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Das S, Bhati V, Dewangan BP, Gangal A, Mishra GP, Dikshit HK, Pawar PAM. Combining Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for chemotyping of cell wall composition in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wizcek). PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:135. [PMID: 39223669 PMCID: PMC11367897 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissection of complex plant cell wall structures demands a sensitive and quantitative method. FTIR is used regularly as a screening method to identify specific linkages in cell walls. However, quantification and assigning spectral bands to particular cell wall components is still a major challenge, specifically in crop species. In this study, we addressed these challenges using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as it is a high throughput, cost-effective and non-destructive approach to understand the plant cell wall composition. This method was validated by analysing different varieties of mungbean which is one of the most important legume crops grown widely in Asia. RESULTS Using standards and extraction of a specific component of cell wall components, we assigned 1050-1060 cm-1 and 1390-1420 cm-1 wavenumbers that can be widely used to quantify cellulose and lignin, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Populus, rice and mungbean. Also, using KBr as a diluent, we established a method that can relatively quantify the cellulose and lignin composition among different tissue types of the above species. We further used this method to quantify cellulose and lignin in field-grown mungbean genotypes. The ATR-FTIR-based study revealed the cellulose content variation ranges from 27.9% to 52.3%, and the lignin content variation ranges from 13.7% to 31.6% in mungbean genotypes. CONCLUSION Multivariate analysis of FT-IR data revealed differences in total cell wall (600-2000 cm-1), cellulose (1000-1100 cm-1) and lignin (1390-1420 cm-1) among leaf and stem of four plant species. Overall, our data suggested that ATR-FTIR can be used for the relative quantification of lignin and cellulose in different plant species. This method was successfully applied for rapid screening of cell wall composition in mungbean stem, and similarly, it can be used for screening other crops or tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouvik Das
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vikrant Bhati
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhagwat Prasad Dewangan
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Apurva Gangal
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Harsh Kumar Dikshit
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prashant Anupama Mohan Pawar
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
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2
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Chen G, Qin Y, Wang J, Li S, Zeng F, Deng F, Chater C, Xu S, Chen ZH. Stomatal evolution and plant adaptation to future climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3299-3315. [PMID: 38757448 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting plant photosynthesis and transpiration processes, as well as increasing weather extremes impacting socio-political and environmental events and decisions for decades to come. One major research challenge in plant biology and ecology is the interaction of photosynthesis with the environment. Stomata control plant gas exchange and their evolution was a crucial innovation that facilitated the earliest land plants to colonize terrestrial environments. Stomata couple homoiohydry, together with cuticles, intercellular gas space, with the endohydric water-conducting system, enabling plants to adapt and diversify across the planet. Plants control stomatal movement in response to environmental change through regulating guard cell turgor mediated by membrane transporters and signaling transduction. However, the origin, evolution, and active control of stomata remain controversial topics. We first review stomatal evolution and diversity, providing fossil and phylogenetic evidence of their origins. We summarize functional evolution of guard cell membrane transporters in the context of climate changes and environmental stresses. Our analyses show that the core signaling elements of stomatal movement are more ancient than stomata, while genes involved in stomatal development co-evolved de novo with the earliest stomata. These results suggest that novel stomatal development-specific genes were acquired during plant evolution, whereas genes regulating stomatal movement, especially cell signaling pathways, were inherited ancestrally and co-opted by dynamic functional differentiation. These two processes reflect the different adaptation strategies during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Caspar Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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3
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Jaafar L, Anderson CT. Architecture and functions of stomatal cell walls in eudicots and grasses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:195-204. [PMID: 38757189 PMCID: PMC11232514 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like all plant cells, the guard cells of stomatal complexes are encased in cell walls that are composed of diverse, interacting networks of polysaccharide polymers. The properties of these cell walls underpin the dynamic deformations that occur in guard cells as they expand and contract to drive the opening and closing of the stomatal pore, the regulation of which is crucial for photosynthesis and water transport in plants. SCOPE Our understanding of how cell wall mechanics are influenced by the nanoscale assembly of cell wall polymers in guard cell walls, how this architecture changes over stomatal development, maturation and ageing and how the cell walls of stomatal guard cells might be tuned to optimize stomatal responses to dynamic environmental stimuli is still in its infancy. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss advances in our ability to probe experimentally and to model the structure and dynamics of guard cell walls quantitatively across a range of plant species, highlighting new ideas and exciting opportunities for further research into these actively moving plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Bioscience Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Bioscience Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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4
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Jaafar L, Chen Y, Keynia S, Turner JA, Anderson CT. Young guard cells function dynamically despite low mechanical anisotropy but gain efficiency during stomatal maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1719-1731. [PMID: 38569066 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Stomata are pores at the leaf surface that enable gas exchange and transpiration. The signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of stomatal guard cells and the mechanisms of stomatal pore formation have been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the process by which stomatal complexes develop after pore formation into fully mature complexes is poorly understood. We tracked the morphogenesis of young stomatal complexes over time to establish characteristic geometric milestones along the path of stomatal maturation. Using 3D-nanoindentation coupled with finite element modeling of young and mature stomata, we found that despite having thicker cell walls than young guard cells, mature guard cells are more energy efficient with respect to stomatal opening, potentially attributable to the increased mechanical anisotropy of their cell walls and smaller changes in turgor pressure between the closed and open states. Comparing geometric changes in young and mature guard cells of wild-type and cellulose-deficient plants revealed that although cellulose is required for normal stomatal maturation, mechanical anisotropy appears to be achieved by the collective influence of cellulose and additional wall components. Together, these data elucidate the dynamic geometric and biomechanical mechanisms underlying the development process of stomatal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sedighe Keynia
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Ren P, Ma L, Bao W, Wang J. Genome-Wide Identification and Hormone Response Analysis of the COBL Gene Family in Barley. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:612. [PMID: 38790240 PMCID: PMC11121046 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a diverse cereal crop, exhibits remarkable versatility in its applications, ranging from food and fodder to industrial uses. The content of cellulose in barley is significantly influenced by the COBRA genes, which encode the plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein (GAP) that plays a pivotal role in the deposition of cellulose within the cell wall. The COBL (COBRA-Like) gene family has been discovered across numerous species, yet the specific members of this family in barley remain undetermined. In this study, we discovered 13 COBL genes within the barley genome using bioinformatics methods, subcellular localization, and protein structure analysis, finding that most of the barley COBL proteins have a signal peptide structure and are localized on the plasma membrane. Simultaneously, we constructed a phylogenetic tree and undertook a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary relationships. Other characteristics of HvCOBL family members, including intraspecific collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements, were thoroughly characterized in detail. The assessment of HvCOBL gene expression in barley under various hormone treatments was conducted through qRT-PCR analysis, revealing jasmonic acid (JA) as the predominant hormonal regulator of HvCOBL gene expression. In summary, this study comprehensively identified and analyzed the barley COBL gene family, aiming to provide basic information for exploring the members of the HvCOBL gene family and to propose directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrong Ren
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Wei Bao
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China; (L.M.); (W.B.)
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
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6
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Ge S, Sun P, Wu W, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Huang J, Liang YK. COBL7 is required for stomatal formation via regulation of cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:227-242. [PMID: 37853545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of plant photosynthesis, water use efficiency and immunity, stomata are specialized cellular structures that adopt defined shapes. However, our knowledge about the genetic players of stomatal pore formation and stomatal morphogenesis remains limited. Forward genetic screening, positional cloning, confocal and electron microscopy, physiological and pharmacological assays were employed for isolation and characterization of mutants and genes. We identified a mutant, dsm1, with impaired cytokinesis and deformed stomata. DSM1 is highly expressed in guard mother cells and guard cells, and encodes COBRA-LIKE 7 (COBL7), a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. COBRA-LIKE 7 and its closest homologue, COBL8, are first enriched on the forming cell plates during cytokinesis, and then their subcellular distribution and abundance change are correlated with the progressive stages of stomatal pore formation. Both COBL7 and COBL8 possess an ability to bind cellulose. Perturbing the expression of COBL7 and COBL8 leads to a decrease in cellulose content and inhibition of stomatal pore development. Moreover, we found that COBL7, COBL8 and CSLD5 have synergistic effects on stomatal development and plant growth. Our findings reveal that COBL7 plays a predominant and functionally redundant role with COBL8 in stomatal formation through regulating cellulose deposition and ventral wall modification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xinhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Liu X, Ma Z, Tran TM, Rautengarten C, Cheng Y, Yang L, Ebert B, Persson S, Miao Y. Balanced callose and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis quorum-sensing signaling and pattern-triggered immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:137-152. [PMID: 37647538 PMCID: PMC10756761 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is one of the most important physical barriers that phytopathogens must conquer to invade their hosts. This barrier is a dynamic structure that responds to pathogen infection through a complex network of immune receptors, together with CW-synthesizing and CW-degrading enzymes. Callose deposition in the primary CW is a well-known physical response to pathogen infection. Notably, callose and cellulose biosynthesis share an initial substrate, UDP-glucose, which is the main load-bearing component of the CW. However, how these 2 critical biosynthetic processes are balanced during plant-pathogen interactions remains unclear. Here, using 2 different pathogen-derived molecules, bacterial flagellin (flg22) and the diffusible signal factor (DSF) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, we show a negative correlation between cellulose and callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By quantifying the abundance of callose and cellulose under DSF or flg22 elicitation and characterizing the dynamics of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of these 2 polymers, we show that the balance of these 2 CW components is mediated by the activity of a β-1,3-glucanase (BG2). Our data demonstrate balanced cellulose and callose biosynthesis during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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8
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Gkolemis K, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis IDS, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Cell wall anisotropy plays a key role in Zea mays stomatal complex movement: the possible role of the cell wall matrix. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:331-351. [PMID: 38108950 PMCID: PMC10730690 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The opening of the stomatal pore in Zea mays is accomplished by the lateral displacement of the central canals of the dumbbell-shaped guard cells (GCs) towards their adjacent deflating subsidiary cells that retreat locally. During this process, the central canals swell, and their cell wall thickenings become thinner. The mechanical forces driving the outward displacement of the central canal are applied by the asymmetrically swollen bulbous ends of the GCs via the rigid terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal and the polar ventral cell wall (VW) ends. During stomatal pore closure, the shrinking bulbous GC ends no longer exert the mechanical forces on the central canals, allowing them to be pushed back inwards, towards their initial position, by the now swelling subsidiary cells. During this process, the cell walls of the central canal thicken. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that important cell wall matrix materials are differentially distributed across the walls of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The cell walls of the bulbous ends and of the central canal of the GCs, as well as the cell walls of the subsidiary cells were shown to be rich in methylesterified homogalacturonans (HGs) and hemicelluloses. Demethylesterified HGs were, in turn, mainly located at the terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal, at the polar ends of the VW, at the lateral walls of the GCs and at the periclinal cell walls of the central canal. During stomatal function, a spatiotemporal change on the distribution of some of the cell wall matrix materials is observed. The participation of the above cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the well-orchestrated response of the cell wall during the reversible movements of the stomatal complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gkolemis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - I-D S Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Zheng L, Chen Y, Ding L, Zhou Y, Xue S, Li B, Wei J, Wang H. The transcription factor MYB156 controls the polar stiffening of guard cell walls in poplar. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3757-3781. [PMID: 37437118 PMCID: PMC10533337 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of guard cells have major effects on stomatal functioning. Reinforced stiffness in the stomatal polar regions was recently proposed to play an important role in stomatal function, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we used genetic and biochemical approaches in poplar (Populus spp.) to show that the transcription factor MYB156 controls pectic homogalacturonan-based polar stiffening through the downregulation of the gene encoding pectin methylesterase 6 (PME6). Loss of MYB156 increased the polar stiffness of stomata, thereby enhancing stomatal dynamics and response speed to various stimuli. In contrast, overexpression of MYB156 resulted in decreased polar stiffness and impaired stomatal dynamics, accompanied by smaller leaves. Polar stiffening functions in guard cell dynamics in response to changing environmental conditions by maintaining normal stomatal morphology during stomatal movement. Our study revealed the structure-function relationship of the cell wall of guard cells in stomatal dynamics, providing an important means for improving the stomatal performance and drought tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Biying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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10
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Keynia S, Jaafar L, Zhou Y, Anderson CT, Turner JA. Stomatal opening efficiency is controlled by cell wall organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad294. [PMID: 37731948 PMCID: PMC10508357 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal function in plants is regulated by the nanoscale architecture of the cell wall and turgor pressure, which together control stomatal pore size to facilitate gas exchange and photosynthesis. The mechanical properties of the cell wall and cell geometry are critical determinants of stomatal dynamics. However, the specific biomechanical functions of wall constituents, for example, cellulose and pectins, and their impact on the work required to open or close the stomatal pore are unclear. Here, we use nanoindentation in normal and lateral directions, computational modeling, and microscopic imaging of cells from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the precise influences of wall architecture and turgor pressure on stomatal biomechanics. This approach allows us to quantify and compare the unique anisotropic properties of guard cells with normal composition, lower cellulose content, or alterations in pectin molecular weight. Using these data to calculate the work required to open the stomata reveals that the wild type, with a circumferential-to-longitudinal modulus ratio of 3:1, is the most energy-efficient of those studied. In addition, the tested genotypes displayed similar changes in their pore size despite large differences in wall thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings imply that homeostasis in stomatal function is maintained in the face of varying wall compositions and biomechanics by tuning wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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11
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Lucas JR, Dupree B. Stomatal pore width and area measurements in Zea mays. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000893. [PMID: 37602279 PMCID: PMC10439461 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores are adjustable microscopic holes on the surface of photosynthetic tissues that help regulate multiple aspects of plant physiology. Stomatal pores facilitate gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis, water transport, and temperature regulation. Pore size is influenced by many intertwined environmental, molecular, cellular, and physiological cues. Accurate and precise measurements of pore size is important for understanding the mechanisms that adjust pores and plant physiology. Here we investigate whether conventional pore measurements of width are appropriate for the economically important crop plant Zea mays . Our studies demonstrate that pore area is a more sensitive measurement than width in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lucas
- Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brittany Dupree
- Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Wu W, Xing J, Li Z, Qiao X, Zhang C, Wang X, Wang G, Li W, Bai S, Li Z, Suo Y, Wang J, Niu Y, Zhang J, Lan C, Hu Z, Li B, Zhang X, Wang W, Galbraith DW, Chen Y, Guo S, Song CP. A maize epimerase modulates cell wall synthesis and glycosylation during stomatal morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4384. [PMID: 37474494 PMCID: PMC10359280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique dumbbell-shape of grass guard cells (GCs) is controlled by their cell walls which enable their rapid responses to the environment. The molecular mechanisms regulating the synthesis and assembly of GC walls are as yet unknown. Here we have identified BZU3, a maize gene encoding UDP-glucose 4-epimerase that regulates the supply of UDP-glucose during GC wall synthesis. The BZU3 mutation leads to significant decreases in cellular UDP-glucose levels. Immunofluorescence intensities reporting levels of cellulose and mixed-linkage glucans are reduced in the GCs, resulting in impaired local wall thickening. BZU3 also catalyzes the epimerization of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and the BZU3 mutation affects N-glycosylation of proteins that may be involved in cell wall synthesis and signaling. Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal modulation of BZU3 plays a dual role in controlling cell wall synthesis and glycosylation via controlling UDP-glucose/N-acetylglucosamine homeostasis during stomatal morphogenesis. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling formation of the unique morphology of grass stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zuliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chunrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Baozhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - David W Galbraith
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yuhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
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13
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Durney CH, Wilson MJ, McGregor S, Armand J, Smith RS, Gray JE, Morris RJ, Fleming AJ. Grasses exploit geometry to achieve improved guard cell dynamics. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00683-8. [PMID: 37327783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are controllable micropores formed between two adjacent guard cells (GCs) that regulate gas flow across the plant surface.1 Grasses, among the most successful organisms on the planet and the main food crops for humanity, have GCs flanked by specialized lateral subsidiary cells (SCs).2,3,4 SCs improve performance by acting as a local pool of ions and metabolites to drive changes in turgor pressure within the GCs that open/close the stomatal pore.4,5,6,7,8 The 4-celled complex also involves distinctive changes in geometry, having dumbbell-shaped GCs compared with typical kidney-shaped stomata.2,4,9 However, the degree to which this distinctive geometry contributes to improved stomatal performance, and the underlying mechanism, remains unclear. To address this question, we created a finite element method (FEM) model of a grass stomatal complex that successfully captures experimentally observed pore opening/closure. Exploration of the model, including in silico and experimental mutant analyses, supports the importance of a reciprocal pressure system between GCs and SCs for effective stomatal function, with SCs functioning as springs to restrain lateral GC movement. Our results show that SCs are not essential but lead to a more responsive system. In addition, we show that GC wall anisotropy is not required for grass stomatal function (in contrast to kidney-shaped GCs10) but that a relatively thick GC rod region is needed to enhance pore opening. Our results demonstrate that a specific cellular geometry and associated mechanical properties are required for the effective functioning of grass stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton H Durney
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew J Wilson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Shauni McGregor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jodie Armand
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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14
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Zhang N, Julian JD, Yap CE, Swaminathan S, Zabotina OA. The Arabidopsis xylosyltransferases, XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5, are essential to complete the fully xylosylated glucan backbone XXXG-type structure of xyloglucans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1986-1999. [PMID: 36856333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although most xyloglucans (XyGs) biosynthesis enzymes have been identified, the molecular mechanism that defines XyG branching patterns is unclear. Four out of five XyG xylosyltransferases (XXT1, XXT2, XXT4, and XXT5) are known to add the xylosyl residue from UDP-xylose onto a glucan backbone chain; however, the function of XXT3 has yet to be demonstrated. Single xxt3 and triple xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the specific function of XXT3. Combined biochemical, bioinformatic, and morphological data conclusively established for the first time that XXT3, together with XXT4 and XXT5, adds xylosyl residue specifically at the third glucose in the glucan chain to synthesize XXXG-type XyGs. We propose that the specificity of XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5 is directed toward the prior synthesis of the acceptor substrate by the other two enzymes, XXT1 and XXT2. We also conclude that XXT5 plays a dominant role in the synthesis of XXXG-type XyGs, while XXT3 and XXT4 complementarily contribute their activities in a tissue-specific manner. The newly generated xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant produces only XXGG-type XyGs, which further helps to understand the impact of structurally deficient polysaccharides on plant cell wall organization, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jordan D Julian
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cheng Ern Yap
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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15
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Takahara M, Tsugawa S, Sakamoto S, Demura T, Nakata MT. Pulvinar slits: Cellulose-deficient and de-methyl-esterified pectin-rich structures in a legume motor cell. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:857-870. [PMID: 36849132 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cortical motor cells (CMCs) in a legume pulvinus execute the reversible deformation in leaf movement that is driven by changes in turgor pressure. In contrast to the underlying osmotic regulation property, the cell wall structure of CMCs that contributes to the movement has yet to be characterized in detail. Here, we report that the cell wall of CMCs has circumferential slits with low levels of cellulose deposition, which are widely conserved among legume species. This structure is unique and distinct from that of any other primary cell walls reported so far; thus, we named them "pulvinar slits." Notably, we predominantly detected de-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan inside pulvinar slits, with a low deposition of highly methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, as with cellulose. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the cell wall composition of pulvini is different from that of other axial organs, such as petioles or stems. Moreover, monosaccharide analysis showed that pulvini are pectin-rich organs like developing stems and that the amount of galacturonic acid in pulvini is greater than in developing stems. Computer modeling suggested that pulvinar slits facilitate anisotropic extension in the direction perpendicular to the slits in the presence of turgor pressure. When tissue slices of CMCs were transferred to different extracellular osmotic conditions, pulvinar slits altered their opening width, indicating their deformability. In this study, we thus characterized a distinctive cell wall structure of CMCs, adding to our knowledge of repetitive and reversible organ deformation as well as the structural diversity and function of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoru Tsugawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
| | - Miyuki T Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
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16
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Panter PE, Seifert J, Dale M, Pridgeon AJ, Hulme R, Ramsay N, Contera S, Knight H. Cell wall fucosylation in Arabidopsis influences control of leaf water loss and alters stomatal development and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2680-2691. [PMID: 36715637 PMCID: PMC10112686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis sensitive-to-freezing8 (sfr8) mutant exhibits reduced cell wall (CW) fucose levels and compromised freezing tolerance. To examine whether CW fucosylation also affects the response to desiccation, we tested the effect of leaf excision in sfr8 and the allelic mutant mur1-1. Leaf water loss was strikingly higher than in the wild type in these, but not other, fucosylation mutants. We hypothesized that reduced fucosylation in guard cell (GC) walls might limit stomatal closure through altering mechanical properties. Multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed a reduced elastic modulus (E'), representing reduced stiffness, in sfr8 GC walls. Interestingly, however, we discovered a compensatory mechanism whereby a concomitant reduction in the storage modulus (E'') maintained a wild-type viscoelastic time response (tau) in sfr8. Stomata in intact leaf discs of sfr8 responded normally to a closure stimulus, abscisic acid, suggesting that the time response may relate more to closure properties than stiffness does. sfr8 stomatal pore complexes were larger than those of the wild type, and GCs lacked a fully developed cuticular ledge, both potential contributors to the greater leaf water loss in sfr8. We present data that indicate that fucosylation-dependent dimerization of the CW pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II may be essential for normal cuticular ledge development and leaf water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Panter
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Jacob Seifert
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Maeve Dale
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rachel Hulme
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Nathan Ramsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
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17
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He J, Yang B, Hause G, Rössner N, Peiter-Volk T, Schattat MH, Voiniciuc C, Peiter E. The trans-Golgi-localized protein BICAT3 regulates manganese allocation and matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2579-2600. [PMID: 35993897 PMCID: PMC9706472 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for a diversity of processes, including photosynthetic water splitting and the transfer of glycosyl moieties. Various Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases that mediate cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are Mn2+ dependent, but the supply of these enzymes with Mn2+ is not well understood. Here, we show that the BIVALENT CATION TRANSPORTER 3 (BICAT3) localizes specifically to trans-cisternae of the Golgi. In agreement with a role in Mn2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, BICAT3 rescued yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants defective in their translocation. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) knockout mutants of BICAT3 were sensitive to low Mn2+ and high Ca2+ availability and showed altered accumulation of these cations. Despite reduced cell expansion and leaf size in Mn2+-deficient bicat3 mutants, their photosynthesis was improved, accompanied by an increased Mn content of chloroplasts. Growth defects of bicat3 corresponded with an impaired glycosidic composition of matrix polysaccharides synthesized in the trans-Golgi. In addition to the vegetative growth defects, pollen tube growth of bicat3 was heterogeneously aberrant. This was associated with a severely reduced and similarly heterogeneous pectin deposition and caused diminished seed set and silique length. Double mutant analyses demonstrated that the physiological relevance of BICAT3 is distinct from that of ER-TYPE CA2+-ATPASE 3, a Golgi-localized Mn2+/Ca2+-ATPase. Collectively, BICAT3 is a principal Mn2+ transporter in the trans-Golgi whose activity is critical for specific glycosylation reactions in this organelle and for the allocation of Mn2+ between Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocentre, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Peiter-Volk
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group—Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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18
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Rodrigues-dos Santos AS, Rebelo-Romão I, Zhang H, Vílchez JI. Discerning Transcriptomic and Biochemical Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Treated with the Biofertilizer Strain Priestia megaterium YC4-R4: Boosting Plant Central and Secondary Metabolism. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3039. [PMID: 36432768 PMCID: PMC9697256 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a response to the current challenges in agriculture, the application of alternatives to a more sustainable management is required. Thus, biofertilizers begin to emerge as a reliable alternative to improve crop development and resistance to stresses. Among other effects on the plant, the use of beneficial strains may cause changes in their metabolic regulation, as in cell wall biogenesis and in nutrient/ion transportation, improving their growth process. Previous works showed that inoculation with the strain Priestia megaterium YC4-R4 effectively promoted vegetative growth of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants. Hence, the present work recorded a strain-mediated induction of several pathways of the central and secondary metabolism of the plant, as the induction of lipid, cellulose, phenol, and flavonoid biosynthesis, by using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Rebelo-Romão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB)-NOVA Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Juan Ignacio Vílchez
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB)-NOVA Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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19
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Momayyezi M, Borsuk AM, Brodersen CR, Gilbert ME, Théroux‐Rancourt G, Kluepfel DA, McElrone AJ. Desiccation of the leaf mesophyll and its implications for CO 2 diffusion and light processing. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1362-1381. [PMID: 35141930 PMCID: PMC9314819 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaves balance CO2 and radiative absorption while maintaining water transport to maximise photosynthesis. Related species with contrasting leaf anatomy can provide insights into inherent and stress-induced links between structure and function for commonly measured leaf traits for important crops. We used two walnut species with contrasting mesophyll anatomy to evaluate these integrated exchange processes under non-stressed and drought conditions using a combination of light microscopy, X-ray microCT, gas exchange, hydraulic conductance, and chlorophyll distribution profiles through leaves. Juglans regia had thicker palisade mesophyll, higher fluorescence in the palisade, and greater low-mesophyll porosity that were associated with greater gas-phase diffusion (gIAS ), stomatal and mesophyll (gm ) conductances and carboxylation capacity. More and highly-packed mesophyll cells and bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) in Juglans microcarpa led to higher fluorescence in the spongy and in proximity to the BSEs. Both species exhibited drought-induced reductions in mesophyll cell volume, yet the associated increases in porosity and gIAS were obscured by declines in biochemical activity that decreased gm . Inherent differences in leaf anatomy between the species were linked to differences in gas exchange, light absorption and photosynthetic capacity, and drought-induced changes in leaf structure impacted performance via imposing species-specific limitations to light absorption, gas exchange and hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aleca M. Borsuk
- School of the EnvironmentYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J. McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- USDA‐ARSCrops Pathology and Genetics Research UnitDavisCaliforniaUSA
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20
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Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ren H. Controlling the Gate: The Functions of the Cytoskeleton in Stomatal Movement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849729. [PMID: 35283892 PMCID: PMC8905143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are specialized epidermal structures composed of two guard cells and are involved in gas and water exchange between plants and the environment and pathogen entry into the plant interior. Stomatal movement is a response to many internal and external stimuli to increase adaptability to environmental change. The cytoskeleton, including actin filaments and microtubules, is highly dynamic in guard cells during stomatal movement, and the destruction of the cytoskeleton interferes with stomatal movement. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the organization and dynamics of actin filaments and microtubule network in guard cells, and we pay special attention to cytoskeletal-associated protein-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements during stomatal movement. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of stomatal movement in relation to the cytoskeleton and attempt to provide a foundation for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang,
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangdong Zhuhai-Macao Joint Biotech Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Haiyun Ren,
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21
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Yi H, Chen Y, Anderson CT. Turgor pressure change in stomatal guard cells arises from interactions between water influx and mechanical responses of their cell walls. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e12. [PMID: 37077969 PMCID: PMC10095868 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to absorb CO2 for photosynthesis and transport water from root to shoot depends on the reversible swelling of guard cells that open stomatal pores in the epidermis. Despite decades of experimental and theoretical work, the biomechanical drivers of stomatal opening and closure are still not clearly defined. We combined mechanical principles with a growing body of knowledge concerning water flux across the plant cell membrane and the biomechanical properties of plant cell walls to quantitatively test the long-standing hypothesis that increasing turgor pressure resulting from water uptake drives guard cell expansion during stomatal opening. To test the alternative hypothesis that water influx is the main motive force underlying guard cell expansion, we developed a system dynamics model accounting for water influx. This approach connects stomatal kinetics to whole plant physiology by including values for water flux arising from water status in the plant .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Author for correspondence: H. Yi, E-mail:
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Karanam A, He D, Hsu PK, Schulze S, Dubeaux G, Karmakar R, Schroeder JI, Rappel WJ. Boolink: a graphical interface for open access Boolean network simulations and use in guard cell CO2 signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2311-2322. [PMID: 34618035 PMCID: PMC8644243 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Signaling networks are at the heart of almost all biological processes. Most of these networks contain large number of components, and often either the connections between these components are not known or the rate equations that govern the dynamics of soluble signaling components are not quantified. This uncertainty in network topology and parameters can make it challenging to formulate detailed mathematical models. Boolean networks, in which all components are either on or off, have emerged as viable alternatives to detailed mathematical models that contain rate constants and other parameters. Therefore, open-source platforms of Boolean models for community use are desirable. Here, we present Boolink, a freely available graphical user interface that allows users to easily construct and analyze existing Boolean networks. Boolink can be applied to any Boolean network. We demonstrate its application using a previously published network for abscisic acid (ABA)-driven stomatal closure in Arabidopsis spp. (Arabidopsis thaliana). We also show how Boolink can be used to generate testable predictions by extending the network to include CO2 regulation of stomatal movements. Predictions of the model were experimentally tested, and the model was iteratively modified based on experiments showing that ABA effectively closes Arabidopsis stomata at near-zero CO2 concentrations (1.5-ppm CO2). Thus, Boolink enables public generation and the use of existing Boolean models, including the prior developed ABA signaling model with added CO2 signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Karanam
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David He
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Richa Karmakar
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Author for communication:
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23
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Guo H, Xiao C, Liu Q, Li R, Yan Z, Yao X, Hu H. Two galacturonosyltransferases function in plant growth, stomatal development, and dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2820-2836. [PMID: 34890462 PMCID: PMC8644590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of guard cell (GC) walls are important for stomatal development and stomatal response to external stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms of pectin synthesis and pectin composition controlling stomatal development and dynamics remain poorly explored. Here, we characterized the role of two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) galacturonosyltransferases, GAUT10 and GAUT11, in plant growth, stomatal development, and stomatal dynamics. GAUT10 and GAUT11 double mutations reduced pectin synthesis and promoted homogalacturonan (HG) demethylesterification and demethylesterified HG degradation, resulting in larger stomatal complexes and smaller pore areas, increased stomatal dynamics, and enhanced drought tolerance of plants. In contrast, increased GAUT10 or GAUT11 expression impaired stomatal dynamics and drought sensitivity. Genetic interaction analyses together with immunolabeling analyses suggest that the methylesterified HG level is important in stomatal dynamics, and pectin abundance with the demethylesterified HG level controls stomatal dimension and stomatal size. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of GC wall properties in stomatal dynamics, and highlight the role of GAUT10 and GAUT11 in stomatal dimension and dynamics through modulation of pectin biosynthesis and distribution in GC walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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24
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Spiegelhalder RP, Raissig MT. Morphology made for movement: formation of diverse stomatal guard cells. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102090. [PMID: 34332256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata constantly open and close to optimize gas exchange. While the genetic programme guiding early development is well described, the formation of functional guard cells remains enigmatic. This review highlights recent findings on the developmental and morphogenetic processes shaping this essential and morphologically diverse cell type in Arabidopsis and grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane P Spiegelhalder
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Chen Y, Li W, Turner JA, Anderson CT. PECTATE LYASE LIKE12 patterns the guard cell wall to coordinate turgor pressure and wall mechanics for proper stomatal function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3134-3150. [PMID: 34109391 PMCID: PMC8462824 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell deformations are driven by cell pressurization and mechanical constraints imposed by the nanoscale architecture of the cell wall, but how these factors are controlled at the genetic and molecular levels to achieve different types of cell deformation is unclear. Here, we used stomatal guard cells to investigate the influences of wall mechanics and turgor pressure on cell deformation and demonstrate that the expression of the pectin-modifying gene PECTATE LYASE LIKE12 (PLL12) is required for normal stomatal dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using nanoindentation and finite element modeling to simultaneously measure wall modulus and turgor pressure, we found that both values undergo dynamic changes during induced stomatal opening and closure. PLL12 is required for guard cells to maintain normal wall modulus and turgor pressure during stomatal responses to light and to tune the levels of calcium crosslinked pectin in guard cell walls. Guard cell-specific knockdown of PLL12 caused defects in stomatal responses and reduced leaf growth, which were associated with lower cell proliferation but normal cell expansion. Together, these results force us to revise our view of how wall-modifying genes modulate wall mechanics and cell pressurization to accomplish the dynamic cellular deformations that underlie stomatal function and tissue growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802 USA
| | - Wenlong Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588 USA
| | - Joseph A. Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588 USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802 USA
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26
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Bheemanahalli R, Wang C, Bashir E, Chiluwal A, Pokharel M, Perumal R, Moghimi N, Ostmeyer T, Caragea D, Jagadish SK. Classical phenotyping and deep learning concur on genetic control of stomatal density and area in sorghum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1562-1579. [PMID: 33856488 PMCID: PMC8260133 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) and stomatal complex area (SCA) are important traits that regulate gas exchange and abiotic stress response in plants. Despite sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) adaptation to arid conditions, the genetic potential of stomata-related traits remains unexplored due to challenges in available phenotyping methods. Hence, identifying loci that control stomatal traits is fundamental to designing strategies to breed sorghum with optimized stomatal regulation. We implemented both classical and deep learning methods to characterize genetic diversity in 311 grain sorghum accessions for stomatal traits at two different field environments. Nearly 12,000 images collected from abaxial (Ab) and adaxial (Ad) leaf surfaces revealed substantial variation in stomatal traits. Our study demonstrated significant accuracy between manual and deep learning methods in predicting SD and SCA. In sorghum, SD was 32%-39% greater on the Ab versus the Ad surface, while SCA on the Ab surface was 2%-5% smaller than on the Ad surface. Genome-Wide Association Study identified 71 genetic loci (38 were environment-specific) with significant genotype to phenotype associations for stomatal traits. Putative causal genes underlying the phenotypic variation were identified. Accessions with similar SCA but carrying contrasting haplotypes for SD were tested for stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation under field conditions. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies on the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling stomata patterning and regulation in sorghum. An integrated physiological, deep learning, and genomic approach allowed us to unravel the genetic control of natural variation in stomata traits in sorghum, which can be applied to other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Chaoxin Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Elfadil Bashir
- Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA
| | - Anuj Chiluwal
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Meghnath Pokharel
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Ramasamy Perumal
- Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA
| | - Naghmeh Moghimi
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Troy Ostmeyer
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Doina Caragea
- Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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27
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Dou L, He K, Peng J, Wang X, Mao T. The E3 ligase MREL57 modulates microtubule stability and stomatal closure in response to ABA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2181. [PMID: 33846350 PMCID: PMC8041845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of stomatal movement is critical for plant adaptation to environmental stresses. The microtubule cytoskeleton undergoes disassembly, which is critical for stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA). However, the mechanism underlying this regulation largely remains unclear. Here we show that a ubiquitin-26S proteasome (UPS)-dependent pathway mediates microtubule disassembly and is required for ABA-induced stomatal closure. Moreover, we identify and characterize the ubiquitin E3 ligase MREL57 (MICROTUBULE-RELATED E3 LIGASE57) and the microtubule-stabilizing protein WDL7 (WAVE-DAMPENED2-LIKE7) in Arabidopsis and show that the MREL57-WDL7 module regulates microtubule disassembly to mediate stomatal closure in response to drought stress and ABA treatment. MREL57 interacts with, ubiquitinates and degrades WDL7, and this effect is clearly enhanced by ABA. ABA-induced stomatal closure and microtubule disassembly are significantly suppressed in mrel57 mutants, and these phenotypes can be restored when WDL7 expression is decreased. Our results unravel UPS-dependent mechanisms and the role of an MREL57-WDL7 module in microtubule disassembly and stomatal closure in response to drought stress and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Dou
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaikai He
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Peng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Rae AE, Wei X, Flores-Rodriguez N, McCurdy DW, Collings DA. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana Transfer Cell Wall Ingrowths using Pseudo-Schiff Labelling Adapted for the Use of Different Dyes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1775-1787. [PMID: 32761075 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To understand plant growth and development, it is often necessary to investigate the organization of plant cells and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are often fluorescently labeled for confocal imaging with the dye propidium iodide using a pseudo-Schiff reaction. This reaction binds free amine groups on dye molecules to aldehyde groups on cellulose that result from oxidation with periodic acid. We tested a range of fluorescent dyes carrying free amine groups for their ability to act as pseudo-Schiff reagents. Using the low-pH solution historically used for the Schiff reaction, these alternative dyes failed to label cell walls of Arabidopsis cotyledon vascular tissue as strongly as propidium iodide but replacing the acidic solution with water greatly improved fluorescence labeling. Under these conditions, rhodamine-123 provided improved staining of plant cell walls compared to propidium iodide. We also developed protocols for pseudo-Schiff labeling with ATTO 647N-amine, a dye compatible for super-resolution Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) imaging. ATTO 647N-amine was used for super-resolution imaging of cell wall ingrowths that occur in phloem parenchyma transfer cells of Arabidopsis, structures whose small size is only slightly larger than the resolution limit of conventional confocal microscopy. Application of surface-rendering software demonstrated the increase in plasma membrane surface area as a consequence of wall ingrowth deposition and suggests that STED-based approaches will be useful for more detailed morphological analysis of wall ingrowth formation. These improvements in pseudo-Schiff labeling for conventional confocal microscopy and STED imaging will be broadly applicable for high-resolution imaging of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus E Rae
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoyang Wei
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Neftali Flores-Rodriguez
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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29
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Yokoyama R. A Genomic Perspective on the Evolutionary Diversity of the Plant Cell Wall. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1195. [PMID: 32932717 PMCID: PMC7570368 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic structure composed of numerous different molecules that play multiple roles in all aspects of plant life. Currently, a new frontier in biotechnology is opening up, which is providing new insights into the structural and functional diversity of cell walls, and is thus serving to re-emphasize the significance of cell wall divergence in the evolutionary history of plant species. The ever-increasing availability of plant genome datasets will thus provide an invaluable basis for enhancing our knowledge regarding the diversity of cell walls among different plant species. In this review, as an example of a comparative genomics approach, I examine the diverse patterns of cell wall gene families among 100 species of green plants, and illustrate the evident benefits of using genome databases for studying cell wall divergence. Given that the growth and development of all types of plant cells are intimately associated with cell wall dynamics, gaining a further understanding of the functional diversity of cell walls in relation to diverse biological events will make significant contributions to a broad range of plant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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30
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Flütsch S, Nigro A, Conci F, Fajkus J, Thalmann M, Trtílek M, Panzarová K, Santelia D. Glucose uptake to guard cells via STP transporters provides carbon sources for stomatal opening and plant growth. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49719. [PMID: 32627357 PMCID: PMC7403697 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Guard cells on the leaf epidermis regulate stomatal opening for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, allowing a balance between photosynthesis and transpiration. Given that guard cells possess several characteristics of sink tissues, their metabolic activities should largely depend on mesophyll-derived sugars. Early biochemical studies revealed sugar uptake into guard cells. However, the transporters that are involved and their relative contribution to guard cell function are not yet known. Here, we identified the monosaccharide/proton symporters Sugar Transport Protein 1 and 4 (STP1 and STP4) as the major plasma membrane hexose sugar transporters in the guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that their combined action is required for glucose import to guard cells, providing carbon sources for starch accumulation and light-induced stomatal opening that are essential for plant growth. These findings highlight mesophyll-derived glucose as an important metabolite connecting stomatal movements with photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Arianna Nigro
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Present address:
Syngenta Crop Protection AGStein AGSwitzerland
| | - Franco Conci
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jiří Fajkus
- Photon Systems Instruments (PSI)DrasovCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Thalmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Present address:
John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | | | | | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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31
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Gray A, Liu L, Facette M. Flanking Support: How Subsidiary Cells Contribute to Stomatal Form and Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:881. [PMID: 32714346 PMCID: PMC7343895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Few evolutionary adaptations in plants were so critical as the stomatal complex. This structure allows transpiration and efficient gas exchange with the atmosphere. Plants have evolved numerous distinct stomatal architectures to facilitate gas exchange, while balancing water loss and protection from pathogens that can egress via the stomatal pore. Some plants have simple stomata composed of two kidney-shaped guard cells; however, the stomatal apparatus of many plants includes subsidiary cells. Guard cells and subsidiary cells may originate from a single cell lineage, or subsidiary cells may be recruited from cells adjacent to the guard mother cell. The number and morphology of subsidiary cells varies dramatically, and subsidiary cell function is also varied. Subsidiary cells may support guard cell function by offering a mechanical advantage that facilitates guard cell movements, and/or by acting as a reservoir for water and ions. In other cases, subsidiary cells introduce or enhance certain morphologies (such as sunken stomata) that affect gas exchange. Here we review the diversity of stomatal morphology with an emphasis on multi-cellular stomata that include subsidiary cells. We will discuss how subsidiary cells arise and the divisions that produce them; and provide examples of anatomical, mechanical and biochemical consequences of subsidiary cells on stomatal function.
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32
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Giannoutsou E, Sotiriou P, Nikolakopoulou TL, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Callose and homogalacturonan epitope distribution in stomatal complexes of Zea mays and Vigna sinensis. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:141-156. [PMID: 31471650 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with the distribution of callose and of the homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes recognized by LM20, JIM5, and 2F4 antibodies in cell walls of differentiating and functioning stomatal complexes of the monocotyledon Zea mays and the dicotyledon Vigna sinensis. The findings revealed that, during stomatal development, in these plant species, callose appears in an accurately spatially and timely controlled manner in cell walls of the guard cells (GCs). In functioning stomata of both plants, callose constitutes a dominant cell wall matrix material of the polar ventral cell wall ends and of the local GC cell wall thickenings. In Zea mays, the LM20, JIM5, or 2F4 antibody-recognized HG epitopes were mainly located in the expanding cell wall regions of the stomatal complexes, while in Vigna sinensis, they were deposited in the local cell wall thickenings of the GCs as well as at the ledges of the stomatal pore. Consideration of the presented data favors the view that in the stomatal complexes of the monocotyledon Z. mays and the dicotyledon V. sinensis, the esterified HGs contribute to the cell wall expansion taking place during GC morphogenesis and the opening of the stomatal pore. Besides, callose and the highly de-esterified HGs allow to GC cell wall regions to withstand the mechanical stresses exerted during stomatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Sotiriou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T L Nikolakopoulou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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33
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Yi H, Chen Y, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. The stomatal flexoskeleton: how the biomechanics of guard cell walls animate an elastic pressure vessel. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3561-3572. [PMID: 30977824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, stomatal guard cells are one of the most dynamic cell types, rapidly changing their shape and size in response to environmental and intrinsic signals to control gas exchange at the plant surface. Quantitative and systematic knowledge of the biomechanical underpinnings of stomatal dynamics will enable strategies to optimize stomatal responsiveness and improve plant productivity by enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis and water use. Recent developments in microscopy, mechanical measurements, and computational modeling have revealed new insights into the biomechanics of stomatal regulation and the genetic, biochemical, and structural origins of how plants achieve rapid and reliable stomatal function by tuning the mechanical properties of their guard cell walls. This review compares historical and recent experimental and modeling studies of the biomechanics of stomatal complexes, highlighting commonalities and contrasts between older and newer studies. Key gaps in our understanding of stomatal functionality are also presented, along with assessments of potential methods that could bridge those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - James Z Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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34
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Rubianes D, Valdivia ER, Revilla G, Zarra I, Sampedro J. Xyloglucan exoglycosidases in the monocot model Brachypodium distachyon and the conservation of xyloglucan disassembly in angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:495-509. [PMID: 31028613 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has a full set of exoglycosidases active on xyloglucan, including α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, soluble and membrane-bound β-glucosidases and two α-fucosidases. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, both fucosidases are likely cytosolic. Xyloglucan is present in primary walls of all angiosperms. While in most groups it regulates cell wall extension, in Poaceae its role is still unclear. Five exoglycosidases participate in xyloglucan hydrolysis in Arabidopsis: α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, α-fucosidase, soluble β-glucosidase and GPI-anchored β-glucosidase. Mutants in the corresponding genes show alterations in xyloglucan composition. In this work putative orthologs in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon were tested for their ability to complement Arabidopsis mutants. Xylosidase and galactosidase mutants were complemented, respectively, by BdXYL1 (Bd2g02070) and BdBGAL1 (Bd2g56607). BdBGAL1, unlike other xyloglucan β-galactosidases, is able to remove both galactoses from XLLG oligosaccharides. In addition, soluble β-glucosidase BdBGLC1 (Bd1g08550) complemented a glucosidase mutant. Closely related BdBGLC2 (Bd2g51280), which has a putative GPI-anchor sequence, was found associated with the plasma membrane and only a truncated version without GPI-anchor complemented the mutant, proving that Brachypodium also has soluble and membrane-bound xyloglucan glucosidases. Both BdXFUC1 (Bd3g25226) and BdXFUC2 (Bd1g28366) can hydrolyze fucose from xyloglucan oligosaccharides but were unable to complement a fucosidase mutant. Fluorescent protein fusions of BdXFUC1 localized to the cytosol and both proteins lack a signal peptide. Signal peptides appear to have evolved only in some eudicot lineages of this family, like the one leading to Arabidopsis. These results could be explained if cytosolic xyloglucan α-fucosidases are the ancestral state in angiosperms, with fucosylated oligosaccharides transported across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rubianes
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elene R Valdivia
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gloria Revilla
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Zarra
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Sampedro
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sena JS, Lachance D, Duval I, Nguyen TTA, Stewart D, Mackay J, Séguin A. Functional Analysis of the PgCesA3 White Spruce Cellulose Synthase Gene Promoter in Secondary Xylem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31191566 PMCID: PMC6546725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential structural component of the plant cell wall. Its biosynthesis involves genes encoding cellulose synthase enzymes and a complex transcriptional regulatory network. Three cellulose synthases have been identified in conifers as being potentially involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis because of their preferential expression in xylem tissues; however, no direct functional association has been made to date. In the present work, we characterized the white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] cellulose synthase PgCesA3 gene and 5' regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PgCesA1-3 genes grouped with secondary cell wall-associated Arabidopsis cellulose synthase genes, such as AtCesA8, AtCesA4, and AtCesA7. We produced transgenic spruce expressing the GUS reporter gene driven by the PgCesA3 promoter. We observed blue staining in differentiating xylem cells from stem and roots, and in foliar guard cells indicating that PgCesA3 is clearly involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The promoter region sequence of PgCesA3 contained several putative MYB cis-regulatory elements including AC-I like motifs and secondary wall MYB-responsive element (SMRE); however, it lacked SMRE4, 7 and 8 that correspond to the sequences of AC-I, II, and III. Based on these findings and results of previous transient trans-activation assays that identified interactions between the PgCesA3 promoter and different MYB transcription factors, we performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays with MYB recombinant proteins and cis-regulatory elements present in the PgCesA3 promoter. We found that PgMYB12 bound to a canonical AC-I element identified in the Pinus taeda PAL promoter and two AC-I like elements. We hypothesized that the PgMYB12 could regulate PgCesA3 in roots based on previous expression results. This functional study of PgCesA3 sequences and promoter opens the door for future studies on the interaction between PgMYBs and the PgCesA3 regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Stival Sena
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Lachance
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Duval
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Thi Thuy An Nguyen
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - John Mackay
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Supplementary Light Source Affects Growth, Metabolism, and Physiology of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. Seedlings. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6283989. [PMID: 31205942 PMCID: PMC6530224 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6283989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC., a well-known herbaceous medicinal species, has been reported to protect against human obesity, cancer, and inflammation. Supplementary lighting is a practical strategy to improve crop quality, especially at a propagation stage. However, there has been no study available on the optimal supplementary light source for the commercial production of A. triphylla seedlings. In this study, plug seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse for four weeks under an average daily light intensity of 490 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD coming from the sun and a supplemental lighting (16 h per day) at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD provided by high pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH), far-red (FR) light, white LED (red: green: blue = 2:4:3, LED-w), or mixed (red: green: blue = 4:1:4) LED (LED-mix). The results showed that LED-mix, with a higher percentage of red and blue light, substantially promoted seedling growth compared to other treatments by increasing stem diameter, biomass, specific leaf weight, and root to shoot ratio. The LED-mix also promoted accumulation of soluble sugar, starch, and chlorophyll in the tissue and increased contents of total phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, stomata density and pore area per leaf area under the LED-mix were remarkably greater than those under other treatments. Furthermore, the Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of photosynthetic protein, D1, was notably enhanced by the LED-mix as compared with other light sources. In addition, the LED-mix alleviated the oxidative damage of seedlings by improving enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the LED-mix was the optimal supplementary light source for the production of highest quality A. triphylla seedlings.
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Zhang L, Paasch BC, Chen J, Day B, He SY. An important role of l-fucose biosynthesis and protein fucosylation genes in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:981-994. [PMID: 30552820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount coordinated immune responses to defend themselves against pathogens. However, the cellular components required for plant immunity are not fully understood. The jasmonate-mimicking coronatine (COR) toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 functions to overcome plant immunity. We previously isolated eight Arabidopsis (scord) mutants that exhibit increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of PstDC3000. Among them, the scord6 mutant exhibits defects both in stomatal closure response and in restricting bacterial multiplication inside the apoplast. However, the identity of SCORD6 remained elusive. In this study, we aim to identify the SCORD6 gene. We identified SCORD6 via next-generation sequencing and found it to be MURUS1 (MUR1), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-l-fucose. Discovery of SCORD6 as MUR1 led to a series of experiments that revealed a multi-faceted role of l-fucose biosynthesis in stomatal and apoplastic defenses as well as in pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, including glycosylation of pattern-recognition receptors. Furthermore, compromised stomatal and/or apoplastic defenses were observed in mutants of several fucosyltransferases with specific substrates (e.g. O-glycan, N-glycan or the DELLA transcriptional repressors). Collectively, these results uncover a novel and broad role of l-fucose and protein fucosylation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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38
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Woolfenden HC, Baillie AL, Gray JE, Hobbs JK, Morris RJ, Fleming AJ. Models and Mechanisms of Stomatal Mechanics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:822-832. [PMID: 30149855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of stomatal function (control of gas flux through the plant surface via regulation of pore size) is fundamentally mechanical. The material properties of the pore-forming guard cells must play a key role in setting the dynamics and degree of stomatal opening/closure, but our understanding of the molecular players involved and resultant mechanical performance has remained limited. The application of indentation techniques and computational modelling, combined with molecular tools for imaging and manipulating guard cells and their constituent cell walls, has opened the way to a systems approach to analysing this problem. The outcomes of these investigations have led to a reassessment of accepted paradigms and are providing a new understanding of the mechanism of stomatal mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C Woolfenden
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK; These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Alice L Baillie
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; http://fleminglab.group.shef.ac.uk/.
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39
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Shtein I, Bar-On B, Popper ZA. Plant and algal structure: from cell walls to biomechanical function. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:56-66. [PMID: 29572853 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant and algal cell walls are complex biomaterials composed of stiff cellulose microfibrils embedded in a soft matrix of polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds. Cell wall composition differs between taxonomic groups and different tissue types (or even at the sub-cellular level) within a plant enabling specific biomechanical properties important for cell/tissue function. Moreover, cell wall composition changes may be induced in response to environmental conditions. Plant structure, habit, morphology and internal anatomy are also dependent on the taxonomic group as well as abiotic and biotic factors. This review aims to examine the complex and incompletely understood interactions of cell wall composition, plant form and biomechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel, Israel
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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40
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Rui Y, Chen Y, Kandemir B, Yi H, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Balancing Strength and Flexibility: How the Synthesis, Organization, and Modification of Guard Cell Walls Govern Stomatal Development and Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 30177940 PMCID: PMC6110162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores. Guard cells, like other types of plant cells, are surrounded by a three-dimensional, extracellular network of polysaccharide-based wall polymers. In contrast to the walls of diffusely growing cells, guard cell walls have been hypothesized to be uniquely strong and elastic to meet the functional requirements of withstanding high turgor and allowing for reversible stomatal movements. Although the walls of guard cells were long underexplored as compared to extensive studies of stomatal development and guard cell signaling, recent research has provided new genetic, cytological, and physiological data demonstrating that guard cell walls function centrally in stomatal development and dynamics. In this review, we highlight and discuss the latest evidence for how wall polysaccharides are synthesized, deposited, reorganized, modified, and degraded in guard cells, and how these processes influence stomatal form and function. We also raise open questions and provide a perspective on experimental approaches that could be used in the future to shed light on the composition and architecture of guard cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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41
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Woodley M, Mulvihill A, Fujita M, Wasteneys GO. Exploring Microtubule-Dependent Cellulose-Synthase-Complex Movement with High Precision Particle Tracking. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7030053. [PMID: 29973486 PMCID: PMC6161165 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis at the plasma membrane is a critical process in plant growth and development. The displacement of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) by the rigid cellulose polymers they produce is a measure of enzyme activity. Connections between cortical microtubules and CSCs have been identified but it remains unclear how these affect CSC displacement speed. In this study, we applied a high throughput automated particle tracking method using near-total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to measure the speed of CSCs. We found CSC speeds did not vary according to their proximity to microtubules, and that inhibiting microtubule polymerization could have opposite effects on CSC speed, depending on the nature of inhibition. While CSC speed increased in the temperature-sensitive mor1-1 mutant, it decreased after treatment with the drug oryzalin. Moreover, introducing the mor1-1 mutation into the CesA1 mutant any1 increased CSC speed, suggesting that microtubule dynamics affect CSC speed by a mechanism other than Cellulose Synthase A (CesA) catalytic activity. CSC speed varied widely in a range of mutants with reduced growth anisotropy, indicating that the relationship between CSC speed and anisotropy is complex. We conclude that microtubules affect CSC speed by finely tuned mechanisms that are independent of their physical association with CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Woodley
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Adam Mulvihill
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
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42
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Voiniciuc C, Pauly M, Usadel B. Monitoring Polysaccharide Dynamics in the Plant Cell Wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2590-2600. [PMID: 29487120 PMCID: PMC5884611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New technologies reveal the deposition and remodeling of plant cell wall polysaccharides and their impact on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentum Jülich, IBG-2 Plant Sciences, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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43
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Harding SA, Hu H, Nyamdari B, Xue LJ, Naran R, Tsai CJ. Tubulins, rhythms and cell walls in poplar leaves: it's all in the timing. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:397-408. [PMID: 28927239 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls exhibit architectural and compositional changes throughout their development and in response to external cues. While tubulins are involved in cell wall biogenesis, much remains unknown about the scope of their involvement during the orchestration of this resource-demanding process. A transgenic approach coupled with cell wall compositional analysis, RNA-seq and mining of publicly available diurnal gene expression data was used to assess the involvement of tubulins in poplar leaf cell wall biogenesis. Leaf cell walls of transgenic poplar lines with constitutive overexpression of α-tubulin (TUA) exhibited an increased abundance of homogalacturonan, along with a reduction in xylose. These changes were traced to altered expression of UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (GADC) in the transgenic leaves. A model is postulated by which altered diurnal control of TUA through its constitutive overexpression led to a metabolic tradeoff affecting cellular utilization of GADC substrate UDP-glucuronic acid. While there were no effects on cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin abundance, subtle effects on hemicellulose composition and associated gene expression were noted. In addition, expression and enzymatic activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) decreased in the transgenic leaves. The change is discussed in a context of increased levels of PME substrate homogalacturonan, slow stomatal kinetics and the fate of PME product methanol. Since stomatal opening and closing depend on fundamentally contrasting microtubule dynamics, the slowing of both processes in the transgenic lines as previously reported appears to be directly related to underlying cell wall compositional changes that were caused by tubulin manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Batbayar Nyamdari
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Liang-Jiao Xue
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Radnaa Naran
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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44
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Sotiriou P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Local differentiation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in sinuous pavement cells: its possible involvement in the flexibility of cell shape. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:223-237. [PMID: 29247575 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of homogalacturonans (HGAs) displaying different degrees of esterification as well as of callose was examined in cell walls of mature pavement cells in two angiosperm and two fern species. We investigated whether local cell wall matrix differentiation may enable pavement cells to respond to mechanical tension forces by transiently altering their shape. HGA epitopes, identified with 2F4, JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies, and callose were immunolocalised in hand-made or semithin leaf sections. Callose was also stained with aniline blue. The structure of pavement cells was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all species examined, pavement cells displayed wavy anticlinal cell walls, but the waviness pattern differed between angiosperms and ferns. The angiosperm pavement cells were tightly interconnected throughout their whole depth, while in ferns they were interconnected only close to the external periclinal cell wall and intercellular spaces were developed between them close to the mesophyll. Although the HGA epitopes examined were located along the whole cell wall surface, the 2F4- and JIM5- epitopes were especially localised at cell lobe tips. In fern pavement cells, the contact sites were impregnated with callose and JIM5-HGA epitopes. When tension forces were applied on leaf regions, the pavement cells elongated along the stretching axis, due to a decrease in waviness of anticlinal cell walls. After removal of tension forces, the original cell shape was resumed. The presented data support that HGA epitopes make the anticlinal pavement cell walls flexible, in order to reversibly alter their shape. Furthermore, callose seems to offer stability to cell contacts between pavement cells, as already suggested in photosynthetic mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sotiriou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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45
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Yi H, Rui Y, Kandemir B, Wang JZ, Anderson CT, Puri VM. Mechanical Effects of Cellulose, Xyloglucan, and Pectins on Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1566. [PMID: 30455709 PMCID: PMC6230562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata function as osmotically tunable pores that facilitate gas exchange at the surface of plants. Stomatal opening and closure are regulated by turgor changes in guard cells that result in mechanically regulated deformations of guard cell walls. However, how the molecular, architectural, and mechanical heterogeneities that exist in guard cell walls affect stomatal dynamics is unclear. In this work, stomata of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants or of mutants lacking normal cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectins were experimentally induced to close or open. Three-dimensional images of these stomatal complexes were collected using confocal microscopy, images were landmarked, and three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) were constructed for each complex. Stomatal opening was simulated with a 5 MPa turgor increase. By comparing experimentally measured and computationally modeled changes in stomatal geometry across genotypes, anisotropic mechanical properties of guard cell walls were determined and mapped to cell wall components. Deficiencies in cellulose or hemicellulose were both predicted to stiffen guard cell walls, but differentially affected stomatal pore area and the degree of stomatal opening. Additionally, reducing pectin molecular mass altered the anisotropy of calculated shear moduli in guard cell walls and enhanced stomatal opening. Based on the unique architecture of guard cell walls and our modeled changes in their mechanical properties in cell wall mutants, we discuss how each polysaccharide class contributes to wall architecture and mechanics in guard cells. This study provides new insights into how the walls of guard cells are constructed to meet the mechanical requirements of stomatal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hojae Yi
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Charles T. Anderson
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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46
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Yu Q, Ren JJ, Kong LJ, Wang XL. Actin filaments regulate the adhesion between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of tobacco guard cells. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:235-245. [PMID: 28803402 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the opening and closing of stomata, guard cells undergo rapid and reversible changes in their volume and shape, which affects the adhesion of the plasma membrane (PM) to the cell wall (CW). The dynamics of actin filaments in guard cells are involved in stomatal movement by regulating structural changes and intracellular signaling. However, it is unclear whether actin dynamics regulate the adhesion of the PM to the CW. In this study, we investigated the relationship between actin dynamics and PM-CW adhesion by the hyperosmotic-induced plasmolysis of tobacco guard cells. We found that actin filaments in guard cells were depolymerized during mannitol-induced plasmolysis. The inhibition of actin dynamics by treatment with latrunculin B or jasplakinolide and the disruption of the adhesion between the PM and the CW by treatment with RGDS peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) enhanced guard cell plasmolysis. However, treatment with latrunculin B alleviated the RGDS peptide-induced plasmolysis and endocytosis. Our results reveal that the actin depolymerization is involved in the regulation of the PW-CW adhesion during hyperosmotic-induced plasmolysis in tobacco guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Lan-Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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47
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Finite Element Modeling of Shape Changes in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:41-56. [PMID: 29229695 PMCID: PMC5761827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical modeling of plant cells using finite element methods serves to simulate the behavior of complex cell shapes with the aim to understand biological functioning
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences siologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences siologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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48
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Marom Z, Shtein I, Bar-On B. Stomatal Opening: The Role of Cell-Wall Mechanical Anisotropy and Its Analytical Relations to the Bio-composite Characteristics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2061. [PMID: 29312365 PMCID: PMC5733087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are pores on the leaf surface, which are formed by a pair of curved, tubular guard cells; an increase in turgor pressure deforms the guard cells, resulting in the opening of the stomata. Recent studies employed numerical simulations, based on experimental data, to analyze the effects of various structural, chemical, and mechanical features of the guard cells on the stomatal opening characteristics; these studies all support the well-known qualitative observation that the mechanical anisotropy of the guard cells plays a critical role in stomatal opening. Here, we propose a computationally based analytical model that quantitatively establishes the relations between the degree of anisotropy of the guard cell, the bio-composite constituents of the cell wall, and the aperture and area of stomatal opening. The model introduces two non-dimensional key parameters that dominate the guard cell deformations-the inflation driving force and the anisotropy ratio-and it serves as a generic framework that is not limited to specific plant species. The modeling predictions are in line with a wide range of previous experimental studies, and its analytical formulation sheds new light on the relations between the structure, mechanics, and function of stomata. Moreover, the model provides an analytical tool to back-calculate the elastic characteristics of the matrix that composes the guard cell walls, which, to the best of our knowledge, cannot be probed by direct nano-mechanical experiments; indeed, the estimations of our model are in good agreement with recently published results of independent numerical optimization schemes. The emerging insights from the stomatal structure-mechanics "design guidelines" may promote the development of miniature, yet complex, multiscale composite actuation mechanisms for future engineering platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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49
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Woolfenden HC, Bourdais G, Kopischke M, Miedes E, Molina A, Robatzek S, Morris RJ. A computational approach for inferring the cell wall properties that govern guard cell dynamics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:5-18. [PMID: 28741858 PMCID: PMC5637902 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells dynamically adjust their shape in order to regulate photosynthetic gas exchange, respiration rates and defend against pathogen entry. Cell shape changes are determined by the interplay of cell wall material properties and turgor pressure. To investigate this relationship between turgor pressure, cell wall properties and cell shape, we focused on kidney-shaped stomata and developed a biomechanical model of a guard cell pair. Treating the cell wall as a composite of the pectin-rich cell wall matrix embedded with cellulose microfibrils, we show that strong, circumferentially oriented fibres are critical for opening. We find that the opening dynamics are dictated by the mechanical stress response of the cell wall matrix, and as the turgor rises, the pectinaceous matrix stiffens. We validate these predictions with stomatal opening experiments in selected Arabidopsis cell wall mutants. Thus, using a computational framework that combines a 3D biomechanical model with parameter optimization, we demonstrate how to exploit subtle shape changes to infer cell wall material properties. Our findings reveal that proper stomatal dynamics are built on two key properties of the cell wall, namely anisotropy in the form of hoop reinforcement and strain stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C. Woolfenden
- Computational and Systems BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Gildas Bourdais
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPM28223Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgrónomicaAlimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM28040MadridSpain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo UPM28223Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgrónomicaAlimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM28040MadridSpain
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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50
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Rui Y, Xiao C, Yi H, Kandemir B, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION3 Functions in Seedling Development, Rosette Growth, and Stomatal Dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2413-2432. [PMID: 28974550 PMCID: PMC5774581 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell separation and expansion require pectin degradation by endogenous pectinases such as polygalacturonases, few of which have been functionally characterized. Stomata are a unique system to study both processes because stomatal maturation involves limited separation between sister guard cells and stomatal responses require reversible guard cell elongation and contraction. However, the molecular mechanisms for how stomatal pores form and how guard cell walls facilitate dynamic stomatal responses remain poorly understood. We characterized POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION3 (PGX3), which is expressed in expanding tissues and guard cells. PGX3-GFP localizes to the cell wall and is enriched at sites of stomatal pore initiation in cotyledons. In seedlings, ablating or overexpressing PGX3 affects both cotyledon shape and the spacing and pore dimensions of developing stomata. In adult plants, PGX3 affects rosette size. Although stomata in true leaves display normal density and morphology when PGX3 expression is altered, loss of PGX3 prevents smooth stomatal closure, and overexpression of PGX3 accelerates stomatal opening. These phenotypes correspond with changes in pectin molecular mass and abundance that can affect wall mechanics. Together, these results demonstrate that PGX3-mediated pectin degradation affects stomatal development in cotyledons, promotes rosette expansion, and modulates guard cell mechanics in adult plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - James Z Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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