced and analyzed 100 BAC clones and performed a Cot analysis. The Cot analysis indicates that the genome is composed of 57, 24, and 10% highly-repetitive, moderately-repetitive, and single/low-copy sequences, respectively (the remaining 9% of the genome is a combination of fold back and damaged DNA). Although single/low-copy DNA only accounts for 10% of the LP genome, the amount of single/low-copy DNA in LP is still 14 times the size of the Arabidopsis genome. Since gene numbers in LP are similar to those in Arabidopsis, much of the single/low-copy DNA of LP would appear to be composed of DNA that is both gene- and repeat-poor. Macroarrays prepared from a LP bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library were hybridized with probes designed from cell wall synthesis/wood development cDNAs, and 50 of the "targeted" clones were selected for further analysis. An additional 25 clones were selected because they contained few repeats, while 25 more clones were selected at random. The 100 BAC clones were Sanger sequenced and assembled. Of the targeted BACs, 80% contained all or part of the cDNA used to target them. One targeted BAC was found to contain fungal DNA and was eliminated from further analysis. Combinations of similarity-based and ab initio gene prediction approaches were utilized to identify and characterize potential coding regions in the 99 BACs containing LP DNA. From this analysis, we identified 154 gene models (GMs) representing both putative protein-coding genes and likely pseudogenes. Ten of the GMs (all of which were specifically targeted) had enough support to be classified as intact genes. Interestingly, the 154 GMs had statistically indistinguishable (α = 0.05) distributions in the targeted and random BAC clones (15.18 and 12.61 GM/Mb, respectively), whereas the low-repeat BACs contained significantly fewer GMs (7.08 GM/Mb). However, when GM length was considered, the targeted BACs had a significantly greater percentage of their length in GMs (3.26%) when compared to random (1.63%) and low-repeat (0.62%) BACs. The results of our study provide insight into LP evolution and inform ongoing efforts to produce a reference genome sequence for LP, while characterization of genes involved in cell wall production highlights carbon metabolism pathways that can be leveraged for increasing wood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinum Perera
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Zenaida V Magbanua
- National Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, National Science Complex, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Supaphan Thummasuwan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Dipaloke Mukherjee
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, & Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Philippe Chouvarine
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Campbell J Nairn
- Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA.
| | - Jane Grimwood
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA.
| | - Jeffrey F D Dean
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. A group of Populus trichocarpa DUF231 proteins exhibit differential O-acetyltransferase activities toward xylan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194532. [PMID: 29617384 PMCID: PMC5884507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood represents the most abundant biomass produced by plants and one of its major components is acetyl xylan. Acetylation in xylan can occur at O-2 or O-3 of a xylosyl residue, at both O-2 and O-3 of a xylosyl residue, and at O-3 of a xylosyl residue substituted at O-2 with glucuronic acid. Acetyltransferases responsible for the regiospecific acetylation of xylan in tree species have not yet been characterized. Here we report the biochemical characterization of twelve Populus trichocarpa DUF231-containing proteins, named PtrXOATs, for their roles in the regiospecific acetylation of xylan. The PtrXOAT genes were found to be differentially expressed in Populus organs and among them, PtrXOAT1, PtrXOAT2, PtrXOAT9 and PtrXOAT10 exhibited the highest level of expression in stems undergoing wood formation. Activity assays of recombinant proteins demonstrated that all twelve PtrXOAT proteins were able to transfer acetyl groups from acetyl CoA onto a xylohexaose acceptor with PtrXOAT1, PtrXOAT2, PtrXOAT3, PtrXOAT11 and PtrXOAT12 having the highest activity. Structural analysis of the PtrXOAT-catalyzed reaction products using 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that PtrXOAT1, PtrXAOT2 and PtrXOAT3 mediated 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation and 2,3-di-O-acetylation of xylosyl residues and PtrXOAT11 and PtrXOAT12 only catalyzed 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues. Of the twelve PtrXOATs, only PtrXOAT9 and PtrXOAT10 were capable of transferring acetyl groups onto the O-3 position of 2-O-glucuronic acid-substituted xylosyl residues. Furthermore, when expressed in the Arabidopsis eskimo1 mutant, PtrXOAT1, PtrXAOT2 and PtrXOAT3 were able to rescue the defects in xylan acetylation. Together, these results demonstrate that the twelve PtrXOATs are acetyltransferases with different roles in xylan acetylation in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Herburger K, Ryan LM, Popper ZA, Holzinger A. Localisation and substrate specificities of transglycanases in charophyte algae relate to development and morphology. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs203208. [PMID: 28827406 PMCID: PMC5722204 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall-modifying enzymes have been previously investigated in charophyte green algae (CGA) in cultures of uniform age, giving limited insight into their roles. Therefore, we investigated the in situ localisation and specificity of enzymes acting on hemicelluloses in CGA genera of different morphologies and developmental stages. In vivo transglycosylation between xyloglucan and an endogenous donor in filamentous Klebsormidium and Zygnema was observed in longitudinal cell walls of young (1 month) but not old cells (1 year), suggesting that it has a role in cell growth. By contrast, in parenchymatous Chara, transglycanase action occurred in all cell planes. In Klebsormidium and Zygnema, the location of enzyme action mainly occurred in regions where xyloglucans and mannans, and to a lesser extent mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG), were present, indicating predominantly xyloglucan:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity. Novel transglycosylation activities between xyloglucan and xylan, and xyloglucan and galactomannan were identified in vitro in both genera. Our results show that several cell wall-modifying enzymes are present in CGA, and that differences in morphology and cell age are related to enzyme localisation and specificity. This indicates an evolutionary significance of cell wall modifications, as similar changes are known in their immediate descendants, the land plants. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 16, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Louise M Ryan
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine, and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine, and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 16, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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50
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Molano EPL, Cabrera OG, Jose J, do Nascimento LC, Carazzolle MF, Teixeira PJPL, Alvarez JC, Tiburcio RA, Tokimatu Filho PM, de Lima GMA, Guido RVC, Corrêa TLR, Leme AFP, Mieczkowski P, Pereira GAG. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta genome analysis reveals a large expansion of extracellular phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C genes (PI-PLC). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:58. [PMID: 29343217 PMCID: PMC5773145 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ceratocystis genus harbors a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that cause xylem parenchyma degradation and vascular destruction on a broad range of economically important plants. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is a necrotrophic fungus responsible for lethal wilt disease in cacao. The aim of this work is to analyze the genome of C. cacaofunesta through a comparative approach with genomes of other Sordariomycetes in order to better understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity in the Ceratocystis genus. RESULTS We present an analysis of the C. cacaofunesta genome focusing on secreted proteins that might constitute pathogenicity factors. Comparative genome analyses among five Ceratocystidaceae species and 23 other Sordariomycetes fungi showed a strong reduction in gene content of the Ceratocystis genus. However, some gene families displayed a remarkable expansion, in particular, the Phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipases-C (PI-PLC) family. Also, evolutionary rate calculations suggest that the evolution process of this family was guided by positive selection. Interestingly, among the 82 PI-PLCs genes identified in the C. cacaofunesta genome, 70 genes encoding extracellular PI-PLCs are grouped in eight small scaffolds surrounded by transposon fragments and scars that could be involved in the rapid evolution of the PI-PLC family. Experimental secretome using LC-MS/MS validated 24% (86 proteins) of the total predicted secretome (342 proteins), including four PI-PLCs and other important pathogenicity factors. CONCLUSION Analysis of the Ceratocystis cacaofunesta genome provides evidence that PI-PLCs may play a role in pathogenicity. Subsequent functional studies will be aimed at evaluating this hypothesis. The observed genetic arsenals, together with the analysis of the PI-PLC family shown in this work, reveal significant differences in the Ceratocystis genome compared to the classical vascular fungi, Verticillium and Fusarium. Altogether, our analyses provide new insights into the evolution and the molecular basis of plant pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Patricia Lopez Molano
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Odalys García Cabrera
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jose
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Present Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Javier Correa Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad EAFIT, Medellın, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Augusto Tiburcio
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Massanari Tokimatu Filho
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado Alvares de Lima
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Victório Carvalho Guido
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamy Lívia Ribeiro Corrêa
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- High-Throughput Sequencing Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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