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Fordjour E, Liu CL, Yang Y, Bai Z. Recent advances in lycopene and germacrene a biosynthesis and their role as antineoplastic drugs. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:254. [PMID: 38916754 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes and tetraterpenes are classes of plant-derived natural products with antineoplastic effects. While plant extraction of the sesquiterpene, germacrene A, and the tetraterpene, lycopene suffers supply chain deficits and poor yields, chemical synthesis has difficulties in separating stereoisomers. This review highlights cutting-edge developments in producing germacrene A and lycopene from microbial cell factories. We then summarize the antineoplastic properties of β-elemene (a thermal product from germacrene A), sesquiterpene lactones (metabolic products from germacrene A), and lycopene. We also elaborate on strategies to optimize microbial-based germacrene A and lycopene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yankun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu , 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Li HH, Chen XW, Zhai FH, Li YT, Zhao HM, Mo CH, Luo Y, Xing B, Li H. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Alleviates Charged Nanoplastic Stress in Host Plants via Enhanced Defense-Related Gene Expressions and Hyphal Capture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6258-6273. [PMID: 38450439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Contamination of small-sized plastics is recognized as a factor of global change. Nanoplastics (NPs) can readily enter organisms and pose significant ecological risks. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most ubiquitous and impactful plant symbiotic fungi, regulating essential ecological functions. Here, we first found that an AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, increased lettuce shoot biomass by 25-100% when exposed to positively and negatively charged NPs vs control, although it did not increase that grown without NPs. The stress alleviation was attributed to the upregulation of gene expressions involving phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, and oxidant scavenging. Using a root organ-fungus axenic growth system treated with fluorescence-labeled NPs, we subsequently revealed that the hyphae captured NPs and further delivered them to roots. NPs were observed at the hyphal cell walls, membranes, and spore walls. NPs mediated by the hyphae were localized at the root epidermis, cortex, and stele. Hyphal exudates aggregated positively charged NPs, thereby reducing their uptake due to NP aggregate formation (up to 5000 nm). This work demonstrates the critical roles of AM fungus in regulating NP behaviors and provides a potential strategy for NP risk mitigation in terrestrial ecosystems. Consequent NP-induced ecological impacts due to the affected AM fungi require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xun Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Hua Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Tao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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3
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Li H, Dickschat JS. Enzymatic Synthesis of Diterpenoids from iso-GGPP III: A Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Analog with a Shifted Double Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303560. [PMID: 37947363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The analog of the diterpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate with a double bond shifted from C14=C15 to C15=C16 (named iso-GGPP III) has been synthesized and enzymatically converted with six bacterial diterpene synthases; this allowed the isolation of nine unnatural diterpenes. For some of the enzyme-substrate combinations, the different reactivity implemented in the substrate analog iso-GGPP III opened reaction pathways that are not observed with natural GGPP, resulting in the formation of diterpenes with novel skeletons. A stereoselective deuteration strategy was used to assign the absolute configurations of the isolated diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Kiran NR, Narayanan AK, Mohapatra S, Gupta P, Nagegowda DA. Analysis of root volatiles and functional characterization of a root-specific germacrene A synthase in Artemisia pallens. PLANTA 2024; 259:58. [PMID: 38308700 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that Artemisia pallens roots can be a source of terpene-rich essential oil and root-specific ApTPS1 forms germacrene A contributing to major root volatiles. Davana (Artemisia pallens Bess) is a valuable aromatic herb within the Asteraceae family, highly prized for its essential oil (EO) produced in the aerial parts. However, the root volatile composition, and the genes responsible for root volatiles have remained unexplored until now. Here, we show that A. pallens roots possess distinct oil bodies and yields ~ 0.05% of EO, which is primarily composed of sesquiterpenes β-elemene, neryl isovalerate, β-selinene, and α-selinene, and trace amounts of monoterpenes β-myrcene, D-limonene. This shows that, besides aerial parts, roots of davana can also be a source of unique EO. Moreover, we functionally characterized a terpene synthase (ApTPS1) that exhibited high in silico expression in the root transcriptome. The recombinant ApTPS1 showed the formation of β-elemene and germacrene A with E,E-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as a substrate. Detailed analysis of assay products revealed that β-elemene was the thermal rearrangement product of germacrene A. The functional expression of ApTPS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed the in vivo germacrene A synthase activity of ApTPS1. At the transcript level, ApTPS1 displayed predominant expression in roots, with significantly lower level of expression in other tissues. This expression pattern of ApTPS1 positively correlated with the tissue-specific accumulation level of germacrene A. Overall, these findings provide fundamental insights into the EO profile of davana roots, and the contribution of ApTPS1 in the formation of a major root volatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Kiran
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ananth Krishna Narayanan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Soumyajit Mohapatra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Fordjour E, Liu CL, Hao Y, Sackey I, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Tan T, Bai Z. Engineering Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for high-yield production of germacrene A, a precursor of β-elemene via combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3039-3056. [PMID: 37309999 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
β-elemene is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in cancer treatment. As a plant-derived natural chemical, biologically engineering microorganisms to produce germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene harbors great expectations since chemical synthesis and plant isolation methods come with their production deficiencies. In this study, we report the design of an Escherichia coli cell factory for the de novo production of germacrene A to be converted to β-elemene from a simple carbon source. A series of systematic approaches of engineering the isoprenoid and central carbon pathways, translational and protein engineering of the sesquiterpene synthase, and exporter engineering yielded high-efficient β-elemene production. Specifically, deleting competing pathways in the central carbon pathway ensured the availability of acetyl-coA, pyruvate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate for the isoprenoid pathways. Adopting lycopene color as a high throughput screening method, an optimized NSY305N was obtained via error-prone polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis. Further overexpression of key pathway enzymes, exporter genes, and translational engineering produced 1161.09 mg/L of β-elemene in a shake flask. Finally, we detected the highest reported titer of 3.52 g/L of β-elemene and 2.13 g/L germacrene A produced by an E. coli cell factory in a 4-L fed-batch fermentation. The systematic engineering reported here generally applies to microbial production of a broader range of chemicals. This illustrates that rewiring E. coli central metabolism is viable for producing acetyl-coA-derived and pyruvate-derived molecules cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Isaac Sackey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Yankun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation, and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Cheng J, Zuo Y, Liu G, Li D, Gao J, Xiao F, Huang L, Xu Z, Lian J. Development of a Pichia pastoris cell factory for efficient production of germacrene A: a precursor of β-elemene. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:38. [PMID: 38647946 PMCID: PMC10992381 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
β-Elemene, an active ingredient found in medicinal plants like turmeric and zedoary, is a sesquiterpene compound with antitumor activity against various cancers. However, its current mode of production through plant extraction suffers from low efficiency and limited natural resources. Recently, there has been an increased interest in establishing microbial cell factories to produce germacrene A, which can be converted to β-elemene by a one-step reaction in vitro. In this study, we constructed an engineered Pichia pastoris cell factory for producing germacrene A. We rerouted the fluxes towards germacrene A biosynthesis through the optimization of the linker sequences between germacrene A synthase (GAS) and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (ERG20), overexpression of important pathway genes (i.e., IDI1, tHMG1, and ACS), and multi-copy integration of related expression cassettes. In combination with medium optimization and bioprocess engineering, the final titer of germacrene A in a 1 L fermenter reached 1.9 g/L through fed-batch fermentation. This represents the first report on the production of germacrene A in P. pastoris and demonstrates its advantage in producing terpenoids and other value-added natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Yimeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Gaofei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jucan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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7
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De Bruyn C, Ruttink T, Lacchini E, Rombauts S, Haegeman A, De Keyser E, Van Poucke C, Desmet S, Jacobs TB, Eeckhaut T, Goossens A, Van Laere K. Identification and characterization of CYP71 subclade cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of bitterness compounds in Cichorium intybus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200253. [PMID: 37426959 PMCID: PMC10324620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) and witloof (C. intybus var. foliosum) are crops with an important economic value, mainly cultivated for inulin production and as a leafy vegetable, respectively. Both crops are rich in nutritionally relevant specialized metabolites with beneficial effects for human health. However, their bitter taste, caused by the sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) produced in leaves and taproot, limits wider applications in the food industry. Changing the bitterness would thus create new opportunities with a great economic impact. Known genes encoding enzymes involved in the SL biosynthetic pathway are GERMACRENE A SYNTHASE (GAS), GERMACRENE A OXIDASE (GAO), COSTUNOLIDE SYNTHASE (COS) and KAUNIOLIDE SYNTHASE (KLS). In this study, we integrated genome and transcriptome mining to further unravel SL biosynthesis. We found that C. intybus SL biosynthesis is controlled by the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Gene family annotation and MeJA inducibility enabled the pinpointing of candidate genes related with the SL biosynthetic pathway. We specifically focused on members of subclade CYP71 of the cytochrome P450 family. We verified the biochemical activity of 14 C. intybus CYP71 enzymes transiently produced in Nicotiana benthamiana and identified several functional paralogs for each of the GAO, COS and KLS genes, pointing to redundancy in and robustness of the SL biosynthetic pathway. Gene functionality was further analyzed using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in C. intybus. Metabolite profiling of mutant C. intybus lines demonstrated a successful reduction in SL metabolite production. Together, this study increases our insights into the C. intybus SL biosynthetic pathway and paves the way for the engineering of C. intybus bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte De Bruyn
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas B. Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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8
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Wiart C, Kathirvalu G, Raju CS, Nissapatorn V, Rahmatullah M, Paul AK, Rajagopal M, Sathiya Seelan JS, Rusdi NA, Lanting S, Sulaiman M. Antibacterial and Antifungal Terpenes from the Medicinal Angiosperms of Asia and the Pacific: Haystacks and Gold Needles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093873. [PMID: 37175283 PMCID: PMC10180233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review identifies terpenes isolated from the medicinal Angiosperms of Asia and the Pacific with antibacterial and/or antifungal activities and analyses their distribution, molecular mass, solubility, and modes of action. All data in this review were compiled from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, ChemSpider, PubChem, and library searches from 1968 to 2022. About 300 antibacterial and/or antifungal terpenes were identified during this period. Terpenes with a MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL are mostly amphiphilic and active against Gram-positive bacteria, with a molecular mass ranging from about 150 to 550 g/mol, and a polar surface area around 20 Ų. Carvacrol, celastrol, cuminol, dysoxyhainic acid I, ent-1β,14β-diacetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, geranylgeraniol, gossypol, 16α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13 (14)Z-diene-15,16-olide, 7-hydroxycadalene, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide B, (20R)-3β-hydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranor-5α cycloartan-23,21-olide, mansonone F, (+)-6,6'-methoxygossypol, polygodial, pristimerin, terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpineol are chemical frameworks that could be candidates for the further development of lead antibacterial or antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Geethanjali Kathirvalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Research Excellence Centre for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Alok K Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Azizun Rusdi
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Scholastica Lanting
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mazdida Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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9
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T R, Sharma D, Lin F, Choong YK, Lim C, Jobichen C, Zhang C. Structural Understanding of Fungal Terpene Synthases for the Formation of Linear or Cyclic Terpene Products. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4949-4959. [PMID: 37066048 PMCID: PMC10088877 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs), known gatekeepers of terpenoid diversity, are the main targets for enzyme engineering attempts. To this end, we have determined the crystal structure of Agrocybe pediades linalool synthase (Ap.LS), which has been recently reported to be 44-fold and 287-fold more efficient than bacterial and plant counterparts, respectively. Structure-based molecular modeling followed by in vivo as well as in vitro tests confirmed that the region of 60-69aa and Tyr299 (adjacent to the motif "WxxxxxRY") are essential for maintaining Ap.LS specificity toward a short-chain (C10) acyclic product. Ap.LS Y299 mutants (Y299A, Y299C, Y299G, Y299Q, and Y299S) yielded long-chain (C15) linear or cyclic products. Molecular modeling based on the Ap.LS crystal structure indicated that farnesyl pyrophosphate in the binding pocket of Ap.LS Y299A has less torsion strain energy compared to the wild-type Ap.LS, which can be partially attributed to the larger space in Ap.LS Y299A for better accommodation of the longer chain (C15). Linalool/nerolidol synthase Y298 and humulene synthase Y302 mutations also produced C15 cyclic products similar to Ap.LS Y299 mutants. Beyond the three enzymes, our analysis confirmed that most microbial TPSs have asparagine at the position and produce mainly cyclized products (δ-cadinene, 1,8-cineole, epi-cubebol, germacrene D, β-barbatene, etc.). In contrast, those producing linear products (linalool and nerolidol) typically have a bulky tyrosine. The structural and functional analysis of an exceptionally selective linalool synthase, Ap.LS, presented in this work provides insights into factors that govern chain length (C10 or C15), water incorporation, and cyclization (cyclic vs acyclic) of terpenoid biosynthesis.
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10
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Salvagnin U, Unkel K, Sprink T, Bundock P, Sevenier R, Bogdanović M, Todorović S, Cankar K, Hakkert JC, Schijlen E, Nieuwenhuis R, Hingsamer M, Kulmer V, Kernitzkyi M, Bosch D, Martens S, Malnoy M. A comparison of three different delivery methods for achieving CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing in Cichorium intybus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111110. [PMID: 37123849 PMCID: PMC10131283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum) is used to extract inulin, a fructose polymer used as a natural sweetener and prebiotic. However, bitter tasting sesquiterpene lactones, giving chicory its known flavour, need to be removed during inulin extraction. To avoid this extraction and associated costs, recently chicory variants with a lower sesquiterpene lactone content were created by inactivating the four copies of the germacrene A synthase gene (CiGAS-S1, -S2, -S3, -L) which encode the enzyme initiating bitter sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis in chicory. In this study, different delivery methods for CRISPR/Cas9 reagents have been compared regarding their efficiency to induce mutations in the CiGAS genes, the frequency of off-target mutations as well as their environmental and economic impacts. CRISPR/Cas9 reagents were delivered by Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation or transient delivery by plasmid or preassembled ribonucleic complexes (RNPs) using the same sgRNA. All methods used lead to a high number of INDEL mutations within the CiGAS-S1 and CiGAS-S2 genes, which match the used sgRNA perfectly; additionally, the CiGAS-S3 and CiGAS-L genes, which have a single mismatch with the sgRNA, were mutated but with a lower mutation efficiency. While using both RNPs and plasmids delivery resulted in biallelic, heterozygous or homozygous mutations, plasmid delivery resulted in 30% of unwanted integration of plasmid fragments in the genome. Plants transformed via Agrobacteria often showed chimerism and a mixture of CiGAS genotypes. This genetic mosaic becomes more diverse when plants were grown over a prolonged period. While the genotype of the on-targets varied between the transient and stable delivery methods, no off-target activity in six identified potential off-targets with two to four mismatches was found. The environmental impacts (greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and primary energy demand) of the methods are highly dependent on their individual electricity demand. From an economic view - like for most research and development activities - employment and value-added multiplier effects are high; particularly when compared to industrial or manufacturing processes. Considering all aspects, we conclude that using RNPs is the most suitable method for genome editing in chicory since it led to a high efficiency of editing, no off-target mutations, non-transgenic plants with no risk of unwanted integration of plasmid DNA and without needed segregation of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Salvagnin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Salvagnin, ; Mickael Malnoy,
| | - Katharina Unkel
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Thorben Sprink
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Paul Bundock
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert Sevenier
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Milica Bogdanović
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađana Todorović
- Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Elio Schijlen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Nieuwenhuis
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Martens
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Salvagnin, ; Mickael Malnoy,
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11
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Suenaga-Hiromori M, Mogi D, Kikuchi Y, Tong J, Kurisu N, Aoki Y, Amano H, Furutani M, Shimoyama T, Waki T, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Comprehensive identification of terpene synthase genes and organ-dependent accumulation of terpenoid volatiles in a traditional medicinal plant Angelica archangelica L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:391-404. [PMID: 37283614 PMCID: PMC10240917 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Angelica archangelica L. is a traditional medicinal plant of Nordic origin that produces an unusual amount and variety of terpenoids. The unique terpenoid composition of A. archangelica likely arises from the involvement of terpene synthases (TPSs) with different specificities, none of which has been identified. As the first step in identifying TPSs responsible for terpenoid chemodiversity in A. archangelica, we produced a transcriptome catalogue using the mRNAs extracted from the leaves, tap roots, and dry seeds of the plant; 11 putative TPS genes were identified (AaTPS1-AaTPS11). Phylogenetic analysis predicted that AaTPS1-AaTPS5, AaTPS6-AaTPS10, and AaTPS11 belong to the monoterpene synthase (monoTPS), sesquiterpene synthase (sesquiTPS), and diterpene synthase clusters, respectively. We then performed in vivo enzyme assays of the AaTPSs using recombinant Escherichia coli systems to examine their enzymatic activities and specificities. Nine recombinant enzymes (AaTPS2-AaTPS10) displayed TPS activities with specificities consistent with their phylogenetics; however, AaTPS5 exhibited a strong sesquiTPS activity along with a weak monoTPS activity. We also analyzed terpenoid volatiles in the flowers, immature and mature seeds, leaves, and tap roots of A. archangelica using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; 14 monoterpenoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were identified. The mature seeds accumulated the highest levels of monoterpenoids, with β-phellandrene being the most prominent. α-Pinene and β-myrcene were abundant in all organs examined. The in vivo assay results suggest that the AaTPSs functionally identified in this study are at least partly involved in the chemodiversity of terpenoid volatiles in A. archangelica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Mogi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yohei Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jiali Tong
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kurisu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Amano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furutani
- R&D Center, Sekisui Chemical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Takefumi Shimoyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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12
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Li M, Wen Q, Lv S, Yang R, Cheng T, Wang Z, Yang J. Co-biosynthesis of germacrene A, a precursor of β-elemene, and lycopene in engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8053-8066. [PMID: 36374331 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
β-Elemene is the major component of a traditional Chinese medicine (Rhizoma Curcumae) for cancer treatment, and plant extraction is the major methods currently. Biosynthesis of β-elemene is a promising and attractive route due to its advantages, including environmentally friendly processes, renewable resources, and sustainable development. In this research, biosynthesis of germacrene A, direct precursor of β-elemene, in Escherichia coli was successfully performed and 11.99 mg/L germacrene A was obtained. Thereafter, a cobiosynthesis system for germacrene A and lycopene, another kind of isoprenoid, was constructed. Furthermore, the cultivation conditions were optimized. The germacrene A production was increased to the highest level reported to date, 364.26 mg/L, threefold increase to the strain with only germacrene A production. The cobiosynthesis system was suggested to promote the metabolic flux for germacrene A production. This research enabled germacrene A production in E. coli, and it highlights the promoting mechanism of the cobiosynthesis system for two chemicals which are both belonging to isoprenoids. KEY POINTS : • Co-production of germacrene A and lycopene in E. coli. • Promoting mechanism of cobiosynthesis of two isoprenoid compounds in E. coli. • Shake-flask production of germacrene A reached to the highest 364.26 mg/L in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Li
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qifeng Wen
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhe Lv
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Rumeng Yang
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 135 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compound Production By Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changchen Road, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Chen R, Liu Y, Chen S, Wang M, Zhu Y, Hu T, Wei Q, Yin X, Xie T. Protein Engineering of a Germacrene A Synthase From Lactuca sativa and Its Application in High Productivity of Germacrene A in Escherichia coli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932966. [PMID: 36035671 PMCID: PMC9403833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Germacrene A (GA) is a key intermediate for the synthesis of medicinal active compounds, especially for β-elemene, which is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug. The production of sufficient GA in the microbial platform is vital for the precursors supply of active compounds. In this study, Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3) was used as the host and cultivated in SBMSN medium, obtaining a highest yield of FPP. The GA synthase from Lactuca sativa (LTC2) exhibited the highest level of GA production. Secondly, two residues involved in product release (T410 and T392) were substituted with Ser and Ala, respectively, responsible for relatively higher activities. Next, substitution of selected residues S243 with Asn caused an increase in activity. Furthermore, I364K-T410S and T392A-T410S were created by combination with the beneficial mutation, and they demonstrated dramatically enhanced titers with 1.90-fold and per-cell productivity with 5.44-fold, respectively. Finally, the production titer of GA reached 126.4 mg/L, and the highest productivity was 7.02 mg/L.h by the I364K-T410S mutant in a shake-flask batch culture after fermentation for 18 h. To our knowledge, the productivity of the I364K-T410S mutant is the highest level ever reported. These results highlight a promising method for the industrial production of GA in E. coli, and lay a foundation for pathway reconstruction and the production of valuable natural sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Hong CY, Tsao NW, Wang SY, Chu FH. Cloning and functional characterization of three sesquiterpene synthase genes from Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsumura. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111315. [PMID: 35696915 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthase (TPS) analysis may contribute to a better understanding of terpenoids biosynthesis and the evolution of phylogenetic taxonomy. Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsumura is an endemic and valuable conifer of Taiwan. Its excellent wood quality, fragrance, and durability make it become the five precious conifers in Taiwan. In this study, three sesquiterpene synthase genes that belong to the TPS-d2 clade were isolated and characterized through in vitro reaction of recombinant protein and in vivo reaction of Escherichia coli heterologous expression system. The main product of Cf-GerA was germacrene A using GC/MS analysis, while the product of Cf-Aco and Cf-Gor were identified as acora-4(14),8-diene and (5R,6R,10S)-α-gorgonene by using NMR analysis. These are the first reported enzymes that biosynthesize acora-4(14),8-diene and (5 R,6 R,10 S)-α-gorgonene. Both sesquiterpene synthases may isomerize the farnesyl pyrophosphate substrate to nerolidyl pyrophosphate for further cyclization. Cf-Aco may catalyze 1,6-cyclization of nerolidyl cation while Cf-Gor may catalyze through an uncharged intermediate, isogermacrene A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yao Hong
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Zeng T, Chen Y, Jian Y, Zhang F, Wu R. Chemotaxonomic investigation of plant terpenoids with an established database (TeroMOL). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:662-673. [PMID: 35377469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the biggest class of plant-derived natural products with diverse chemical structures and extensive biological activities. Interpreting enzyme functions and mining new structures of terpenoids could be inspired by the cheminformatic and chemotaxonomic analysis, whereas it is hampered by the incompleteness of available data for terpenoids. Here a dedicated terpenoids database, TeroMOL, is developed to collect more than 170 000 terpenoids and their derivatives annotated with reported biological sources, along with a user-friendly and freely accessible webserver to visualise and analyse the terpenoids skeletons and organism sources. The quantitative distributions as well as the qualitative trends between terpenoid skeletons and organism sources in plant kingdom are revealed from a chemotaxonomic view, while no comparisons are attempted due to the inherent data biases. Nevertheless, the terpenoid chemomarkers in several organisms are discussed based on the available data with highly enriched and exclusive carbon skeletons. We believe that the TeroMOL database and its accessory computational tools will be very promising for exploring the chemical space and biological sources of terpenoids, and assisting the terpenoid research community in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxinxin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongxing Jian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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16
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Shi Y, Dong T, Zeng B, Yao M, Wang Y, Xie Z, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Production of Plant Sesquiterpene Lactone Parthenolide in the Yeast Cell Factory. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2473-2483. [PMID: 35723427 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parthenolide, a kind of sesquiterpene lactone, is the direct precursor for the promising anti-glioblastoma drug ACT001. Compared with traditional parthenolide source from plant extraction, de novo biosynthesis of parthenolide in microorganisms has the potential to make a sustainable supply. Herein, an integrated strategy was designed with P450 source screening, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) supply, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) size rewiring to manipulate three P450s regarded as the bottleneck for parthenolide production. Germacrene A oxidase from Cichorium intybus, costunolide synthase from Lactuca sativa, and parthenolide synthase from Tanacetum parthenium have the best efficiency, resulting in a parthenolide titer of 2.19 mg/L, which was first achieved in yeast. The parthenolide titer was further increased by 300% with NADPH supplementation and ER expanding stepwise. Finally, the highest titers of 31.0 mg/L parthenolide and 648.5 mg/L costunolide in microbes were achieved in 2.0 L fed-batch fermentation. This study not only provides an alternative microbial platform for producing sesquiterpene lactones in a sustainable way but also highlights a general strategy for manipulating multiple plant-derived P450s in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Shi
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Boxuan Zeng
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zexiong Xie
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Tangxing Road 133, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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17
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Park S, Mani V, Kim JA, Lee SI, Lee K. Combinatorial transient gene expression strategies to enhance terpenoid production in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034893. [PMID: 36582649 PMCID: PMC9793405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The monoterpenoid linalool and sesquiterpenoid costunolide are ubiquitous plant components that have been economically exploited for their respective essential oils and pharmaceutical benefits. In general, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are produced by the plastid 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathways, respectively. Herein, we investigated the individual and combinatorial potential of MEP and MVA pathway genes in increasing linalool and costunolide production in Nicotiana benthamiana. METHODS First, six genes from the MEP (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and linalool synthase) and MVA (acetoacetyl-CoA-thiolase, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, germacrene A synthase, germacrene A oxidase, and costunolide synthase) pathways were separately cloned into the modular cloning (MoClo) golden gateway cassette. Second, the cassettes were transformed individually or in combination into the leaves of N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Five days post infiltration (DPI), all selected genes were transiently 5- to 94-fold overexpressed. Quantification using gas chromatography-Q-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) determined that the individual and combinatorial expression of MEP genes increased linalool production up to 50-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Likewise, MVA genes increased costunolide production up to 70-90ng.mg-1 fresh leaf weight. Our findings highlight that the transient expression of MEP and MVA pathway genes (individually or in combination) enhances linalool and costunolide production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kijong Lee
- *Correspondence: Kijong Lee, ; Vimalraj Mani,
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18
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Cankar K, Bundock P, Sevenier R, Häkkinen ST, Hakkert JC, Beekwilder J, van der Meer IM, de Both M, Bosch D. Inactivation of the germacrene A synthase genes by CRISPR/Cas9 eliminates the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene lactones in Cichorium intybus L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2442-2453. [PMID: 34270859 PMCID: PMC8633505 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is an industrial crop species cultivated for the production of a fructose polymer inulin, which is used as a low-calorie sweetener and prebiotic. Besides, inulin chicory taproots also accumulate sesquiterpene lactones (STLs). These are bitter tasting compounds, which need to be removed during inulin extraction, resulting in additional costs. In this work, we describe chicory lines where STL accumulation is almost completely eliminated. Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to inactivate four genes that encode the enzyme that performs the first dedicated step in STL synthesis, germacrene A synthase (CiGAS). Chicory lines were obtained that carried null mutations in all four CiGAS genes. Lines lacking functional CiGAS alleles showed a normal phenotype upon greenhouse cultivation and show nearly complete elimination of the STL synthesis in the roots. It was shown that the reduction in STLs could be attributed to mutations in genetically linked copies of the CiGAS-short gene and not the CiGAS-long gene, which is relevant for breeding the trait into other cultivars. The inactivation of the STL biosynthesis pathway led to increase in phenolic compounds as well as accumulation of squalene in the chicory taproot, presumably due to increased availability of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FFP). These results demonstrate that STLs are not essential for chicory growth and that the inhibition of the STL biosynthesis pathway reduced the STL levels chicory which will facilitate inulin extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Taxonomic Insights and Its Type Cyclization Correlation of Volatile Sesquiterpenes in Vitex Species and Potential Source Insecticidal Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216405. [PMID: 34770814 PMCID: PMC8587464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (SS) are secondary metabolites formed by the bonding of 3 isoprene (C5) units. They play an important role in the defense and signaling of plants to adapt to the environment, face stress, and communicate with the outside world, and their evolutionary history is closely related to their physiological functions. This review considers their presence and extensively summarizes the 156 sesquiterpenes identified in Vitextaxa, emphasizing those with higher concentrations and frequency among species and correlating with the insecticidal activities and defensive responses reported in the literature. In addition, we classify the SS based on their chemical structures and addresses cyclization in biosynthetic origin. Most relevant sesquiterpenes of the Vitex genus are derived from the germacredienyl cation mainly via bicyclogermacrene and germacrene C, giving rise to aromadrendanes, a skeleton with the highest number of representative compounds in this genus, and 6,9-guaiadiene, respectively, indicating the production of 1.10-cyclizing sesquiterpene synthases. These enzymes can play an important role in the chemosystematics of the genus from their corresponding routes and cyclizations, constituting a new approach to chemotaxonomy. In conclusion, this review is a compilation of detailed information on the profile of sesquiterpene in the Vitex genus and, thus, points to new unexplored horizons for future research.
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20
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Silver Ion-Complexation High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography Coupled with Prep-HPLC for Separation of Sesquiterpenoids from Germacrene A Fermentation Broth. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A silver ion high-speed counter-current chromatography ([Ag+]-HSCCC) was developed to separate and purify five sesquiterpenoids from germacrene A fermentation broth. The solvent system was consisted of n-hexane-methanol-silver nitrate (3 mol/L) solution (10:9.5:0.5, v/v). By employing this chromatographic protocol, five sesquiterpenoids named β-elemene (1; 54.1 mg), germacrene A (2; 28.5 mg), γ-selinene (3; 4.6 mg), β-selinene (4; 3.4 mg), and α-selinene (5; 1.3 mg) were obtained successfully from 500 mg extracted crude sample with purities of 97.1%, 95.2%, 98.2%, 96.3% and 98.5%, respectively, combined with preparative HPLC. The results reveal that the addition of metal ion in biphasic solvent system significantly improved the HSCCC separation factor of sesquiterpenoids. Meanwhile, our study also provided an alternate approach to separate the compounds with less polarity, also geometrical isomers and various natural product classes.
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21
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Liu CL, Xue K, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Lee TS, Bai Z, Tan T. Metabolic engineering strategies for sesquiterpene production in microorganism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:73-92. [PMID: 34256675 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are a large variety of terpene natural products, widely existing in plants, fungi, marine organisms, insects, and microbes. Value-added sesquiterpenes are extensively used in industries such as: food, drugs, fragrances, and fuels. With an increase in market demands and the price of sesquiterpenes, the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by microbial fermentation methods from renewable feedstocks is acquiring increasing attention. Synthetic biology provides robust tools of sesquiterpene production in microorganisms. This review presents a summary of metabolic engineering strategies on the hosts and pathway engineering for sesquiterpene production. Advances in synthetic biology provide new strategies on the creation of desired hosts for sesquiterpene production. Especially, metabolic engineering strategies for the production of sesquiterpenes such as: amorphadiene, farnesene, bisabolene, and caryophyllene are emphasized in: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other microorganisms. Challenges and future perspectives of the bioprocess for translating sesquiterpene production into practical industrial work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
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22
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Zhang W, Guo J, Wang Z, Li Y, Meng X, Shen Y, Liu W. Improved production of germacrene A, a direct precursor of ß-elemene, in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expressing a cyanobacterial germacrene A synthase. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:7. [PMID: 33413372 PMCID: PMC7791714 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sesquiterpene germacrene A is a direct precursor of ß-elemene that is a major component of the Chinese medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin with prominent antitumor activity. The microbial platform for germacrene A production was previously established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the germacrene A synthase (LTC2) of Lactuca sativa. Results We evaluated the performance of LTC2 (LsGAS) as well as nine other identified or putative germacrene A synthases from different sources for the production of germacrene A. AvGAS, a synthase of Anabaena variabilis, was found to be the most efficient in germacrene A production in yeast. AvGAS expression alone in S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1D already resulted in a substantial production of germacrene A while LTC2 expression did not. Further metabolic engineering the yeast using known strategies including overexpression of tHMGR1 and repression of squalene synthesis pathway led to an 11-fold increase in germacrene A production. Site-directed mutagenesis of AvGAS revealed that while changes of several residues located within the active site cavity severely compromised germacrene A production, substitution of Phe23 located on the lateral surface with tryptophan or valine led to a 35.2% and 21.8% increase in germacrene A production, respectively. Finally, the highest production titer of germacrene A reached 309.8 mg/L in shake-flask batch culture. Conclusions Our study highlights the potential of applying bacterial sesquiterpene synthases with improved performance by mutagenesis engineering in producing germacrene A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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24
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De Bruyn C, Ruttink T, Eeckhaut T, Jacobs T, De Keyser E, Goossens A, Van Laere K. Establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Witloof (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum). Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:604876. [PMID: 34713228 PMCID: PMC8525355 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.604876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cichorium intybus var. foliosum (witloof) is an economically important crop with a high nutritional value thanks to many specialized metabolites, such as polyphenols and terpenoids. However, witloof plants are rich in sesquiterpene lactones (SL) which are important for plant defense but also impart a bitter taste, thus limiting industrial applications. Inactivating specific genes in the SL biosynthesis pathway could lead to changes in the SL metabolite content and result in altered bitterness. In this study, a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing workflow was implemented for witloof, starting with polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated protoplast transfection for CRISPR/Cas9 vector delivery, followed by whole plant regeneration and mutation analysis. Protoplast transfection efficiencies ranged from 20 to 26 %. A CRISPR/Cas9 vector targeting the first exon of the phytoene desaturase (CiPDS) gene was transfected into witloof protoplasts and resulted in the knockout of CiPDS, giving rise to an albino phenotype in 23% of the regenerated plants. Further implementing our protocol, the SL biosynthesis pathway genes germacrene A synthase (GAS), germacrene A oxidase (GAO), and costunolide synthase (COS) were targeted in independent experiments. Highly multiplex (HiPlex) amplicon sequencing of the genomic target loci revealed plant mutation frequencies of 27.3, 42.7, and 98.3% in regenerated plants transfected with a CRISPR/Cas9 vector targeting CiGAS, CiGAO, and CiCOS, respectively. We observed different mutation spectra across the loci, ranging from consistently the same +1 nucleotide insertion in CiCOS across independent mutated lines, to a complex set of 20 mutation types in CiGAO across independent mutated lines. These results demonstrate a straightforward workflow for genome editing based on transfection and regeneration of witloof protoplasts and subsequent HiPlex amplicon sequencing. Our CRISPR/Cas9 workflow can enable gene functional research and faster incorporation of novel traits in elite witloof lines in the future, thus facilitating the development of novel industrial applications for witloof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte De Bruyn
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Charlotte De Bruyn
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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25
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Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Yang J. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 114:1-35. [PMID: 33934850 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, as the largest group of chemicals in the domains of life, constitute more than 50,000 members. These compounds consist of different numbers of isoprene units (C5H8), by which they are typically classified into hemiterpenoids (C5), monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), diterpenoids (C20), triterpenoids (C30), and tetraterpenoids (C40). In recent years, isoprenoids have been employed as food additives, in the pharmaceutical industry, as advanced biofuels, and so on. To realize the sufficient and efficient production of valuable isoprenoids on an industrial scale, fermentation using engineered microorganisms is a promising strategy compared to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Due to the advantages of mature genetic manipulation, robustness and applicability to industrial bioprocesses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an attractive microbial host for biochemical production, including that of various isoprenoids. In this review, we summarized the advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae over several decades, including synthetic pathway engineering, microbial host engineering, and central carbon pathway engineering. Furthermore, the challenges and corresponding strategies towards improving isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae were also summarized. Finally, suggestions and directions for isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jintian Zhang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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26
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Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the Enhanced Production of the FPP-Derived Sesquiterpene Germacrene. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7040135. [PMID: 33114339 PMCID: PMC7712416 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP)-derived isoprenoids represent a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with great economic potential. To enable their efficient production in the heterologous host Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we refined a metabolic engineering strategy using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with the aim of increasing the availability of FPP for downstream reactions. The strategy included the overexpression of mevalonate pathway (MVA) genes, the redirection of metabolic flux towards desired product formation and the knockout of genes responsible for competitive reactions. Following the optimisation of culture conditions, the availability of the improved FPP biosynthesis for downstream reactions was demonstrated by the expression of a germacrene synthase from dandelion. Subsequently, biosynthesis of significant amounts of germacrene-A was observed in the most productive strain compared to the wild type. Thus, the presented strategy is an excellent tool to increase FPP-derived isoprenoid biosynthesis in yeast.
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27
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Locali-Pereira AR, Lopes NA, Menis-Henrique MEC, Janzantti NS, Nicoletti VR. Modulation of volatile release and antimicrobial properties of pink pepper essential oil by microencapsulation in single- and double-layer structured matrices. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108890. [PMID: 32971300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity of essential oils applied in foods to act as natural preservatives can be reduced due to interactions with other components of the food matrix. Microencapsulation can help to increase the functionality of these compounds. In addition, the electrostatic interaction between proteins and polysaccharides can result in double-layered encapsulating structures, ensuring greater protection to essential oils than using only protein as surface active agent. In this work, pink pepper essential oil was microencapsulated by spray drying of single-layer emulsions, stabilized by soy protein isolate (SPI), and of double-layer emulsions, stabilized by soy protein isolate/high methoxyl pectin (SPI/HMP). Pink pepper essential oil showed predominance of α-pinene, β-pinene, β-mircene, δ-3-carene, d-limonene, and germacrene D. Compared to SPI microcapsules, SPI/HMP microcapsules better preserved the total volatile content identified in pure oil, showed less water adsorption during storage at relative humidity ≥75% and improved antimicrobial properties. When stored for 20 days (25 °C/RH = 52.8%), both microcapsules allowed more gradual release of volatiles compared with non-encapsulated oil. Microencapsulation by spray drying did not have negative effects on the antioxidant activity of the encapsulated oil, as the microcapsules showed similar results to the non-encapsulated oil, around 11 μg Trolox/mg of oil. After storage, however, the non-encapsulated oil showed greater losses of its antioxidant activity due to higher rates of volatile release. In the in vitro antimicrobial activity assay, both microcapsules inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua, although no inhibition was observed against Gram-negative bacteria. When added in milk, both microcapsules reduced bacterial growth, whereas non-encapsulated oil showed no satisfactory inhibition. Faster reduction of microbial growth in milk was observed for SPI/HMP microcapsules. Inhibition results were better for skim milk than for whole milk, suggesting that the interaction of essential oil with other lipids present in milk decreased its bioactivity. Microencapsulation positively affected the functionality of pink pepper essential oil, highlighting its potential for application as a natural preservative in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Roberto Locali-Pereira
- Unesp, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nathalie Almeida Lopes
- Unesp, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Eliza Cortazzo Menis-Henrique
- Unesp, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Soares Janzantti
- Unesp, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Regina Nicoletti
- Unesp, São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Harms V, Schröder B, Oberhauser C, Tran CD, Winkler S, Dräger G, Kirschning A. Methyl-Shifted Farnesyldiphosphate Derivatives Are Substrates for Sesquiterpene Cyclases. Org Lett 2020; 22:4360-4365. [PMID: 32432889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New sesquiterpene backbones are accessible after biotransformation of presilphiperfolan-8β-ol synthase (BcBOT2), a fungal sesquiterpene synthase, with non-natural farnesyldiphosphates in which methyl groups are shifted by one position toward the diphosphate terminus. One of the macrocycles formed, a new germacrene A derivative, undergoes a Cope rearrangement to iso-β-elemene. Three of the new terpenoids show olfactoric properties that range from an intense peppery note to a citrus, ozone-like, and fruity scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Harms
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Oberhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cong Duc Tran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Winkler
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Zhang C, Chen X, Orban A, Shukal S, Birk F, Too HP, Rühl M. Agrocybe aegerita Serves As a Gateway for Identifying Sesquiterpene Biosynthetic Enzymes in Higher Fungi. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1268-1277. [PMID: 32233445 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute a structurally diverse group of natural products with wide applications in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, flavor and fragrance industries. Fungi are known to produce a large variety of terpenoids, yet fungal terpene synthases remain largely unexploited. Here, we report the sesquiterpene network and gene clusters of the black poplar mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Among 11 putative sesquiterpene synthases (STSs) identified in its genome, nine are functional, including two novel synthases producing viridiflorol and viridiflorene. On this basis, an additional 1133 STS homologues from higher fungi have been curated and used for a sequence similarity network to probe isofunctional STS groups. With the focus on two STS groups, one producing viridiflorene/viridiflorol and one Δ6-protoilludene, the isofunctionality was probed and verified. Three new Δ6-protoilludene synthases and two new viridflorene/viridiflorol synthases from five different fungi were correctly predicted. The study herein serves as a fundamental predictive framework for the discovery of fungal STSs and biosynthesis of novel terpenoids. Furthermore, it becomes clear that fungal STS function differs between the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with the latter phylum being more dominant in the overall number and variability. This study aims to encourage the scientific community to further work on fungal STS and the products, biological functions, and potential applications of this vast source of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqiang Zhang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xixian Chen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Axel Orban
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudha Shukal
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Florian Birk
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heng-Phon Too
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
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Thakur V, Bains S, Pathania S, Sharma S, Kaur R, Singh K. Comparative transcriptomics reveals candidate transcription factors involved in costunolide biosynthesis in medicinal plant-Saussurea lappa. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Frey M. Traps and Pitfalls-Unspecific Reactions in Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpenoid Pathways. Molecules 2020; 25:E1935. [PMID: 32331245 PMCID: PMC7221646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of plant enzymes by expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic (yeast and plants) heterologous hosts has widely been used in recent decades to elucidate metabolic pathways in plant secondary metabolism. Yeast and plant systems provide the cellular environment of a eukaryotic cell and the subcellular compartmentalization necessary to facilitate enzyme function. The expression of candidate genes in these cell systems and the identification of the resulting products guide the way for the identification of enzymes with new functions. However, in many cases, the detected compounds are not the direct enzyme products but are caused by unspecific subsequent reactions. Even if the mechanisms for these unspecific reactions are in many cases widely reported, there is a lack of overview of potential reactions that may occur to provide a guideline for researchers working on the characterization of new enzymes. Here, an across-the-board summary of rearrangement reactions of sesquiterpenes in metabolic pathway engineering is presented. The different kinds of unspecific reactions as well as their chemical and cellular background are explained and strategies how to spot and how to avoid these unspecific reactions are given. Also, a systematic approach of classification of unspecific reactions is introduced. It is hoped that this mini-review will stimulate a discussion on how to systematically classify unspecific reactions in metabolic engineering and to expand this approach to other classes of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Isolation of Lobane and Prenyleudesmane Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Lobophytum varium. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040223. [PMID: 32331404 PMCID: PMC7230303 DOI: 10.3390/md18040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Further chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract of the soft coral Lobophytum varium resulted in the discovery of eleven new diterpenoids lobovarols F–P (1–11) of lobane– and prenyleudesmane–types, along with two known metabolites (12 and 13). The structures of the new metabolites were established by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined using Mosher’s method. The complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data of 12 and 13 and the identification of pyran-derived moieties in the prenyleudesmanes were reported for the first time. Anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds in suppressing elastase release and superoxide anion generation in human neutrophils were disclosed for 1, 2, 4, 12, and 13. A stereospecific biosynthesis for lobanes and prenyleudesmanes from the related prenylgermacranes could explain the coexistence of lobanes and prenylgermacranes in L. varium.
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Zhang F, An T, Tang X, Zi J, Luo HB, Wu R. Enzyme Promiscuity versus Fidelity in Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases (TEAS versus ATAS). ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tianyue An
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Bogdanović M, Cankar K, Dragićević M, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J, Simonović A, Todorović S. Silencing of germacrene A synthase genes reduces guaianolide oxalate content in Cichorium intybus L. GM CROPS & FOOD 2019; 11:54-66. [PMID: 31668117 PMCID: PMC7064209 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1681868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a medicinal and industrial plant from the Asteraceae family that produces a variety of sesquiterpene lactones (STLs), most importantly bitter guaianolides: lactucin, lactucopicrin and 8-deoxylactucin as well as their modified forms such as oxalates. These compounds have medicinal properties; however, they also hamper the extraction of inulin - a very important food industry product from chicory roots. The first step in guaianolide biosynthesis is catalyzed by germacrene A synthase (GAS) which in chicory exists in two isoforms - GAS long (encoded by CiGASlo) and GAS short (encoded by CiGASsh). AmiRNA silencing was used to obtain plants with reduced GAS gene expression and level of downstream metabolites, guaianolide-15-oxalates, as the major STLs in chicory. This approach could be beneficial for engineering new chicory varieties with varying STL content, and especially varieties with reduced bitter compounds more suitable for inulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bogdanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Milan Dragićević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Simonović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Slađana Todorović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Zager JJ, Lange I, Srividya N, Smith A, Lange BM. Gene Networks Underlying Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Accumulation in Cannabis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1877-1897. [PMID: 31138625 PMCID: PMC6670104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are specialized anatomical structures that accumulate secretions with important biological roles in plant-environment interactions. These secretions also have commercial uses in the flavor, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. The capitate-stalked glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa (cannabis), situated on the surfaces of the bracts of the female flowers, are the primary site for the biosynthesis and storage of resins rich in cannabinoids and terpenoids. In this study, we profiled nine commercial cannabis strains with purportedly different attributes, such as taste, color, smell, and genetic origin. Glandular trichomes were isolated from each of these strains, and cell type-specific transcriptome data sets were acquired. Cannabinoids and terpenoids were quantified in flower buds. Statistical analyses indicated that these data sets enable the high-resolution differentiation of strains by providing complementary information. Integrative analyses revealed a coexpression network of genes involved in the biosynthesis of both cannabinoids and terpenoids from imported precursors. Terpene synthase genes involved in the biosynthesis of the major monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes routinely assayed by cannabis testing laboratories were identified and functionally evaluated. In addition to cloning variants of previously characterized genes, specifically CsTPS14CT [(-)-limonene synthase] and CsTPS15CT (β-myrcene synthase), we functionally evaluated genes that encode enzymes with activities not previously described in cannabis, namely CsTPS18VF and CsTPS19BL (nerolidol/linalool synthases), CsTPS16CC (germacrene B synthase), and CsTPS20CT (hedycaryol synthase). This study lays the groundwork for developing a better understanding of the complex chemistry and biochemistry underlying resin accumulation across commercial cannabis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Zager
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | | | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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36
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Shulha O, Zidorn C. Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae revisited: An update (2008-2017). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 163:149-177. [PMID: 30837086 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ten years after the first overview on sesquiterpene lactones in the Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae family, we present an update. This review summarizes all chemosystematically relevant reports on sesquiterpene lactones and their immediate precursors from the Cichorieae (syn.: Lactuceae) tribe of the Asteraceae published between 2008 and 2017 and also includes some corrections to the 2008 review. The number of sesquiterpene lactones and sesquiterpenic acids as immediate precursor of sesquiterpene lactones reported for the Cichorieae has increased from 360 to 475 (+32%) within one decade. The number of known source species increased from 139 to 157 (+13%) and the number of chemosystematic reports (reported compounds per taxon) increased from 838 to 1241 (+48%). Notwithstanding this high interest in sesquiterpene lactones of the Cichorieae, still only from 30 out of 94 currently accepted genera within the Cichorieae at least one sesquiterpene lactone has been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Shulha
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Rinkel J, Dickschat JS. Addressing the Chemistry of Germacrene A by Isotope Labeling Experiments. Org Lett 2019; 21:2426-2429. [PMID: 30859837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the central role of germacrene A in sesquiterpene biosynthesis and its widespread occurrence in nature, its complete NMR characterization is still pending. This problem was solved through enzymatic preparation of germacrene A isotopomers that allowed for a full signal assignment to all three conformers. The obtained materials gave insights into the stereochemical course of the Cope rearrangement to β-elemene and uncovered the Cope rearrangement as a new EI-MS fragmentation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
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38
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Brilli F, Pollastri S, Raio A, Baraldi R, Neri L, Bartolini P, Podda A, Loreto F, Maserti BE, Balestrini R. Root colonization by Pseudomonas chlororaphis primes tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plants for enhanced tolerance to water stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:82-93. [PMID: 30537616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens strain M71, a plant growth promoting bacterium (PGPB), exerts beneficial effects on plant metabolism and primes tolerance mechanisms against biotic stresses in tomatoes. We designed an experiment to assess whether root colonization with P. chlororaphis is also able to improve tolerance to water stress in tomatoes. Our results show that inoculation with P. chlororaphis stimulates the antioxidant activity of well-watered tomatoes while maintaining a steady-state level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increases the expression of genes encoding for the biosynthesis of leaf terpenes, stimulates the production of both the phytohormones ABA and IAA, in turn affecting plant shape (number of leaves) and height (length of internodes), without altering photosynthesis. Upon exposure to mild water stress conditions, an improved antioxidant activity in tomatoes 'primed' by P. chlororaphis inoculation limited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves and thus enhanced tolerance, also through increase of the (osmolyte) proline content. Moreover, P. chlororaphis inoculation further enhanced the ABA level in leaves of water-stressed tomatoes allowing a more efficient modulation of stomatal closure that resulted in an improved water use efficiency (WUE) and biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Aida Raio
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Neri
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Bartolini
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandra Podda
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy - Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DISBA), P. le Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Bianca Elena Maserti
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Burkhardt I, Kreuzenbeck NB, Beemelmanns C, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic characterization of three sesquiterpene synthases from the termite-associated fungus Termitomyces. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3348-3355. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three terpene synthases from the termite associated fungus Termitomyces were studied by isotopic labelling experiments and site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Nina B. Kreuzenbeck
- Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- Hans-Knöll-Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- Hans-Knöll-Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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40
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El-Hawaz RF, Grace MH, Janbey A, Lila MA, Adelberg JW. In vitro mineral nutrition of Curcuma longa L. affects production of volatile compounds in rhizomes after transfer to the greenhouse. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:122. [PMID: 29914391 PMCID: PMC6006571 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turmeric is a rich source of bioactive compounds useful in both medicine and cuisine. Mineral concentrations effects (PO43-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and KNO3) were tested during in vitro rhizome development on the ex vitro content of volatile constituents in rhizomes after 6 months in the greenhouse. A response surface method (D-optimal criteria) was repeated in both high and low-input fertilizer treatments. Control plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, acclimatized in the greenhouse and grown in the field. The volatile constituents were investigated by GC-MS. RESULTS The total content of volatiles was affected by fertilizer treatments, and in vitro treatment with Ca2+ and KNO3; but PO43- and Mg2+ had no significant effect. The content was higher in the high-input fertilizer treatments (49.7 ± 9 mg/g DM) with 4 mM Ca2+, 60 mM KNO3 and 5 mM NH4+, than the low-input fertilizer (26.6 ± 9 mg/g DM), and the MS control (15.28 ± 2.7 mg/g DM; 3 mM Ca2+, 20 mM K+, 39 mM NO3-, 20 mM NH4+, 1.25 mM PO43-, and 1.5 mM Mg2+). The interaction of Ca2+ with KNO3 affected curcumenol isomer I and II, germacrone, isocurcumenol, and β-elemenone content. Increasing in vitro phosphate concentration to 6.25 mM increased ex vitro neocurdione and methenolone contents. CONCLUSION These results show that minerals in the in vitro bioreactor medium during rhizome development affected biosynthesis of turmeric volatile components after transfer to the greenhouse six months later. The multi-factor design identified 1) nutrient regulation of specific components within unique phytochemical profile for Curcuma longa L. clone 35-1 and 2) the varied phytochemical profiles were maintained with integrity during the greenhouse growth in high fertility conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia F. El-Hawaz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Mary H. Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Alan Janbey
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Adelberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
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Chuang L, Wen CH, Lee YR, Lin YL, Hsu LR, Wang SY, Chu FH. Identification, Functional Characterization, and Seasonal Expression Patterns of Five Sesquiterpene Synthases in Liquidambar formosana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1162-1172. [PMID: 29746128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large group of important secondary metabolites that are involved in a variety of physiological mechanisms, and many are used commercially in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. During the past decade, the topic of seasonal variation in terpenoid biosynthesis has garnered increasing attention. Formosan sweet gum ( Liquidambar formosana Hance) is a deciduous tree species. The expression of terpene synthase and accumulation of terpenoids in leaves may vary in different seasons. Here, four sesquiterpene synthases (i.e., LfTPS01, LfTPS02, LfTPS03, and LfTPS04) and a bifunctional mono/sesquiterpene synthase ( LfTPS05) were identified from Formosan sweet gum. The gene expression of LfTPS01, LfTPS02, and LfTPS03 showed seasonal diversification, and, in addition, expression of LfTPS04 and LfTPS05 was induced by methyl jasmonate treatment. The major products LfTPS01, LfTPS02, LfTPS04, and LfTPS05 are hedycaryol, α-selinene, trans-β-caryophyllene, α-copaene/δ-cadinene, and nerolidol/linalool, respectively. The data indicated that the sesquiterpenoid content in the essential oil of Formosan sweet gum leaves shows seasonal differences that were correlated to the sesquiterpene synthase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chuang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Wen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lee
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Lin
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Li-Ren Hsu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry/Agricultural Biotechnology Center , National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Experimental Forest , National Taiwan University , Nan-Tou 55750 , Taiwan
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42
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Bezerra LDA, Mangabeira PAO, de Oliveira RA, Costa LCDB, Da Cunha M. Leaf blade structure of Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) F. S. Blake (Asteraceae): ontogeny, duct secretion mechanism and essential oil composition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:433-443. [PMID: 29394523 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretory structures are common in Asteraceae, where they exhibit a high degree of morphological diversity. The species Verbesina macrophylla, popularly known as assa-peixe, is native to Brazil where it is widely used for medicinal purposes. Despite its potential medical importance, there have been no studies of the anatomy of this species, especially its secretory structures and secreted compounds. This study examined leaves of V. macrophylla with emphasis on secretory structures and secreted secondary metabolites. Development of secretory ducts and the mechanism of secretion production are described for V. macrophylla using ultrastructure, yield and chemical composition of its essential oils. Verbesina macrophylla has a hypostomatic leaf blade with dorsiventral mesophyll and secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles of schizogenous origin. Histochemistry identified the presence of lipids, terpenes, alkaloids and mucopolysaccharides. Ultrastructure suggests that the secretion released into the duct lumen is produced in plastids of transfer cells, parenchymal sheath cells and stored in vacuoles in these cells and duct epithelial cells. The essential oil content was 0.8%, and its major components were germacrene D, germacrene D-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and α-cadinol. Secretory ducts of V. macrophylla are squizogenous. Substances identified in tissues suggest that both secretions stored in the ducts and in adjacent parenchyma cells are involved in chemical defence. The essential oil is rich in sesquiterpenes, with germacrene D and its derivatives being notable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D A Bezerra
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - P A O Mangabeira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - R A de Oliveira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - L C D B Costa
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - M Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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43
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Gou J, Hao F, Huang C, Kwon M, Chen F, Li C, Liu C, Ro DK, Tang H, Zhang Y. Discovery of a non-stereoselective cytochrome P450 catalyzing either 8α- or 8β-hydroxylation of germacrene A acid from the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:92-106. [PMID: 29086444 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are C15 terpenoid natural products with α-methylene γ-lactone moiety. A large proportion of STLs in Asteraceae species is derived from the central precursor germacrene A acid (GAA). Formation of the lactone rings depends on the regio-(C6 or C8) and stereoselective (α- or β-)hydroxylations of GAA, producing STLs with four distinct stereo-configurations (12,6α-, 12,6β-, 12,8α-, and 12,8β-olide derivatives of GAA) in nature. Curiously, two configurations of STLs (C12,8α and C12,8β) are simultaneously present in the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. However, how these related yet distinct STL stereo-isomers are co-synthesized in I. hupehensis remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional identification of the I. hupehensis cytochrome P450 (CYP71BL6) that can catalyze the hydroxylation of GAA in either 8α- or 8β-configuration, resulting in the synthesis of both 8α- and 8β-hydroxyl GAAs. Of these two products, only 8α-hydroxyl GAA spontaneously lactonizes to the C12,8α-STL while the 8β-hydroxyl GAA remains stable without lactonization. Chemical structures of the C12,8α-STL, named inunolide, and 8β-hydroxyl GAA were fully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometry. The CYP71BL6 displays 63-66% amino acid identity to the previously reported CYP71BL1/2 catalyzing GAA 6α- or 8β-hydroxylation, indicating CYP71BL6 shares the same evolutionary lineage with other stereoselective cytochrome P450s, but catalyzes hydroxylation in a non-stereoselective manner. We observed that the CYP71BL6 transcript abundance correlates closely to the accumulation of C12,8-STLs in I. hupehensis. The identification of CYP71BL6 provides an insight into the biosynthesis of STLs in Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fangfang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Nwafor IC, Shale K, Achilonu MC. Chemical Composition and Nutritive Benefits of Chicory (Cichorium intybus) as an Ideal Complementary and/or Alternative Livestock Feed Supplement. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:7343928. [PMID: 29387778 PMCID: PMC5745685 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7343928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicory is a perennial plant grown in different parts of the world, used as forage for livestock, as folklore remedies, or as a vegetable addition in human diets. There are several varieties of the chicory plant, known differently globally due to its numerous medicinal, culinary, and nutritional qualities. Most parts of the plant contain a potpourri of nutrients ranging within carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, soluble fiber, trace elements, and bioactive phenolic compounds, which are responsible for the various nutritive, prophylactic, and therapeutic qualities of chicory. Inulin, coumarins, tannins, monomeric flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactones are some of the major phytocompounds mostly found in chicory plants. The health-promoting activities attributed to chicory comprise, among others, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antifungal, anthelmintic, immune-stimulating, and antihepatotoxic and its antioxidative qualities. As a versatile plant, chicory's chemical composition and use as a suitable livestock feed supplement or as an alternative feed ingredient (AFI) are thus reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Chinyelu Nwafor
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Karabo Shale
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, Durban, Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal 4026, South Africa
| | - Matthew Chilaka Achilonu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, Durban, Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal 4026, South Africa
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Barquera-Lozada JE, Cuevas G. Are boat transition states likely to occur in Cope rearrangements? A DFT study of the biogenesis of germacranes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1969-1976. [PMID: 29062416 PMCID: PMC5629395 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that elemanes are biogenetically formed from germacranes by Cope sigmatropic rearrangements. Normally, this reaction proceeds through a transition state with a chair conformation. However, the transformation of schkuhriolide (germacrane) into elemanschkuhriolide (elemane) may occur through a boat transition state due to the final configuration of the elemanschkuhriolide, but this transition state is questionable due to its high energy. The possible mechanisms of this transformation were studied in the density functional theory frame. The mechanistic differences between the transformation of (Z,E)-germacranes and (E,E)-germacranes were also studied. We found that (Z,E)-germacranolides are significantly more stable than (E,E)-germacranolides and elemanolides. In the specific case of schkuhriolide, even when the boat transition state is not energetically favored, a previous hemiacetalization lowers enough the energetic barrier to allow the formation of a very stable elemanolide that is even more stable than its (Z,E)-germacrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Enrique Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70213, 04510, Coyoacán, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Cuevas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70213, 04510, Coyoacán, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Joo Y, Schuman MC, Goldberg JK, Kim S, Yon F, Brütting C, Baldwin IT. Herbivore‐induced volatile blends with both “fast” and “slow” components provide robust indirect defence in nature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig Germany
| | - Jay K. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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47
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Dickschat JS, Rinkel J, Rabe P, Beyraghdar Kashkooli A, Bouwmeester HJ. 18-Hydroxydolabella-3,7-diene synthase - a diterpene synthase from Chitinophaga pinensis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1770-1780. [PMID: 28904620 PMCID: PMC5588592 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The product obtained in vitro from a diterpene synthase encoded in the genome of the bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis, an enzyme previously reported to have germacrene A synthase activity during heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, was identified by extensive NMR-spectroscopic methods as 18-hydroxydolabella-3,7-diene. The absolute configuration of this diterpene alcohol and the stereochemical course of the terpene synthase reaction were addressed by isotopic labelling experiments. Heterologous expression of the diterpene synthase in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the production of 18-hydroxydolabella-3,7-diene also in planta, while the results from the heterologous expression in E. coli were shown to be reproducible, revealing that the expression of one and the same terpene synthase in different heterologous hosts may yield different terpene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Rabe
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Arman Beyraghdar Kashkooli
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Hu Y, Zhou YJ, Bao J, Huang L, Nielsen J, Krivoruchko A. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of germacrene A, a precursor of beta-elemene. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1065-1072. [PMID: 28547322 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Beta-elemene, a sesquiterpene and the major component of the medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin, has antitumor activity against various types of cancer and could potentially serve as a potent antineoplastic drug. However, its current mode of production through extraction from plants has been inefficient and suffers from limited natural resources. Here, we engineered a yeast cell factory for the sustainable production of germacrene A, which can be transformed to beta-elemene by a one-step chemical reaction in vitro. Two heterologous germacrene A synthases (GASs) converting farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to germacrene A were evaluated in yeast for their ability to produce germacrene A. Thereafter, several metabolic engineering strategies were used to improve the production level. Overexpression of truncated 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fusion of FPP synthase with GAS, led to a sixfold increase in germacrene A production in shake-flask culture. Finally, 190.7 mg/l of germacrene A was achieved. The results reported in this study represent the highest titer of germacrene A reported to date. These results provide a basis for creating an efficient route for further industrial application re-placing the traditional extraction of beta-elemene from plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jichen Bao
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Anastasia Krivoruchko
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kato T, Lee JB, Taura F, Kurosaki F. Enhanced Production of δ-Guaiene, a Bicyclic Sesquiterpene Accumulated in Agarwood, by Coexpression of δ-Guaiene Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes involved in δ-guaiene biosynthesis in Aquilaria microcarpa, δ-guaiene synthase (GS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), were overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the concentration of GS-translated protein was rather low in the cells transformed by solely GS while appreciable accumulation of the recombinant protein was observed when GS was coexpressed with FPS GS-transformed cells liberated only a trace amount of δ-guaiene (0.004 μg/mL culture), however, the concentration of the compound elevated to 0.08 μg/mL culture in the cells transformed by GS plus FPS δ-Guaiene biosynthesis was markedly activated when E. coli cells coexpressing GS and FPS were incubated in enriched Terrific broth, and the content of the compound increased to approximately 0.6 μg/mL culture. These results suggest that coexpression of FPS and GS in E. coli is required for efficient 6-guaiene production in the bacterial cells, and the sesquiterpene-producing activity of the transformant is appreciably enhanced in the nutrients-enriched medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Genome of Diaporthe sp. provides insights into the potential inter-phylum transfer of a fungal sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1050-1063. [PMID: 27521636 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have highly active secondary metabolic pathways which enable them to produce a wealth of sesquiterpenoids that are bioactive. One example is Δ6-protoilludene, the precursor to the cytotoxic illudins, which are pharmaceutically relevant as anticancer therapeutics. To date, this valuable sesquiterpene has only been identified in members of the fungal division Basidiomycota. To explore the untapped potential of fungi belonging to the division Ascomycota in producing Δ6-protoilludene, we isolated a fungal endophyte Diaporthe sp. BR109 and show that it produces a diversity of terpenoids including Δ6-protoilludene. Using a genome sequencing and mining approach 17 putative novel sesquiterpene synthases were identified in Diaporthe sp. BR109. A phylogenetic approach was used to predict which gene encodes Δ6-protoilludene synthase, which was then confirmed experimentally. These analyses reveal that the sesquiterpene synthase and its putative sesquiterpene scaffold modifying cytochrome P450(s) may have been acquired by inter-phylum horizontal gene transfer from Basidiomycota to Ascomycota. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that inter-phylum transfer of these minimal sequiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways may have occurred in other fungi. This work provides insights into the evolution of fungal sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways in the production of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive natural products.
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