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Zhao L, Yang Y, Hu P, Qiao Q, Lv G, Li J, Liu L, Wei J, Ren Y, Dong Z, Chen F. Genetic mapping and analysis of candidate leaf color genes in common winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:48. [PMID: 37313222 PMCID: PMC10248616 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color-related genes play key roles in chloroplast development and photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and affect photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield in crops. In this study, a recessive homozygous individual displaying yellow leaf color (yl1) was identified in the progeny population derived from a cross between wheat cultivars Xingmai1 (XM1) and Yunong3114 (YN3114). Phenotypic identification showed that yl1 exhibited the yellow character state over the entire growth period. Compared with XM1, yl1 plants had significantly lower chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate, and similar results were found between the green-type lines and yellow-type lines in the BC2F3 XM1 × yl1 population. Gene mapping via the bulked segregant exome capture sequencing (BSE-seq) method showed that the target gene TaYL1 was located within the region of 582,556,971-600,837,326 bp on chromosome 7D. Further analysis by RNA-seq suggested TraesCS7D02G469200 as a candidate gene for yellow leaf color in common wheat, which encodes a protein containing the AP2 domain. Moreover, comparative transcriptome profiling revealed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis pathways. Together, these results indicate that TaYL1 potentially affects chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. This study further elucidates the biological mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis, metabolism, and photosynthesis in wheat and provides a theoretical basis for high photosynthetic efficiency in wheat breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01395-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Yulu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Pengyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Qi Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Guoguo Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Lu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Jiajie Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Zhongdong Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
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Sharma N, Froehlich JE, Rillema R, Raba DA, Chambers T, Kerfeld CA, Kramer DM, Walker B, Brandizzi F. Arabidopsis stromal carbonic anhydrases exhibit non-overlapping roles in photosynthetic efficiency and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37010739 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous enzymes that accelerate the reversible conversion of CO2 to HCO3 - . The Arabidopsis genome encodes members of the α-, β- and γ-CA families, and it has been hypothesized that βCA activity has a role in photosynthesis. In this work, we tested this hypothesis by characterizing the two plastidial βCAs, βCA1 and βCA5, in physiological conditions of growth. We conclusively established that both proteins are localized in the chloroplast stroma and that the loss of βCA5 induced the expression of βCA1, supporting the existence of regulatory mechanisms to control the expression of stromal βCAs. We also established that βCA1 and βCA5 have markedly different enzymatic kinetics and physiological relevance. Specifically, we found that βCA5 had a first-order rate constant ~10-fold lower than βCA1, and that the loss of βCA5 is detrimental to growth and could be rescued by high CO2 . Furthermore, we established that, while a βCA1 mutation showed near wild-type growth and no significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, the loss of βCA5 markedly disrupted photosynthetic efficiency and light-harvesting capacity at ambient CO2 . Therefore, we conclude that in physiological autotrophic growth, the loss of the more highly expressed βCA1 does not compensate for the loss of a less active βCA5, which in turn is involved in growth and photosynthesis at ambient CO2 levels. These results lend support to the hypothesis that, in Arabidopsis,βCAs have non-overlapping roles in photosynthesis and identify a critical activity of stromal βCA5 and a dispensable role for βCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Rees Rillema
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel A Raba
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Taylor Chambers
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Cheryl A Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Berkley Walker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Singh J, Garai S, Das S, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:233-258. [PMID: 36309625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Weerasooriya HN, DiMario RJ, Rosati VC, Rai AK, LaPlace LM, Filloon VD, Longstreth DJ, Moroney JV. Arabidopsis plastid carbonic anhydrase βCA5 is important for normal plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2173-2186. [PMID: 36149291 PMCID: PMC9706431 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. In heterotrophic organisms, CAs provide HCO3- for metabolic pathways requiring a carboxylation step. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has 14 α- and β-type CAs, two of which are plastid CAs designated as βCA1 and βCA5. To study their physiological properties, we obtained knock-out (KO) lines for βCA1 (SALK_106570) and βCA5 (SALK_121932). These mutant lines were confirmed by genomic PCR, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. While βca1 KO plants grew normally, growth of βca5 KO plants was stunted under ambient CO2 conditions of 400 µL L-1; high CO2 conditions (30,000 µL L-1) partially rescued their growth. These results were surprising, as βCA1 is more abundant than βCA5 in leaves. However, tissue expression patterns of these genes indicated that βCA1 is expressed only in shoot tissue, while βCA5 is expressed throughout the plant. We hypothesize that βCA5 compensates for loss of βCA1 but, owing to its expression being limited to leaves, βCA1 cannot compensate for loss of βCA5. We also demonstrate that βCA5 supplies HCO3- required for anaplerotic pathways that take place in plastids, such as fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruni N Weerasooriya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Robert J DiMario
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Viviana C Rosati
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ashwani K Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Lillian M LaPlace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Victoria D Filloon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - David J Longstreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Mizokami Y, Oguchi R, Sugiura D, Yamori W, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Cost-benefit analysis of mesophyll conductance: diversities of anatomical, biochemical and environmental determinants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:265-283. [PMID: 35947983 PMCID: PMC9487971 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants invest photosynthates in construction and maintenance of their structures and functions. Such investments are considered costs. These costs are recovered by the CO2 assimilation rate (A) in the leaves, and thus A is regarded as the immediate, short-term benefit. In photosynthesizing leaves, CO2 diffusion from the air to the carboxylation site is hindered by several structural and biochemical barriers. CO2 diffusion from the intercellular air space to the chloroplast stroma is obstructed by the mesophyll resistance. The inverses is the mesophyll conductance (gm). Whether various plants realize an optimal gm, and how much investment is needed for a relevant gm, remain unsolved. SCOPE This review examines relationships among leaf construction costs (CC), leaf maintenance costs (MC) and gm in various plants under diverse growth conditions. Through a literature survey, we demonstrate a strong linear relationship between leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf CC. The overall correlation of CC vs. gm across plant phylogenetic groups is weak, but significant trends are evident within specific groups and/or environments. Investment in CC is necessary for an increase in LMA and mesophyll cell surface area (Smes). This allows the leaf to accommodate more chloroplasts, thus increasing A. However, increases in LMA and/or Smes often accompany other changes, such as cell wall thickening, which diminishes gm. Such factors that make the correlations of CC and gm elusive are identified. CONCLUSIONS For evaluation of the contribution of gm to recover CC, leaf life span is the key factor. The estimation of MC in relation to gm, especially in terms of costs required to regulate aquaporins, could be essential for efficient control of gm over the short term. Over the long term, costs are mainly reflected in CC, while benefits also include ultimate fitness attributes in terms of integrated carbon gain over the life of a leaf, plant survival and reproductive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizokami
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Riichi Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, Institute for Sustainable Agri-ecosystem, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Cheng L, Yuan J, Yu B, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang F. Leaf proteome reveals the alterations in photosynthesis and defense-related proteins between potato tetraploid cultivars and diploid wild species. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153779. [PMID: 35952453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the important food crop worldwide has abundant morphological and genetic diversity. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms determining phenotypic differences in wild species and cultivated potato, a comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze leaf proteome alteration among three tetraploid cultivars and three diploid wild species using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 47 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>3-fold, P < 0.05), and 45 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins exhibited both the qualitative and quantitative changes. Most of them were involved in photosynthesis, cell defense and rescue, protein biosynthesis, which might exhibit the main differences between tetraploid cultivars and diploid wild species. The photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis-related proteins were up-regulated or only present in tetraploid cultivars, suggesting the higher photosynthetic efficiency and more newly synthesized peptides. It might contribute to some superior traits of tetraploid cultivars, such as larger leaf size, greater growth vigor, better tuber yield and quality. However, some cell defense and rescue-related proteins, especially the pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes, were up-regulated or only present in diploid wild species. It might be responsible for stronger resistance to diseases and pests or tolerance to environmental stresses in diploid wild species. This study would provide valuable information for the underlying molecular mechanisms of potato genetic diversity, and help in developing strategies for the utilization of wild species for potato improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Naydov IA, Novichkova NS, Ivanov BN. Effect of CO2 Content in Air on the Activity of Carbonic Anhydrases in Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria and the Expression Level of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes of the α- and β-Families in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162113. [PMID: 36015416 PMCID: PMC9414674 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities of the preparations of cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma, and chloroplast thylakoids, as well as the expression levels of genes encoding αCA1, αCA2, αCA4, βCA1, βCA2, βCA3, βCA4, βCA5, and βCA6, were measured in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, acclimated to different CO2 content in the air: low (150 ppm, lCO2), normal (450 ppm, nCO2), and high (1200 ppm, hCO2). To evaluate the photosynthetic apparatus operation, the carbon assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured under the same conditions. It was found that the CA activities of the preparations of cytoplasm, chloroplast stroma, and chloroplast thylakoids measured after two weeks of acclimation were higher, the lower CO2 concentration in the air. That was preceded by an increase in the expression levels of genes encoding the cytoplasmic form of βCA1, and other cytoplasmic CAs, βCA2, βCA3, and βCA4, as well as of the chloroplast CAs, βCA5, and the stromal forms of βCA1 in a short-term range 1–2 days after the beginning of the acclimation. The dependence on the CO2 content in the air was most noticeable for the CA activity of the preparations of the stroma; it was two orders higher in lCO2 plants than in hCO2 plants. The CA activity of thylakoid membranes from lCO2 plants was higher than that in nCO2 and hCO2 plants; however, in these plants, a significant increase in the expression levels of the genes encoding αCA2 and αCA4 located in thylakoid membranes was not observed. The CA activity of mitochondria and the expression level of the mitochondrial βCA6 gene did not depend on the content of carbon dioxide. Taken together, the data implied that in the higher plants, the supply of inorganic carbon to carboxylation sites is carried out with the cooperative functioning of CAs located in the cytoplasm and CAs located in the chloroplasts.
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8
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Kandoi D, Ruhil K, Govindjee G, Tripathy BC. Overexpression of cytoplasmic C 4 Flaveria bidentis carbonic anhydrase in C 3 Arabidopsis thaliana increases amino acids, photosynthetic potential, and biomass. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1518-1532. [PMID: 35467074 PMCID: PMC9342616 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An important method to improve photosynthesis in C3 crops, such as rice and wheat, is to transfer efficient C4 characters to them. Here, cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA: βCA3) of the C4 Flaveria bidentis (Fb) was overexpressed under the control of 35 S promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana, a C3 plant, to enhance its photosynthetic efficiency. Overexpression of CA resulted in a better supply of the substrate HCO3- for the endogenous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the cytosol of the overexpressers, and increased its activity for generating malate that feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This provided additional carbon skeleton for increased synthesis of amino acids aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine. Increased amino acids contributed to higher protein content in the transgenics. Furthermore, expression of FbβCA3 in Arabidopsis led to a better growth due to expression of several genes leading to higher chlorophyll content, electron transport, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the transformants. Enhanced CO2 assimilation resulted in increased sugar and starch content, and plant dry weight. In addition, transgenic plants had lower stomatal conductance, reduced transpiration rate, and higher water-use efficiency. These results, taken together, show that expression of C4 CA in the cytosol of a C3 plant can indeed improve its photosynthetic capacity with enhanced water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kandoi
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Kamal Ruhil
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
- Department of BiotechnologySharda UniversityGreater NoidaUPIndia
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Ma L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Cheng K, Zhou X, Li J, Zhang J, Li R, Zhang L, Wang K, Zeng N, Gong Y, Zhu D, Deng Z, Qu G, Zhu B, Fu D, Luo Y, Zhu H. SlRBP1 promotes translational efficiency via SleIF4A2 to maintain chloroplast function in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2747-2764. [PMID: 35385118 PMCID: PMC9252502 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs) have critical functions in RNA processing and metabolism. Here, we describe a role for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) GR-RBP SlRBP1 in regulating mRNA translation. We found that SlRBP1 knockdown mutants (slrbp1) displayed reduced accumulation of total chlorophyll and impaired chloroplast ultrastructure. These phenotypes were accompanied by deregulation of the levels of numerous key transcripts associated with chloroplast functions in slrbp1. Furthermore, native RNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (nRIP-seq) recovered 61 SlRBP1-associated RNAs, most of which are involved in photosynthesis. SlRBP1 binding to selected target RNAs was validated by nRIP-qPCR. Intriguingly, the accumulation of proteins encoded by SlRBP1-bound transcripts, but not the mRNAs themselves, was reduced in slrbp1 mutants. Polysome profiling followed by RT-qPCR assays indicated that the polysome occupancy of target RNAs was lower in slrbp1 plants than in wild-type. Furthermore, SlRBP1 interacted with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor SleIF4A2. Silencing of SlRBP1 significantly reduced SleIF4A2 binding to SlRBP1-target RNAs. Taking these observations together, we propose that SlRBP1 binds to and channels RNAs onto the SleIF4A2 translation initiation complex and promotes the translation of its target RNAs to regulate chloroplast functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Ma
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Yuqiu Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiwen Zhou
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Lingling Zhang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keru Wang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanyan Gong
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Danmeng Zhu
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Guiqin Qu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Rudenko NN, Ivanov BN. Unsolved Problems of Carbonic Anhydrases Functioning in Photosynthetic Cells of Higher C3 Plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1243-1255. [PMID: 34903154 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The review presents current data on carbonic anhydrases found in various compartments of photosynthetic cells of higher plants. The available data on expression of genes some of carbonic anhydrases and its dependence on environmental factors and plant age are considered. The existing hypotheses on the functions of carbonic anhydrases of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, as well as of stroma and thylakoids of chloroplast, first of all, the hypothesis on participation of these enzymes in supplying carbon dioxide molecules to ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) are analyzed. Difficulties of establishing physiological role of the plant cell carbonic anhydrase are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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11
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Hines KM, Chaudhari V, Edgeworth KN, Owens TG, Hanson MR. Absence of carbonic anhydrase in chloroplasts affects C 3 plant development but not photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107425118. [PMID: 34380739 PMCID: PMC8379964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107425118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyzes the interconversion of bicarbonate with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, has been hypothesized to play a role in C3 photosynthesis. We identified two tobacco stromal CAs, β-CA1 and β-CA5, and produced CRISPR/Cas9 mutants affecting their encoding genes. While single knockout lines Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca5 had no striking phenotypic differences compared to wild type (WT) plants, Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves developed abnormally and exhibited large necrotic lesions even when supplied with sucrose. Leaf development of Δβ-ca1ca5 plants normalized at 9,000 ppm CO2 Leaves of Δβ-ca1ca5 mutants and WT that had matured in high CO2 had identical CO2 fixation rates and photosystem II efficiency. Fatty acids, which are formed through reactions with bicarbonate substrates, exhibited abnormal profiles in the chloroplast CA-less mutant. Emerging Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves produce reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts, perhaps due to lower nonphotochemical quenching efficiency compared to WT. Δβ-ca1ca5 seedling germination and development is negatively affected at ambient CO2 Transgenes expressing full-length β-CA1 and β-CA5 proteins complemented the Δβ-ca1ca5 mutation but inactivated (ΔZn-βCA1) and cytoplasm-localized (Δ62-βCA1) forms of β-CA1 did not reverse the growth phenotype. Nevertheless, expression of the inactivated ΔZn-βCA1 protein was able to restore the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus, while Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca1ca5 plants failed to show a hypersensitive response. We conclude that stromal CA plays a role in plant development, likely through providing bicarbonate for biosynthetic reactions, but stromal CA is not needed for maximal rates of photosynthesis in the C3 plant tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Hines
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Kristen N Edgeworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Thomas G Owens
- Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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Hines KM, Chaudhari V, Edgeworth KN, Owens TG, Hanson MR. Absence of carbonic anhydrase in chloroplasts affects C 3 plant development but not photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021. [PMID: 34380739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.210742511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyzes the interconversion of bicarbonate with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, has been hypothesized to play a role in C3 photosynthesis. We identified two tobacco stromal CAs, β-CA1 and β-CA5, and produced CRISPR/Cas9 mutants affecting their encoding genes. While single knockout lines Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca5 had no striking phenotypic differences compared to wild type (WT) plants, Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves developed abnormally and exhibited large necrotic lesions even when supplied with sucrose. Leaf development of Δβ-ca1ca5 plants normalized at 9,000 ppm CO2 Leaves of Δβ-ca1ca5 mutants and WT that had matured in high CO2 had identical CO2 fixation rates and photosystem II efficiency. Fatty acids, which are formed through reactions with bicarbonate substrates, exhibited abnormal profiles in the chloroplast CA-less mutant. Emerging Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves produce reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts, perhaps due to lower nonphotochemical quenching efficiency compared to WT. Δβ-ca1ca5 seedling germination and development is negatively affected at ambient CO2 Transgenes expressing full-length β-CA1 and β-CA5 proteins complemented the Δβ-ca1ca5 mutation but inactivated (ΔZn-βCA1) and cytoplasm-localized (Δ62-βCA1) forms of β-CA1 did not reverse the growth phenotype. Nevertheless, expression of the inactivated ΔZn-βCA1 protein was able to restore the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus, while Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca1ca5 plants failed to show a hypersensitive response. We conclude that stromal CA plays a role in plant development, likely through providing bicarbonate for biosynthetic reactions, but stromal CA is not needed for maximal rates of photosynthesis in the C3 plant tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Hines
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Kristen N Edgeworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Thomas G Owens
- Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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Urban MO, Planchon S, Hoštičková I, Vanková R, Dobrev P, Renaut J, Klíma M, Vítámvás P. The Resistance of Oilseed Rape Microspore-Derived Embryos to Osmotic Stress Is Associated With the Accumulation of Energy Metabolism Proteins, Redox Homeostasis, Higher Abscisic Acid, and Cytokinin Contents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628167. [PMID: 34177973 PMCID: PMC8231708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the response of rapeseed microspore-derived embryos (MDE) to osmotic stress at the proteome level. The PEG-induced osmotic stress was studied in the cotyledonary stage of MDE of two genotypes: Cadeli (D) and Viking (V), previously reported to exhibit contrasting leaf proteome responses under drought. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) revealed 156 representative protein spots that have been selected for MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Sixty-three proteins have been successfully identified and divided into eight functional groups. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024552. Eight selected protein accumulation trends were compared with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Biomass accumulation in treated D was significantly higher (3-fold) than in V, which indicates D is resistant to osmotic stress. Cultivar D displayed resistance strategy by the accumulation of proteins in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, protein destination, and signaling functional groups, high ABA, and active cytokinins (CKs) contents. In contrast, the V protein profile displayed high requirements of energy and nutrients with a significant number of stress-related proteins and cell structure changes accompanied by quick downregulation of active CKs, as well as salicylic and jasmonic acids. Genes that were suitable for gene-targeting showed significantly higher expression in treated samples and were identified as phospholipase D alpha, peroxiredoxin antioxidant, and lactoylglutathione lyase. The MDE proteome profile has been compared with the leaf proteome evaluated in our previous study. Different mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress were revealed between the genotypes studied. This proteomic study is the first step to validate MDE as a suitable model for follow-up research on the characterization of new crossings and can be used for preselection of resistant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan O. Urban
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, “Environmental Research and Innovation,” (ERIN) Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Irena Hoštičková
- Department of Plant Production and Agroecology, University of South Bohemia in Ceské Budějovice, Ceské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, “Environmental Research and Innovation,” (ERIN) Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Miroslav Klíma
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Vítámvás
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
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Lee Y, Szymanski DB. Multimerization variants as potential drivers of neofunctionalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf0984. [PMID: 33771868 PMCID: PMC7997512 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplications are common during evolution, creating genetic redundancy that can enable cellular innovations. Novel protein-protein interactions provide a route to diversified gene functions, but, at present, there is limited proteome-scale knowledge on the extent to which variability in protein complex formation drives neofunctionalization. Here, we used protein correlation profiling to test for variability in apparent mass among thousands of orthologous proteins isolated from diverse species and cell types. Variants in protein complex size were unexpectedly common, in some cases appearing after relatively recent whole-genome duplications or an allopolyploidy event. In other instances, variants such as those in the carbonic anhydrase orthologous group reflected the neofunctionalization of ancient paralogs that have been preserved in extant species. Our results demonstrate that homo- and heteromer formation have the potential to drive neofunctionalization in diverse classes of enzymes, signaling, and structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Lee
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Polishchuk OV. Stress-Related Changes in the Expression and Activity of Plant Carbonic Anhydrases. PLANTA 2021; 253:58. [PMID: 33532871 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The data on stress-related changes in the expression and activity of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) suggest that they are generally upregulated at moderate stress severity. This indicates probable involvement of CAs in adaptation to drought, high salinity, heat, high light, Ci deficit, and excess bicarbonate. The changes in CA levels under cold stress are less studied and generally represented by the downregulation of CAs excepting βCA2. Excess Cd2+ and deficit of Zn2+ specifically reduce CA activity and reduce its synthesis. Probable roles of βCAs in stress adaptation include stomatal closure, ROS scavenging and partial compensation for decreased mesophyll CO2 conductance. βCAs play contrasting roles in pathogen responses, interacting with phytohormone signaling networks. Their role can be either negative or positive, probably depending on the host-pathogen system, pathogen initial titer, and levels of ·NO and ROS. It is still not clear why CAs are suppressed under severe stress levels. It should be noted, that the role of βCAs in the facilitation of CO2 diffusion and their involvement in redox signaling or ROS detoxication are potentially antagonistic, as they are inactivated by oxidation or nitrosylation. Interestingly, some chloroplastic βCAs may be relocated to the cytoplasm under stress conditions, but the physiological meaning of this effect remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Polishchuk
- Membranology and Phytochemistry Department, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str, Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine.
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Dreyer A, Schackmann A, Kriznik A, Chibani K, Wesemann C, Vogelsang L, Beyer A, Dietz KJ. Thiol Redox Regulation of Plant β-Carbonic Anhydrase. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1125. [PMID: 32751472 PMCID: PMC7463553 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-carbonic anhydrases (βCA) accelerate the equilibrium formation between CO2 and carbonate. Two plant βCA isoforms are targeted to the chloroplast and represent abundant proteins in the range of >1% of chloroplast protein. While their function in gas exchange and photosynthesis is well-characterized in carbon concentrating mechanisms of cyanobacteria and plants with C4-photosynthesis, their function in plants with C3-photosynthesis is less clear. The presence of conserved and surface-exposed cysteinyl residues in the βCA-structure urged to the question whether βCA is subject to redox regulation. Activity measurements revealed reductive activation of βCA1, whereas oxidized βCA1 was inactive. Mutation of cysteinyl residues decreased βCA1 activity, in particular C280S, C167S, C230S, and C257S. High concentrations of dithiothreitol or low amounts of reduced thioredoxins (TRXs) activated oxidized βCA1. TRX-y1 and TRX-y2 most efficiently activated βCA1, followed by TRX-f1 and f2 and NADPH-dependent TRX reductase C (NTRC). High light irradiation did not enhance βCA activity in wildtype Arabidopsis, but surprisingly in βca1 knockout plants, indicating light-dependent regulation. The results assign a role of βCA within the thiol redox regulatory network of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
| | - Alexander Schackmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
| | - Alexandre Kriznik
- CNRS, INSERM, IBSLor, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Université de Lorraine, F-5400 Nancy, France;
| | - Kamel Chibani
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
| | - Corinna Wesemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
| | - Lara Vogelsang
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
| | - André Beyer
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (A.D.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.W.); (L.V.)
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Chen Z, Wang W, Dong X, Pu X, Gao B, Liu L. Functional redundancy and divergence of β-carbonic anhydrases in Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2020; 252:20. [PMID: 32671568 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
β-carbonic anhydrases, which function in regulating plant growth, C/N status, and stomata number, showed functional redundancy and divergence in Physcomitrella patens. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. Plants have three evolutionarily unrelated CA families: α-, β-, and γ-CAs. βCAs are abundant in plants and are involved in CO2 assimilation, stress responses, and stomata formation. Recent studies of βCAs have mainly examined C3 or C4 plants, whereas their functions in non-vascular plants are mostly unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the evolution of βCAs were conserved between subaerial green algae and bryophytes after terrestrialization event, and βCAs from some cyanobacteria might begin evolving for the adaptation of terrestrial environment/habitat. In addition, we investigated the physiological roles of βCAs in the basal land plant Physcomitrella patens. High PpβCA expression levels in different tissues suggest that PpβCAs play important roles in development in P. patens. Plants treated with 1-10 mM NaHCO3 had higher fresh and dry weight, PpβCA expression, total CA activity, and photosynthetic yield (Fv/Fm) compared with water-treated plants. However, treatment with 10 mM NaHCO3 influenced the C/N status. Further study of six Ppβca single-gene mutants revealed that PpβCAs have functional redundancy and divergence in regulating the C/N ratio of plants and stomatal formation. This study provides new insight into the physiological roles of βCAs in basal land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Chen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiumei Dong
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Xiaojun Pu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Momayyezi M, McKown AD, Bell SCS, Guy RD. Emerging roles for carbonic anhydrase in mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:831-844. [PMID: 31816145 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an abundant protein in most photosynthesizing organisms and higher plants. This review paper considers the physiological importance of the more abundant CA isoforms in photosynthesis, through their effects on CO2 diffusion and other processes in photosynthetic organisms. In plants, CA has multiple isoforms in three different families (α, β and γ) and is mainly known to catalyze the CO2↔HCO3- equilibrium. This reversible conversion has a clear role in photosynthesis, primarily through sustaining the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Despite showing the same major reaction mechanism, the three main CA families are evolutionarily distinct. For different CA isoforms, cellular localization and total gene expression as a function of developmental stage are predicted to determine the role of each family in relation to the net assimilation rate. Reaction-diffusion modeling and observational evidence support a role for CA activity in reducing resistance to CO2 diffusion inside mesophyll cells by facilitating CO2 transfer in both gas and liquid phases. In addition, physical and/or biochemical interactions between CAs and other membrane-bound compartments, for example aquaporins, are suggested to trigger a CO2 -sensing response by stomatal movement. In response to environmental stresses, changes in the expression level of CAs and/or stimulated deactivation of CAs may correspond with lower photosynthetic capacity. We suggest that further studies should focus on the dynamics of the relationship between the activity of CAs (with different subcellular localization, abundance and gene expression) and limitations due to CO2 diffusivity through the mesophyll and supply of CO2 to photosynthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shannon C S Bell
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Brito C, Dinis LT, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. Drought Stress Effects and Olive Tree Acclimation under a Changing Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E232. [PMID: 31319621 PMCID: PMC6681365 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consciousness regarding the nutritional value of olive oil has enhanced the demand for this product and, consequently, the expansion of olive tree cultivation. Although it is considered a highly resilient and tolerant crop to several abiotic stresses, olive growing areas are usually affected by adverse environmental factors, namely, water scarcity, heat and high irradiance, and are especially vulnerable to climate change. In this context, it is imperative to improve agronomic strategies to offset the loss of productivity and possible changes in fruit and oil quality. To develop more efficient and precise measures, it is important to look for new insights concerning response mechanisms to drought stress. In this review, we provided an overview of the global status of olive tree ecology and relevance, as well the influence of environmental abiotic stresses in olive cultivation. Finally, we explored and analysed the deleterious effects caused by drought (e.g., water status and photosynthetic performance impairment, oxidative stress and imbalance in plant nutrition), the most critical stressor to agricultural crops in the Mediterranean region, and the main olive tree responses to withstand this stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Brito
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lia-Tânia Dinis
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Correia
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Ignatova L, Rudenko N, Zhurikova E, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Ivanov B. Carbonic Anhydrases in Photosynthesizing Cells of C3 Higher Plants. Metabolites 2019; 9:E73. [PMID: 30995746 PMCID: PMC6523093 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data on the location, nature, properties, number, and expression of carbonic anhydrase genes in the photosynthesizing cells of C3 plants. The available data about the presence of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma and thylakoids are scrutinized. Special attention was paid to the presence of carbonic anhydrase activities in the different parts of thylakoids, and on collation of sources of these activities with enzymes encoded by the established genes of carbonic anhydrases. The data are presented to show that the consistent incorporation of carbonic anhydrases belonging to different families of these enzymes forms a coherent system of CO2 molecules transport from air to chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, where they are included in organic molecules in the carboxylation reaction. It is discussed that the manifestation of the activity of a certain carbonic anhydrase depends on environmental conditions and the stage of ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Ignatova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Natalia Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elena Zhurikova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
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21
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Poschenrieder C, Fernández JA, Rubio L, Pérez L, Terés J, Barceló J. Transport and Use of Bicarbonate in Plants: Current Knowledge and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1352. [PMID: 29751549 PMCID: PMC5983714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate plays a fundamental role in the cell pH status in all organisms. In autotrophs, HCO₃− may further contribute to carbon concentration mechanisms (CCM). This is especially relevant in the CO₂-poor habitats of cyanobacteria, aquatic microalgae, and macrophytes. Photosynthesis of terrestrial plants can also benefit from CCM as evidenced by the evolution of C₄ and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). The presence of HCO₃− in all organisms leads to more questions regarding the mechanisms of uptake and membrane transport in these different biological systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the transport and metabolic processes related to HCO₃− in microalgae, macroalgae, seagrasses, and terrestrial plants. HCO₃− transport in cyanobacteria and human cells is much better documented and is included for comparison. We further comment on the metabolic roles of HCO₃− in plants by focusing on the diversity and functions of carbonic anhydrases and PEP carboxylases as well as on the signaling role of CO₂/HCO₃− in stomatal guard cells. Plant responses to excess soil HCO₃− is briefly addressed. In conclusion, there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge of HCO₃− uptake and transport in plants that hamper the development of breeding strategies for both more efficient CCM and better HCO₃− tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Laura Pérez
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana Terés
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Shen W, Han J, Yan P, Zheng J, Zhang L, Li X, Tuo D, Zhou P. Soluble expression of biologically active methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (PaMsrB1) from Carica papaya in Escherichia coli and isolation of its protein targets. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:17-22. [PMID: 29373846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MsrB1) protects the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species to repair Met-oxidized proteins in response to abiotic stresses and biotic attack. Papaya MsrB1 (PaMsrB1) was identified previously to interact with papaya ringspot virus NIa-Pro, and this interaction inhibits the import of PaMsrB1 into the chloroplast. Further functional characterization of PaMsrB1 requires the production of a biologically active purified recombinant protein. In this report, PaMsrB1 as a fusion protein containing an N-terminal maltose-binding protein (MBP) was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells and purified. Production of soluble fusion protein was greater when the cells were cultured at 16 °C than at 37 °C. The Factor Xa protease digested MBP-PaMsrB1 fusion protein and subsequently purified recombinant PaMsrB1 specifically reduced the R-diastereomer of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) and Dabsyl-MetSO to Met in the presence of dithiothreitol. Eight chloroplast-localized and five non-chloroplast-localized candidate proteins that interact with PaMsrB1 were isolated by affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results provide a platform to further understand the anti-oxidative defense mechanism of PaMsrB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiping Zheng
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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23
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Giessen TW, Silver PA. Engineering carbon fixation with artificial protein organelles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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β-carbonic anhydrases play a role in salicylic acid perception in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181820. [PMID: 28753666 PMCID: PMC5533460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is required for defense responses. NON EXPRESSER OFPATHOGENESISRELATED1 (NPR1) and NONRECOGNITION OFBTH-4 (NRB4) are required for the response to SA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we isolated several interactors of NRB4 using yeast two-hybrid assays. Two of these interactors, βCA1 and βCA2, are β-carbonic anhydrase family proteins. Since double mutant βca1 βca2 plants did not show any obvious phenotype, we investigated other βCAs and found that NRB4 also interacts with βCA3 and βCA4. Moreover, several βCAs interacted with NPR1 in yeast, including one that interacted in a SA-dependent manner. This interaction was abolished in loss-of-function alleles of NPR1. Interactions between βCAs and both NRB4 and NPR1 were also detected in planta, with evidence for a triple interaction, NRB4-βCA1-NPR1. The quintuple mutant βca1 βca2 βca3 βca4 βca6 showed partial insensitivity to SA. These findings suggest that one of the functions of carbonic anhydrases is to modulate the perception of SA in plants.
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25
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Huang J, Li Z, Biener G, Xiong E, Malik S, Eaton N, Zhao CZ, Raicu V, Kong H, Zhao D. Carbonic Anhydrases Function in Anther Cell Differentiation Downstream of the Receptor-Like Kinase EMS1. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1335-1356. [PMID: 28522549 PMCID: PMC5502440 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants extensively employ leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), the largest family of RLKs, to control a wide range of growth and developmental processes as well as defense responses. To date, only a few direct downstream effectors for LRR-RLKs have been identified. We previously showed that the LRR-RLK EMS1 (EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1) and its ligand TPD1 (TAPETUM DETERMINANT1) are required for the differentiation of somatic tapetal cells and reproductive microsporocytes during early anther development in Arabidopsis thaliana Here, we report the identification of β-carbonic anhydrases (βCAs) as the direct downstream targets of EMS1. EMS1 biochemically interacts with βCA proteins. Loss of function of βCA genes caused defective tapetal cell differentiation, while overexpression of βCA1 led to the formation of extra tapetal cells. EMS1 phosphorylates βCA1 at four sites, resulting in increased βCA1 activity. Furthermore, phosphorylation-blocking mutations impaired the function of βCA1 in tapetal cell differentiation; however, a phosphorylation mimic mutation promoted the formation of tapetal cells. βCAs are also involved in pH regulation in tapetal cells. Our findings highlight the role of βCA in controlling cell differentiation and provide insights into the posttranslational modification of carbonic anhydrases via receptor-like kinase-mediated phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Gabriel Biener
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Erhui Xiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhenzhou 450002, China
| | - Shikha Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Nathan Eaton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | | | - Valerica Raicu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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26
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Chen T, Wu H, Wu J, Fan X, Li X, Lin Y. Absence of OsβCA1 causes a CO 2 deficit and affects leaf photosynthesis and the stomatal response to CO 2 in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:344-357. [PMID: 28142196 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants always adjust the opening of stomatal pores to adapt to the environment, for example CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]), humidity and temperature. Low [CO2 ] will trigger the opening of stomatal pores to absorb extra CO2 . However, little is known about how CO2 supply affects the carbon fixation and opening of stomatal pores in rice. Here, a chloroplast-located gene coding for β-carbonic anhydrase (βCA) was found to be involved in carbon assimilation and the CO2 -mediated stomatal pore response in rice. OsβCA1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues and its transcripts were induced by high [CO2 ] in leaves. Both T-DNA mutant and RNA interference lines showed phenotypes of lower biomass and CA activities. Knockout of OsβCA1 obviously decreased photosynthetic capacity, as demonstrated by the increased CO2 compensation point and decreased light saturation point in the mutant, while knockout increased the opening ratio of stomatal pores and the rate of water loss. Moreover, the mutant showed a delayed response to low [CO2 ], and stomatal pores could not be closed to the same degree as those of wild type even though the stomatal pores could rapidly respond to high [CO2 ]. Genome-wide gene expression analysis via RNA sequencing demonstrated that the transcript abundance of genes related to Rubisco, photosystem compounds and the opening of stomatal pores was globally upregulated in the mutant. Taken together, the inadequate CO2 supply caused by the absence of OsβCA1 reduces photosynthetic efficiency, triggers the opening of stomatal pores and finally decreases their sensitivity to CO2 fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiemin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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27
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Clayton H, Saladié M, Rolland V, Sharwood R, Macfarlane T, Ludwig M. Loss of the Chloroplast Transit Peptide from an Ancestral C 3 Carbonic Anhydrase Is Associated with C 4 Evolution in the Grass Genus Neurachne. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1648-1658. [PMID: 28153918 PMCID: PMC5338660 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurachne is the only known grass lineage containing closely related C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 species, making it an ideal taxon with which to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the grasses. To begin dissecting the molecular changes that led to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in this group, the complementary DNAs encoding four distinct β-carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms were characterized from leaf tissue of Neurachne munroi (C4), Neurachne minor (C3-C4), and Neurachne alopecuroidea (C3). Two genes (CA1 and CA2) each encode two different isoforms: CA1a/CA1b and CA2a/CA2b. Transcript analyses found that CA1 messenger RNAs were significantly more abundant than transcripts from the CA2 gene in the leaves of each species examined, constituting ∼99% of all β-CA transcripts measured. Localization experiments using green fluorescent protein fusion constructs showed that, while CA1b is a cytosolic CA in all three species, the CA1a proteins are differentially localized. The N. alopecuroidea and N. minor CA1a isoforms were imported into chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells, whereas N. munroi CA1a localized to the cytosol. Sequence analysis indicated an 11-amino acid deletion in the amino terminus of N. munroi CA1a relative to the C3 and C3-C4 proteins, suggesting that chloroplast targeting of CA1a is the ancestral state and that loss of a functional chloroplast transit peptide in N. munroi CA1a is associated with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Neurachne spp. Remarkably, this mechanism is homoplastic with the evolution of the C4-associated CA in the dicotyledonous genus Flaveria, although the actual mutations in the two lineages differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony Clayton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Montserrat Saladié
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Vivien Rolland
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Robert Sharwood
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Terry Macfarlane
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.);
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
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28
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Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. The multifunctional face of plant carbonic anhydrase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:362-368. [PMID: 28152407 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although most studies on the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) have indicated its significant role in plants to facilitate the diffusion of CO2 to the site of inorganic carbon fixation, it is becoming increasingly likely that carbonic anhydrase isoforms also have diverse unexplored functions in plant cells. This review lays emphasis on additional roles of CA associated with many physiological, biochemical and structural changes in plant metabolism. The presented findings have revealed essential functions of CA isoforms in plant adjustment to both abiotic and biotic agents and developmental stimuli. However, sometimes it is difficult to separate the non-photosynthetic from the photosynthetic-related role of CAs during post-stress impaired metabolism, and the preventive CA outcome might be due to the effect of these enzymes on improvement of photosynthetic capacity. Finally, taking into account the experimental evidence, the direct and indirect functional roles of CAs in mitigating negative effects of environmental conditions are presented.
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29
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DiMario RJ, Clayton H, Mukherjee A, Ludwig M, Moroney JV. Plant Carbonic Anhydrases: Structures, Locations, Evolution, and Physiological Roles. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:30-46. [PMID: 27646307 PMCID: PMC5226100 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- and are ubiquitous in nature. Higher plants contain three evolutionarily distinct CA families, αCAs, βCAs, and γCAs, where each family is represented by multiple isoforms in all species. Alternative splicing of CA transcripts appears common; consequently, the number of functional CA isoforms in a species may exceed the number of genes. CAs are expressed in numerous plant tissues and in different cellular locations. The most prevalent CAs are those in the chloroplast, cytosol, and mitochondria. This diversity in location is paralleled in the many physiological and biochemical roles that CAs play in plants. In this review, the number and types of CAs in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants are considered, and the roles of the α and γCAs are briefly discussed. The remainder of the review focuses on plant βCAs and includes the identification of homologs between species using phylogenetic approaches, a consideration of the inter- and intracellular localization of the proteins, along with the evidence for alternative splice forms. Current understanding of βCA tissue-specific expression patterns and what controls them are reviewed, and the physiological roles for which βCAs have been implicated are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DiMario
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Harmony Clayton
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ananya Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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30
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Momayyezi M, Guy RD. Substantial role for carbonic anhydrase in latitudinal variation in mesophyll conductance of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:138-149. [PMID: 27761902 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood), net photosynthesis (An ) varies with latitude and, in northern genotypes, is supported by higher stomatal conductance (gs ). We report here a parallel cline in mesophyll conductance (gm ) and link this variation to carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity. Using concurrent carbon isotope discrimination and chlorophyll fluorescence methods, we examined the effects of acetazolamide, an inhibitor of CA, on gm in six representative genotypes (three from either end of the north-south cline). Acetazolamide reduced CA activity, gm , gs , chloroplast CO2 concentration (Cc ) and An at normal CO2 (400 μmol mol-1 ), the latter being reversible at saturating CO2 . Absolute reductions in An , gm and CA activity were greater in northern genotypes than in southern genotypes (P < 0.025) but percent reductions were similar. In contrast, northern genotypes showed lower percent reduction in Cc compared to southern genotypes (P < 0.025). The northern genotypes had greater CA activity relative to both leaf area (two-fold) and mass (1.8-fold) (P < 0.016). The relationship between CA activity and gm was similar whether the variation was inherent or inhibitor induced. We suggest that greater CA activity contributes to higher gm in northern P. trichocarpa genotypes, but other diffusion pathway components may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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31
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Growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red and blue laser light. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33885. [PMID: 27659906 PMCID: PMC5034235 DOI: 10.1038/srep33885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor horticulture offers a sensible solution for sustainable food production and is becoming increasingly widespread. However, it incurs high energy and cost due to the use of artificial lighting such as high-pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent light or increasingly, the light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The energy efficiency and light quality of currently available horticultural lighting is suboptimal, and therefore less than ideal for sustainable and cost-effective large-scale plant production. Here, we demonstrate the use of high-powered single-wavelength lasers for indoor horticulture. They are highly energy-efficient and can be remotely guided to the site of plant growth, thus reducing on-site heat accumulation. Furthermore, laser beams can be tailored to match the absorption profiles of different plant species. We have developed a prototype laser growth chamber and demonstrate that plants grown under laser illumination can complete a full growth cycle from seed to seed with phenotypes resembling those of plants grown under LEDs reported previously. Importantly, the plants have lower expression of proteins diagnostic for light and radiation stress. The phenotypical, biochemical and proteome data show that the single-wavelength laser light is suitable for plant growth and therefore, potentially able to unlock the advantages of this next generation lighting technology for highly energy-efficient horticulture.
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32
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Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Komar DN, Rusaczonek A, Kozłowska-Makulska A, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Karpiński S. β-carbonic anhydrases and carbonic ions uptake positively influence Arabidopsis photosynthesis, oxidative stress tolerance and growth in light dependent manner. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:44-54. [PMID: 27316917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyse reversible interconversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate and protons and regulate concentration of CO2 around photosynthetic enzymes. In higher plants the CAs are divided into three distinct classes α, β and γ, with members off each of them being involved in CO2 uptake, fixation or recycling. The most abundant group is βCAs. In C4 plants they are localized in the cytosol of mesophyll cells and catalyse first step of carbon concentration pathway. C3 plants contain orthologues genes encoding βCAs's, however their functions are unknown. Given the importance of βCAs in the present study we analysed the effect of carbonic ions, selected orthologues βCAs's gene expression and βCAs enzymatic activity on Arabidopsis photosynthesis, growth and cell death in different light conditions. Plants fertilised with 0.5-3mM sodium bicarbonate had a significantly increased number of leaves, improved fresh and dry weight and reduced cell death (cellular ion leakage). This effect was dependent on provided photon flux density and photoperiod. Higher content of carbonic ions also stimulated photoprotective mechanisms such as non-photochemical quenching and foliar content of photoprotective pigments (neoxanthin, violaxanthin and carotenes). Function of various βCAs genes examined in null βcas mutants showed to be complementary and additive, and confirm results of fertilizing experiments. Taken together, regulation of βCAs gene expression and enzymatic activities are important for optimal plant growth and probably can be one of the factor influencing a switch between C3 and C4 photosynthesis mode in variable light conditions. Therefore, biotechnological amelioration of βCAs activity in economically important plants and their fertilisation with carbonic ions may lead to improved photosynthetic efficiency and further crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Natalia Komar
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozłowska-Makulska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN. Carbonic anhydrases in photosynthetic cells of higher plants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:674-87. [PMID: 26531014 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents information about carbonic anhydrases, enzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions. The families of carbonic anhydrases are described, and data concerning the presence of their representatives in organisms of different classes, and especially in the higher plants, are considered. Proven and hypothetical functions of carbonic anhydrases in living organisms are listed. Particular attention is given to those functions of the enzyme that are relevant to photosynthetic reactions. These functions in algae are briefly described. Data about probable functions of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplast stroma of higher plants are discussed. Update concerning carbonic anhydrases in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants, i.e. their quantity and possible participation in photosynthetic reactions, is given in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Hanson MR, Lin MT, Carmo-Silva AE, Parry MA. Towards engineering carboxysomes into C3 plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:38-50. [PMID: 26867858 PMCID: PMC4970904 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in C3 plants is limited by features of the carbon-fixing enzyme Rubisco, which exhibits a low turnover rate and can react with O2 instead of CO2 , leading to photorespiration. In cyanobacteria, bacterial microcompartments, known as carboxysomes, improve the efficiency of photosynthesis by concentrating CO2 near the enzyme Rubisco. Cyanobacterial Rubisco enzymes are faster than those of C3 plants, though they have lower specificity toward CO2 than the land plant enzyme. Replacement of land plant Rubisco by faster bacterial variants with lower CO2 specificity will improve photosynthesis only if a microcompartment capable of concentrating CO2 can also be installed into the chloroplast. We review current information about cyanobacterial microcompartments and carbon-concentrating mechanisms, plant transformation strategies, replacement of Rubisco in a model C3 plant with cyanobacterial Rubisco and progress toward synthesizing a carboxysome in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Myat T. Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | | | - Martin A.J. Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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35
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Ludwig M. Evolution of carbonic anhydrase in C4 plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:16-22. [PMID: 27016649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, the intracellular location with most carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity has changed. In Flaveria, the loss of the sequence encoding a chloroplast transit peptide from an ancestral C3 CA ortholog confined the C4 isoform to the mesophyll cell cytosol. Recent studies indicate that sequence elements and histone modifications controlling the expression of C4-associated CAs were likely present in the C3 ancestral chromatin, enabling the evolution of the C4 pathway. Almost complete abolishment of maize CA activity yields no obvious phenotype at ambient CO2 levels. This contrasts with results for Flaveria CA mutants, and has opened discussion on the role of CA in the C4 carbon concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry [310], University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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DiMario RJ, Quebedeaux JC, Longstreth DJ, Dassanayake M, Hartman MM, Moroney JV. The Cytoplasmic Carbonic Anhydrases βCA2 and βCA4 Are Required for Optimal Plant Growth at Low CO2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:280-93. [PMID: 26993617 PMCID: PMC4854698 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc metalloenzymes that interconvert CO2 and HCO3 (-) In plants, both α- and β-type CAs are present. We hypothesize that cytoplasmic βCAs are required to modulate inorganic carbon forms needed in leaf cells for carbon-requiring reactions such as photosynthesis and amino acid biosynthesis. In this report, we present evidence that βCA2 and βCA4 are the two most abundant cytoplasmic CAs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Previously, βCA4 was reported to be localized to the plasma membrane, but here, we show that two forms of βCA4 are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and that the two proteins encoded by βCA4 localize to two different regions of the cell. Comparing transfer DNA knockout lines with wild-type plants, there was no reduction in the growth rates of the single mutants, βca2 and βca4 However, the growth rate of the double mutant, βca2βca4, was reduced significantly when grown at 200 μL L(-1) CO2 The reduction in growth of the double mutant was not linked to a reduction in photosynthetic rate. The amino acid content of leaves from the double mutant showed marked reduction in aspartate when compared with the wild type and the single mutants. This suggests the cytoplasmic CAs play an important but not previously appreciated role in amino acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DiMario
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Jennifer C Quebedeaux
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - David J Longstreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Monica M Hartman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
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Igamberdiev AU. Control of Rubisco function via homeostatic equilibration of CO2 supply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:106. [PMID: 25767475 PMCID: PMC4341507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco is the most abundant protein on Earth that serves as the primary engine of carbon assimilation. It is characterized by a slow rate and low specificity for CO2 leading to photorespiration. We analyze here the challenges of operation of this enzyme as the main carbon fixation engine. The high concentration of Rubisco exceeds that of its substrate CO2 by 2-3 orders of magnitude; however, the total pool of available carbon in chloroplast, i.e., mainly bicarbonate, is comparable to the concentration of Rubisco active sites. This makes the reactant stationary assumption (RSA), which is essential as a condition of satisfying the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics, valid if we assume that the delivery of CO2 from this pool is not limiting. The RSA is supported by active carbonic anhydrases (CA) that quickly equilibrate bicarbonate and CO2 pools and supply CO2 to Rubisco. While the operation of stromal CA is independent of light reactions, the thylakoidal CA associated with PSII and pumping CO2 from the thylakoid lumen is coordinated with the rate of electron transport, water splitting and proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. At high CO2 concentrations, CA becomes less efficient (the equilibrium becomes unfavorable), so a deviation from the MM kinetics is observed, consistent with Rubisco reaching its Vmax at approximately 50% lower level than expected from the classical MM curve. Previously, this deviation was controversially explained by the limitation of RuBP regeneration. At low ambient CO2 and correspondingly limited capacity of the bicarbonate pool, its depletion at Rubisco sites is relieved in that the enzyme utilizes O2 instead of CO2, i.e., by photorespiration. In this process, CO2 is supplied back to Rubisco, and the chloroplastic redox state and energy level are maintained. It is concluded that the optimal performance of photosynthesis is achieved via the provision of continuous CO2 supply to Rubisco by carbonic anhydrases and photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U. Igamberdiev
- *Correspondence: Abir U. Igamberdiev, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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Kumar D. Salicylic acid signaling in disease resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:127-34. [PMID: 25438793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant hormone that mediates host responses against microbial pathogens. Identification and characterization of SA-interacting/binding proteins is a topic which has always excited scientists studying microbial defense response in plants. It is likely that discovery of a true receptor for SA may greatly advance understanding of this important signaling pathway. SABP2 with its high affinity for SA was previously considered to be a SA receptor. Despite a great deal work we may still not have true a receptor for SA. It is also entirely possible that there may be more than one receptor for SA. This scenario is more likely given the diverse role of SA in various physiological processes in plants including, modulation of opening and closing of stomatal aperture, flowering, seedling germination, thermotolerance, photosynthesis, and drought tolerance. Recent identification of NPR3, NPR4 and NPR1 as potential SA receptors and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHE2), several glutathione S transferases (GSTF) such as SA binding proteins have generated more interest in this field. Some of these SA binding proteins may have direct/indirect role in plant processes other than pathogen defense signaling. Development and use of new techniques with higher specificity to identify SA-interacting proteins have shown great promise and have resulted in the identification of several new SA interactors. This review focuses on SA interaction/binding proteins identified so far and their likely role in mediating plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Enhanced Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism Favor Arsenic Tolerance in Artemisia annua, a Medicinal Plant as Revealed by Homology-Based Proteomics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2014; 2014:163962. [PMID: 24868464 PMCID: PMC4020366 DOI: 10.1155/2014/163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the first proteomic evidence of arsenic (As) tolerance and interactive regulatory network between primary and secondary metabolism in the medicinal plant, Artemisia annua. While chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic rate depicted mild inhibition, there was a significant enhancement in PSI activity, whole chain, ATP, and NADPH contents in 100 μM As treatments compared to the control plants. However, a decrease in the above variables was recorded under 150 μM treatments. Proteomic decoding of the survival strategy of A. annua under As stress using 2-DE followed by MALDI-MS/MS revealed a total of 46 differentially expressed protein spots. In contrast to other plants where As inhibits photosynthesis, A. annua showed appreciable photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and allocation of carbon resources at 100 μM As concentration. While an increased accumulation of ATP synthase, ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase, and FeS-rieske proteins supported the operation of cyclic electron transport, mdr ABC transporter protein and pcs gene might be involved in As detoxification. The most interesting observation was an increased accumulation of LEAFY like novel protein conceivably responsible for an early onset of flowering in A. annua under As stress. This study not only affirmed the role of energy metabolism proteins but also identified potential candidates responsible for As tolerance in plants.
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40
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Abstract
Recent work has made progress in relating the size of stomata to stomatal functioning and, in particular, the speed of opening and closing and its implications. Calculations of the influence of stomatal size on the potential rate of osmolarity increase, assuming size-independent ion influx rate per unit area of guard cell plasmalemma set at the value found in large (60 μm long) stomata, show that 10 μm long stomata could have at least a 6-fold higher rate of osmolarity increase. There could be a corresponding decrease in the time taken in going from the closed to the fully open state from about 1h to about 10 min; this is approximately the range found for stomata.. However, there are no data on the rate of stomatal movement over a sufficient size range to test this suggestion. Faster opening requires, assuming optimal allocation, a higher activity of the required enzymes per unit volume of guard cells. This is explored for cytosolic carbonic anhydrase which is needed in guard cells, at least in the light, for malic acid synthesis which is involved in stomatal opening in most stomata. Faster opening and closing of smaller than of larger stomata could allow closer tracking of environmental (mainly light) variations, although the available data are not adequate to determine if such a greater tracking occurs. The range of speeds of stomatal movement is similar to that for photoinhibition-related phenomena, despite the very different mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hoghway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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41
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Müller WEG, Qiang L, Schröder HC, Hönig N, Yuan D, Grebenjuk VA, Mussino F, Giovine M, Wang X. Carbonic anhydrase: a key regulatory and detoxifying enzyme for Karst plants. PLANTA 2014; 239:213-229. [PMID: 24385198 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Karstification is a rapid process during which calcidic stones/limestones undergo dissolution with the consequence of a desertification of karst regions. A slow-down of those dissolution processes of Ca-carbonate can be approached by a reforestation program using karst-resistant plants that can resist alkaline pH and higher bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) concentrations in the soil. Carbonic anhydrases (CA) are enzymes that mediate a rapid and reversible interconversion of CO₂ and HCO₃⁻. In the present study, the steady-state expression of a CA gene, encoding for the plant carbonic anhydrase from the parsley Petroselinum crispum, is monitored. The studies were primarily been performed during germination of the seeds up to the 12/14-day-old embryos. The CA cDNA was cloned. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed that the gene expression level of the P. crispum CA is strongly and significantly affected at more alkaline pH in the growth medium (pH 8.3). This abolishing effect is counteracted both by addition of HCO₃⁻ and by addition of polyphosphate (polyP) to the culture medium. In response to polyP, the increased pH in the vacuoles of the growing plants is normalized. The effect of polyP let us to propose that this polymer acts as a buffer system that facilitates the adjustment of the pH in the cytoplasm. In addition, it is proposed that polyP has the potential to act, especially in the karst, as a fertilizer that allows the karstic plants to cope with the adverse pH and HCO₃⁻ condition in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group, University Medical Center, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany,
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42
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Wang M, Zhang Q, Liu FC, Xie WF, Wang GD, Wang J, Gao QH, Duan K. Family-wide expression characterization of Arabidopsis beta-carbonic anhydrase genes using qRT-PCR and Promoter::GUS fusions. Biochimie 2013; 97:219-27. [PMID: 24211190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes found throughout the phylogenetic tree. The β-class carbonic anhydrases (β-CAs) are the predominating class of CAs in plants. Growing evidence underscores the importance of β-CAs in plant immunity and environmental adaptation in addition to their roles in photosynthesis. However, many fundamental problems in Arabidopsis βCAs expression remain unsolved. Here we examined the transcript abundance of AtβCAs in different tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the accumulation of mRNA in response to CO2 and darkness. Histochemical analysis was performed to study the promoter activity of AtβCAs during post-germination seedling growth and in mature plants. All six members of the AtβCA subfamily showed a response to changed CO2 level and darkness, but each member showed a specific dynamic pattern. Although expression of each AtβCA was unique, in general most AtβCAs were synchronously expressed in green leaves since 5 days after germination until flowering. AtβCA1 and AtβCA2 were most highly expressed in leaves but AtβCA2 displayed weaker expression in roots. The level of AtβCA3 transcripts was highest in flowers, while AtβCA5 was most widely expressed and might be involved in more processes than other members. AtβCA6 was unique for increased expression in darkness and no expression in either the anther or pistil. The present study provides useful information for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China; Biotech Research Institute, SAAS, Shanghai 201106, China; College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China; Biotech Research Institute, SAAS, Shanghai 201106, China; College of Horticultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Chun Liu
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Wei-Fa Xie
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Guang-Dong Wang
- College of Horticultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qing-Hua Gao
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Ke Duan
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201403, China; Biotech Research Institute, SAAS, Shanghai 201106, China.
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Wang C, Ye J, Tang W, Liu Z, Zhu C, Wang M, Wan J. Loop nucleotide polymorphism in a putative miRNA precursor associated with seed length in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:578-86. [PMID: 23847440 PMCID: PMC3708038 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The terminal loop region of primary miRNA transcripts is an important determinant controlling miRNA function in human, animals and plants. However, the effects of polymorphisms in loop region of miRNA precusors on phenotypic variation have not been reported, especially on agronomic traits in rice. From rice japonica variety Koshihikari and indica Guichao2, we isolated a precursor of putative miRNA osa-MIR2923a. We detected a GG/AA polymorphism in the loop structure from japonica and indica rice varieties, which was corresponding to japonica/indica rice differentiation. By using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, we measured the polymorphisms in a RIL (recombinant inbred lines) population derived from japonica variety Koshihikari and indica Guichao2. We found that the GG/AA polymorphism in the osa-MIR2923a loop was correlated to grain length and length-width ratio. We further found the significant association between seed length and GG/AA polymorphism in a population consisting of 72 rice landraces. Three targets were predicted, whose expressions showed significant differences between the two varieties. Our results suggested that the putative miRNA precursor and the three target genes could play functional roles for indica/japonica seed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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Porth I, White R, Jaquish B, Alfaro R, Ritland C, Ritland K. Genetical genomics identifies the genetic architecture for growth and weevil resistance in spruce. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44397. [PMID: 22973444 PMCID: PMC3433439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, relationships between resistance to herbivorous insect pests and growth are typically controlled by complex interactions between genetically correlated traits. These relationships often result in tradeoffs in phenotypic expression. In this study we used genetical genomics to elucidate genetic relationships between tree growth and resistance to white pine terminal weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck.) in a pedigree population of interior spruce (Picea glauca, P. engelmannii and their hybrids) that was growing at Vernon, B.C. and segregating for weevil resistance. Genetical genomics uses genetic perturbations caused by allelic segregation in pedigrees to co-locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for gene expression and quantitative traits. Bark tissue of apical leaders from 188 trees was assayed for gene expression using a 21.8K spruce EST-spotted microarray; the same individuals were genotyped for 384 SNP markers for the genetic map. Many of the expression QTLs (eQTL) co-localized with resistance trait QTLs. For a composite resistance phenotype of six attack and oviposition traits, 149 positional candidate genes were identified. Resistance and growth QTLs also overlapped with eQTL hotspots along the genome suggesting that: 1) genetic pleiotropy of resistance and growth traits in interior spruce was substantial, and 2) master regulatory genes were important for weevil resistance in spruce. These results will enable future work on functional genetic studies of insect resistance in spruce, and provide valuable information about candidate genes for genetic improvement of spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilga Porth
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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45
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Tosens T, Niinemets U, Vislap V, Eichelmann H, Castro Díez P. Developmental changes in mesophyll diffusion conductance and photosynthetic capacity under different light and water availabilities in Populus tremula: how structure constrains function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:839-56. [PMID: 22070625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Finite mesophyll diffusion conductance (g(m) ) significantly constrains net assimilation rate (A(n) ), but g(m) variations and variation sources in response to environmental stresses during leaf development are imperfectly known. The combined effects of light and water limitations on g(m) and diffusion limitations of photosynthesis were studied in saplings of Populus tremula L. An one-dimensional diffusion model was used to gain insight into the importance of key anatomical traits in determining g(m) . Leaf development was associated with increases in dry mass per unit area, thickness, density, exposed mesophyll (S(mes) /S) and chloroplast (S(c) /S) to leaf area ratio, internal air space (f(ias) ), cell wall thickness and chloroplast dimensions. Development of S(mes) /S and S(c) /S was delayed under low light. Reduction in light availability was associated with lower S(c) /S, but with larger f(ias) and chloroplast thickness. Water stress reduced S(c) /S and increased cell wall thickness under high light. In all treatments, g(m) and A(n) increased and CO(2) drawdown because of g(m) , C(i) -C(c) , decreased with increasing leaf age. Low light and drought resulted in reduced g(m) and A(n) and increased C(i) -C(c) . These results emphasize the importance of g(m) and its components in determining A(n) variations during leaf development and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia, Spain.
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46
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Ludwig M. Carbonic anhydrase and the molecular evolution of C4 photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:22-37. [PMID: 21631531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
C(4) photosynthesis, a biochemical CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM), evolved more than 60 times within the angiosperms from C(3) ancestors. The genus Flaveria, which contains species demonstrating C(3), C(3)-C(4), C(4)-like or C(4) photosynthesis, is a model for examining the molecular evolution of the C(4) pathway. Work with carbonic anhydrase (CA), and C(3) and C(4) Flaveria congeners has added significantly to the understanding of this process. The C(4) form of CA3, a β-CA, which catalyses the first reaction in the C(4) pathway by hydrating atmospheric CO(2) to bicarbonate in the cytosol of mesophyll cells (mcs), evolved from a chloroplastic C(3) ancestor. The molecular modifications to the ancestral CA3 gene included the loss of the sequence encoding the chloroplast transit peptide, and mutations in regulatory regions that resulted in high levels of expression in the C(4) mesophyll. Analyses of the CA3 proteins and regulatory elements from Flaveria photosynthetic intermediates indicated C(4) biochemistry very likely evolved in a specific, stepwise manner in this genus. The details of the mechanisms involved in the molecular evolution of other C(4) plant β-CAs are unknown; however, comparative genetics indicate gene duplication and neofunctionalization played significant roles as they did in Flaveria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences [M310], The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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47
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Basler G, Grimbs S, Ebenhöh O, Selbig J, Nikoloski Z. Evolutionary significance of metabolic network properties. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:1168-76. [PMID: 22130553 PMCID: PMC3350727 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex networks have been successfully employed to represent different levels of biological systems, ranging from gene regulation to protein–protein interactions and metabolism. Network-based research has mainly focused on identifying unifying structural properties, such as small average path length, large clustering coefficient, heavy-tail degree distribution and hierarchical organization, viewed as requirements for efficient and robust system architectures. However, for biological networks, it is unclear to what extent these properties reflect the evolutionary history of the represented systems. Here, we show that the salient structural properties of six metabolic networks from all kingdoms of life may be inherently related to the evolution and functional organization of metabolism by employing network randomization under mass balance constraints. Contrary to the results from the common Markov-chain switching algorithm, our findings suggest the evolutionary importance of the small-world hypothesis as a fundamental design principle of complex networks. The approach may help us to determine the biologically meaningful properties that result from evolutionary pressure imposed on metabolism, such as the global impact of local reaction knockouts. Moreover, the approach can be applied to test to what extent novel structural properties can be used to draw biologically meaningful hypothesis or predictions from structure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Basler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Ludwig M. The molecular evolution of β-carbonic anhydrase in Flaveria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3071-3081. [PMID: 21406474 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists regarding molecular events that occurred during the evolution of C(4) plants from their C(3) ancestors. The enzyme β-carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1), which catalyses the reversible hydration of CO(2), is present in multiple forms in C(3) and C(4) plants, and has given insights into the molecular evolution of the C(4) pathway in the genus Flaveria. cDNAs encoding three distinct isoforms of β-CA, CA1-CA3, have been isolated and examined from Flaveria C(3) and C(4) congeners. Sequence data, expression analyses of CA orthologues, and chloroplast import assays with radiolabelled CA precursor proteins from the C(3) species F. pringlei Gandoger and the C(4) species F. bidentis (L.) Kuntze have shown that both contain chloroplastic and cytosolic forms of the enzyme, and the potential roles of these isoforms are discussed. The data also identified CA3 as the cytosolic isoform important in C(4) photosynthesis and indicate that the C(4) CA3 gene evolved as a result of gene duplication and neofunctionalization, which involved mutations in coding and non-coding regions of the ancestral C(3) CA3 gene. Comparisons of the deduced CA3 amino acid sequences from Flaveria C(3), C(4), and photosynthetic intermediate species showed that all the C(3)-C(4) intermediates investigated and F. brownii, a C(4)-like species, have a C(3)-type CA3, while F. vaginata, another C(4)-like species, contains a C(4)-type CA3. These observations correlate with the photosynthetic physiologies of the intermediates, suggesting that the molecular evolution of C(4) photosynthesis in Flaveria may have resulted from a temporally dependent, stepwise modification of protein-encoding genes and their regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Aubry S, Brown NJ, Hibberd JM. The role of proteins in C(3) plants prior to their recruitment into the C(4) pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3049-59. [PMID: 21321052 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our most productive crops and native vegetation use a modified version of photosynthesis known as the C(4) pathway. Leaves of C(4) crops have increased nitrogen and water use efficiencies compared with C(3) species. Although the modifications to leaves of C(4) plants are complex, their faster growth led to the proposal that C(4) photosynthesis should be installed in C(3) crops in order to increase yield potential. Typically, a limited set of proteins become restricted to mesophyll or bundle sheath cells, and this allows CO(2) to be concentrated around the primary carboxylase RuBisCO. The role that these proteins play in C(3) species prior to their recruitment into the C(4) pathway is addressed here. Understanding the role of these proteins in C(3) plants is likely to be of use in predicting how the metabolism of a C(3) leaf will alter as components of the C(4) pathway are introduced as part of efforts to install characteristics of C(4) photosynthesis in leaves of C(3) crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Kaul T, Reddy PS, Mahanty S, Thirulogachandar V, Reddy RA, Kumar B, Sopory SK, Reddy MK. Biochemical and molecular characterization of stress-induced β-carbonic anhydrase from a C(4) plant, Pennisetum glaucum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:601-10. [PMID: 20884079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding for many β-carbonic anhydrases and their functions in various developmental processes are well established in lower plants, however, similar studies are limited in higher plants. We report the cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding for a β-carbonic anhydrase (PgCA) from Pennisetum glaucum, a C(4) crop plant. cDNA encoding 249 amino acids and its deduced amino acid sequence analysis revealed that is related to other plant β-CA family members with an over all conserved architecture of a typical β-CA protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PgCA is evolutionarily very close to chloroplast β-CA isoform. Signal sequence predicting programs identify a N-terminus putative chloroplast targeting sequence. Heterologous Escherichia coli expression system was utilized to overexpress recombinant PgCA, which showed high thermostability, an alkaline pH optima and dual activity with both reversible CO(2) hydration and esterase activities. The β-CAs studied so far possessed only CO(2) hydration activity with no detectable esterase activity. Recombinant PgCA esterase activity is inhibited by standard CA inhibitors acetazolamide, methazolamide and azide. Subcellular immunostaining studies revealed a chloroplastic localization of PgCA protein. Expression of PgCA transcript is differentially up regulated in response to various abiotic stresses wherein its accumulation in Pennisetum leaves positively correlated with the intensity and duration of stress. Biochemical and transcript analyses suggest that PgCA may play a significant role in plant's adaptation to different abiotic stresses in addition to the previously recognized role of replenishing the CO(2) supply within plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushri Kaul
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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