1
|
Silva IP, Costa MGC, Costa-Pinto MFF, Silva MAA, Coelho Filho MA, Fancelli M. Volatile compounds in citrus in adaptation to water deficit and to herbivory by Diaphorina citri: How the secondary metabolism of the plant is modulated under concurrent stresses. A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112157. [PMID: 38871029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Citrus plants are grown in diverse regions of the world, from subtropical to semi-arid and humid tropical areas. Through mechanisms essential for their survival, they adapt to the environmental conditions to which they are subjected. Although there is vast literature on adaptation of citrus plants to individual stresses, plant responses to interaction among different types of stresses have not been clearly examined. Abiotic or biotic stresses, or a combination of these stresses, result in reorganization of plant energy resources for defense, whether it be for resistance, tolerance, or prevention of stress. Plants generally respond to these stress factors through production of secondary metabolites, such as volatile compounds, derived from different biosynthesis and degradation pathways, which are released through distinct routes. Volatile compounds vary among plant species, meeting the specific needs of the plant. Simultaneous exposure to the stress factors of water deficit and herbivory leads to responses such as qualitative and quantitative changes in the emission of secondary metabolites, and compounds may accumulate within the leaves or predispose the plant to more quickly respond to the stress brought about by the herbivore. The genetic makeup of citrus plants can contribute to a better response to stress factors; however, studies on the emission of volatile compounds in different citrus genotypes under simultaneous stresses are limited. This review examines the effects of abiotic stress due to water deficit and biotic stress due to herbivory by Diaphorina citri in citrus plants and examines their connection with volatile compounds. A summary is made of advances in knowledge regarding the performance of volatile compounds in plant defense against both stress factors, as well as the interaction between them and possible findings in citrus plants. In addition, throughout this review, we focus on how genetic variation of the citrus species is correlated with production of volatile compounds to improve stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indiara Pereira Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Ayala Araújo Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bibik JD, Hamberger B. Plant Engineering to Enable Platforms for Sustainable Bioproduction of Terpenoids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2760:3-20. [PMID: 38468079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3658-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent the most diverse class of natural products, with a broad spectrum of industrial relevance including applications in green solvents, flavors and fragrances, nutraceuticals, colorants, and therapeutics. They are typically challenging to extract from their natural sources, where they occur in small amounts and mixtures of related but unwanted byproducts. Formal chemical synthesis, where established, is reliant on petrochemistry. Hence, there is great interest in developing sustainable solutions to assemble biosynthetic pathways in engineered host organisms. Metabolic engineering for chemical production has largely focused on microbial hosts, yet plants offer a sustainable production platform. In addition to containing the precursor pathways that generate the terpenoid building blocks as well as the cell structures and compartments required, or tractable localization for the enzymes involved, plants may provide a low input system to produce these chemicals using carbon dioxide and sunlight only. There have been significant recent advancements in the discovery of pathways to terpenoids of interest as well as strategies to boost yields in host plants. While part of the phytochemical field is focusing on the discovery of biosynthetic pathways, this review will focus on advancements using the pathway toolbox and toward engineering plants for the production of terpenoids. We will highlight strategies currently used to produce target products, optimization of known pathways to improve yields, compartmentalization of pathways within cells, and genetic tools developed to facilitate complex engineering of biosynthetic pathways. These advancements in Synthetic Biology are bringing engineered plant systems closer to commercially relevant hosts for the bioproduction of terpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bibik
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- MelaTech, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu J, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Li M, Varotto C. A Novel Isoprene Synthase from the Monocot Tree Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15329. [PMID: 37895009 PMCID: PMC10607627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to emit isoprene, among other stresses, protects plants from drought, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this trait are only partly understood. The Arecaceae (palms) constitute a very interesting model system to test the involvement of isoprene in enhancing drought tolerance, as their high isoprene emissions may have contributed to make them hyperdominant in neotropical dry forests, characterized by recurrent and extended periods of drought stress. In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a novel isoprene synthase, the gene responsible for isoprene biosynthesis, from Copernicia prunifera, a palm from seasonally dry tropical forests. When overexpressed in the non-emitter Arabidopsis thaliana, CprISPS conferred significant levels of isoprene emission, together with enhanced tolerance to water limitation throughout plant growth and development, from germination to maturity. CprISPS overexpressors displayed higher germination, cotyledon/leaf greening, water usage efficiency, and survival than WT Arabidopsis under various types of water limitation. This increased drought tolerance was accompanied by a marked transcriptional up-regulation of both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent key drought response genes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the capacity of CprISPS to enhance drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and suggest that isoprene emission could have evolved in Arecaceae as an adaptive mechanism against drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Yu
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Mingai Li
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pollastri S, Velikova V, Castaldini M, Fineschi S, Ghirardo A, Renaut J, Schnitzler JP, Sergeant K, Winkler JB, Zorzan S, Loreto F. Isoprene-Emitting Tobacco Plants Are Less Affected by Moderate Water Deficit under Future Climate Change Scenario and Show Adjustments of Stress-Related Proteins in Actual Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:333. [PMID: 36679046 PMCID: PMC9862500 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses, which is a desirable trait in a climate-changing (drier and warmer) world. Here we compared the ecophysiological performances of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual environmental conditions (400 ppm of CO2 and 28 °C of average daily temperature) and in a future climate scenario (600 ppm of CO2 and 32 °C of average daily temperature). Furthermore, we intended to complement the present knowledge on the mechanisms involved in isoprene-induced resistance to water deficit stress by examining the proteome of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual climate. Isoprene emitters maintained higher photosynthesis and electron transport rates under moderate stress in future climate conditions. However, physiological resistance to water stress in the isoprene-emitting plants was not as marked as expected in actual climate conditions, perhaps because the stress developed rapidly. In actual climate, isoprene emission capacity affected the tobacco proteomic profile, in particular by upregulating proteins associated with stress protection. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis is related to metabolic changes at the gene and protein levels involved in the activation of general stress defensive mechanisms of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maurizio Castaldini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute of Heritage Science-CNR (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Renaut
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Zorzan
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Protein expression plasticity contributes to heat and drought tolerance of date palm. Oecologia 2021; 197:903-919. [PMID: 33880635 PMCID: PMC8591023 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of warming and drought periods around the globe, currently representing a threat to many plant species. Understanding the resistance and resilience of plants to climate change is, therefore, urgently needed. As date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) evolved adaptation mechanisms to a xeric environment and can tolerate large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, we studied the protein expression changes in leaves, volatile organic compound emissions, and photosynthesis in response to variable growth temperatures and soil water deprivation. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions of simulated Saudi Arabian summer and winter climates challenged with drought stress. We show that date palm is able to counteract the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula by adjusting the abundances of proteins related to the photosynthetic machinery, abiotic stress and secondary metabolism. Under summer climate and water deprivation, these adjustments included efficient protein expression response mediated by heat shock proteins and the antioxidant system to counteract reactive oxygen species formation. Proteins related to secondary metabolism were downregulated, except for the P. dactylifera isoprene synthase (PdIspS), which was strongly upregulated in response to summer climate and drought. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and functional characterization of the gene encoding for PdIspS, allowing future analysis of isoprene functions in date palm under extreme environments. Overall, the current study shows that reprogramming of the leaf protein profiles confers the date palm heat- and drought tolerance. We conclude that the protein plasticity of date palm is an important mechanism of molecular adaptation to environmental fluctuations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Birami B, Bamberger I, Ghirardo A, Grote R, Arneth A, Gaona-Colmán E, Nadal-Sala D, Ruehr NK. Heatwave frequency and seedling death alter stress-specific emissions of volatile organic compounds in Aleppo pine. Oecologia 2021; 197:939-956. [PMID: 33835242 PMCID: PMC8591014 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play important roles in plant stress responses and can serve as stress indicators. While the impacts of gradual environmental changes on BVOCs have been studied extensively, insights in emission responses to repeated stress and recovery are widely absent. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of shoot gas exchange and BVOC emissions in Pinus halepensis seedlings during an induced moderate drought, two four-day-long heatwaves, and the combination of drought and heatwaves. We found clear stress-specific responses of BVOC emissions. Reductions in acetone emissions with declining soil water content and transpiration stood out as a clear drought indicator. All other measured BVOC emissions responded exponentially to rising temperatures during heat stress (maximum of 43 °C), but monoterpenes and methyl salicylate showed a reduced temperature sensitivity during the second heatwave. We found that these decreases in monoterpene emissions between heatwaves were not reflected by similar declines in their internal storage pools. Because stress intensity was extremely severe, most of the seedlings in the heat-drought treatment died at the end of the second heatwave (dark respiration ceased). Interestingly, BVOC emissions (methanol, monoterpenes, methyl salicylate, and acetaldehyde) differed between dying and surviving seedlings, already well before indications of a reduced vitality became visible in gas exchange dynamics. In summary, we could clearly show that the dynamics of BVOC emissions are sensitive to stress type, stress frequency, and stress severity. Moreover, we found indications that stress-induced seedling mortality was preceded by altered methanol, monoterpene, and acetaldehyde emission dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Birami
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. .,University of Bayreuth, Chair of Plant Ecology, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ines Bamberger
- University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Atmospheric Chemistry, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Gaona-Colmán
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leaf isoprene emission as a trait that mediates the growth-defense tradeoff in the face of climate stress. Oecologia 2021; 197:885-902. [PMID: 33420520 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant isoprene emissions are known to contribute to abiotic stress tolerance, especially during episodes of high temperature and drought, and during cellular oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that genetic transformations to add or remove isoprene emissions cause a cascade of cellular modifications that include known signaling pathways, and interact to remodel adaptive growth-defense tradeoffs. The most compelling evidence for isoprene signaling is found in the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, which produce salicylic acid, alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonols and other flavonoids; all of which have roles in stress tolerance and plant defense. Isoprene also influences key gene expression patterns in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, and the jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and cytokinin signaling networks that have important roles in controlling inducible defense responses and influencing plant growth and development, particularly following defoliation. In this synthesis paper, using past studies of transgenic poplar, tobacco and Arabidopsis, we present the evidence for isoprene acting as a metabolite that coordinates aspects of cellular signaling, resulting in enhanced chemical defense during periods of climate stress, while minimizing costs to growth. This perspective represents a major shift in our thinking away from direct effects of isoprene, for example, by changing membrane properties or quenching ROS, to indirect effects, through changes in gene expression and protein abundances. Recognition of isoprene's role in the growth-defense tradeoff provides new perspectives on evolution of the trait, its contribution to plant adaptation and resilience, and the ecological niches in which it is most effective.
Collapse
|
8
|
Canaval E, Millet DB, Zimmer I, Nosenko T, Georgii E, Partoll EM, Fischer L, Alwe HD, Kulmala M, Karl T, Schnitzler JP, Hansel A. Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 1:44. [PMID: 33615239 PMCID: PMC7894407 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted from the biosphere into the atmosphere, and may strengthen the defense mechanisms of plants against oxidative and thermal stress. Once in the atmosphere, isoprene is rapidly oxidized, either to isoprene-hydroxy-hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) at low levels of nitrogen oxides, or to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein at high levels. Here we combine uptake rates and deposition velocities that we obtained in laboratory experiments with observations in natural forests to show that 1,2-ISOPOOH deposits rapidly into poplar leaves. There, it is converted first to cytotoxic MVK and then most probably through alkenal/ one oxidoreductase (AOR) to less toxic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This detoxification process is potentially significant globally because AOR enzymes are ubiquitous in terrestrial plants. Our simulations with a global chemistry-transport model suggest that around 6.5 Tg yr- of MEK are re-emitted to the atmosphere. This is the single largest MEK source presently known, and recycles 1.5% of the original isoprene flux. Eddy covariance flux measurements of isoprene and MEK over different forest ecosystems confirm that MEK emissions can reach 1-2% those of isoprene. We suggest that detoxification processes in plants are one of the most important sources of oxidized volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Canaval
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tetyana Nosenko
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Partoll
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hariprasad D Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Ghirardo A, Gori A, Albert A, Buegger F, Pace R, Georgii E, Grote R, Schnitzler JP, Durner J, Lindermayr C. Improving Air Quality by Nitric Oxide Consumption of Climate-Resilient Trees Suitable for Urban Greening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549913. [PMID: 33117411 PMCID: PMC7550725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), mainly a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in the air as a result of combustion processes and traffic. Both deposit into leaves via stomata, which on the one hand benefits air quality and on the other hand provides an additional source of nitrogen for plants. In this study, we first determined the NO and NO2 specific deposition velocities based on projected leaf area (sV d) using a branch enclosure system. We studied four tree species that are regarded as suitable to be planted under predicted future urban climate conditions: Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Ostrya carpinifolia. The NO and NO2 sVd were found similar in all tree species. Second, in order to confirm NO metabolization, we fumigated plants with 15NO and quantified the incorporation of 15N in leaf materials of these trees and four additional urban tree species (Celtis australis, Alnus spaethii, Alnus glutinosa, and Tilia henryana) under controlled environmental conditions. Based on these 15N-labeling experiments, A. glutinosa showed the most effective incorporation of 15NO. Third, we tried to elucidate the mechanism of metabolization. Therefore, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytoglobin 1 or 2. Phytoglobins are known to metabolize NO to nitrate in the presence of oxygen. The 15N uptake in phytoglobin-overexpressing poplars was significantly increased compared to wild-type trees, demonstrating that the NO uptake is enzymatically controlled besides stomatal dependence. In order to upscale the results and to investigate if a trade-off exists between air pollution removal and survival probability under future climate conditions, we have additionally carried out a modeling exercise of NO and NO2 deposition for the area of central Berlin. If the actually dominant deciduous tree species (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur) would be replaced by the species suggested for future conditions, the total annual NO and NO2 deposition in the modeled urban area would hardly change, indicating that the service of air pollution removal would not be degraded. These results may help selecting urban tree species in future greening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rocco Pace
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miloradovic van Doorn M, Merl-Pham J, Ghirardo A, Fink S, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Root isoprene formation alters lateral root development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2207-2223. [PMID: 32495947 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a C5 volatile organic compound, which can protect aboveground plant tissue from abiotic stress such as short-term high temperatures and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we uncover new roles for isoprene in the plant belowground tissues. By analysing Populus x canescens isoprene synthase (PcISPS) promoter reporter plants, we discovered PcISPS promoter activity in certain regions of the roots including the vascular tissue, the differentiation zone and the root cap. Treatment of roots with auxin or salt increased PcISPS promoter activity at these sites, especially in the developing lateral roots (LR). Transgenic, isoprene non-emitting poplar roots revealed an accumulation of O2- in the same root regions where PcISPS promoter activity was localized. Absence of isoprene emission, moreover, increased the formation of LRs. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity suppressed LR development, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this process. The analysis of the fine root proteome revealed a constitutive shift in the amount of several redox balance, signalling and development related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, various peroxidases and linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase, in isoprene non-emitting poplar roots. Together our results indicate for isoprene a ROS-related function, eventually co-regulating the plant-internal signalling network and development processes in root tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fink
- Forest Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Walker TW, Holub P, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics for a Better Understanding of Plant Responses and Acclimation to Abiotic Factors Linked to Global Change. Metabolites 2020; 10:E239. [PMID: 32527044 PMCID: PMC7345909 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of ecometabolomic studies, which use metabolomic analyses to disentangle organisms' metabolic responses and acclimation to a changing environment, has grown exponentially in recent years. Here, we review the results and conclusions of ecometabolomic studies on the impacts of four main drivers of global change (increasing frequencies of drought episodes, heat stress, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N) loads) on plant metabolism. Ecometabolomic studies of drought effects confirmed findings of previous target studies, in which most changes in metabolism are characterized by increased concentrations of soluble sugars and carbohydrate derivatives and frequently also by elevated concentrations of free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenes, also commonly exhibited increased concentrations when drought intensified. Under heat and increasing N loads, soluble amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine were the most responsive metabolites. Foliar metabolic responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were dominated by greater production of monosaccharides and associated synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, rather than secondary metabolites synthesized along longer sugar pathways involving N-rich precursor molecules, such as those formed from cyclic amino acids and along the shikimate pathway. We suggest that breeding for crop genotypes tolerant to drought and heat stress should be based on their capacity to increase the concentrations of C-rich compounds more than the concentrations of smaller N-rich molecules, such as amino acids. This could facilitate rapid and efficient stress response by reducing protein catabolism without compromising enzymatic capacity or increasing the requirement for re-transcription and de novo biosynthesis of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Tom W.N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghirardo A, Lindstein F, Koch K, Buegger F, Schloter M, Albert A, Michelsen A, Winkler JB, Schnitzler J, Rinnan R. Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1908-1925. [PMID: 31957145 PMCID: PMC7078956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Warming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature-dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13 CO2 -labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil-plant-atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5°C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13 C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%-44% (Salix) and 60%-68% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%-58% (Salix) and 87%-95% (Betula). Analyses of above- and belowground 12/13 C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant-soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Frida Lindstein
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis (COMI)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
High productivity in hybrid-poplar plantations without isoprene emission to the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1596-1605. [PMID: 31907313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912327117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid-poplar tree plantations provide a source for biofuel and biomass, but they also increase forest isoprene emissions. The consequences of increased isoprene emissions include higher rates of tropospheric ozone production, increases in the lifetime of methane, and increases in atmospheric aerosol production, all of which affect the global energy budget and/or lead to the degradation of air quality. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress isoprene emission, we show that this trait, which is thought to be required for the tolerance of abiotic stress, is not required for high rates of photosynthesis and woody biomass production in the agroforest plantation environment, even in areas with high levels of climatic stress. Biomass production over 4 y in plantations in Arizona and Oregon was similar among genetic lines that emitted or did not emit significant amounts of isoprene. Lines that had substantially reduced isoprene emission rates also showed decreases in flavonol pigments, which reduce oxidative damage during extremes of abiotic stress, a pattern that would be expected to amplify metabolic dysfunction in the absence of isoprene production in stress-prone climate regimes. However, compensatory increases in the expression of other proteomic components, especially those associated with the production of protective compounds, such as carotenoids and terpenoids, and the fact that most biomass is produced prior to the hottest and driest part of the growing season explain the observed pattern of high biomass production with low isoprene emission. Our results show that it is possible to reduce the deleterious influences of isoprene on the atmosphere, while sustaining woody biomass production in temperate agroforest plantations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lantz AT, Allman J, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Isoprene: New insights into the control of emission and mediation of stress tolerance by gene expression. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2808-2826. [PMID: 31350912 PMCID: PMC6788959 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a volatile compound produced in large amounts by some, but not all, plants by the enzyme isoprene synthase. Plants emit vast quantities of isoprene, with a net global output of 600 Tg per year, and typical emission rates from individual plants around 2% of net carbon assimilation. There is significant debate about whether global climate change resulting from increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will increase or decrease global isoprene emission in the future. We show evidence supporting predictions of increased isoprene emission in the future, but the effects could vary depending on the environment under consideration. For many years, isoprene was believed to have immediate, physical effects on plants such as changing membrane properties or quenching reactive oxygen species. Although observations sometimes supported these hypotheses, the effects were not always observed, and the reasons for the variability were not apparent. Although there may be some physical effects, recent studies show that isoprene has significant effects on gene expression, the proteome, and the metabolome of both emitting and nonemitting species. Consistent results are seen across species and specific treatment protocols. This review summarizes recent findings on the role and control of isoprene emission from plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T. Lantz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Allman
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taylor TC, Smith MN, Slot M, Feeley KJ. The capacity to emit isoprene differentiates the photosynthetic temperature responses of tropical plant species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2448-2457. [PMID: 30993708 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research shows that isoprene emission by plants can improve photosynthetic performance at high temperatures. But whether species that emit isoprene have higher thermal limits than non-emitting species remains largely untested. Tropical plants are adapted to narrow temperature ranges and global warming could result in significant ecosystem restructuring due to small variations in species' thermal tolerances. We compared photosynthetic temperature responses of 26 co-occurring tropical tree and liana species to test whether isoprene-emitting species are more tolerant to high temperatures. We classified species as isoprene emitters versus non-emitters based on published datasets. Maximum temperatures for net photosynthesis were ~1.8°C higher for isoprene-emitting species than for non-emitters, and thermal response curves were 24% wider; differences in optimum temperatures (Topt ) or photosynthetic rates at Topt were not significant. Modelling the carbon cost of isoprene emission, we show that even strong emission rates cause little reduction in the net carbon assimilation advantage over non-emitters at supraoptimal temperatures. Isoprene emissions may alleviate biochemical limitations, which together with stomatal conductance, co-limit photosynthesis above Topt . Our findings provide evidence that isoprene emission may be an adaptation to warmer thermal niches, and that emitting species may fare better under global warming than co-occurring non-emitting species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zuo Z, Weraduwage SM, Lantz AT, Sanchez LM, Weise SE, Wang J, Childs KL, Sharkey TD. Isoprene Acts as a Signaling Molecule in Gene Networks Important for Stress Responses and Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:124-152. [PMID: 30760638 PMCID: PMC6501071 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene synthase converts dimethylallyl diphosphate to isoprene and appears to be necessary and sufficient to allow plants to emit isoprene at significant rates. Isoprene can protect plants from abiotic stress but is not produced naturally by all plants; for example, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) do not produce isoprene. It is typically present at very low concentrations, suggesting a role as a signaling molecule; however, its exact physiological role and mechanism of action are not fully understood. We transformed Arabidopsis with a Eucalyptus globulus isoprene synthase The regulatory mechanisms of photosynthesis and isoprene emission were similar to those of native emitters, indicating that regulation of isoprene emission is not specific to isoprene-emitting species. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were enhanced by isoprene, which also had a marked positive effect on hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf, and inflorescence growth in Arabidopsis. By contrast, leaf and stem growth was reduced in tobacco engineered to emit isoprene. Expression of genes belonging to signaling networks or associated with specific growth regulators (e.g. gibberellic acid that promotes growth and jasmonic acid that promotes defense) and genes that lead to stress tolerance was altered by isoprene emission. Isoprene likely executes its effects on growth and stress tolerance through direct regulation of gene expression. Enhancement of jasmonic acid-mediated defense signaling by isoprene may trigger a growth-defense tradeoff leading to variations in the growth response. Our data support a role for isoprene as a signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alexandra T Lantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Lydia M Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hatfield JL, Dold C. Water-Use Efficiency: Advances and Challenges in a Changing Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30838006 PMCID: PMC6390371 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the amount of carbon assimilated as biomass or grain produced per unit of water used by the crop. One of the primary questions being asked is how plants will respond to a changing climate with changes in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) that affect their WUE At the leaf level, increasing CO2 increases WUE until the leaf is exposed to temperatures exceeded the optimum for growth (i.e., heat stress) and then WUE begins to decline. Leaves subjected to water deficits (i.e., drought stress) show varying responses in WUE. The response of WUE at the leaf level is directly related to the physiological processes controlling the gradients of CO2 and H2O, e.g., leaf:air vapor pressure deficits, between the leaf and air surrounding the leaf. There a variety of methods available to screen genetic material for enhanced WUE under scenarios of climate change. When we extend from the leaf to the canopy, then the dynamics of crop water use and biomass accumulation have to consider soil water evaporation rate, transpiration from the leaves, and the growth pattern of the crop. Enhancing WUE at the canopy level can be achieved by adopting practices that reduce the soil water evaporation component and divert more water into transpiration which can be through crop residue management, mulching, row spacing, and irrigation. Climate change will affect plant growth, but we have opportunities to enhance WUE through crop selection and cultural practices to offset the impact of a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry L. Hatfield
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Georgii E, Kugler K, Pfeifer M, Vanzo E, Block K, Domagalska MA, Jud W, AbdElgawad H, Asard H, Reinhardt R, Hansel A, Spannagl M, Schäffner AR, Palme K, Mayer KFX, Schnitzler JP. The Systems Architecture of Molecular Memory in Poplar after Abiotic Stress. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:346-367. [PMID: 30705134 PMCID: PMC6447019 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the temperate zones, plants face combined drought and heat spells in increasing frequency and intensity. Here, we compared periodic (intermittent, i.e., high-frequency) versus chronic (continuous, i.e., high-intensity) drought-heat stress scenarios in gray poplar (Populus× canescens) plants for phenotypic and transcriptomic effects during stress and after recovery. Photosynthetic productivity after stress recovery exceeded the performance of poplar trees without stress experience. We analyzed the molecular basis of this stress-related memory phenotype and investigated gene expression responses across five major tree compartments including organs and wood tissues. For each of these tissue samples, transcriptomic changes induced by the two stress scenarios were highly similar during the stress phase but strikingly divergent after recovery. Characteristic molecular response patterns were found across tissues but involved different genes in each tissue. Only a small fraction of genes showed similar stress and recovery expression profiles across all tissues, including type 2C protein phosphatases, the LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT PROTEIN4-5 genes, and homologs of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor HOMEOBOX7. Analysis of the predicted transcription factor regulatory networks for these genes suggested that a complex interplay of common and tissue-specific components contributes to the coordination of post-recovery responses to stress in woody plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kugler
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfeifer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katja Block
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata A Domagalska
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Spannagl
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang J, Hartmann H, Hellén H, Wisthaler A, Perreca E, Weinhold A, Rücker A, van Dam NM, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Behrendt T. New Perspectives on CO 2, Temperature, and Light Effects on BVOC Emissions Using Online Measurements by PTR-MS and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13811-13823. [PMID: 30335995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, plant ecology, and physiology, and biogenic VOC (BVOC) emitted by plants is the largest VOC source. Our knowledge about how environmental drivers (e.g., carbon, light, and temperature) may regulate BVOC emissions is limited because they are often not controlled. We combined a greenhouse facility to manipulate atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy to investigate the regulation of BVOC in Norway spruce. Our results indicate a direct relationship between [CO2] and methanol and acetone emissions, and their temperature and light dependencies, possibly related to substrate availability. The composition of monoterpenes stored in needles remained constant, but emissions of mono-(linalool) and sesquiterpenes (β-farnesene) increased at lower [CO2], with the effects being most pronounced at the highest air temperature. Pulse-labeling suggested an immediate incorporation of recently assimilated carbon into acetone, mono- and sesquiterpene emissions even under 50 ppm [CO2]. Our results provide new perspectives on CO2, temperature and light effects on BVOC emissions, in particular how they depend on stored pools and recent photosynthetic products. Future studies using smaller but more seedlings may allow sufficient replication to examine the physiological mechanisms behind the BVOC responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Erica Perreca
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena , Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research , Leipzig , Germany
- Institute of Ecology , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brunetti C, Loreto F, Ferrini F, Gori A, Guidi L, Remorini D, Centritto M, Fini A, Tattini M. Metabolic plasticity in the hygrophyte Moringa oleifera exposed to water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1640-1654. [PMID: 30137639 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, introduction of many fast-growing hygrophilic, and economically valuable plants into xeric environments has occurred. However, production and even survival of these species may be threatened by harsh climatic conditions unless an effective physiological and metabolic plasticity is available. Moringa oleifera Lam., a multipurpose tree originating from humid sub-tropical regions of India, is widely cultivated in many arid countries because of its multiple uses. We tested whether M. oleifera can adjust primary and secondary metabolism to efficiently cope with increasing water stress. It is shown that M. oleifera possesses an effective isohydric behavior. Water stress induced a quick and strong stomatal closure, driven by abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, and leading to photosynthesis inhibition with consequent negative effects on biomass production. However, photochemistry was not impaired and maximal fluorescence and saturating photosynthesis remained unaffected in stressed leaves. We report for the first time that M. oleifera produces isoprene, and show that isoprene emission increased three-fold during stress progression. It is proposed that higher isoprene biosynthesis helps leaves cope with water stress through its antioxidant or membrane stabilizing action, and also indicates a general MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway activation that further helps protect photosynthesis under water stress. Increased concentrations of antioxidant flavonoids were also observed in water stressed leaves, and probably cooperate in limiting irreversible effects of the stress in M. oleifera leaves. The observed metabolic and phenotypic plasticity may facilitate the establishment of M. oleifera in xeric environments, sustaining the economic and environmental value of this plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Du B, Kreuzwieser J, Winkler JB, Ghirardo A, Schnitzler JP, Ache P, Alfarraj S, Hedrich R, White P, Rennenberg H. Physiological responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seedlings to acute ozone exposure at high temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:905-913. [PMID: 30041163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation in the Arabian Peninsula is facing high and steadily rising tropospheric ozone pollution. However, little is known about the impacts of elevated ozone on date palms, one of the most important indigenous economic species. To elucidate the physiological responses of date palm to peak levels of acute ozone exposure, seedlings were fumigated with 200 ppb ozone for 8 h. Net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conduction, total carbon, its isotope signature and total sugar contents in leaves and roots were not significantly affected by the treatment and visible symptoms of foliar damage were not induced. Ozone exposure did not affect hydrogen peroxide and thiol contents but diminished the activities of glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase, stimulated the oxidation of ascorbate, and resulted in elevated total ascorbate contents. Total nitrogen, soluble protein and lignin contents remained unchanged upon ozone exposure, but the abundance of low molecular weight nitrogen (LMWN) compounds such as amino acids and nitrate as well as other anions were strongly diminished in leaves and roots. Other nitrogen pools did not benefit from the decline of LMWN, indicating reduced uptake and/or enhanced release of these compounds into the soil as a systemic response to aboveground ozone exposure. Several phenolic compounds, concurrent with fatty acids and stearyl alcohol, accumulated in leaves, but declined in roots, whereas total phenol contents significantly increased in the roots. Together these results indicate that local and systemic changes in both, primary and secondary metabolism contribute to the high tolerance of date palms to short-term acute ozone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, 621000, Mianyang, China; Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philip White
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Holopainen JK, Virjamo V, Ghimire RP, Blande JD, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Kivimäenpää M. Climate Change Effects on Secondary Compounds of Forest Trees in the Northern Hemisphere. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1445. [PMID: 30333846 PMCID: PMC6176061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary compounds (PSCs), also called secondary metabolites, have high chemical and structural diversity and appear as non-volatile or volatile compounds. These compounds may have evolved to have specific physiological and ecological functions in the adaptation of plants to their growth environment. PSCs are produced by several metabolic pathways and many PSCs are specific for a few plant genera or families. In forest ecosystems, full-grown trees constitute the majority of plant biomass and are thus capable of producing significant amounts of PSCs. We summarize older literature and review recent progress in understanding the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on PSC production of forest trees and PSC behavior in forest ecosystems. The roles of different PSCs under stress and their important role in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic factors are also discussed. There was strong evidence that major climate change factors, CO2 and warming, have contradictory effects on the main PSC groups. CO2 increases phenolic compounds in foliage, but limits terpenoids in foliage and emissions. Warming decreases phenolic compounds in foliage but increases terpenoids in foliage and emissions. Other abiotic stresses have more variable effects. PSCs may help trees to adapt to a changing climate and to pressure from current and invasive pests and pathogens. Indirect adaptation comes via the effects of PSCs on soil chemistry and nutrient cycling, the formation of cloud condensation nuclei from tree volatiles and by CO2 sequestration into PSCs in the wood of living and dead forest trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Rajendra P. Ghimire
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jud W, Winkler JB, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Schnitzler JP. Volatilomics: a non-invasive technique for screening plant phenotypic traits. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:109. [PMID: 30568721 PMCID: PMC6297985 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change represents a grand challenge for agricultural productivity. Understanding complex plant traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance or crop yield is thus essential for breeding and the development of sustainable agriculture strategies. When screening for the most robust plant phenotypes, fast, high-throughput phenotyping represents the means of choice. RESULTS We have developed a plant phenotyping platform to measure the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration under ambient, or abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These parameters are highly suitable markers to non-invasively and dynamically study plant growth and plant stress status, making them perfect test variables for long-term, online plant monitoring. Here we introduce the new phenotyping platform, termed VOC-SCREEN, and present results of a first case study with three barley cultivars, demonstrating that the plant's volatilome can be successfully applied to discriminate different barley varieties. CONCLUSION Volatilomics is a promising technique to non-invasively screen for plant phenotypic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fini A, Brunetti C, Loreto F, Centritto M, Ferrini F, Tattini M. Isoprene Responses and Functions in Plants Challenged by Environmental Pressures Associated to Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 28798754 PMCID: PMC5526906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The functional reasons for isoprene emission are still a matter of hot debate. It was hypothesized that isoprene biosynthesis evolved as an ancestral mechanism in plants adapted to high water availability, to cope with transient and recurrent oxidative stresses during their water-to-land transition. There is a tight association between isoprene emission and species hygrophily, suggesting that isoprene emission may be a favorable trait to cope with occasional exposure to stresses in mesic environments. The suite of morpho-anatomical traits does not allow a conservative water use in hygrophilic mesophytes challenged by the environmental pressures imposed or exacerbated by drought and heat stress. There is evidence that in stressed plants the biosynthesis of isoprene is uncoupled from photosynthesis. Because the biosynthesis of isoprene is costly, the great investment of carbon and energy into isoprene must have relevant functional reasons. Isoprene is effective in preserving the integrity of thylakoid membranes, not only through direct interaction with their lipid acyl chains, but also by up-regulating proteins associated with photosynthetic complexes and enhancing the biosynthesis of relevant membrane components, such as mono- and di-galactosyl-diacyl glycerols and unsaturated fatty acids. Isoprene may additionally protect photosynthetic membranes by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Here we explore the mode of actions and the potential significance of isoprene in the response of hygrophilic plants when challenged by severe stress conditions associated to rapid climate change in temperate climates, with special emphasis to the concomitant effect of drought and heat. We suggest that isoprene emission may be not a good estimate for its biosynthesis and concentration in severely droughted leaves, being the internal concentration of isoprene the important trait for stress protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionSesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feller U. Drought stress and carbon assimilation in a warming climate: Reversible and irreversible impacts. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:84-94. [PMID: 27083537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global change is characterized by increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, increasing average temperature and more frequent extreme events including drought periods, heat waves and flooding. Especially the impacts of drought and of elevated temperature on carbon assimilation are considered in this review. Effects of extreme events on the subcellular level as well as on the whole plant level may be reversible, partially reversible or irreversible. The photosynthetically active biomass depends on the number and the size of mature leaves and the photosynthetic activity in this biomass during stress and subsequent recovery phases. The total area of active leaves is determined by leaf expansion and senescence, while net photosynthesis per leaf area is primarily influenced by stomatal opening (stomatal conductance), mesophyll conductance, activity of the photosynthetic apparatus (light absorption and electron transport, activity of the Calvin cycle) and CO2 release by decarboxylation reactions (photorespiration, dark respiration). Water status, stomatal opening and leaf temperature represent a "magic triangle" of three strongly interacting parameters. The response of stomata to altered environmental conditions is important for stomatal limitations. Rubisco protein is quite thermotolerant, but the enzyme becomes at elevated temperature more rapidly inactivated (decarbamylation, reversible effect) and must be reactivated by Rubisco activase (carbamylation of a lysine residue). Rubisco activase is present under two forms (encoded by separate genes or products of alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA from one gene) and is very thermosensitive. Rubisco activase was identified as a key protein for photosynthesis at elevated temperature (non-stomatal limitation). During a moderate heat stress Rubisco activase is reversibly inactivated, but during a more severe stress (higher temperature and/or longer exposure) the protein is irreversibly inactivated, insolubilized and finally degraded. On the level of the leaf, this loss of photosynthetic activity may still be reversible when new Rubisco activase is produced by protein synthesis. Rubisco activase as well as enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species or in osmoregulation are considered as important targets for breeding crop plants which are still productive under drought and/or at elevated leaf temperature in a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Feller
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jud W, Vanzo E, Li Z, Ghirardo A, Zimmer I, Sharkey TD, Hansel A, Schnitzler JP. Effects of heat and drought stress on post-illumination bursts of volatile organic compounds in isoprene-emitting and non-emitting poplar. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1204-15. [PMID: 26390316 PMCID: PMC4982041 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, post-illumination bursts (PIBs) of isoprene, acetaldehyde and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) following rapid light-to-dark transitions have been reported for a variety of different plant species. However, the mechanisms triggering their release still remain unclear. Here we measured PIBs of isoprene-emitting (IE) and isoprene non-emitting (NE) grey poplar plants grown under different climate scenarios (ambient control and three scenarios with elevated CO2 concentrations: elevated control, periodic heat and temperature stress, chronic heat and temperature stress, followed by recovery periods). PIBs of isoprene were unaffected by elevated CO2 and heat and drought stress in IE, while they were absent in NE plants. On the other hand, PIBs of acetaldehyde and also GLVs were strongly reduced in stress-affected plants of all genotypes. After recovery from stress, distinct differences in PIB emissions in both genotypes confirmed different precursor pools for acetaldehyde and GLV emissions. Changes in PIBs of GLVs, almost absent in stressed plants and enhanced after recovery, could be mainly attributed to changes in lipoxygenase activity. Our results indicate that acetaldehyde PIBs, which recovered only partly, derive from a new mechanism in which acetaldehyde is produced from methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates, driven by deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|