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Yang LT, Wang YY, Chen XY, Fu QX, Ren YM, Lin XW, Ye X, Chen LS. Effects of aluminum (Al) stress on the isoprenoid metabolism of two Citrus species differing in Al-tolerance. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116545. [PMID: 38850709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Isoprenoid metabolism and its derivatives took part in photosynthesis, growth regulation, signal transduction, and plant defense to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, how aluminum (Al) stress affects the isoprenoid metabolism and whether isoprenoid metabolism plays a vital role in the Citrus plants in coping with Al stress remain unclear. In this study, we reported that Al-treatment-induced alternation in the volatilization rate of monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene and 3-carene) and isoprene were different between Citrus sinensis (Al-tolerant) and C. grandis (Al-sensitive) leaves. The Al-induced decrease of CO2 assimilation, maximum quantum yield of primary PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the lower contents of glucose and starch, and the lowered activities of enzymes involved in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway might account for the different volatilization rate of isoprenoids. Furthermore, the altered transcript levels of genes related to isoprenoid precursors and/or derivatives metabolism, such as geranyl diphosphate (GPP) synthase (GPPS) in GPP biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), chlorophyll synthase (CHS) and GGPP reductase (GGPPR) in chlorophyll biosynthesis, limonene synthase (LS) and α-pinene synthase (APS) in limonene and α-pinene synthesis, respectively, might be responsible for the different contents of corresponding products in C. grandis and C. sinensis. Our data suggested that isoprenoid metabolism was involved in Al tolerance response in Citrus, and the alternation of some branches of isoprenoid metabolism could confer different Al-tolerance to Citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yan-Yu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hui'an County, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Fu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Min Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi-Wen Lin
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wu D, Liu C, Wu X, Wang Z, Wang H, Lu Q. Pathogenicity and induced resistance in Larix kaempferi and Larix olgensis inoculated with Endoconidiophora fujiensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae069. [PMID: 38905265 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
With climate warming and economic globalization, insect-microbe assemblages are becoming increasingly responsible for various devastating forest diseases worldwide. Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) is extensively cultivated in China because of its high survival rate, rapid maturation and robust mechanical properties. Endoconidiophora fujiensis, an ophiostomatoid fungus associated with Ips subelongatus, has been identified as a lethal pathogen of L. kaempferi in Japan. However, there is a dearth of research on the pathogenicity of E. fujiensis in larches in China. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of E. fujiensis in introduced L. kaempferi and indigenous larch (Larix olgensis) trees and compared the induced resistance responses to the pathogen in both tree species in terms of physiology and gene expression. Five-year-old saplings and 25-year-old adult trees of L. olgensis and L. kaempferi were inoculated in parallel during the same growing season. Endoconidiophora fujiensis exhibited high pathogenicity in both larch species, but particularly in L. kaempferi compared with L. olgensis adult trees; adult L. olgensis was more resistant to E. fujiensis than adult L. kaempferi, which was reflected in higher accumulation of defensive monoterpenes, such as myrcene, 3-carene and limonene and the earlier induction of defense genes catalase (CAT) and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). This study contributes to our understanding of the interactions between bark beetle-associated ophiostomatoid fungi and host larches, from phenotypic responses to alterations in secondary metabolites via defense- and metabolism-related gene activation, providing a valuable foundation for the management of larch diseases and pests in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qinzheng Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Wu
- Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Mudanjiang, East Diming Road, Aimin District, Heilongjiang 157010, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Cultural Road, Taishan District, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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Wang T, Sun Y, Chen Y, Ma D, Zhan R, Yang J, Yang P. Functional characterization of geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase in Wurfbainia villosa and Wurfbainia longiligularis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108741. [PMID: 38772167 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wurfbainia villosa and Wurfbainia longiligularis are the two primary plant sources of Fructus Amomi, a traditional Chinese medicine. Both plants are rich in volatile terpenoids, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are the primary medicinal components of Fructus Amomi. The trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthase (TIDS) gene family plays a key part in determining terpenoid diversity and accumulation. However, the TIDS gene family have not been identified in W. villosa and W. longiligularis. This study identified thirteen TIDS genes in W. villosa and eleven TIDS genes in W. longiligularis, which may have expanded through segmental replication events. Based on phylogenetic analysis and expression levels, eight candidate WvTIDSs and five WlTIDSs were selected for cloning. Functional characterization in vitro demonstrated that four homologous geranyl diphosphate synthases (GPPSs) (WvGPPS1, WvGPPS2, WlGPPS1, WlGPPS2) and two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPSs) (WvGGPPS and WlGGPPS) were responsible for catalyzing the biosynthesis of geranyl diphosphate (GPP), whereas two farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPPSs) (WvFPPS and WlFPPS) catalysed the biosynthesis of the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). A comparison of six proteins with identified GPPS functions showed that WvGGPPS and WlGGPPS exhibited the highest activity levels. These findings indicate that homologous GPPS and GGPPS together promote the biosynthesis of GPP in W. villosa and W. longiligularis, thus providing sufficient precursors for the synthesis of monoterpenes and providing key genetic elements for Fructus Amomi variety improvement and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yewen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China.
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4
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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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5
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Kumar A, Patekar S, Mohapatra S, Patel DK, Kiran NR, Jaiswal P, Nagegowda DA, Shasany AK. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases of terpenoid biosynthesis in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108590. [PMID: 38574692 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens (rose-scented geranium), an important aromatic plant, comprising mainly mono- and sesqui-terpenes, has applications in food and cosmetic industries. This study reports the characterization of isoprenyl disphosphate synthases (IDSs) involved in P. graveolens terpene biosynthesis. The six identified PgIDSs belonged to different classes of IDSs, comprising homomeric geranyl diphosphate synthases (GPPSs; PgGPPS1 and PgGPPS2), the large subunit of heteromeric GPPS or geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPSs; PgGGPPS), the small subunit of heteromeric GPPS (PgGPPS.SSUI and PgGPPS.SSUII), and farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPPS; PgFPPS).All IDSs exhibited maximal expression in glandular trichomes (GTs), the site of aroma formation, and their expression except PgGPPS.SSUII was induced upon treatment with MeJA. Functional characterization of recombinant proteins revealed that PgGPPS1, PgGGPPS and PgFPPS were active enzymes producing GPP, GGPP/GPP, and FPP respectively, whereas both PgGPPS.SSUs and PgGPPS2 were inactive. Co-expression of PgGGPPS (that exhibited bifunctional G(G)PPS activity) with PgGPPS.SSUs in bacterial expression system showed lack of interaction between the two proteins, however, PgGGPPS interacted with a phylogenetically distant Antirrhinum majus GPPS.SSU. Further, transient expression of AmGPPS.SSU in P. graveolens leaf led to a significant increase in monoterpene levels. These findings provide insight into the types of IDSs and their role in providing precursors for different terpenoid components of P. graveolens essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Soumitra Patekar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Soumyajit Mohapatra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Regulatory Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - N R Kiran
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Priyanka Jaiswal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, 226001, India.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang N, Yan J, Li C, Zeng N, Wang D, Li Z, Li B, An Y. The Property of a Key Amino Acid Determines the Function of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3108-3121. [PMID: 38666925 PMCID: PMC11048977 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the synthesis of C15 farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from C5 dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and two or three C5 isopentenyl diphosphates (IPPs). FPP is an important precursor for the synthesis of isoprenoids and is involved in multiple metabolic pathways. Here, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR (SpFPPS) was isolated and expressed by the prokaryotic expression system. The SpFPPS full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1566 bp and 1053 bp, respectively. This gene encodes a 350-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.33 kDa and a molecular weight of 58.03 kDa (40.33 kDa + 17.7 kDa), as detected by SDS-PAGE. The function of SpFPPS was identified by induction, purification, protein concentration and in vitro enzymatic activity experiments. Structural analysis showed that Y90 was essential for chain termination and changing the substrate scope. Site-directed mutation of Y90 to the smaller side-chain amino acids alanine (A) and lysine (K) showed in vitro that wt-SpFPPS catalyzed the condensation of the substrate DMAPP or geranyl diphosphate (GPP) with IPP at apparent saturation to synthesize FPP as the sole product and that the mutant protein SpFPPS-Y90A synthesized FPP and C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), while SpFPPS-Y90K hydrolyzed the substrate GGPP. Our results showed that FPPS in S. pararoseus encodes the SpFPPS protein and that the amino acid substitution at Y90 changed the distribution of SpFPPS-catalyzed products. This provides a baseline for potentially regulating SpFPPS downstream products and improving the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Jianyu Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Chunwang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Nan Zeng
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zijing Li
- Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Yingfeng An
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
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7
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Krause T, Wiesinger P, González-Cabanelas D, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Rohwer J, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. HDR, the last enzyme in the MEP pathway, differently regulates isoprenoid biosynthesis in two woody plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:767-788. [PMID: 36848194 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) serves as the universal C5 precursors of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. These compounds are formed by the last step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, catalyzed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR). In this study, we investigated the major HDR isoforms of two woody plant species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens), to determine how they regulate isoprenoid formation. Since each of these species has a distinct profile of isoprenoid compounds, they may require different proportions of DMADP and IDP with proportionally more IDP being needed to make larger isoprenoids. Norway spruce contained two major HDR isoforms differing in their occurrence and biochemical characteristics. PaHDR1 produced relatively more IDP than PaHDR2 and it encoding gene was expressed constitutively in leaves, likely serving to form substrate for production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and other primary isoprenoids derived from a C20 precursor. On the other hand, Norway spruce PaHDR2 produced relatively more DMADP than PaHDR1 and its encoding gene was expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, both constitutively and after induction with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate. This second HDR enzyme likely forms a substrate for the specialized monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene (C20) metabolites of spruce oleoresin. Gray poplar contained only one dominant isoform (named PcHDR2) that produced relatively more DMADP and the gene of which was expressed in all organs. In leaves, where the requirement for IDP is high to make the major carotenoid and chlorophyll isoprenoids derived from C20 precursors, excess DMADP may accumulate, which could explain the high rate of isoprene (C5) emission. Our results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in woody plants under conditions of differentially regulated biosynthesis of the precursors IDP and DMADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Piera Wiesinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Johann Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Song S, Jin R, Chen Y, He S, Li K, Tang Q, Wang Q, Wang L, Kong M, Dudareva N, Smith BJ, Zhou F, Lu S. The functional evolution of architecturally different plant geranyl diphosphate synthases from geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2293-2315. [PMID: 36929908 PMCID: PMC10226565 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the largest class of plant primary and secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological and ecological functions. They are synthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which in plastids are condensed by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPSs) to produce GGPP (C20) for diterpene biosynthesis and by geranyl diphosphate synthases (GPPSs) to form GPP (C10) for monoterpene production. Depending on the plant species, unlike homomeric GGPPSs, GPPSs exist as homo- and heteromers, the latter of which contain catalytically inactive GGPPS-homologous small subunits (SSUs) that can interact with GGPPSs. By combining phylogenetic analysis with functional characterization of GGPPS homologs from a wide range of photosynthetic organisms, we investigated how different GPPS architectures have evolved within the GGPPS protein family. Our results reveal that GGPPS gene family expansion and functional divergence began early in nonvascular plants, and that independent parallel evolutionary processes gave rise to homomeric and heteromeric GPPSs. By site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we also discovered that Leu-Val/Val-Ala pairs of amino acid residues were pivotal in the functional divergence of homomeric GPPSs and GGPPSs. Overall, our study elucidated an evolutionary path for the formation of GPPSs with different architectures from GGPPSs and uncovered the molecular mechanisms involved in this differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruitao Jin
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Yufan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sitong He
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengjuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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9
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Conart C, Bomzan DP, Huang XQ, Bassard JE, Paramita SN, Saint-Marcoux D, Rius-Bony A, Hivert G, Anchisi A, Schaller H, Hamama L, Magnard JL, Lipko A, Swiezewska E, Jame P, Riveill G, Hibrand-Saint Oyant L, Rohmer M, Lewinsohn E, Dudareva N, Baudino S, Caissard JC, Boachon B. A cytosolic bifunctional geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase provides MVA-derived GPP for geraniol biosynthesis in rose flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221440120. [PMID: 37126706 PMCID: PMC10175749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221440120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Geraniol derived from essential oils of various plant species is widely used in the cosmetic and perfume industries. It is also an essential trait of the pleasant smell of rose flowers. In contrast to other monoterpenes which are produced in plastids via the methyl erythritol phosphate pathway, geraniol biosynthesis in roses relies on cytosolic NUDX1 hydrolase which dephosphorylates geranyl diphosphate (GPP). However, the metabolic origin of cytosolic GPP remains unknown. By feeding Rosa chinensis "Old Blush" flowers with pathway-specific precursors and inhibitors, combined with metabolic profiling and functional characterization of enzymes in vitro and in planta, we show that geraniol is synthesized through the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway by a bifunctional geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase, RcG/FPPS1, producing both GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). The downregulation and overexpression of RcG/FPPS1 in rose petals affected not only geraniol and germacrene D emissions but also dihydro-β-ionol, the latter due to metabolic cross talk of RcG/FPPS1-dependent isoprenoid intermediates trafficking from the cytosol to plastids. Phylogenetic analysis together with functional characterization of G/FPPS orthologs revealed that the G/FPPS activity is conserved among Rosaceae species. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamic simulations enabled to identify two conserved amino acids that evolved from ancestral FPPSs and contribute to GPP/FPP product specificity. Overall, this study elucidates the origin of the cytosolic GPP for NUDX1-dependent geraniol production, provides insights into the emergence of the RcG/FPPS1 GPPS activity from the ancestral FPPSs, and shows that RcG/FPPS1 plays a key role in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoid compounds in rose flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Conart
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2063
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67084, France
| | - Saretta N. Paramita
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Denis Saint-Marcoux
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Aurélie Rius-Bony
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Gal Hivert
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay30095, Israel
- Department of Vegetable Crops, The Robert Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot76100001, Israel
| | - Anthony Anchisi
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, VilleurbanneF-69100, France
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg67084, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers49000, France
| | - Jean-Louis Magnard
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Agata Lipko
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-109Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106Poland
| | - Patrick Jame
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, VilleurbanneF-69100, France
| | - Geneviève Riveill
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin,F-68000Colmar, France
| | - Laurence Hibrand-Saint Oyant
- Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers49000, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Institut Le Bel, Strasbourg67081, France
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay30095, Israel
- Department of Vegetable Crops, The Robert Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot76100001, Israel
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2063
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2010
| | - Sylvie Baudino
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Jean-Claude Caissard
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5079, Saint-EtienneF-42023, France
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10
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Yan J, Li C, Zhang N, Li C, Wang Y, Li B. Functional verification and characterization of a type-III geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032234. [PMID: 36504770 PMCID: PMC9729869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, a group of natural pigments, have strong antioxidant properties and act as precursors to vitamin A, which have garnered attention from industry and researchers. Sporobolomyces pararoseus represents a hyper-producer of carotenoids, mainly including β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is regarded as a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the precise nature of the gene encoding GGPPS in S. pararoseus has not been reported yet. Here, we cloned a cDNA copy of the GGPPS protein-encoding gene crtE from S. pararoseus NGR. The crtE full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1,722 and 1,134 bp, respectively, which consist of 9 exons and 8 introns. This gene encodes 377 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular mass of 42.59 kDa and a PI of 5.66. Identification of the crtE gene encoding a functional GGPPS was performed using heterologous complementation detection in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzymatic activity experiments showed that CrtE utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate for the condensation reaction with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), generating more of the unique product GGPP compared to other allylic substrates. The predicted CrtE 3D-model was analyzed in comparison with yeast GGPPS. The condensation reaction occurs in the cavity of the subunit, and three bulky amino acids (Tyr110, Phe111, and His141) below the cavity prevent further extension of the product. Our findings provide a new source of genes for carotenoid genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China,College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Ning Zhang,
| | - Chunwang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Bingxue Li,
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11
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Dudley QM, Jo S, Guerrero DAS, Chhetry M, Smedley MA, Harwood WA, Sherden NH, O'Connor SE, Caputi L, Patron NJ. Reconstitution of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in genome engineered Nicotiana benthamiana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:949. [PMID: 36088516 PMCID: PMC9464250 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse class of plant natural products that include a number of medicinally important compounds. We set out to reconstitute the pathway for strictosidine, a key intermediate of all MIAs, from central metabolism in Nicotiana benthamiana. A disadvantage of this host is that its rich background metabolism results in the derivatization of some heterologously produced molecules. Here we use transcriptomic analysis to identify glycosyltransferases that are upregulated in response to biosynthetic intermediates and produce plant lines with targeted mutations in the genes encoding them. Expression of the early MIA pathway in these lines produces a more favorable product profile. Strictosidine biosynthesis was successfully reconstituted, with the best yields obtained by the co-expression of 14 enzymes, of which a major latex protein-like enzyme (MLPL) from Nepeta (catmint) is critical for improving flux through the iridoid pathway. The removal of endogenous glycosyltransferases does not impact the yields of strictosidine, highlighting that the metabolic flux of the pathway enzymes to a stable biosynthetic intermediate minimizes the need to engineer the endogenous metabolism of the host. The production of strictosidine in planta expands the range of MIA products amenable to biological synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Dudley
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Seohyun Jo
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Delia Ayled Serna Guerrero
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Monika Chhetry
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A Smedley
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Wendy A Harwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nathaniel H Sherden
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Octagon Therapeutics Ltd, 700 Main Street, North Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - Nicola J Patron
- Engineering Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK.
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12
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Nagel R, Hammerbacher A, Kunert G, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Bark Beetle Attack History Does Not Influence the Induction of Terpene and Phenolic Defenses in Mature Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) Trees by the Bark Beetle-Associated Fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892907. [PMID: 35599904 PMCID: PMC9120863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and phenolics are important constitutive and inducible conifer defenses against bark beetles and their associated fungi. In this study, the inducible defenses of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with different histories of attack by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus were tested by inoculation with the I. typographus-associated fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. We compared trees that had been under previous attack with those under current attack and those that had no record of attack. After fungal inoculation, the concentrations of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes in bark increased 3- to 9-fold. For the phenolics, the flavan-3-ols, catechin, and gallocatechin, increased significantly by 2- and 5-fold, respectively, while other flavonoids and stilbenes did not. The magnitudes of these inductions were not influenced by prior bark beetle attack history for all the major compounds and compound classes measured. Before fungal inoculation, the total amounts of monoterpenes, diterpenes, and phenolics (constitutive defenses) were greater in trees that had been previously attacked compared to those under current attack, possibly a result of previous induction. The transcript levels of many genes involved in terpene formation (isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and terpene synthases) and phenolic formation (chalcone synthases) were significantly enhanced by fungal inoculation suggesting de novo biosynthesis. Similar inductions were found for the enzymatic activity of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and the concentration of their prenyl diphosphate products after fungal inoculation. Quantification of defense hormones revealed a significant induction of the jasmonate pathway, but not the salicylic acid pathway after fungal inoculation. Our data highlight the coordinated induction of terpenes and phenolics in spruce upon infection by E. polonica, a fungal associate of the bark beetle I. typographus, but provide no evidence for the priming of these defense responses by prior beetle attack.
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13
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Liu B, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Yin H, Xie Y. Overexpression of geranyl diphosphate synthase (PmGPPS1) boosts monoterpene and diterpene production involved in the response to pine wood nematode invasion. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:411-424. [PMID: 34378055 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) represent a severe biotic epidemic for the Pinus massoniana in China. When invaded by the PWN, the resistant P. massoniana might secret abundant oleoresin terpenoid to form certain defensive fronts for survival. However, the regulatory mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Here, the geranyl diphosphate synthase (PmGPPS1) gene was identified from resistant P. massoniana. Tissue-specific expression patterns of PmGPPS1 at transcript and protein level in resistant P. massoniana were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Functional characteristics analysis of PmGPPS1 was performed on transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana by overexpression, as genetic transformation of P. massoniana is, so far, not possible. In summary, we identified and functionally characterized PmGPPS1 from the resistant P. massoniana following PWN inoculation. Tissue-specific expression patterns and localization of PmGPPS1 indicated that it may play a positive role involved in the metabolic and defensive processes of oleoresin terpenes production in response to PWN attack. Furthermore, overexpression of PmGPPS1 may enhance the production of monoterpene, among which limonene reduced the survival of PWN in vitro. In addition, PmGPPS1 upregulated the expression level of key genes involved in mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis to boost the growth and development of tobacco through a feedback regulation mechanism. Our results offered new insights into the pivotal role of the PmGPPS1 involved in terpene-based defense mechanisms responding to the PWN invasion in resistant P. massoniana and provided a new metabolic engineering scenario to improve monoterpene production in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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14
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Hu Y, Suo J, Jiang G, Shen J, Cheng H, Lou H, Yu W, Wu J, Song L. The effect of ethylene on squalene and β-sitosterol biosynthesis and its key gene network analysis in Torreya grandis nuts during post-ripening process. Food Chem 2022; 368:130819. [PMID: 34411865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Squalene and β-sitosterol are health-benefit compounds due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. It has been reported that the content of these bioactive compounds is relatively high in Torreya grandis nuts. However, it is not yet known what changes in squalene and β-sitosterol accumulation occur during the special post-ripening process of T. grandis nuts and the effect of the well-known ripening hormone ethylene on the regulatory mechanism of their biosynthetic pathways. Thus, we performed transcriptome and metabolite analyses. The results showed that ethylene not only promoted the post-ripening process but also enhanced the accumulation of squalene by inducing gene expression in the mevalonate pathway. At the same time, ethylene treatment also promoted the accumulation of other sterols but inhibited gene expression in the β-sitosterol biosynthesis pathway. In addition, co-expression and correlation analysis suggested a framework for the transcriptional regulation of squalene and β-sitosterol biosynthesis genes under ethylene treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Guoxiang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Weiwu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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15
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Davidovich-Rikanati R, Bar E, Hivert G, Huang XQ, Hoppen-Tonial C, Khankin V, Rand K, Abofreih A, Muhlemann JK, Marchese JA, Shotland Y, Dudareva N, Inbar M, Lewinsohn E. Transcriptional up-regulation of host-specific terpene metabolism in aphid-induced galls of Pistacia palaestina. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:555-570. [PMID: 34129033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galling insects gain food and shelter by inducing specialized anatomical structures in their plant hosts. Such galls often accumulate plant defensive metabolites protecting the inhabiting insects from predation. We previously found that, despite a marked natural chemopolymorphism in natural populations of Pistacia palaestina, the monoterpene content in Baizongia pistaciae-induced galls is substantially higher than in leaves of their hosts. Here we show a general up-regulation of key structural genes in both the plastidial and cytosolic terpene biosynthetic pathways in galls as compared with non-colonized leaves. Novel prenyltransferases and terpene synthases were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to reveal their biochemical function. Individual Pistacia trees exhibiting chemopolymorphism in terpene compositions displayed differential up-regulation of selected terpene synthase genes, and the metabolites generated by their gene products in vitro corresponded to the monoterpenes accumulated by each tree. Our results delineate molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of enhanced monoterpene in galls and the observed intraspecific monoterpene chemodiversity displayed in P. palaestina. We demonstrate that gall-inhabiting aphids transcriptionally reprogram their host terpene pathways by up-regulating tree-specific genes, boosting the accumulation of plant defensive compounds for the protection of colonizing insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Gal Hivert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carolina Hoppen-Tonial
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Pato Branco, 85503-390, Brazil
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Institute of Paraná, Palmas, 85555-000, Brazil
| | - Vered Khankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, 84100, Israel
| | - Karin Rand
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Amal Abofreih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, 84100, Israel
| | - Joelle K Muhlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
- The James Hutton Institute, UK
| | - José Abramo Marchese
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Pato Branco, 85503-390, Brazil
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, 84100, Israel
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Moshe Inbar
- Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Renaud V, Houde VP, Pilon G, Varin TV, Roblet C, Marette A, Boutin Y, Bazinet L. The Concentration of Organic Acids in Cranberry Juice Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11537. [PMID: 34768966 PMCID: PMC8584276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A daily consumption of cranberry juice (CJ) is linked to many beneficial health effects due to its richness in polyphenols but could also awake some intestinal discomforts due to its organic acid content and possibly lead to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, the impact of such a juice on the gut microbiota is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine the impacts of a daily consumption of CJ and its successive deacidification on the intestinal inflammation and on the gut microbiota in mice. Four deacidified CJs (DCJs) (deacidification rates of 0, 40, 60, and 80%) were produced by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) and administered to C57BL/6J mice for four weeks, while the diet (CHOW) and the water were ad libitum. Different parameters were measured to determine intestinal inflammation when the gut microbiota was profiled. Treatment with a 0% DCJ did not induce intestinal inflammation but increased the gut microbiota diversity and induced a modulation of its functions in comparison with control (water). The effect of the removal of the organic acid content of CJ on the decrease of intestinal inflammation could not be observed. However, deacidification by EDBM of CJ induced an additional increase, in comparison with a 0% DCJ, in the Lachnospiraceae family which have beneficial effects and functions associated with protection of the intestine: the lower the organic acid content, the more bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family and functions having a positive impact on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Renaud
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ElectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vanessa P. Houde
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thibault V. Varin
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | | | - André Marette
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yvan Boutin
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- TransBioTech, Lévis, QC G6V 6Z3, Canada
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ElectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Kalapos B, Juhász C, Balogh E, Kocsy G, Tóbiás I, Gullner G. Transcriptome profiling of pepper leaves by RNA-Seq during an incompatible and a compatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20680. [PMID: 34667194 PMCID: PMC8526828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon virus infections, the rapid and comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming in host plant cells is critical to ward off virus attack. To uncover genes and defense pathways that are associated with virus resistance, we carried out the transcriptome-wide Illumina RNA-Seq analysis of pepper leaves harboring the L3 resistance gene at 4, 8, 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) with two tobamoviruses. Obuda pepper virus (ObPV) inoculation led to hypersensitive reaction (incompatible interaction), while Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) inoculation resulted in a systemic infection without visible symptoms (compatible interaction). ObPV induced robust changes in the pepper transcriptome, whereas PMMoV showed much weaker effects. ObPV markedly suppressed genes related to photosynthesis, carbon fixation and photorespiration. On the other hand, genes associated with energy producing pathways, immune receptors, signaling cascades, transcription factors, pathogenesis-related proteins, enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis and ethylene metabolism as well as glutathione S-transferases were markedly activated by ObPV. Genes related to photosynthesis and carbon fixation were slightly suppressed also by PMMoV. However, PMMoV did not influence significantly the disease signaling and defense pathways. RNA-Seq results were validated by real-time qPCR for ten pepper genes. Our findings provide a deeper insight into defense mechanisms underlying tobamovirus resistance in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kalapos
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Eszter Balogh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - István Tóbiás
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
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18
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Yang Z, Xie C, Huang Y, An W, Liu S, Huang S, Zheng X. Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11465. [PMID: 34249483 PMCID: PMC8255067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC. Results Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Duan Y, Liu J, Du Y, Pei X, Li M. Aspergillus oryzae Biosynthetic Platform for de Novo Iridoid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2501-2511. [PMID: 33599481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The iridoids and their derivatives monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are two broad classes of plant-derived natural products with valuable pharmaceutical properties. However, the poor source limited their application. Nepetalactol, a common iridoid scaffold of MIAs, was heterologously produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the optimization of nepetalactol production in S. cerevisiae was achieved by metabolic engineering, the inherent metabolic constraints impose a restriction on the production. Herein, we developed a high nepetalactol-producing Aspergillus oryzae platform strain. First, the co-expression of 5 nepetalactol biosynthetic genes, in a high isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)-producing strain A. oryzae AK2, succeeded in the biosynthesis of nepetalactol. Second, the improvement of the IPP supply and the suppression of the byproduct citronellol formation were simultaneously achieved. Finally, the highest titer of nepetalactol of 7.2 mg/L was obtained with the engineered strain, after the optimization of the carbon source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported titer of nepetalactol in microbial cells. The developed A. oryzae strain represents an attractive biosynthetic platform host for the de novo production of iridoids and MIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yun Du
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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20
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Liu B, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Yin H, Xie Y, Wei Y. Two terpene synthases in resistant Pinus massoniana contribute to defence against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:257-274. [PMID: 32833225 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a destructive pest of Pinus massoniana, is causing a severe epidemic of pine wilt disease in China. When invaded by PWN, resistant P. massoniana secretes an abundance of oleoresin terpenoids as a defensive strategy. However, regulatory mechanisms of this defence in resistant P. massoniana have yet to be elucidated. Here, we characterized two terpene synthase genes, α-pinene synthase (PmTPS4) and longifolene synthase (PmTPS21), identified in resistant P. massoniana and investigate the contribution of these genes to the oleoresin defence strategy in resistant masson pines. Up-regulation of these two genes in the stem supported their involvement in terpene biosynthesis as part of the defence against PWN. Recombinant protein expression revealed catalytic activity for the two PmTPSs, with PmTPS4 primarily producing α-pinene, while PmTPS21 produced α-pinene and longifolene simultaneously. The major enzymatic products of the two terpene synthases had inhibitory effects on PWN in vitro. We demonstrated that PmTPS4 and PmTPS21 played positive roles in terpene-defence mechanisms against PWN infestation. The major products of these terpene synthases could directly inhibit the survival rate of PWN in vitro. We revealed that PmTPS21 was a novel bifunctional enzyme capable of simultaneous production of both monoterpene and sesquiterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Wei
- Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Krause T, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Analysis of the isoprenoid pathway intermediates, dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, from crude plant extracts by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:770-777. [PMID: 32337807 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a sensitive and accurate analytical method for the detection and quantification of IDP and DMADP as well as their monophosphate derivatives in crude plant extracts. METHODS A liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was established to measure the amounts of IDP and DMADP down to low picogram levels, which was linear over at least three orders of magnitude. Extracts were enriched using an anion exchanger, and chromatographic separation was achieved using a β-cyclodextrin column. A S-thiolodiphosphate analog of DMADP was employed as an internal standard. RESULTS Dilution series of authentic compounds were used to determine the limits of detection and quantification for IDP, DMADP and their corresponding monophosphates. A survey of plant species producing varying amounts of isoprenoids showed a corresponding variation in IDP and DMADP with the ratio of DMADP/IDP ranging from 4:1 to 2:1. Trace levels of isopentenyl monophosphate (IP) and dimethylallyl monophosphate (DMAP) were also detected. CONCLUSION The LC-MS/MS method described enables absolute quantification of in planta levels of IDP and DMADP for the first time. The method is also suitable for analysing bacterial and animal samples as well as enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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22
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Azaman SNA, Wong DCJ, Tan SW, Yusoff FM, Nagao N, Yeap SK. De novo transcriptome analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana: effect of glucose assimilation, and moderate light intensity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17331. [PMID: 33060668 PMCID: PMC7562877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella can produce an unusually wide range of metabolites under various nutrient availability, carbon source, and light availability. Glucose, an essential molecule for the growth of microorganisms, also contributes significantly to the metabolism of various metabolic compounds produced by Chlorella. In addition, manipulation of light intensity also induces the formation of secondary metabolites such as pigments, and carotenoids in Chlorella. This study will focus on the effect of glucose addition, and moderate light on the regulation of carotenoid, lipid, starch, and other key metabolic pathways in Chlorella sorokiniana. To gain knowledge about this, we performed transcriptome profiling on C. sorokiniana strain NIES-2168 in response to moderate light stress supplemented with glucose under mixotrophic conditions. A total of 60,982,352 raw paired-end (PE) reads 100 bp in length was obtained from both normal, and mixotrophic samples of C. sorokiniana. After pre-processing, 93.63% high-quality PE reads were obtained, and 18,310 predicted full-length transcripts were assembled. Differential gene expression showed that a total of 937, and 1124 genes were upregulated, and downregulated in mixotrophic samples, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the mixotrophic condition caused upregulation of genes involved in carotenoids production (specifically lutein biosynthesis), fatty acid biosynthesis, TAG accumulation, and the majority of the carbon fixation pathways. Conversely, starch biosynthesis, sucrose biosynthesis, and isoprenoid biosynthesis were downregulated. Novel insights into the pathways that link the enhanced production of valuable metabolites (such as carotenoids in C. sorokiniana) grown under mixotrophic conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ani Azaman
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah M Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norio Nagao
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- , 102 Naname-go, Shinkamigoto-cho, Minami Matsuura-Gun, Nagasaki, 857-4214, Japan
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Barsain BL, Purohit A, Kumar A, Joshi R, Hallan V, Yadav SK. PkGPPS.SSU interacts with two PkGGPPS to form heteromeric GPPS in Picrorhiza kurrooa: Molecular insights into the picroside biosynthetic pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:115-128. [PMID: 32554175 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) is known to form an integral subunit of the heteromeric GPPS (geranyl pyrophosphate synthase) complex and catalyzes the biosynthesis of monoterpene in plants. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., a medicinally important high altitude plant is known for picroside biomolecules, the monoterpenoids. However, the significance of heteromeric GPPS in P. kurrooa still remains obscure. Here, transient silencing of PkGGPPS was observed to reduce picroside-I (P-I) content by more than 60% as well as picroside-II (P-II) by more than 75%. Thus, PkGGPPS was found to be involved in the biosynthesis of P-I and P-II besides other terpenoids. To unravel the mechanism, small subunit of GPPS (PkGPPS.SSU) was identified from P. kurrooa. Protein-protein interaction studies in yeast as well as bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in planta have indicated that large subunit of GPPS PkGPPS.LSUs (PkGGPPS1 and PkGGPPS2) and PkGPPS.SSU form a heteromeric GPPS. Presence of similar conserved domains such as light responsive motifs, low temperature responsive elements (LTRE), dehydration responsive elements (DREs), W Box and MeJA responsive elements in the promoters of PkGPPS.LSU and PkGPPS.SSU documented their involvement in picroside biosynthesis. Further, the tissue specific transcript expression analysis vis-à-vis epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation) of promoters as well as coding regions of PkGPPS.LSU and PkGPPS.SSU has strongly suggested their role in picroside biosynthesis. Taken together, the newly identified PkGPPS.SSU formed the heteromeric GPPS by interacting with PkGPPS.LSUs to synthesize P-I and P-II in P. kurrooa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lalhal Barsain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Purohit
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Rissanen K, Vanhatalo A, Salmon Y, Bäck J, Hölttä T. Stem emissions of monoterpenes, acetaldehyde and methanol from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) affected by tree-water relations and cambial growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1751-1765. [PMID: 32335919 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree stems are an overlooked source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Their contribution to ecosystem processes and total VOC fluxes is not well studied, and assessing it requires better understanding of stem emission dynamics and their driving processes. To gain more mechanistic insight into stem emission patterns, we measured monoterpene, methanol and acetaldehyde emissions from the stems of mature Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a boreal forest over three summers. We analysed the effects of temperature, soil water content, tree water status, transpiration and growth on the VOC emissions and used generalized linear models to test their relative importance in explaining the emissions. We show that Scots pine stems are considerable sources of monoterpenes, methanol and acetaldehyde, and their emissions are strongly regulated by temperature. However, even small changes in water availability affected the emission potentials: increased soil water content increased the monoterpene emissions within a day, whereas acetaldehyde and methanol emissions responded within 2-4 days. This lag corresponded to their transport time in the xylem sap from the roots to the stem. Moreover, the emissions of monoterpenes, methanol and acetaldehyde were influenced by the cambial growth rate of the stem with 6-10-day lags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hivert G, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Bar E, Sitrit Y, Schaffer A, Dudareva N, Lewinsohn E. Prenyltransferases catalyzing geranyldiphosphate formation in tomato fruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110504. [PMID: 32540020 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes contribute either favorably or adversely to the flavor of tomato, yet modern tomato varieties generally lack monoterpenes in their fruit. The main immediate biosynthetic precursor of monoterpenes is geranyldiphosphate (GPP), produced by the action of GPP synthases (GPPSs). Plant GPPSs are often heteromeric enzymes consisting of a non-catalytic small subunit (GPPS.SSU) and a large subunit (GPPS.LSU), the latter similar to geranylgeranyldiphosphate synthases (GGPPSs) which generate longer prenylphosphate chains. We show here that LeGGPPS2, an enzyme previously reported to support carotenoid biosynthesis, can synthesize farnesyldiphosphate (FPP) and GPP in vitro, in addition to geranylgeranyldiphosphate, depending on the assay conditions. Moreover, GPP formation is favored in vitro by the interaction of LeGGPPS2 with GPPS.SSU from either Anthirrhinum majus (AmGPPS.SSU) or from a newly discovered GPPS.SSU ortholog present in the genome of M82 tomato. SlGPPS.SSU is not expressed in M82 tomato fruit but its orthologs are expressed in fruit of wild tomato relatives, such as Solanum pimpinelifollium and S. cheesmaniae that accumulate monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Hivert
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel; Department of Vegetable Crops, The Robert Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100001 Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Yaron Sitrit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel; Department of Vegetable Crops, The Robert Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100001 Israel.
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Kumar SR, Rai A, Bomzan DP, Kumar K, Hemmerlin A, Dwivedi V, Godbole RC, Barvkar V, Shanker K, Shilpashree HB, Bhattacharya A, Smitha AR, Hegde N, Nagegowda DA. A plastid-localized bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase plays a necessary role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:248-265. [PMID: 32064705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, C20 ) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as precursor for vital metabolic branches including specialized metabolites. Here, we report the characterization of a GGPPS (CrGGPPS2) from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and demonstrate its role in monoterpene (C10 )-indole alkaloids (MIA) biosynthesis. The expression of CrGGPPS2 was not induced in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and was similar to the gene encoding type-I protein geranylgeranyltransferase_β subunit (CrPGGT-I_β), which modulates MIA formation in C. roseus cell cultures. Recombinant CrGGPPS2 exhibited a bona fide GGPPS activity by catalyzing the formation of GGPP as the sole product. Co-localization of fluorescent protein fusions clearly showed CrGGPPS2 was targeted to plastids. Downregulation of CrGGPPS2 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) significantly decreased the expression of transcription factors and pathway genes related to MIA biosynthesis, resulting in reduced MIA. Chemical complementation of CrGGPPS2-vigs leaves with geranylgeraniol (GGol, alcoholic form of GGPP) restored the negative effects of CrGGPPS2 silencing on MIA biosynthesis. In contrast to VIGS, transient and stable overexpression of CrGGPPS2 enhanced the MIA biosynthesis. Interestingly, VIGS and transgenic-overexpression of CrGGPPS2 had no effect on the main GGPP-derived metabolites, cholorophylls and carotenoids in C. roseus leaves. Moreover, silencing of CrPGGT-I_β, similar to CrGGPPS2-vigs, negatively affected the genes related to MIA biosynthesis resulting in reduced MIA. Overall, this study demonstrated that plastidial CrGGPPS2 plays an indirect but necessary role in MIA biosynthesis. We propose that CrGGPPS2 might be involved in providing GGPP for modifying proteins of the signaling pathway involved in MIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Rucha C Godbole
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - H B Shilpashree
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ankita Bhattacharya
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Attibele Ramamurthy Smitha
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Namratha Hegde
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Yang Z, An W, Liu S, Huang Y, Xie C, Huang S, Zheng X. Mining of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of dextrorotatory borneol in Cinnamomum burmannii by transcriptomic analysis on three chemotypes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9311. [PMID: 32566406 PMCID: PMC7293187 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dextrorotatory borneol (D-borneol), a cyclic monoterpene, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as an efficient topical analgesic drug. Fresh leaves of Cinnamomum trees, e.g., C. burmannii and C. camphor, are the main sources from which D-borneol is extracted by steam distillation, yet with low yields. Insufficient supply of D-borneol has hampered its clinical use and production of patent remedies for a long time. Biological synthesis of D-borneol offers an additional approach; however, mechanisms of D-borneol biosynthesis remain mostly unresolved. Hence, it is important and necessary to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of D-borneol. Results Comparative analysis on the gene expression patterns of different D-borneol production C. burmannii samples facilitates elucidation on the underlying biosynthetic pathway of D-borneol. Herein, we collected three different chemotypes of C. burmannii, which harbor different contents of D-borneol.A total of 100,218 unigenes with an N50 of 1,128 bp were assembled de novo using Trinity from a total of 21.21 Gb clean bases. We used BLASTx analysis against several public databases to annotate 45,485 unigenes (45.38%) to at least one database, among which 82 unigenes were assigned to terpenoid biosynthesis pathways by KEGG annotation. In addition, we defined 8,860 unigenes as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 13 DEGs were associated with terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. One 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and two monoterpene synthase, designated as CbDXS9, CbTPS2 and CbTPS3, were up-regulated in the high-borneol group compared to the low-borneol and borneol-free groups, and might be vital to biosynthesis of D-borneol in C. burmannii. In addition, we identified one WRKY, two BHLH, one AP2/ERF and three MYB candidate genes, which exhibited the same expression patterns as CbTPS2 and CbTPS3, suggesting that these transcription factors might potentially regulate D-borneol biosynthesis. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to detect the actual expression level of those candidate genes related to the D-borneol biosynthesis pathway, and the result showed that the expression patterns of the candidate genes related to D-borneol biosynthesis were basically consistent with those revealed by transcriptome analysis. Conclusions We used transcriptome sequencing to analyze three different chemotypes of C. burmannii, identifying three candidate structural genes (one DXS, two monoterpene synthases) and seven potential transcription factor candidates (one WRKY, two BHLH, one AP2/ERF and three MYB) involved in D-borneol biosynthesis. These results provide new insight into our understanding of the production and accumulation of D-borneol in C. burmannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli An
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Nagegowda DA, Gupta P. Advances in biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110457. [PMID: 32234216 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized terpenoids are natural products that have no obvious role in growth and development, but play many important functional roles to improve the plant's overall fitness. Besides, plant specialized terpenoids have immense value to humans due to their applications in fragrance, flavor, cosmetic, and biofuel industries. Understanding the fundamental aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of these high-value molecules in plants not only paves the path to enhance plant traits, but also facilitates homologous or heterologous engineering for overproduction of target molecules of importance. Recent developments in functional genomics and high-throughput analytical techniques have led to unraveling of several novel aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of plant specialized terpenoids. The knowledge thus derived has been successfully utilized to produce target specialized terpenoids of plant origin in homologous or heterologous host systems by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. Here, we provide an overview and highlights on advances related to the biosynthetic steps, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Adal AM, Mahmoud SS. Short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases of lavender (Lavandula). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:517-535. [PMID: 31927660 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We reported the functional characterization of cDNAs encoding short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases that control the partitioning of precursors for lavender terpenoids. Lavender essential oil is composed of regular and irregular monoterpenes, which are derived from linear precursors geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and lavandulyl diphosphate (LPP), respectively. Although this plant strongly expresses genes responsible for the biosynthesis of both monoterpene classes, it is unclear why regular monoterpenes dominate the oil. Here, we cloned and characterized Lavandula x intermedia cDNAs encoding geranyl diphosphate synthase (LiGPPS), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (LiGGPPS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (LiFPPS). LiGPPS was heteromeric protein, consisting of a large subunit (LiGPPS.LSU) and a small subunit for which two different cDNAs (LiGPPS.SSU1 and LiGPPS.SSU2) were detected. Neither recombinant LiGPPS subunits was active by itself. However, when co-expressed in E. coli LiGPPS.LSU and LiGPPS.SSU1 formed an active heteromeric GPPS, while LiGPPS.LSU and LiGPPS.SSU2 did not form an active protein. Recombinant LiGGPPS, LiFPPS and LPP synthase (LPPS) proteins were active individually. Further, LiGPPS.SSU1 modified the activity of LiGGPPS (to produce GPP) in bacterial cells co-expressing both proteins. Given this, and previous evidence indicating that GPPS.SSU can modify the activity of GGPPS to GPPS in vitro and in plants, we hypothesized that LiGPPS.SSU1 modifies the activity of L. x intermedia LPP synthase (LiLPPS), thus accounting for the relatively low abundance of LPP-derived irregular monoterpenes in this plant. However, LiGPPS.SSU1 did not affect the activity of LiLPPS. These results, coupled to the observation that LiLPPS transcripts are more abundant than those of GPPS subunits in L. x intermedia flowers, suggest that regulatory mechanisms other than transcriptional control of LPPS regulate precursor partitioning in lavender flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelign M Adal
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Soheil S Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Mageroy MH, Christiansen E, Långström B, Borg-Karlson AK, Solheim H, Björklund N, Zhao T, Schmidt A, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Priming of inducible defenses protects Norway spruce against tree-killing bark beetles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:420-430. [PMID: 31677172 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can form an immunological memory known as defense priming, whereby exposure to a priming stimulus enables quicker or stronger response to subsequent attack by pests and pathogens. Such priming of inducible defenses provides increased protection and reduces allocation costs of defense. Defense priming has been widely studied for short-lived model plants such as Arabidopsis, but little is known about this phenomenon in long-lived plants like spruce. We compared the effects of pretreatment with sublethal fungal inoculations or application of the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the resistance of 48-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees to mass attack by a tree-killing bark beetle beginning 35 days later. Bark beetles heavily infested and killed untreated trees but largely avoided fungus-inoculated trees and MeJA-treated trees. Quantification of defensive terpenes at the time of bark beetle attack showed fungal inoculation induced 91-fold higher terpene concentrations compared with untreated trees, whereas application of MeJA did not significantly increase terpenes. These results indicate that resistance in fungus-inoculated trees is a result of direct induction of defenses, whereas resistance in MeJA-treated trees is due to defense priming. This work extends our knowledge of defense priming from model plants to an ecologically important tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Erik Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Bo Långström
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Halvor Solheim
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
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Celedon JM, Bohlmann J. Oleoresin defenses in conifers: chemical diversity, terpene synthases and limitations of oleoresin defense under climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1444-1463. [PMID: 31179548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers have evolved complex oleoresin terpene defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In co-evolved bark beetles, conifer terpenes also serve chemo-ecological functions as pheromone precursors, chemical barcodes for host identification, or nutrients for insect-associated microbiomes. We highlight the genomic, molecular and biochemical underpinnings of the large chemical space of conifer oleoresin terpenes and volatiles. Conifer terpenes are predominantly the products of the conifer terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. Terpene diversity is increased by cytochromes P450 of the CYP720B class. Many conifer TPS are multiproduct enzymes. Multisubstrate CYP720B enzymes catalyse multistep oxidations. We summarise known terpenoid gene functions in various different conifer species with reference to the annotated terpenoid gene space in a spruce genome. Overall, biosynthesis of terpene diversity in conifers is achieved through a system of biochemical radiation and metabolic grids. Expression of TPS and CYP720B genes can be specific to individual cell types of constitutive or traumatic resin duct systems. Induced terpenoid transcriptomes in resin duct cells lead to dynamic changes of terpene composition and quantity to fend off herbivores and pathogens. While terpenoid defenses have contributed much to the evolutionary success of conifers, under new conditions of climate change, these defences may become inconsequential against range-expanding forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Celedon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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A Simple In Vitro Assay to Measure the Activity of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase and Other Short-Chain Prenyltransferases. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2083:27-38. [PMID: 31745910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Whitehill JG, Bohlmann J. A molecular and genomic reference system for conifer defence against insects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2844-2859. [PMID: 31042808 PMCID: PMC6852437 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect pests are part of natural forest ecosystems contributing to forest rejuvenation but can also cause ecological disturbance and economic losses that are expected to increase with climate change. The white pine or spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a pest of conifer forests in North America. Weevil-host interactions with various spruce (Picea) species have been explored as a genomic and molecular reference system for conifer defence against insects. Interactions occur in two major phases of the insect life cycle. In the exophase, adult weevils are free-moving and display behaviour of host selection for oviposition that is affected by host traits. In the endophase, insects live within the host where mobility and development from eggs to young adults are affected by a complex system of host defences. Genetic resistance exists in several spruce species and involves synergism of constitutive and induced chemical and physical defences that comprise the conifer defence syndrome. Here, we review conifer defences that disrupt the weevil life cycle and mechanisms by which trees resist weevil attack. We highlight molecular and genomic aspects and a possible role for the weevil microbiome. Knowledge of this conifer defence system is supporting forest health strategies and tree breeding for insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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Chen H, Yue Y, Yu R, Fan Y. A Hedychium coronarium short chain alcohol dehydrogenase is a player in allo-ocimene biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:297-313. [PMID: 31368003 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme is crucial for the formation of Hedychium coronarium scent and defense responses, which may be responsible for the biosynthesis of allo-ocimene in H. coronarium. Hedychium coronarium can emit a strong scent as its main scent constituents are monoterpenes and their derivatives. Among these derivatives, allo-ocimene is not only a very important volatile substance in flower aroma, but is also crucial to plant defense. However, the molecular mechanism of allo-ocimene biosynthesis has not been characterized in plants. In this study, a new alcohol dehydrogenase gene, HcADH, was cloned. The amino acid sequences encoded by HcADH contained the most conserved motifs of short chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs), which included NAD+ binding domain, TGxxx[AG]xG and active site YxxxK. Real-time PCR analyses showed that the HcADH was highly expressed in the outer labellum but was almost undetectable in vegetative organs. The change in its expression level in petals was positively correlated with the emission pattern of allo-ocimene during flower development. HcADH expression coincides also the release level of allo-ocimene among different Hedychium species. Although HcADH is not expressed in the leaves, HcADH expression and allo-ocimene release in leaves can be induced by mechanical wounding or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. In addition, the expression of HcADH induced by mechanical wounding can be prevented by acetylsalicylic acid, a jasmonic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, suggesting that jasmonic acid might participate in the transmission of wounding signals. Using the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-VIGS method, it was found that BSMV:HcADH335 inoculation was able to down-regulate HcADH expression, decreasing only the release of allo-ocimene in flowers while the content of other volatile substances did not decrese. In vitro characterization showed that recombinant HcADH can catalyze geraniol into citral, and citral is an intermediate of allo-ocimene biosynthesis. HcADH may be responsible for the biosynthesis of allo-ocimene in H. coronarium, which is crucial for the formation of H. coronarium scent and defense function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing Avenue, Duanzhou District, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Identification and Characterization of trans-Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthases Involved in Herbivory-Induced Volatile Terpene Formation in Populus trichocarpa. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132408. [PMID: 31261889 PMCID: PMC6651613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, poplar releases a blend of volatiles that plays important roles in plant defense. Although the volatile bouquet is highly complex and comprises several classes of compounds, it is dominated by mono- and sesquiterpenes. The most common precursors for mono- and sesquiterpenes, geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), respectively, are in general produced by homodimeric or heterodimeric trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases (trans-IDSs) that belong to the family of prenyltransferases. To understand the molecular basis of herbivory-induced terpene formation in poplar, we investigated the trans-IDS gene family in the western balsam poplar Populus trichocarpa. Sequence comparisons suggested that this species possesses a single FPP synthase gene (PtFPPS1) and four genes encoding two large subunits (PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU) and two small subunits (PtGPPS.SSU1 and PtGPPS.SSU2) of GPP synthases. Transcript accumulation of PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS.SSU1 was significantly upregulated upon leaf herbivory, while the expression of PtFPPS1, PtGPPS2.LSU, and PtGPPS.SSU2 was not influenced by the herbivore treatment. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of recombinant PtFPPS1, PtGPPS1.LSU, and PtGPPS2.LSU confirmed their respective IDS activities. Recombinant PtGPPS.SSU1 and PtGPPS.SSU2, however, had no enzymatic activity on their own, but PtGPPS.SSU1 enhanced the GPP synthase activities of PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU in vitro. Altogether, our data suggest that PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU in combination with PtGPPS.SSU1 may provide the substrate for herbivory-induced monoterpene formation in P. trichocarpa. The sole FPP synthase PtFPPS1 likely produces FPP for both primary and specialized metabolism in this plant species.
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Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Manufacture of Monoterpenes. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes are commonly applied as pharmaceuticals and valuable chemicals in various areas. The bioproduction of valuable monoterpenes in prokaryotic microbial hosts, such as E. coli, has progressed considerably thanks to the development of different outstanding approaches. However, the large-scale production of monoterpenes still presents considerable limitations. Thus, process development warrants further investigations. This review discusses the endogenous methylerythritol-4-phosphate-dependent pathway engineering and the exogenous mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid pathway introduction, as well as the accompanied optimization of rate-limiting enzymes, metabolic flux, and product toxicity tolerance. We suggest further studies to focus on the development of systematical, integrational, and synthetic biological strategies in light of the inter disciplines at the cutting edge. Our review provides insights into the current advances of monoterpene bioengineering and serves as a reference for future studies to promote the industrial production of valuable monoterpenes.
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Nagel R, Schmidt A, Peters RJ. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases: the chain length determining step in terpene biosynthesis. PLANTA 2019; 249:9-20. [PMID: 30467632 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in the study of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases with an emphasis on analytical techniques, product length determination, and the physiological consequences of manipulating expression in planta. The highly diverse structures of all terpenes are synthesized from the five carbon precursors dimethylallyl diphosphate and a varying number of isopentenyl diphosphate units through 1'-4 alkylation reactions. These elongation reactions are catalyzed by isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS). IDS are classified depending on the configuration of the ensuing double bond as trans- and cis-IDS. In addition, IDS are further stratified by the length of their prenyl diphosphate product. This review discusses analytical techniques for the determination of product length and the factors that control product length, with an emphasis on alternative mechanisms. With recent advances in analytics, multiple IDS of Arabidopsis thaliana have been recently reinvestigated and demonstrated to yield products of different lengths than originally reported, which is summarized here. As IDS dictate prenyl diphosphate length and thereby which class of terpenes is ultimately produced, another focus of this review is the impact that altering IDS expression has on terpenoid natural product accumulation. Finally, recent findings regarding the ability of a few IDS to not catalyze 1'-4 alkylation reactions, but instead produce irregular products, with unusual connectivity, or act as terpene synthases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Hammerbacher A, Kandasamy D, Ullah C, Schmidt A, Wright LP, Gershenzon J. Flavanone-3-Hydroxylase Plays an Important Role in the Biosynthesis of Spruce Phenolic Defenses Against Bark Beetles and Their Fungal Associates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:208. [PMID: 30858861 PMCID: PMC6397876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Conifer forests worldwide are becoming increasingly vulnerable to attacks by bark beetles and their fungal associates due to the effects of global warming. Attack by the bark beetle Ips typographus and the blue-stain fungus it vectors (Endoconidiophora polonica) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) is well known to induce increased production of terpene oleoresin and polyphenolic compounds. However, it is not clear whether specific compounds are important in resisting attack. In this study, we observed a significant increase in dihydroflavonol and flavan-3-ol content after inoculating Norway spruce with the bark beetle vectored fungus. A bioassay revealed that the dihydroflavonol taxifolin and the flavan-3-ol catechin negatively affected both I. typographus and E. polonica. The biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols is well studied in Norway spruce, but little is known about dihydroflavonol formation in this species. A flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) was identified that catalyzed the conversion of eriodictyol to taxifolin and was highly expressed after E. polonica infection. Down-regulating F3H gene expression by RNA interference in transgenic Norway spruce resulted in significantly lower levels of both dihydroflavonols and flavan-3-ols. Therefore F3H plays a key role in the biosynthesis of defense compounds in Norway spruce that act against the bark beetle-fungus complex. This enzyme forms a defensive product, taxifolin, which is also a metabolic precursor of another defensive product, catechin, which in turn synergizes the toxicity of taxifolin to the bark beetle associated fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Almuth Hammerbacher,
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Lao YM, Jin H, Zhou J, Zhang HJ, Zhu XS, Cai ZH. A Novel Hydrolytic Activity of Tri-Functional Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Haematococcus pluvialis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2536-2548. [PMID: 30137453 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates (IPPs) into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Using IPP and DMAPP as substrates, a tri-functional HpGGPPS was identified in this study to promiscuously synthesize allylic prenyl pyrophosphates (PPPs), e.g. C10 geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), C15 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and C20 GGPP. Intriguingly, HpGGPPS can utilize GPP or FPP as a single substrate to synthesize GGPP by hydrolyzing the allylic PPP substrate into C5 IPP. Transcription of HpGGPPS and key carotenogenesis genes, morphological transformation, and carotenoid biosynthesis were differentially induced by environmental stresses, while HpGGPPS's products were low in vivo, implying that most of PPP flux had been shunted into carotenoid biosynthesis. Hydrolyzing allylic PPP intermediates into C5 building blocks by promiscuous HpGGPPS may be a fail safe for carotenoid accumulation against environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Lao
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huai Jin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Shan Zhu
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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Characterization and engineering of a carotenoid biosynthesis operon from Bacillus megaterium. Metab Eng 2018; 49:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Burčová Z, Kreps F, Greifová M, Jablonský M, Ház A, Schmidt Š, Šurina I. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of phytosterols and methyl dehydroabietate of Norway spruce bark extracts. J Biotechnol 2018; 282:18-24. [PMID: 29940188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study focuses on the analysis of in vitro biological activity of extract from bark of Norway spruce (Picea Abies), which can find potential application in food and cosmetic industry and pharmacology. Milled bark was subjected to Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction to obtain two ethanol extracts. These extracts were further used to obtain their pre-extracts to n-hexane. It was investigated whether beta-sitosterol exhibits bacteriostatic activity necessary to observe antimicrobial and antifungal activity of methyl dehydroabiatate. This synergic effect and bacteriostatic activity of beta-sitosterol have not been previously reported. The greatest inhibition zone of n-hexane pre-extracts was confirmed in bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0,9 - 1,5 cm) and yeast Alternaria alternata (0,7 - 1,6 cm). It is novel, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of spruce bark extracts assessed in terms of food and cosmetic fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burčová
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic.
| | - František Kreps
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Greifová
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Jablonský
- Department of Wood, Pulp, and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Aleš Ház
- Department of Wood, Pulp, and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Schmidt
- Department of Food Technology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Šurina
- Department of Wood, Pulp, and Paper, Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
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Hammerbacher A, Raguschke B, Wright LP, Gershenzon J. Gallocatechin biosynthesis via a flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase is a defense response in Norway spruce against infection by the bark beetle-associated sap-staining fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 148:78-86. [PMID: 29421514 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the best-studied defense responses to fungal infection in Norway spruce (Picea abies) is the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols, which accumulate as monomers or polymers known as proanthocyanidins. The individual flavan-3-ol units consist of compounds with a 3',4'-dihydroxylated B ring [2,3-(trans)-(+)-catechin or 2,3-(cis)-(-)-epicatechin] and compounds with a 3',4',5'-trihydroxylated B ring [2,3 (trans)-(+)-gallocatechin or 2,3-(cis)-(-)-epigallocatechin]. While much is known about the biosynthesis and biological activity of catechin in Norway spruce, there is little comparable information about gallocatechin or epigallocatechin. We found that there was a significant increase in the gallocatechin content of Norway spruce bark and wood after inoculation with the bark beetle-associated sap-staining fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. Gallocatechins increased proportionally more than catechins as both monomers and units of polymers. A flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene identified in Norway spruce was shown by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana to be involved in the conversion of 2,3 (trans)-(+)-catechin to 2,3 (trans)-(+)-gallocatechin. The formation of the trihydroxylated B ring in Norway spruce occurs at the level of flavan-3-ols, rather than at the level of dihydroflavonols as in many angiosperms. The transcript abundance of the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene also increased significantly during fungal infection underlining its importance in gallocatechin biosynthesis. Comparisons of the effect of 2,3 (trans)-(+)-catechin and 2,3 (trans)-(+)-gallocatechin on fungal growth revealed that 2,3 (trans)-(+)-catechin is a stronger inhibitor of fungal growth, while 2,3 (trans)-(+)-gallocatechin is a stronger inhibitor of melanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bettina Raguschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Louwrance P Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany; Zeiselhof Research Farm, P.O. Box 35984, Menlo Park, 0102, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Raddatz-Mota D, Pérez-Flores LJ, Carrari F, Mendoza-Espinoza JA, de León-Sánchez FD, Pinzón-López LL, Godoy-Hernández G, Rivera-Cabrera F. Achiote ( Bixa orellana L.): a natural source of pigment and vitamin E. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1729-1741. [PMID: 28559632 PMCID: PMC5430180 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of agricultural products, including seeds and its derived products, represents an important economic source for developing countries. Natural colorants obtained from the seeds of achiote plant (annatto) have been used since pre-Hispanic times. Also, production of this crop has been important for Mayan cuisine. Annual world production of achiote seeds is approximately 14,500 tons (dry weight). Two thirds of the production is commercialized as dried seeds and the rest as colorant. Latin America produces 60% of the total world production, followed by Africa (27%) and Asia (12%). The main producers in Latin America are Peru, Brazil and Mexico. The purpose of the present paper is to review the most recent literature on Bixa orellana L. focusing on bixin, norbixin, tocotrienols and tocopherols biosynthesis, use and industrial applications of annatto extracts, as well as its nutraceutical potential and its benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Raddatz-Mota
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340 Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Laura J. Pérez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340 Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IB-INTA) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), PO Box 25, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina
| | - José A. Mendoza-Espinoza
- Cátedra Divisional Amelia Samano Bishop, Universidad Autónoma, Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México, D.F. México
| | - Fernando Díaz de León-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340 Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | - Gregorio Godoy-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), 97200 Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | - Fernando Rivera-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340 Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
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Nagel R, Peters RJ. Investigating the Phylogenetic Range of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Bacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:343-349. [PMID: 28425831 PMCID: PMC5505637 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0001-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Certain plant-associated microbes can produce gibberellin (GA) phytohormones, as first described for the rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi and, more recently, for bacteria, including several rhizobia and the rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. The relevant enzymes are encoded by a biosynthetic operon that exhibits both a greater phylogenetic range and scattered distribution among plant-associated bacteria. Here, the phylogenetic distribution of this operon was investigated. To demonstrate conserved functionality, the enzymes encoded by the disparate operon from X. translucens pv. translucens, along with those from the most divergent example, found in Erwinia tracheiphila, were biochemically characterized. In both of these phytopathogens, the operon leads to production of the bioactive GA4. Based on these results, it seems that this operon is widely dedicated to GA biosynthesis. However, there is intriguing variation in the exact product. In particular, although all plant pathogens seem to produce bioactive GA4, rhizobia generally only produce the penultimate hormonal precursor GA9. This is suggested to reflect their distinct interactions with plants, because production of GA4 counteracts the jasmonic-acid-mediated defense response, reflecting the importance of wounds as the entry point for these phytopathogens, whereas such suppression presumably is detrimental in the rhizobial symbiotic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Iowa State University, Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, Ames 50011, U.S.A
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Iowa State University, Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, Ames 50011, U.S.A
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Xi J, Rossi L, Lin X, Xie DY. Overexpression of a synthetic insect-plant geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in Camelina sativa alters plant growth and terpene biosynthesis. PLANTA 2016; 244:215-30. [PMID: 27023458 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel plastidial homodimeric insect-plant geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene is synthesized from three different cDNA origins. Its overexpression in Camelina sativa effectively alters plant development and terpenoid metabolism. Geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) converts one isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to GPP. Here, we report a synthetic insect-plant GPPS gene and effects of its overexpression on plant growth and terpenoid metabolism of Camelina sativa. We synthesized a 1353-bp cDNA, namely PTP-MpGPPS. This synthetic cDNA was composed of a 1086-bp cDNA fragment encoding a small GPPS isomer of the aphid Myzus persicae (Mp), 240-bp Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA fragment encoding a plastidial transit peptide (PTP), and a 27-bp short cDNA fragment encoding a human influenza hemagglutinin tag peptide. Structural modeling showed that the deduced protein was a homodimeric prenyltransferase. Confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated that the PTP-MpGPPS fused with green florescent protein was localized in the plastids. The synthetic PTP-MpGPPS cDNA driven by 2 × 35S promoters was introduced into Camelina (Camelina sativa) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and its overexpression in transgenic plants were demonstrated by western blot. T2 and T3 progeny of transgenic plants developed larger leaves, grew more and longer internodes, and flowered earlier than wild-type plants. Metabolic analysis showed that the levels of beta-amyrin and campesterol were higher in tissues of transgenic plants than in those of wild-type plants. Fast isoprene sensor analysis demonstrated that transgenic Camelina plants emitted significantly less isoprene than wild-type plants. In addition, transcriptional analyses revealed that the expression levels of gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids-responsive genes were higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Taken together, these data demonstrated that this novel synthetic insect-plant GPPS cDNA was effective to improve growth traits and alter terpenoid metabolism of Camelina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Xiuli Lin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Wadke N, Kandasamy D, Vogel H, Lah L, Wingfield BD, Paetz C, Wright LP, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. The Bark-Beetle-Associated Fungus, Endoconidiophora polonica, Utilizes the Phenolic Defense Compounds of Its Host as a Carbon Source. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:914-31. [PMID: 27208235 PMCID: PMC4902585 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is periodically attacked by the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associate, Endoconidiophora polonica, whose infection is thought to be required for successful beetle attack. Norway spruce produces terpenoid resins and phenolics in response to fungal and bark beetle invasion. However, how the fungal associate copes with these chemical defenses is still unclear. In this study, we investigated changes in the phenolic content of Norway spruce bark upon E. polonica infection and the biochemical factors mediating these changes. Although genes encoding the rate-limiting enzymes in Norway spruce stilbene and flavonoid biosynthesis were actively transcribed during fungal infection, there was a significant time-dependent decline of the corresponding metabolites in fungal lesions. In vitro feeding experiments with pure phenolics revealed that E. polonica transforms both stilbenes and flavonoids to muconoid-type ring-cleavage products, which are likely the first steps in the degradation of spruce defenses to substrates that can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Four genes were identified in E. polonica that encode catechol dioxygenases carrying out these reactions. These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of phenolic rings with a vicinal dihydroxyl group to muconoid products accepting a wide range of Norway spruce-produced phenolics as substrates. The expression of these genes and E. polonica utilization of the most abundant spruce phenolics as carbon sources both correlated positively with fungal virulence in several strains. Thus, the pathways for the degradation of phenolic compounds in E. polonica, initiated by catechol dioxygenase action, are important to the infection, growth, and survival of this bark beetle-vectored fungus and may play a major role in the ability of I. typographus to colonize spruce trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Wadke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Ljerka Lah
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Louwrance P Wright
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (N.W., D.K., H.V., C.P., L.P.W., J.G., A.H.);University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (L.L.); andDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa (B.D.W.)
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Dong L, Jongedijk E, Bouwmeester H, Van Der Krol A. Monoterpene biosynthesis potential of plant subcellular compartments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:679-90. [PMID: 26356766 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular monoterpene biosynthesis capacity based on local geranyl diphosphate (GDP) availability or locally boosted GDP production was determined for plastids, cytosol and mitochondria. A geraniol synthase (GES) was targeted to plastids, cytosol, or mitochondria. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated local GDP availability for each compartment but resulted in different product levels. A GDP synthase from Picea abies (PaGDPS1) was shown to boost GDP production. PaGDPS1 was also targeted to plastids, cytosol or mitochondria and PaGDPS1 and GES were coexpressed in all possible combinations. Geraniol and geraniol-derived products were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. GES product levels were highest for plastid-targeted GES, followed by mitochondrial- and then cytosolic-targeted GES. For each compartment local boosting of GDP biosynthesis increased GES product levels. GDP exchange between compartments is not equal: while no GDP is exchanged from the cytosol to the plastids, 100% of GDP in mitochondria can be exchanged to plastids, while only 7% of GDP from plastids is available for mitochondria. This suggests a direct exchange mechanism for GDP between plastids and mitochondria. Cytosolic PaGDPS1 competes with plastidial GES activity, suggesting an effective drain of isopentenyl diphosphate from the plastids to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmer Jongedijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Van Der Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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48
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Nagel R, Bernholz C, Vranová E, Košuth J, Bergau N, Ludwig S, Wessjohann L, Gershenzon J, Tissier A, Schmidt A. Arabidopsis thaliana isoprenyl diphosphate synthases produce the C25 intermediate geranylfarnesyl diphosphate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:847-59. [PMID: 26505977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze some of the most basic steps in terpene biosynthesis by producing the prenyl diphosphate precursors of each of the various terpenoid classes. Most plants investigated have distinct enzymes that produce the short-chain all-trans (E) prenyl diphosphates geranyl diphosphate (GDP, C10 ), farnesyl diphosphate (FDP, C15 ) or geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP, C20 ). In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, 15 trans-product-forming IDSs are present. Ten of these have recently been shown to produce GGDP by genetic complementation of a carotenoid pathway engineered into Escherichia coli. When verifying the product pattern of IDSs producing GGDP by a new LC-MS/MS procedure, we found that five of these IDSs produce geranylfarnesyl diphosphate (GFDP, C25 ) instead of GGDP as their major product in enzyme assays performed in vitro. Over-expression of one of the GFDP synthases in A. thaliana confirmed the production of GFDP in vivo. Enzyme assays with A. thaliana protein extracts from roots but not other organs showed formation of GFDP. Furthermore, GFDP itself was detected in root extracts. Subcellular localization studies in leaves indicated that four of the GFDP synthases were targeted to the plastoglobules of the chloroplast and one was targeted to the mitochondria. Sequence comparison and mutational studies showed that the size of the R group of the 5th amino acid residue N-terminal to the first aspartate-rich motif is responsible for C25 versus C20 product formation, with smaller R groups (Ala and Ser) resulting in GGDP (C20 ) as a product and a larger R group (Met) resulting in GFDP (C25 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Bernholz
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Vranová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steve Ludwig
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoell Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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49
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Warren RL, Keeling CI, Yuen MMS, Raymond A, Taylor GA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Paulino D, Chiu R, Jackman SD, Robertson G, Yang C, Boyle B, Hoffmann M, Weigel D, Nelson DR, Ritland C, Isabel N, Jaquish B, Yanchuk A, Bousquet J, Jones SJM, MacKay J, Birol I, Bohlmann J. Improved white spruce (Picea glauca) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:189-212. [PMID: 26017574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
White spruce (Picea glauca), a gymnosperm tree, has been established as one of the models for conifer genomics. We describe the draft genome assemblies of two white spruce genotypes, PG29 and WS77111, innovative tools for the assembly of very large genomes, and the conifer genomics resources developed in this process. The two white spruce genotypes originate from distant geographic regions of western (PG29) and eastern (WS77111) North America, and represent elite trees in two Canadian tree-breeding programs. We present an update (V3 and V4) for a previously reported PG29 V2 draft genome assembly and introduce a second white spruce genome assembly for genotype WS77111. Assemblies of the PG29 and WS77111 genomes confirm the reconstructed white spruce genome size in the 20 Gbp range, and show broad synteny. Using the PG29 V3 assembly and additional white spruce genomics and transcriptomics resources, we performed MAKER-P annotation and meticulous expert annotation of very large gene families of conifer defense metabolism, the terpene synthases and cytochrome P450s. We also comprehensively annotated the white spruce mevalonate, methylerythritol phosphate and phenylpropanoid pathways. These analyses highlighted the large extent of gene and pseudogene duplications in a conifer genome, in particular for genes of secondary (i.e. specialized) metabolism, and the potential for gain and loss of function for defense and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Christopher I Keeling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire Man Saint Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony Raymond
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Greg A Taylor
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Vandervalk
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hamid Mohamadi
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Daniel Paulino
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Readman Chiu
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Shaun D Jackman
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Chen Yang
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Margarete Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Carol Ritland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Barry Jaquish
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John MacKay
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Inanc Birol
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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50
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Rehman R, Hanif MA, Mushtaq Z, Al-Sadi AM. Biosynthesis of essential oils in aromatic plants: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1057841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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